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Design of Steel Structures

Shamsoon Fareed
Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering | Fall 2016 1 | Design of Steel Structures

Design of Steel Structures


Text & Reference Books

T. Steel design. William Segui, Cengage Learning, 2012

LRFD, AISC. "Manual of steel construction, load and


resistance factor design." Chicago: American Institute of Steel
Construction (1994).

McCormac, Jack C., and James K. Nelson. Structural steel


design: LRFD method. Prentice Hall, 2003.

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Marks Distribution
Sessional Assessment: Total Marks (40)

Case Studies: (75% weightage in sessional assessment)


To be submitted as a group of 5 students (max).

To be submitted one week after end of topic.

Problem Analysis Assignments: (25% weightage in sessional


assessment)
To be submitted induvially

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Tension Members

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Tension in Nature

Ref: Shell Tension ,Dr. Seshu Adluri

Tension members are the most efficient and economical of all


structural elements.
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Tension Members: Historical


Background
Tension members
are being used
from Primitive
time.

One of the most


common
examples are
Primitive temporary bridge (Ref: Shell Tension ,Dr. Seshu Adluri)
bridges. .
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Tension Members: Historical


Background
If you want your
Grand Kids to
Play Tarzan &
the Tension
members save
Forests!!!!
Ref: Shell Tension ,Dr. Seshu Adluri

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Tension Members

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Tension Members
Tension members are structural elements that are subjected
to axial tensile forces.

Example includes:
Bracing for buildings and bridges

Cables in suspended roof system

Cables in suspension and cable stayed system

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Tension Members

Tension members used as bracing in buildings and bridges

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Tension Members

Cables in suspended roof system (Dynamic Earth, Edinburgh)

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Tension Members

Cable suspended and stayed bridges

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Tension Members
CASE STUDY 1

Burj Al Arab:

Problem:
During the construction of Burj Al Arab, it was observed that
due to extreme weather condition in Dubai, a steel on a normal
day can expand or contract up to 5 cm due to temperature
changes.

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Tension Members
CASE STUDY 1

Task:

For the problem shown in video during the time 21:45 to 23:39,
find an innovative solution for this problem!!!

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Introductory concepts
Stress:

in axially loaded tension member is given by Equation 1


= Equation 1

where:

P : magnitude of load, and

A: cross-sectional area normal to the load

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Introductory concepts
The stress in a tension member is uniform throughout the
cross-section except:

near the point of application of load

at the cross-section with holes for bolts or other


discontinuities, etc.

For example, consider an 8 x in. bar connected to a gusset


plate and loaded in tension as shown below in Figure 1.

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Introductory concepts
Gusset plate is
connection
element which
transfer load
from member
to support or to
another
Figure 1: Gusset plate
member.

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Introductory concepts
Area of bar at section a a = 8 x = 4 in2

Area of bar at section b b = (8 2 x 7/8 ) x = 3.12 in2

Based on above it can be concluded that:

the reduced area of section b b will be subjected to


higher stresses

However, the reduced area and therefore the higher


stresses will be localized around section b b.

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Introductory concepts

The unreduced area of the member is called its gross


area (Ag)

The reduced area of the member is called its net area


(An)

Tension members are covered in Part 5 of AISC Manual


of steel construction.

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Design strength
A tension member can fail by reaching one of two limit
states:

(1) Excessive deformation or

(2) Fracture


In each case the stress must be less than a limiting stress F i.e.


<F

.
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Design strength
Excessive deformation can occur due to the yielding of the
gross section (for example section a-a from Figure 1) along
the length of the member

Fracture can occur if the stress at the net section (for example
section b-b in Figure 1) reaches the ultimate stress Fu.

Although Yielding will occur first in the net section. However,


the deformations induced by yielding will be localized around
the net section.
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Design strength
Therefore, yielding at the net section will not be a failure limit
state.

The nominal strength in yielding is given by Equation 2:

= Equation 2

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Design strength
The nominal strength in fracture is given by Equation 3:

= Equation 3

where : effective net area (which may be equal to or in


some cases smaller to .

and for different steel materials are noted in Table 2-3


in the AISC steel manual.

