Physica B 406 (2011) 17671772

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Physica B
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/physb

Flow and heat transfer over a rotating porous disk in a nanouid

Norfah Bachok a, Anuar Ishak b,c,n, Ioan Pop d
a
Department of Mathematics and INSPEM, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
b
Centre for Modelling and Data Analysis, School of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
c
Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
d
Faculty of Mathematics, University of Cluj, R-3400 Cluj, CP 253, Romania

a r t i c l e i n f o abstract

Article history: The steady ow of an incompressible viscous uid due to a rotating disk in a nanouid is studied. The
Received 13 January 2011 transformed boundary layer equations are solved numerically by a nite difference scheme, namely the
Accepted 8 February 2011 Keller-box method. Numerical results for the ow and heat transfer characteristics are obtained for various
Available online 16 February 2011
values of the nanoparticle volume fraction parameter j and suction/injection parameter h0. Two models for
Keywords: the effective thermal conductivity of the nanouid, namely the MaxwellGarnett model and the Patel
Nanouid model, are considered. It is found that for the Patel model, the heat transfer rate at the surface increases for
Nanoparticles both suction and injection, whereas different behaviors are observed for the MaxwellGarnett model, i.e.
Rotating porous disk increasing the values of j leads to a decrease in the heat transfer rate at the surface for suction, but
Heat transfer
increases for injection. The results of this study can be used in the design of an effective cooling system for
Numerical solution
electronic components to help ensure effective and safe operational conditions.
& 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction a rotating porous disk on the steady hydrodynamic ow has been

The problem of ow over a rotating disk is one of the classical
problems of uid mechanics that has both theoretical and
practical values. The importance of heat transfer from a rotating
body can be ascertained in cases of various types of machinery,
for example computer disk drives (see Herrero et al. [1]) and gas
turbine rotors (see Owen and Rogers [2]). The rst solution to
the classical problem of rotating disk ow was obtained by von
Karman [3]. In his work, von Karman considered the case of an
innite disk and gave a formulation of the hydrodynamic pro-
blem. Next he introduced his famous transformations, which
reduced the governing partial differential equations to ordinary
differential equations. Cochran and Camb [4] used the von Kar-
man transformations and obtained asymptotic solutions for the
steady hydrodynamic problem. Benton [5] improved Cochrans
solutions and extended the problem to a ow that starts impul-
sively from rest. The rotating disk and stability issues were
attacked theoretically, numerically and experimentally by many
researchers amongst many others, such as Hall [6] and Jarre and
Chauve [7]. The inuence of an external uniform magnetic eld
on the ow due to a rotating disk was studied by Attia and
Hassan [8]. Also, the effect of uniform suction or injection through
n
Corresponding author at: Centre for Modelling and Data Analysis, School of
Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Tel.: + 603 8921 5756; fax: + 603 8925 4519.
E-mail address: anuarishak@yahoo.com (A. Ishak).
investigated by some researchers [912].
Due to the rapid development of modern technology recent
microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) generate an enormous
amount of heat, which disturbs the normal performance of the
devices and reduces reliability. Therefore, an efcient cooling
system is one of the most important problems in designing MEMS
components ([13]). In the recent years considerable research and
development on MEMS cooling performance and improvements
in cooling capabilities have been performed. However a large
number of these researches have been lacking because conven-
tional uids such as water, engine oil and ethylene glycol are
normally used as heat transfer uids in many industrial processes,
including power generation, chemical processes, heating or cool-
ing processes and microelectronics, which have poor heat transfer
properties. The poor heat transfer properties of these common
uids compared to most solids are a primary obstacle to the high
compactness and effectiveness of heat exchangers. The essential
initiative is to seek the solid particles having thermal conductiv-
ities several hundreds of times higher than those of conventional
uids. Therefore industrial cooling devices using nanouids as
coolants are increasingly important in current and future heat
removal applications. An innovative idea is to suspend solid
particles in the uid to improve the thermal conductivity of a
uid. Nanouids are mixtures of a regular uid, such as water or
ethylene glycol, with a very small amount of suspended metallic
or metallic oxide nanoparticles (Cu, Al2O3, TiO2) or nanotubes
[1416]. The use of particles of nanometer dimension was rst
continuously studied by a research group at the Argonne National

