Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Shamsoon Fareed
Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering
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Marks Distribution
Sessional Assessment: Total Marks (40)
Tension Members
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Tension in Nature
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Tension Members
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Tension Members
Tension members are structural elements that are subjected
to axial tensile forces.
Example includes:
Bracing for buildings and bridges
Tension Members
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Tension Members
Tension Members
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Tension Members
CASE STUDY 1
Burj Al Arab:
Problem:
During the construction of Burj Al Arab, it was observed that
due to extreme weather condition in Dubai, a steel on a normal
day can expand or contract up to 5 cm due to temperature
changes.
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Tension Members
CASE STUDY 1
Task:
For the problem shown in video during the time 21:45 to 23:39,
find an innovative solution for this problem!!!
Introductory concepts
Stress:
= Equation 1
where:
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Introductory concepts
The stress in a tension member is uniform throughout the
cross-section except:
Introductory concepts
Gusset plate is
connection
element which
transfer load
from member
to support or to
another
Figure 1: Gusset plate
member.
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Introductory concepts
Area of bar at section a a = 8 x = 4 in2
Introductory concepts
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Design strength
A tension member can fail by reaching one of two limit
states:
(2) Fracture
In each case the stress must be less than a limiting stress F i.e.
<F
.
Department of Civil Engineering | Fall 2016 21 | Design of Steel Structures
Design strength
Excessive deformation can occur due to the yielding of the
gross section (for example section a-a from Figure 1) along
the length of the member
Fracture can occur if the stress at the net section (for example
section b-b in Figure 1) reaches the ultimate stress Fu.
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Design strength
Therefore, yielding at the net section will not be a failure limit
state.
= Equation 2
Design strength
The nominal strength in fracture is given by Equation 3:
= Equation 3
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Design strength
Tension members can be design by any one of the following
design approaches:
Where :
: Allowable strength
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= = 0.6
1.67
For fracture of the net section, the safety factor is 2.00 and
the allowable load is
= = 0.5
2.00
= = 0.6
= = 0.5
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LRFD
In LRFD, the factored tensile load is compared to the design
strength. The design strength is the resistance factor times the
nominal strength which is given by:
LRFD
The resistance factor ( ) is smaller for fracture than yielding,
reflecting more serious nature of the fracture:
0.9
0.75
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dh = db + 1/16 in.
Assume that the material damage extends 1/16 in. around the
hole diameter.
An = Ag ((dh + 1/16) x t)
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Problem 1
A x 5 plate of A36 steel is used
as a tension member. It is
connected to a gusset plate with
four 5/8 inch diameter bolts as
shown in Figure. Assume =
and determine:
Problem 1 - Solution
= 5 x = 2.5 in2
= = - = 2.5 ( x ) x 2
= 1.75 in2
= =
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Problem 1 - Solution
LRFD Approach
= 0.90 x 90
= 81 Kips
The design strength based on fracture is
= 0.75 x 101.5
= 76.1 Kips
Therefore the design strength based on LRFD is 76.1 Kips
Problem 1 - Solution
ASD Approach
90
= = 53.9 Kips
1.67
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Problem 1 - Solution
Final Results:
Problem 2
A single angle tension member, L 4 x 4 x 3/8 in. made from A36
steel is connected to a gusset plate with 5/8 in. diameter bolts, as
shown in Figure below. The service loads are 35 kips dead load
and 15 kips live load. Determine the adequacy of this member
using AISC specification.
Assume that the
effective net area is
85% of the computed
net area.
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Problem 2 - Solution
Gross area of angle = Ag = 2.86 in2 (from Table 1-7 AISC
manual)
Therefore:
An = Ag ((dh + 1/16) x t)
Problem 2 - Solution
Effective net area:
Ae = 0.85 x 2.579
Ae = 2.192 in2
= 0.9 x 36 x 2.86
= 92.664 kips
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Problem 2 - Solution
Net section fracture:
= 0.75 x 58 x 2.192
= 95.352 kips
Ultimate load, P :
Problem 2 - Solution
For the case of dead and live loads following two loading
combinations can be used:
Combination no. 1 : 1.4 D
Combination no. 2 : 1.2 D + 1.6 L
Therefore
Combination no. 1 : 1.4 (35) = 49 kips
Combination no. 2 : 1.2 (35) + 1.6 (15) = 66 kips (controls)
The ultimate design load for the member is 66 kips, and the
factored dead + live loading condition controls.
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Problem 2 - Solution
Final Results:
Effective Area
The connection has a significant influence on the performance
of a tension member.
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Effective Area
All factors contribute to reducing the
effectiveness but shear lag is the most important.
Effective Area
Shear lag examples:
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Effective Area
Disadvantages of shear lag:
Effective Area
The effective net area for:
Bolted connection:
Ae = U An
Welded connection:
Ae = U Ag
U = 1-
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Effective Area
x
U = 1- L
Effective Area
Calculating L for bolted members
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Effective Area
Calculating L for welded members
Problem 3
A single angle tension member, L 4 x 4 x 3/8 in. made from A36
steel is connected to a gusset plate with 5/8 in. diameter bolts, as
shown in problem 2. The service loads are 35 kips dead load
and 15 kips live load. The spacing between the bolts is 3 in.
center-to-center. Determine the adequacy of this member.
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Problem 3 - Solution
Similar to Problem 2 gross area of angle = Ag = 2.86 in2 (from
Table 1-7 AISC manual)
Therefore:
An = Ag ((dh + 1/16) x t)
Problem 3 - Solution
For Bolted connection:
Ae = U An
and U = 1-
L=2x3
L = 6in.
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Problem 3 - Solution
U = 1-
1.13
U = 1- 6
U = 0.811in.
Ae = U An
Ae = 0.811 x 2.579
Ae = 2.093in2
Problem 3 - Solution
Gross yielding design strength:
= 0.9 x 36 x 2.86
= 92.664 kips
= 0.75 x 58 x 2.093
= 91.045 kips
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Problem 3 - Solution
From problem 2 the ultimate design load for the member is 66
kips, and the factored dead + live loading condition controls.
Final Results:
Welded Connections
For longitudinal welding on
each side, the reduction
factor U is given by:
U = 1.0 for L w
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Welded Connections
For transverse weld, the
reduction factor U is 1.0
and is area of connected
element.
Problem 4
For the welded single angle L 6x 6 x tension member made
from A36 steel, calculate the tension design strength.
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Problem 4 - Solution
Ae = Ag (since welded connection)
U = 1-
1.68
U=1- 5.5
U = 0.6964in.
Ae = U Ag
Ae = 0.6964 x 5.77
Department of Civil Engineering | Fall 2016 61 | Design of Steel Structures
Problem 4 - Solution
Ae = 0.6964 x 5.77
Ae = 4.02in2
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