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Design strength
Tension members can be design by any one of the following
design approaches:

1. Allowable Strength Design (ASD)

2. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

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Allowable Strength Design (ASD)


In ASD, the total service load is compared to the allowable
strength (allowable load) :

Where :

: Required strength (allowable load)



: Allowable strength

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Allowable Strength Design (ASD)


For yielding of the gross section, the safety factor is 1.67
and the allowable load is


= = 0.6
1.67

For fracture of the net section, the safety factor is 2.00 and
the allowable load is


= = 0.5
2.00

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Allowable Strength Design (ASD)


Alternatively the service load stress ( ) can be compared to
allowable stress ( ) given by

For yielding of gross section:



= = 0.6

For fracture of the net section



= = 0.5

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LRFD
In LRFD, the factored tensile load is compared to the design
strength. The design strength is the resistance factor times the
nominal strength which is given by:

and can be written for tension members as:

where is the governing combination of the factored loads.

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LRFD
The resistance factor ( ) is smaller for fracture than yielding,
reflecting more serious nature of the fracture:

For yielding : = 0.90

For yielding : = 0.75

Both of the following conditions must be satisfied:

0.9

0.75

The smaller of these is the design strength.


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Net Area calculations


The nominal diameter of the hole (dh) and bolt diameter (db) is
given by relation

dh = db + 1/16 in.

However, the bolt-hole fabrication process damages additional


material around the hole diameter.

Assume that the material damage extends 1/16 in. around the
hole diameter.

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Net Area calculations


Therefore, for calculating the net section area, assume that the
gross area is reduced by a hole diameter equal to the nominal
holediameter + 1/16 in.

An = Ag ((dh + 1/16) x t)

Where t is the thickness

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Problem 1
A x 5 plate of A36 steel is used
as a tension member. It is
connected to a gusset plate with
four 5/8 inch diameter bolts as
shown in Figure. Assume =
and determine:

1. Design strength for LRFD

2. Allowable strength for ASD

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Problem 1 - Solution
= 5 x = 2.5 in2

= = - = 2.5 ( x ) x 2

= 1.75 in2

= =

= 36 x 2.5 = 90 Kips = 58 x 1.75 = 101.5 Kips

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Problem 1 - Solution
LRFD Approach

The design strength based on yielding is

= 0.90 x 90

= 81 Kips
The design strength based on fracture is
= 0.75 x 101.5
= 76.1 Kips
Therefore the design strength based on LRFD is 76.1 Kips

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Problem 1 - Solution
ASD Approach

The allowable strength based on yielding is

90
= = 53.9 Kips
1.67

The allowable strength based on fracture is


101.5
= = 50.8 Kips
2.00

Therefore the allowable strength based on ASD is 50.8 Kips

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Problem 1 - Solution
Final Results:

Therefore the allowable strength based on ASD is 50.8 Kips.

the design strength based on LRFD is 76.1 Kips

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Problem 2
A single angle tension member, L 4 x 4 x 3/8 in. made from A36
steel is connected to a gusset plate with 5/8 in. diameter bolts, as
shown in Figure below. The service loads are 35 kips dead load
and 15 kips live load. Determine the adequacy of this member
using AISC specification.
Assume that the
effective net area is
85% of the computed
net area.

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Problem 2 - Solution
Gross area of angle = Ag = 2.86 in2 (from Table 1-7 AISC
manual)

Therefore:

An = Ag ((dh + 1/16) x t)

dh = 5/8 + 1/16 = 11/16

An= 2.86 ((11/16 + 1/16) x 3/8) = 2.579 in2

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Problem 2 - Solution
Effective net area:

Ae = 0.85 x 2.579

Ae = 2.192 in2

Gross yielding design strength:

= 0.9 x 36 x 2.86

= 92.664 kips

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Problem 2 - Solution
Net section fracture:

= 0.75 x 58 x 2.192

= 95.352 kips

Therefore design strength = 92.664 kips (gross yielding


governs)

Ultimate load, P :

The ultimate load can be calculated using factored load


combinations given in the AISC manual.
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Problem 2 - Solution
For the case of dead and live loads following two loading
combinations can be used:
Combination no. 1 : 1.4 D
Combination no. 2 : 1.2 D + 1.6 L

Therefore
Combination no. 1 : 1.4 (35) = 49 kips
Combination no. 2 : 1.2 (35) + 1.6 (15) = 66 kips (controls)

The ultimate design load for the member is 66 kips, and the
factored dead + live loading condition controls.