0921-4526/$ - see front matter & 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.physb.2011.02.024
1768 N. Bachok et al. / Physica B 406 (2011) 17671772

!
Laboratory around a decade ago. Choi [17] is probably the rst @u v2 @w 1 @p mnf @2 u 1 @u u @2 u
who called the uids with particles of nanometer dimensions u  w  2 2 2
@r r @z rnf @r rnf @r 2 r @r r @z
nanouids. These uids enhance thermal conductivity of the
base uid enormously, which is beyond the explanation of any !
@v uv @v mnf @2 v 1 @v v @2 v
existing theory. They are also very stable and have no additional u w  3
problems such as sedimentation, erosion, additional pressure
@r r @z rnf @r 2 r @r r 2 @z2
drop and non-Newtonian behavior due to the tiny size of nano- !
elements and the low volume fraction of nanoelements required @w @w 1 @p mnf @2 w 1 @w @2 w
u w 4
for conductivity enhancement. @r @z rnf @z rnf @r 2 r @r @z2
The aim of the present paper is to study the ow and heat transfer
!
characteristics due to a rotating disk immersed in a water-based @T @T @2 T 1 @T @2 T
nanouid containing different types of nanoparticles: Cu, Al2O3 and u w anf 2 5
@r @z @r 2 r @r @z
TiO2. It is worth mentioning that the nanouid model proposed by
Buongiorno [18] was very recently used by Nield and Kuznetsov [19], subjected to the boundary conditions
Kuznetsov and Neild [20], Khan and Pop [21] and Bachok et al. [22] in u 0, v Or, w w0 , T Tw at z0
their papers. Different from the above model, the present paper 6
u-0, v-0, T-T1 , p-p1 as z-1
considers a problem using the nanouid model proposed by Tiwari
and Das [15], which was also used by several authors [2329]. The where T is the temperature of the nanouid, TN is the tempera-
governing nonlinear differential equations are integrated numerically ture of the ambient nanouid, p is the pressure, pN is the pressure
using a nite difference method. The effects of the nanoparticle of the ambient nanouid, w0 is the velocity of suction (w0 o0) or
volume fraction and suction/injection parameter on steady ow and injection (w0 40), mnf is the dynamic viscosity of the nanouid,
heat transfer are presented and discussed. anf is the thermal diffusivity of the nanouid andrnf is the density
of the nanouid, which are given by
mf knf
2. Problem formulation mnf , anf , rnf 1jrf jrs
1j2:5 rCp nf

Consider a steady and axially symmetric ow due to a rotating knf ks 2kf 2jkf ks
rCp nf 1jrCp f jrCp s , 7
porous disk immersed in an incompressible nanouid as shown in kf ks 2kf jkf ks
Fig. 1. Let (r, f,z) be the set of cylindrical coordinates and let the where rf and rs are the densities of the uid and of the solid
disk rotate with a constant angular velocity O and be placed fractions, respectively, mf is the viscosity of the uid fraction,
at z 0. It is assumed that the uid is innite and extends in rCp nf is the heat capacitance of the nanouid and knf is the
the positive z-direction. The components of the ow velocity are effective thermal conductivity of the nanouid approximated by
(u, v, w) in the directions of increasing (r, f,z). The surface of the the MaxwellGarnett model [30]. It should be mentioned that the
rotating disk is maintained at a uniform temperature Tw, while use of the approximation for knf is restricted to spherical nano-
the temperature and pressure of the free stream are T1 and p1 , particles and does not account for other shape nanoparticles.
respectively. In addition, a uniform mass ux w0 is applied at the The thermophysical properties of the nanouid are given in
surface of the disk for the entire range. Table 1 [30]. On the other hand, we also consider the model for
Under these assumptions and following the nanouid model knf proposed by Patel et al. [31]. For a two-component entity of
proposed by Tiwari and Das [15], the governing equations for the spherical-particle suspension, knf is given by
continuity, momentum and energy in laminar incompressible
knf ks As
boundary layer ow in a nanouid can be written as 1 1 c Pe 8
kf kf Af
@u u @w
0 1 where c is an experimental constant, Pe is the Peclet number and
@r r @z
As =Af is given by

