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11 Nonparametric Tests
Elementary Statistics
Larson Farber
Section 11.1
Hypotheses
Left-tailed test: H0: median k and Ha:
medianor< k
For n > 25, you are testing the binomial probability that = 0.50.
Application
A meteorologist claims that the daily median temperature for
the month of January in San Diego is 57 Fahrenheit. The
temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit) for 18 randomly selected
January days are listed below. At = 0.01, can you support the
meteorologists claim?
58 62 55 55 53 52 52 59 55 55 60 56 57 61 58 63 63
55
1. Write the null and alternative hypothesis.
H0: median = 57 and Ha: median 57
2. State the level of significance.
= 0.01
3. Determine the sampling distribution.
Binomial with p = 0.5
58 62 55 55 53 52 52 59 55
55 60 56 57 61 58 63 63 55
+ + +
+ 0 + + + +
Critical value is 2.
The test statistic, 8, does not fall in the critical region. Fail
to reject the null hypothesis.
8. Interpret your decision.
There is not enough evidence to reject the
meteorologists claim that the median daily
temperature for January in San Diego is 57 .
The sign test can also be used with
paired data (such as before and after).
Find the difference between
corresponding values and record the
sign. Use the same procedure.
Section 11.2
= 0.01
Before After Diff. Abs Rank Sign Rank
When the samples are the same size, it does not matter which is n1.
Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test
Test statistic:
Combine the data from both samples and rank it.
R = the sum of the ranks for the smaller sample.
Find the z-score for the value of R.
where
Section 11.3
The Kruskal-
Kruskal-Wallis
Test
The Kruskal-Wallis Test
The Kruskal-Wallis test is a nonparametric test that can be
used to determine whether three or more independent
samples were selected from populations having the same
distribution.
H0: There is no difference in the population distributions.
Ha: There is a difference in the population distributions.
X2
The sampling distribution is chi-square with d.f. = 3 1 = 2.
From Table 6, the critical value is 9.210.
Test Statistic
Data State Rank
12.800 VA 1
13.080 MI 2
13.480 MI 3
14.060 MI 4 Michigan salaries are in ranks:
14.240 MI 5
14.830
14.850
MI
MI
6
7
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 15, 17.5, 22
14.890
14.900
NY
VA
8
9
The sum is 94.5.
15.380 VA 10
15.540 VA 11
15.570 VA 12
15.940 MI 13 New York salaries are in ranks:
16.260 NY 14
16.940 MI 15 8, 14, 19, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30
17.020 VA 16
17.470 MI 17.5 The sum is 223.
17.470 VA 17.5
17.540 NY 19
18.500 VA 20
18.880 NY 21
19.010 MI 22 Virginia salaries are in ranks:
19.950 NY 23
20.060 NY 24 1, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17.5, 20, 25, 26
20.480 VA 25
20.630
20.940
VA
NY
26
27
The sum is 147.5.
21.030 NY 28
21.180 NY 29
21.810 NY 30
R1 = 94.5, R2 = 223, R3 = 147.5 Find the test statistic.
n1 = 10, n2 = 10 and n3 = 10, so N = 30
9.210 10.76
Rank Correlation
Rank Correlation
The Spearman rank correlation coefficient, rs, is a measure of
the strength of the relationship between two variables. The
Spearman rank correlation coefficient is calculated using the
ranks of paired sample data entries. The formula for the
Spearman rank correlation coefficient is
1 2 1 1 1
2 4 4 0 0
3 1 3 2 4
4 5 2 3 9
5 7 6 1 1
6 3 1 2 4
7 6 7 1 1
20
Since the statistic 0.643 does not fall in the rejection region, fail to reject H0. There
is not enough evidence to support the claim that there is a significant correlation.