Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ibrahim Sezai
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University
Fall 2005-2006
Pressure
1
Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures
2
Pressure at a Point
Proof:
3
Variation of Pressure with Depth
Pressure
4
Variation of Pressure with Depth
Pascals Law
Pressure applied to a
confined fluid increases
the pressure throughout
by the same amount.
In picture, pistons are at
same height:
F1 F2 F A
P1 = P2 = 2= 2
A1 A2 F1 A1
5
The Manometer
An elevation change of
z in a fluid at rest
corresponds to P/g.
A device based on this is
called a manometer.
A manometer consists of
a U-tube containing one
or more fluids such as
mercury, water, alcohol,
or oil.
Heavy fluids such as
mercury are used if large
P1 = P2 pressure differences are
anticipated.
P2 = Patm + gh
Mutlifluid Manometer
6
Measuring Pressure Drops
The Barometer
Atmospheric pressure is
measured by a device called a
barometer; thus, atmospheric
pressure is often referred to as
the barometric pressure.
PC can be taken to be zero
since there is only Hg vapor
above point C, and it is very
low relative to Patm.
Change in atmospheric
pressure due to elevation has
many effects: Cooking, nose
bleeds, engine performance,
PC = 0 PB = Patm aircraft performance.
Patm = gh
7
Fluid Statics
Hoover Dam
8
Hoover Dam
Hoover Dam
Example of elevation
head z converted to
velocity head V2/2g.
We'll discuss this in
more detail in Chapter
5 (Bernoulli equation).
9
Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
Resultant Force
= P0 A + g sin ydA
A
A
ydA = first moment of area
1
A A
Centroid of the plate is yc = ydA
Substituting,
FR = ( P0 + gyc sin ) A = ( P0 + ghc ) A = PC A = Pave A
ME353 : Fluid Flow 20 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics
10
Resultant Force
11
Center of pressure
Center of pressure
12
The centroid and centroidal moments of inertia for
some common geometries
13
Submerged Vertical Plate
FR = ( P0 + gh)ab
14
Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
15
Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
16
Hydrostatic Forces on Circular Surfaces
Multilayered Fluid
FR = FR ,i = PC ,i Ai
PC ,i = Po + i ghC ,i
17
Buoyancy and Stability
18
Buoyancy and Stability
Buoyancy force FB is
equal only to the displaced
volume fgVdisplaced.
Three scenarios possible
1. body<fluid: Floating body
2. body=fluid: Neutrally buoyant
3. body>fluid: Sinking body
19
Example: Submarine Buoyancy and Ballast
20
Example: Submarine Buoyancy and Ballast
21
Stability of Immersed Bodies
22
Stability of Immersed Bodies
23
Rigid-Body Motion
There are special cases where a body of fluid can undergo rigid-
body motion: linear acceleration, and rotation of a cylindrical
container.
Proof:
24
Rigid body motion
25
Rigid body motion
26
Linear Acceleration
Linear Acceleration
27
Rotation in a Cylindrical Container
dP = r 2 dr gdz
On an isobar, dP = 0
dzisobar r 2 2 2
= zisobar = r + C1
dr g 2g
Equation of the free surface
2 2
zs = r + hc
2g
ME353 : Fluid Flow 55 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics
28
Rotation in a Cylindrical Container
29
Rotation in a Cylindrical Container
30
The Golden Crown of Hiero II, King of
Syracuse
31
Hydrostatic Bodyfat Testing
32