Task-3.

d(P10)
1. Carry out tensile test using standard steel and aluminium alloy test pieces and
describe the procedures of the test in details and laboratory report resulting from
materials testing.

Introduction
As per the requirement of the assignment,industrial tour to Bandarban Steel Industry was
taken to carry out the practical work.
The tensile strength of a material is the stress required to cause fracture of a test piece in
tension. Tensile testing is the most widely-used mechanical test. It involves applying a steadily
increasing load to a test specimen, causing it to stretch until it eventually fractures.Accurate
measurements are taken of the load and extension, and the results are used to determine the
strength,proof stress and Youngs Modulus of Elasticity of the material.
This report contains the results of an experiment which was carried out in the practical visit
to determine strength,proof stress and Youngs Modulus of Elasticity of the material.

Objective
Our main focus was to learn how the tensile test is carried out, determine the Yield Strength,
Proportional Limit, Modulus of Elasticity, and Ultimate Strength for each metals and also the
composition of materials.

Theory
If a solid, such as a metal bar, is subjected to an external force (or load), a resisting force is set
up within the bar and the material is said to be in a state of stress.
When the body is subjected to two equal and opposite axial pulls (also called tensile load) ,
then the stress induced at any section of the body is known as tensile stress.
Stress is defined by:

Mohammed Rizwan Ch
UNIT 70.AIRCRAFT MATERIALS & HARDWARE ND BATCH 7
1 ID:1608019
 The basic SI unit of stress is N/m2. Other commonly used units include MN/m2, N/mm2 and
Pa.Note that the Greek letter is pronounced sigma.
A material that is altered in shape due to the action of a force acting on it is said to be strained.
This may also mean that a body is strained internally even though there may be little
measurable difference in its dimensions, just a stretching of the bonds at the atomic level
Direct strain may be defined as: the ratio of change in dimension (deformation) over the
original dimension, i.e.

The symbol is the Greek lower-case letter epsilon. Note also that the deformation for tensile
strain will be an extension and for compressive strain it will be a reduction.
Where,
Stress strain stress = a constant x strain

= constant E, a constant for the material

This constant E is known as Youngs Modulus of elasticity for the material and is:

E = /

Safety Precautions
Clean the tools and ensure theyre grease proof
Ensure area of test is also neat and there is no
Wear hand gloves
Wear eye protections
Stand away from the loading area
The grips used in the testing machine must be properly serrated so that there is no chance of
slippage of the sample
If the sample breaks due to any other reason than the tensile stress, then the test procedure
should be discarded, and a new test must be performed on a new specimen.

Mohammed Rizwan Ch
UNIT 70.AIRCRAFT MATERIALS & HARDWARE ND BATCH 7
2 ID:1608019
 Requirements of tools
Measuring Calipers
Load Cell
Blade micrometer
Scale (6 inch)
Dividers
Gage mark punch
Hammer

Equipments used
Instron Universal Universal Testing Machine
Extensometer (with dial indicator)
Piece of steel stock
Computer System

Procedure
The tensile test was carried out at a room temperature.

In the test a test piece of steel stock with known cross-sectional area (106.1mm x
19.05 mm x 3.18mm) is gripped in the jaws of the Instron tensile testing machine
(Model 1125). The region of minimum cross-section of the specimen had dimensions
6.35 mm in width,3.18 mm in thickness and 38.1 mm in length, and the relationship
between the cross-sectional area and a specified "gauge length", of the specimen, is
constant.

The Instron Test Machine is a displacement controlled machine.One end of the sample
was placed at a fixed position with the other end was displaced at a constant rate.A
load cell was used to determine the force required to maintain a constant
displacement.

Mohammed Rizwan Ch
UNIT 70.AIRCRAFT MATERIALS & HARDWARE ND BATCH 7
3 ID:1608019
 A tensile force is then applied, which is increased by suitable increments. For each
increment of force applied, the amount by which the gauge length on the test piece

increases was measured using an extensometer. When the test piece began to stretch
rapidly, the extensometer was removed, otherwise it mayve damaged.

The maximum force applied to the test piece before it fractures was measured.The
accuracy of the load cell was () 1N.Using the results obtained during the test,data
was collected on a strip chart (Instron model A1030) that monitored the force.Stress
was calculated with its formula.The calculation of strain required the conversion of
chart displacement to sample displacement.The sample displacement can be
calculated from:The rate of sample 1 () 0.01 mm/min.The rate of chart displacement
was 10 () 0.1mm/min.

Example = Chart x Displacement

Chart

A stress/strain chart was then plotted to determine the elastic modulus,yield point
and ultimate stress were determined.

Fig 1.0 Instron Test Machine

Mohammed Rizwan Ch
UNIT 70.AIRCRAFT MATERIALS & HARDWARE ND BATCH 7
4 ID:1608019
 Fig 1.2 Computurised Stress/Strain graph

Advantage/Disadvantage
The disadvantages of the test are many.
1. It does not provide information about the material at different temperatures.
2. It does not identify the strength of the material at differing strain rates.
3. It does not identify any possible asymmetry in the material strength.
4. It provides no information about the strength of the material in different environments.
5. I provides no information about changes in the material strength due to the process of
forming the material. A casting will have different properties than a forging or a sintered metal
part.

Mohammed Rizwan Ch
UNIT 70.AIRCRAFT MATERIALS & HARDWARE ND BATCH 7
5 ID:1608019
 Advantages include:
It helps us to
1. To determine batch quality
2. To determine consistency in manufacture
3. To aid in the design process
4. To reduce material costs and achieve lean manufacturing goals
5. To ensure compliance with international and industry standards

Mohammed Rizwan Ch
UNIT 70.AIRCRAFT MATERIALS & HARDWARE ND BATCH 7
6 ID:1608019
 Task-3.d(P10)
2. Determine the strength and ductility properties on the basis of test result.

Results
The force-chart displacement graph for the 1018 steel is shown in fig 1.2.The data displayed
is converted to a stress-strain graph.The figure clearly indicates the regions of linear
behaviour in the lower strain region of the graph.It suggests that the sample showed great
complacency in lower stress levels and stiffer in high stress levels.Unfortunately,there is no
structural or chemical reason why steel should exhibit an increasing moldulus with increasing
stress.
Note that,the text and sample fixture are under the same applied force.Under these
conditions,the most acceptable will be considered as the stress-strain main influencer.As the
fixture appears very compliant during re-alignment and rotation,the fixture appears very stiff
due to its large cross section at higher force levels.In the second region,the stress-stain
behaviour is upper classes by the sample.

Mohammed Rizwan Ch
UNIT 70.AIRCRAFT MATERIALS & HARDWARE ND BATCH 7
7 ID:1608019
 Mohammed Rizwan Ch
UNIT 70.AIRCRAFT MATERIALS & HARDWARE ND BATCH 7
8 ID:1608019