z us ds As j df
Pe , 9
af Af 1j ds
Here ds is the diameter of solid nanoparticles (ds 38 nm), df is
the molecular size of the base uid that is taken as df 2 A and us
is the Brownian motion velocity of the particles given by
2kb T
us 10
pmf d2s
where kb is the Boltzmann constant (kb 1:3807  1023 J=K).
This model for knf has been used recently by Mahmoudi et al. [32].
It is convenient to transform Eqs. (1)(5) to a system of ordinary
differential equations by applying the following Karmans [33]

r Table 1

Thermophysical properties of uid and nanoparticles [30].

Physical properties Fluid phase Cu Al2 O3 TiO2

(water)

C p J=kg K 4179 385 765 686.2

r kg=m3 997.1 8933 3970 4250
k W=mK 0.613 400 40 8.9538
Fig. 1. Physical model and coordinate system.
 N. Bachok et al. / Physica B 406 (2011) 17671772 1769

transformation: calculated using Eq. (8) considering the experimental constant to be

1=2 1=2 c25,000, which has been suggested by Patel et al. [31]. Following
Z O=nf z, u OrFZ, v OrGZ, w Onf HZ
Oztop and Abu-Nada [30], the value of the Prandtl number Pr is taken
pp1 2mf OPZ, yZ TT1 =Tw T1 11 as 6.2 (for water) and the values of the volume fraction parameter j
Substituting Eq. (8) in Eqs. (1)(5), we obtain the following are from 0 to 0.2 (0 r j r 0:2) in which j 0 corresponds to the
ordinary differential equations: regular Newtonian uid. For different values of the parameter j and
h0, the boundary layer thickness ZN for the functions F(Z), G(Z), H(Z)
2F H0 0 12
and y(Z) have to be adjusted in order to achieve the far eld boundary
1 conditions asymptotically. In this study, a uniform grid of DZ 0.01
F 00 HF 0 F 2 G2 0 13 has been used so that the results are mesh independent and the
1j2:5 1j jrs =rf
convergence criterion was set to 10  5, which gives accuracy upto
1 four decimal places. On the other hand, the boundary layer thickness
G00 HG0 2FG 0 14 Z1 has been chosen between 8 and 80, which is enough to achieve
1j2:5 1j jrs =rf
the boundary conditions at innity asymptotically.
1 knf =kf
y00 Hy0 0 15
Pr rCp nf =rCp f
4. Results and discussion
and the boundary conditions (6) become
F0 0, G0 1, H0 h0 , y0 1 The numerical results are summarized in Tables 24 and
16 Figs. 213. It is worth mentioning that we have used data related
F1 0, G1 0, y1 0
to thermophysical properties of the uid and nanoparticles as
where Pr is the Prandtl number, h0 w0 =O nf 1=2 is the constant listed in Table 1 to compute each case of the nanouid.
velocity of suction (h0 o0) or injection (h0 40) and primes denote The characteristic surface gradients F0 (0), G0 (0) and y0 (0)
differentiation with respect to Z. were obtained and compared with previously reported cases for a
The physical quantities of interest are the skin friction coef- regular Newtonian uid (j 0) and the comparisons are shown
cient in the radial and tangential directions Cfr and Cf f , respec- in Tables 24. It is seen that the values of F0 (0), G0 (0) and
tively and the Nusselt number, which are dened as y0 (0) obtained from this study for j 0 (regular Newtonian uid)
twr twf qw are in very good agreement with the results reported by Kelson
Cfr 2
, Cf f , Nu 17
rf Or rf Or2 kf Tw T1
Table 2
where twr and twj are the radial and transversal shear stress at
Numerical values of the radial skin friction coefcients F 0 0 for various values of j
the surface of the disk, respectively, and qw is the surface heat and h0 .
ux, which are given by
    j h0 Kelson and Maleque Present
@u 1 @w @v 1 @w Desseaux [9] and
twr mnf , twj mnf
@z r @j z 0 @z r @j z 0 Sattar [10]
 
