PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY BY SIGMUND FREUD

Submitted to:
MAAM JESUSA C. GABULE, RN, MAN

Submitted by:
MICHAEL AGOL
BEANNCA ANGELES
NICOLE ALIGNO
SUZAINE ARABELO
BSN- 3 NB

November 14, 2016

 1. Sigmund Freud: Father of Psychoanalysis

Developed Theories: at the 19th century and early 20th century in Vienna

How the theories were developed:

Freud believed that repressed (driven from conscious awareness) sexual

impulses and desires motivate much human behavior.
He developed his theory using his experiences with his patients.
1.) He observed women who displayed unusual behaviors such as disturbances
of sight and speech, inability to eat, and paralysis of limbs with no physiological
basis and considered them as a neurotic behavior.
2.) After any years he concluded that the cause of such unusual behavior
was that many of their problems resulted from childhood trauma or failure to
complete tasks of psycho- sexual development.

Theory #1: Personality components

Anxiety: comes from the egos attempts to balance out Id and Superego

Id -Reflects our basic or innate desires. (Pleasure seeking,

aggression and sexual impulses)
Super ego -Reflects our morals and ethical concepts, values, parental, and
social expectations.
-Direct opposition to the Id
Ego -Represents mature and adaptive behavior
-Lets us function successfully in the world
-Balances Id and Superego

Theory #2: Behavior Motivated by Subconscious Thoughts and Feelings

Freud believes that personality functions at 3 levels of awareness

Personality: refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of
thinking, feeling and behaving.

SUBCO-
NSCIOUS
-Influences most of our
actions and the things we
say
-Freudian Slip (Slips of the
tongue): not an accident but
indications of subconscious
feelings or thoughts
Theory #3: Dream Analysis
Conscious -Perceptions, thoughts and emotions felt when
we aware. (Thinking of loved ones)
Preconscious -Thoughts and emotions we can recall
(Happiness felt during childhood years)
Unconscious -Thoughts and feelings that motivate us or
influence us even though we are totally unaware
of them.
(Defense mechanisms, instinctual drives and
motivations)
- Painful and traumatic memories

Dreams reflect the persons subconsciousness

Dream: is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that usually
occurs involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep.
Dream Analysis

-A technique used in psychoanalysis to access the subconscious thoughts

-discussing a clients dream to discover true meaning

Free Association

-Another technique to access the subconscious thoughts

-Therapists uncover true subconscious thoughts through saying a word and
asking the client to respond quickly with the first thing that comes to his or her
mind.

Theory #4: Ego Defense Mechanisms

The self or ego uses defense mechanisms which attempts to protect the self
and cope with basic drives or emotionally painful thoughts, feelings or events.
Defense Mechanisms operate mostly at the unconscious level.
 Defense mechanism: Unconscious psychological mechanism that
reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli.

1. Compensation: Overachievement in one area to offset real or perceived

deficiencies in another area
2. Conversion: Expression of an emotional conflict through the development of a
physical symptom, usually sensorimotor in nature.
3. Denial: Failure to acknowledge an unbearable condition; failure to admit the reality
of a situation or how one enables the problem to continue
4. Displacement: Ventilation of intense feelings toward persons less threatening
than the one who aroused those feelings
5. Dissociation: Dealing with emotional conflict by a temporary alteration in
consciousness or identity.
6. Fixation: Immobilization of a portion of the personality resulting from unsuccessful
completion of tasks in a developmental stage
7. Identification: Modeling actions and opinions of influential others while searching
for identity, or aspiring to reach a personal, social, or occupational goal
8. Intellectualization: Separation of the emotions of a painful event or situation from
the facts involved; acknowledg- ing the facts but not the emotions
9. Introjection: Accepting another persons attitudes, beliefs, and values as ones
own
10. Projection: Unconscious blaming of unacceptable inclinations or thoughts on an
external object
11. Rationalization: Excusing own behavior to avoid guilt, responsibility, conflict,
anxiety, or loss of self-respect
12. Reaction formation: Acting the opposite of what one thinks or feels
13. Regression: Moving back to a previous developmental stage to feel safe or have
needs met
14. Repression: Excluding emotionally painful or anxiety-provoking thoughts and
feelings from conscious awareness
15. Resistance: Overt or covert antagonism toward remembering or processing
anxiety-producing information
16. Sublimation: Substituting a socially acceptable activity for an impulse that is
unacceptable
17. Theory #5: Five Stages of Psychosexual Development
Freud based his theory of childhood development on the belief that sexual
energy, termed libido, was the driving force of human behavior.
Psychopathology results when:

-A person has difficulty making the transition from one stage to the next
-A person remains stalled at a particular stage
-A person regresses to an earlier stage.