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Problem 2 - Solution
Final Results:

The design strength of the member (92.664 kips) is greater than


the ultimate design load (66 kips).

The L 4 x 4 x 3/8 in. made from A36 steel is adequate for


carrying the factored loads.

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Effective Area
The connection has a significant influence on the performance
of a tension member.

A connection almost always weakens the member, and a


measure of its influence is called joint efficiency.

Joint efficiency is a function of: (a) material ductility; (b)


fastener spacing; (c) stress concentration at holes; (d)
fabrication procedure; and (e) shear lag.

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Effective Area
All factors contribute to reducing the
effectiveness but shear lag is the most important.

Shear lag occurs when the tension force is not


transferred simultaneously to all elements of the
cross-section. This will occur when some
elements of the cross-section are not connected
(for e.g. only one leg of angle is bolted as shown
in Figure).

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Effective Area
Shear lag examples:

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Effective Area
Disadvantages of shear lag:

The connected element becomes overloaded and the


unconnected part is not fully stressed.

Shear lag affects both bolted and welded connections.

It can be avoided by:

lengthening the connection region.

using a reduced or effective net area Ae.

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Effective Area
The effective net area for:

Bolted connection:

Ae = U An

Welded connection:

Ae = U Ag

where U is the reduction factor given by:


U = 1-

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Effective Area
x
U = 1- L

x : distance from the centroid of the connected area to the plane


of the connection

L : length of the connection

Refer to Table D3.1 in AISC manual for reduction factor U

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Effective Area
Calculating L for bolted members

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Effective Area
Calculating L for welded members

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Problem 3
A single angle tension member, L 4 x 4 x 3/8 in. made from A36
steel is connected to a gusset plate with 5/8 in. diameter bolts, as
shown in problem 2. The service loads are 35 kips dead load
and 15 kips live load. The spacing between the bolts is 3 in.
center-to-center. Determine the adequacy of this member.

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Problem 3 - Solution
Similar to Problem 2 gross area of angle = Ag = 2.86 in2 (from
Table 1-7 AISC manual)

Therefore:

An = Ag ((dh + 1/16) x t)

dh = 5/8 + 1/16 = 11/16

An= 2.86 ((11/16 + 1/16) x 3/8) = 2.579in2

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Problem 3 - Solution
For Bolted connection:

Ae = U An


and U = 1-

x = 1.13in. (from Table 1-7 of the AISC manual)

L=2x3

L = 6in.

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Problem 3 - Solution

U = 1-

1.13
U = 1- 6

U = 0.811in.

Ae = U An

Ae = 0.811 x 2.579

Ae = 2.093in2

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Problem 3 - Solution
Gross yielding design strength:

= 0.9 x 36 x 2.86

= 92.664 kips

Net section fracture:

= 0.75 x 58 x 2.093

= 91.045 kips

Therefore design strength = 91.045 kips (net section fracture


governs)
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Problem 3 - Solution
From problem 2 the ultimate design load for the member is 66
kips, and the factored dead + live loading condition controls.

Final Results:

The design strength of the member (91.045 kips) is greater than


the ultimate design load (66 kips).

The L 4 x 4 x 3/8 in. made from A36 steel is adequate for


carrying the factored loads.

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Welded Connections
For longitudinal welding on
each side, the reduction
factor U is given by:

U = 1.0 for L w

U = 0.87 for 1.5 w L < 2 w

U = 0.75 for w L < 1.5 w

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Welded Connections
For transverse weld, the
reduction factor U is 1.0
and is area of connected
element.

Connections with transverse


welds alone are uncommon.

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Problem 4
For the welded single angle L 6x 6 x tension member made
from A36 steel, calculate the tension design strength.

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Problem 4 - Solution
Ae = Ag (since welded connection)


U = 1-

1.68
U=1- 5.5

U = 0.6964in.

Ae = U Ag

Ag = 5.77in2 from AISC manual Table 1-7

Ae = 0.6964 x 5.77
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Problem 4 - Solution
Ae = 0.6964 x 5.77

Ae = 4.02in2

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