@T Cu Al2 O3 TiO2
qw  knf 18
@z z 0
0 1 0.38962 0.3896 0.3896 0.3896
Substituting Eq. (8) in Eq. (18) and using Eq. (17), we obtain 1 0.48947 0.4895 0.4895 0.4895
2 0.242421 0.2425126 0.2424 0.2424 0.2424
1 1 0 0.510233 0.5101519 0.5102 0.5102 0.5102
Re1=2 Cfr F 0 0, Re1=2 Cf j G0 0
1f2:5 1j 2 0.398934 0.3989332 0.3989 0.3989 0.3989
1 0.3896 0.3896 0.3896
knf 0
Re1=2 Nu  y 0 19 0 0.5101 0.5101 0.5101
kf 1 0.4889 0.4889 0.4889
0.1 1 0.3896 0.3896 0.3896
where Re O r r=nf is the local Reynolds number. 0 0.5102 0.5102 0.5102
1 0.4896 0.4896 0.4896

3. Numerical method

The system of equations (12)(15) subjected to the boundary Table 3

Numerical values of the tangential skin friction coefcients  G0 0 for various
conditions (16) has been solved numerically for some values of the
values of j and h0 .
nanoparticle volume fraction parameter j and suction/injection
parameter h0 using an implicit nite difference scheme called as j h0 Kelson and Maleque Present
Keller-box method, which is very well described in the book by Desseaux [9] and
Cebeci and Bradshaw [34]. By introducing new dependent variables Sattar [10]
Cu Al2 O3 TiO2
these equations are rst written as a system of rst-order equations,
which are then expressed in nite-difference forms using central 0 1 1.17586 1.1752 1.1752 1.1752
differences. Since the system of equations is nonlinear, it is linearized 1 0.30218 0.3021 0.3021 0.3021
using Newtons method before putting them in matrix-vector form. 2 2.038527 2.0391123 2.0385 2.0385 2.0385
0 0.615922 0.6159631 0.6159 0.6159 0.6159
The resulting linear system is solved along with the boundary
2 0.135952 0.1359517 0.1360 0.1360 0.1360
conditions by the block-tridiagonal-elimination method. 1 1.1752 1.1752 1.1752
Three types of nanoparticles were considered, namely copperCu, 0 0.6158 0.6158 0.6158
aluminaAl2O3 and titaniaTiO2. The analysis for model knf given 1 0.3003 0.3003 0.3003
by Eq. (8) is carried out for pure water (j 0), as well as for a water- 0.1 1 1.1752 1.1752 1.1752
0 0.6159 0.6159 0.6159
based nanouid with 38 nm diameter Al2O3 nanoparticles. The 1 0.3022 0.3022 0.3022
effective thermal conductivity of the waterAl2O3 nanouid has been
1770 N. Bachok et al. / Physica B 406 (2011) 17671772

Table 4 0.3
0
Numerical values of the rate of heat transfer  y 0 for various values of
j, Pr and h0 .
0.25
j Pr h0 Kelson and Maleque Present
Desseaux [9] and
Sattar [10] 0.2
Cu Al2 O3 TiO2

0.15

F
0 0.64 1 0.72634 0.7202 0.7202 0.7202
1 0.08975 0.0906 0.0906 0.0906
0.71 2 1.437782 1.442129 1.4378 1.4378 1.4378
0 0.325856 0.325769 0.3259 0.3259 0.3259 0.1
2 0.0110135 0.0110523 0.0114 0.0114 0.0114
h0 = 1
6.2 1 6.2722 6.2722 6.2722
0.05 0
0 0.9337 0.9337 0.9337
1 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 -1
0.1 6.2 1 4.6574 4.6632 4.8254
0 0.8215 0.8220 0.8344 0
-1 0.0016 0.0015 0.0013 0 2 4 6 8 10

Fig. 4. Radial velocity proles F(Z) for various values of h0 of Cuwater nanouid
1 when j 0:1.