1. Oral (0-1 years of age): During this stage, the mouth is the pleasure center
for development.
This is why infants are born with a sucking reflex and desire their
mother's breast.
If a child's oral needs are not met during infancy, he or she may
develop negative habits such as nail biting or thumb sucking to meet
this basic need.
2. Anal (1-3 years of age): During this stage, toddlers and preschool-aged
children begin to experiment with urine and feces.
The control they learn to exert over their bodily functions is manifested
in toilet-training.
Improper resolution of this stage, such as parents toilet training their
children too early, can result in a child who is uptight and overly
obsessed with order.
3. Phallic (3-6 years of age): During this stage, preschoolers take pleasure in
their genitals and, according to Freud, begin to struggle with sexual desires
toward the opposite sex parent (boys to mothers and girls to fathers).
Oedipus complex: involving a boy's desire for his mother and his urge
to replace his father who is seen as a rival for the mothers attention.
Electra complex: involves a girl's desire for her father's attention and
wish to take her mothers place.
4. Latency (6-12 years of age): During this stage, sexual instincts subside, and
children begin to further develop the superego, or conscience. Children begin
to behave in morally acceptable ways and adopt the values of their parents
and other important adults.
 5. Genital (12+ years of age): During this stage, sexual impulses reemerge. If
other stages have been successfully met, adolescents engage in appropriate
sexual behavior, which may lead to marriage and childbirth.

Theory #6: Transference and Countertransference

Transference: occurs when the client displaces onto the therapist attitudes
and feelings that the client originally experienced in other relationships.
Countertransference: occurs when the therapist dis- places onto the client
attitudes or feelings from his or her past.

2. Implications of Psychoanalytic Theory in taking care of psychiatric patients

o Psychoanalytic theory is used in understanding child hood and adolescent

experiences and their manifestation as adult problems.
o When working with children, nurses can use developmental models to help
gauge development and mood.
o Knowledge of the structure of the personality can assist nurses who work in the
mental health setting. The ability to recognize behaviors associated with the id,
the ego, and the superego assists in the assessment of developmental level.
o Understanding the use of ego defense mechanisms is important in making
determinations about maladaptive behaviors, in planning care for clients to
assist in creating change (if desired), or in helping clients accept themselves as
unique individuals.
o However, because most of the models are based on the assumptions of the
linear progression of stages and have not been adequately tested, applicability
has limitations.

3. How important is the Psychoanalytic theory in the Nursing profession?

helps in understanding early development of sexuality and mental functioning

in the infant and adult
Knowledge of the structure of the personality can assist nurses who work in
the mental health setting.
The ability to recognize behaviours associated with the id, the ego, and the
superego assists in the assessment of developmental level
 Understanding the use of ego defence mechanisms is important in making
determinations about maladaptive behaviours, in planning care for clients to
assist in creating change (if desired), or in helping clients accept themselves
as unique individuals.
Understanding the Five Stages of Psychosexual Development, would help the
nurse detect if the patient had a proper childhood development and detect
abnormalities in the development in different age groups.
This theory would help the nurse understand the behavior of the patient with
the help of Freuds second theory, Behavior Motivated by Subconscious
Thoughts and Feelings

REFERENCES:
1. Source: Boundless. Freud's Psychosexual Theory of
Development. Boundless Psychology. Boundless, 20 Sep. 2016. Retrieved
12 Nov. 2016
from https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-
psychology-textbook/human-development-14/theories-of-human-
development-70/freud-s-psychosexual-theory-of-development-267-12802/
2. Videbeck, S. L. (2011). Psychiatric-mental health nursing. Philadelphia:
Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

3. Anil, M. (2011). Psychoanalytic Theory. Retrieved November 12, 2016 from

fhttp://psychiatric-mentalhealthnursing.blogspot.com/2011/08/psychoanalytic-
theory.html.
4. Psychiatry, Third Edition. Edrs. Allan Tasman, Jerald Kay, Jeffrey A.
Lieberman, Michael B. First and Mario Maj.John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2008.
5. Freud S.(1914). On narcissism: An introduction. SE, 14: 67-102.