0.8
1
0.6
0.9
0.4
0.8
0.2
F, G, - H

0.7
0
0.6
-0.2
0.5
G

-0.4
0.4
-0.6 F
G 0.3 h0 = -1, 0, 1
-0.8 -H
0.2
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.1

0
Fig. 2. Proles for F(Z), G(Z) and  H(Z) for Cuwater nanouid with h0 1 and 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
j 0:1.

Fig. 5. Tangential velocity proles G(Z) for various values of h0 of Cuwater

nanouid when j 0:1.

1
1.5
0.9 h0 = -1
0.8
1 h0 = 0
0.7
h0 = 1
0.6
0.5
0.5

-H

0.4
0
0.3
= 0, 0.1, 0.2
0.2
-0.5
0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Fig. 3. Temperature proles y(Z) for various values of j of Cuwater nanouid
when Pr 6:2 and h0 1. Fig. 6. Axial velocity proles  H(Z) for various values of h0 of Cuwater nanouid
when j 0:1.

and Desseaux [9] and Maleque and Sattar [10]. Therefore, it can The samples of velocity and temperature proles F(Z), G(Z),
be concluded that the developed code can be used with great  H(Z) and y(Z) are given in Figs. 29. These proles satised the
condence to study the problem discussed in this paper. far eld boundary conditions (16) asymptotically, which thereby
 N. Bachok et al. / Physica B 406 (2011) 17671772 1771

1 6.3

0.9
6.25
0.8

0.7 6.2

0.6
6.15

Nu
-1/2
0.5

h0 = -1, 0, 1

Re
6.1
0.4

0.3 6.05 Cu
Al2O3
0.2
6 TiO2
0.1

0 5.95
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

Fig. 7. Temperature proles y(Z) for various values of h0 of Cuwater nanouid Fig. 10. Variation of the Nusselt number with j for different nanoparticles with
when Pr 6:2 and j 0:1. Pr 6:2 and h0  1.

1
0.01
0.9 0.009 Cu
Al2O3
0.8 0.008
TiO2
0.7 0.007
Re-1/2 Nu

0.006
0.6
0.005
0.5
h0 = -1, 0, 1 0.004
0.4
0.003
0.3 0.002
0.2 0.001
0.1 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Fig. 11. Variation of the Nusselt number with j for different nanoparticles with
Pr 6:2 and h0 1.
Fig. 8. Temperature proles y(Z) for various values of h0 with Al2O3water
nanouid when Pr 6:2, Pe 0:001 and j 0:05 (model for knf given by Eq. (8)).
7.4
1
Pe = 0.003
0.9 7.2
Pe = 0.002
0.8
7
Pe = 0.001
0.7
Nu

0.6
-1/2

6.8
Re

0.5

0.4 6.6

0.3
Pe = 0.001, 0.01
6.4
0.2

0.1 6.2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Fig. 12. Variation of the Nusselt number with j for different Pe of Al2O3 water
Fig. 9. Temperature proles y for various values of Pe of Al2O3water nanouid nanouid when Pr 6:2 and h0  1 (model for knf given by Eq. (8)).
when Pr 6:2, h0  1 and j 0:1 (model for knf given by Eq. (8)).

axial) and temperature proles y(Z) are shown in Figs. 48.

supported the numerical results obtained. The effects of suction In Fig. 4, it is observed that for all values of h0 the radial velocity
(h0 o0) and injection (h0 40) for j 0.1 with Cuwater nanouid F(Z) attains a maximum value close to the surface of the disk and
on the velocity proles F(Z), G(Z), H(Z) (radial, tangential and then decreases monotonically with increase of the boundary
1772 N. Bachok et al. / Physica B 406 (2011) 17671772
7
6
5
4
Pe = 0.003
Nu
-1/2
Pe = 0.002
Re
3
2
Pe = 0.001
1
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15
Fig. 13. Variation of the Nusselt number with j for different Pe of Al2O3 water
nanouid when Pr 6:2 and h0 1 (model for knf given by Eq. (8)).
layer. This effect near the surface of the disk is due to the
existence of the centrifugal forces. The above maximum value
is, however, larger in the case of injection. This is due to the fact
that, with increasing values of h0 , the injected ow can sustain
axial motion to greater distances from the wall. Then, near the
wall, the radial ow that is fed by the axial ow is expected to
decrease as the injected parameter increases. The tangential
velocity proles G(Z), as shown in Fig. 5, are found to increase
with increasing values of h0 at a xed point of the boundary layer.
Similar effects of h0 are also observed in the case of axial velocity
prole H(Z) (Fig. 6). This gure also shows that close to the disk
surface suction (h0 o 0) has a tendency to give rise to the familiar
inection point prole, which indicates that suction may lead to
destabilization of the laminar ow. Figs. 7 and 8 show the usual
decay of the temperature proles y(Z) for strong suction while the
thermal boundary layer increases rapidly for strong injection
(h0 40). The effects of Pe on the temperature proles are pre-
sented in Fig. 9. It is seen that the magnitude of the temperature
proles at the surface is higher for smaller values of Pe.
Finally, the variations of heat transfer rate at the surface or the
local Nusselt number Re 1=2 Nu are shown in Figs. 1013. The
local Nusselt number is found to decrease with increasing values
of the nanoparticle volume fraction parameter j in the case of
suction (h0  1), as shown in Fig. 10. But in case of injection
(h0 1), heat transfer shows an opposite trend (Fig. 11). In
addition, it is noted that the lowest heat transfer rate is obtained
for the nanoparticles TiO2 due to the domination of conduction
mode of heat transfer. This is because TiO2 has the lowest value of
thermal conductivity compared to Cu and Al2O3, as can be seen
from Table 1. This behavior of the local Nusselt number (heat
transfer rate at the surface) is similar to that reported by Oztop
and Abu-Nada [30]. The thermal conductivity of Al2O3 is approxi-
mately one tenth of Cu, as given in Table 1. However, a unique
property of Al2O3 is its low thermal diffusivity. The reduced value
of thermal diffusivity leads to higher temperature gradients and,
therefore, higher enhancements in heat transfer. The Cu nanopar-
ticles have higher values of thermal diffusivity, and therefore
reduce the temperature gradients. As volume fraction of nanopar-
ticles increases, the local Nusselt number becomes larger espe-
cially in the case of injection. The highest value of the local Nusselt
number is recorded for Cu-nanouid for both cases of suction and
injection. Figs. 12 and 13 show that for both cases of suction and
injection, the heat transfer rate increases as the solid volume
fraction increases. This is due to the increase in the volume of solid
nanoparticles with relatively higher thermal conductivity.
5. Conclusion
We have theoretically studied how the governing parameters,
namely the nanoparticle volume fraction parameter j and suc-
tion/injection parameter h0 , inuence the boundary layer ow
and heat transfer characteristics on the surface of a rotating disk
in a nanouid using three different types of nanoparticles: copper
Cu, alumina Al2O3 and titania TiO2. When j 0, the problem
under consideration reduces to the regular Newtonian uid case
considered by the previous investigations. Due to the existence of
the centrifugal forces, the radial velocity FZ reaches a maximum
value close to the surface of the disk. For suction, increasing j
decreases the heat transfer rate at the surface or the local Nusselt
number, whereas the opposite trend is observed for injection.
However, on using the model for knf given by Eq. (8), the heat
0.2 transfer rate at the surface increases for both cases. Finally, it is
worth mentioning that the ndings of this study will provide
useful information to the electronic industry to help in maintain-
ing electronic components with uniform surface temperature
under effective and safe operational conditions. It is worth
mentioning here, that the study of nanouids is still at its early
stage so that complementary works are necessary to understand
the heat transfer characteristics of nanouids and identify new
and unique applications for these uids [24].
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by a Research Grant (Project Code:
UKM-GGPM-NBT-080-2010) from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
References
[1] J. Herrero, J.A.C. Humphrey, F. Giralt, ASME J. Heat Transfer 300 (1994) 111.
[2] J.M. Owen, R.H. Rogers, Flow and Heat Transfer in Rotating Disc System,
RotorStator System, vol. 1, Research Studies, Taunton, UK and Wiley, New
York, 1989.
[3] T. von Karman, Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 1 (1921) 233.
[4] W.G. Cochran, P. Camb., Philos. Soc. 30 (1934) 365.
[5] E.R. Benton, J. Fluid Mech. 24 (1966) 781.
[6] P. Hall, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 406 (1986) 93.
[7] S.L.G. Jarre, M.P. Chauve, Phys. Fluids 8 (1996) 496.
[8] H.A. Attia, A. Hassan, Appl. Math. Model. 28 (2004) 1007.
[9] N. Kelson, A. Desseaux, ANZIAM J. 42 (2000) C837.
[10] K.A. Maleque, M.A. Sattar, ASME J. Heat Transfer 127 (2005) 1406.
[11] H.A. Attia, M.A. Sattar, Nonlinear Anal. Model. Control 14 (2009) 21.
[12] M. Turkyilmazoglu, Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. 44 (2009) 352.
[13] R. Kamali, A.R. Binesh, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 37 (2010) 1153.
[14] J.A. Eastman, S.U.S. Choi, S. Li, W. Yu, L.J. Thompson, Phys. Lett. Appl. 78
(2001) 718.
[15] R.K. Tiwari, M.K. Das, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 50 (2007) 2002.
[16] R. Lot, Y. Saboohi, A.M. Rashidi, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 37 (2010) 74.
[17] S.U.S. Choi, in: D.A. Siginer, H.P. Wang (Eds.), Developments and Applications
of Non-Newtonian Flows, FED-vol.231-66, 1995, p. pp. 99.
[18] J. Buongiorno, ASME J. Heat Transfer 128 (2006) 240.
[19] D.A. Nield, A.V. Kuznetsov, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 52 (2009) 5792.
[20] A.V. Kuznetsov, D.A. Nield, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 49 (2010) 243.
[21] A.V. Khan, I. Pop, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 2477.
[22] N. Bachok, A. Ishak, I. Pop, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 49 (2010) 1663.
[23] E. Abu-Nada, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 29 (2008) 242.
[24] M. Muthtamilselvan, P. Kandaswamy, J. Lee, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer.
Simul. 15 (2010) 1501.
[25] E. Abu-Nada, H.F. Oztop, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 30 (2009) 669.
[26] F. Talebi, A. Houshang, M. Shahi, Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer 37 (2010) 79.
[27] N. Bachok, A. Ishak, R. Nazar, I. Pop, Physica B 405 (2010) 4914.
[28] N.A. Yacob, A. Ishak, I. Pop, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 50 (2011) 133.
[29] N.A. Yacob, A. Ishak, R. Nazar, I. Pop, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 38
(2011) 149.
[30] H.F. Oztop, E. Abu-Nada, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 29 (2008) 1326.
[31] H.E. Patel, T. Sundararajan, T. Pradeep, A. Dasgupta, N. Dasgupta, S.K. Das,
PramanaJ. Phys. 65 (2005) 863.
[32] A.H. Mahmoudi, M. Shahi, A.H. Raouf, A. Ghasemian, Int. Commun. Heat Mass
Transfer 37 (2010) 1135.
[33] T. von Karman, ASME Trans. 61 (1939) 705.
[34] T. Cebeci, P. Bradshaw, Physical and Computational Aspects of Convective
Heat Transfer, Springer, New York, 1988.