PRIFYSGOL ABERTAWE

SWANSEA UNIVERSITY
School of Engineering

MAY/JUNE 2010

EG-161/EGA205
THERMODYNAMICS I
LEVEL I/2

University calculators permitted only

Translation dictionaries are not permitted, but an English dictionary may be borrowed
from the invigilator on request

Time allowed: 2 hours

Answer ALL questions

This is a multiple-choice examination and any answer not marked clearly on

the answer sheet provided will not be considered

This is a CLOSED Book Examination, allowed are only the property tables

g=9.81 m/s2
cp_air=1.005 kJ/(kg-oC)

TURN OVER

Page 1 of 10
1. The density and the specific volume of a simple compressible system are known. The number
of additional intensive, independent properties needed to fix the state of this system is

(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
(e) 4
[1 mark]

2. Consider a submarine cruising 30 m below the free surface of seawater whose density is 1025
kg/m3. The increase in the pressure exerted on the submarine when it dives to a depth of 110 m
below the free surface is

(a) 481 kPa

(b) 804 kPa
(c) 1421 kPa
(d) 144 kPa
(e) 1102 kPa
[2 marks]

3. The pressure in an air storage tank is measured to be 250 kPa (gauge) in the morning, and
270kPa (gauge) in the afternoon as a result of solar heating. The local atmospheric pressure is
100 kPa. If the temperature of air in the tank is 15°C in the morning, the air temperature in the
afternoon is

(a) 15.9 oC
(b) 31.5 oC
(c) 38.0 oC
(d) 16.2 oC
(e) 15.3 oC
[4 marks]

4. A piston-cylinder device contains 3 kg of air at 300 kPa and 25°C. During a quasi-equilibrium
isothermal expansion process, 20 kJ of boundary work is done by the system, and 8 kJ of
paddle-wheel work is done on the system. The heat transfer during this process is

(a) 28 kJ
(b) 20 kJ
(c) 36 kJ
(d) 12 kJ
(e) 4 kJ
[4 marks]

5. Steam is accelerated by a nozzle steadily from a low velocity to a velocity of 220 m/s at a rate
of 1.2 kg/s. If the steam at the nozzle exit is at 300°C and 2 MPa, the exit area of the nozzle is

(a) 3.8 cm2

(b) 22.8 cm2
(c) 7.2 cm2
(d) 54.6 cm2
(e) 6.8 cm2
[4 marks]

Page 2 of 10
 TURN OVER

6. An 8 litre cylinder contains air at 300 kPa and 300 K. Now air is compressed isothermally to a
volume of 2 litres. Using the equation W=m*R*T1*ln(V2/V1) for work, the work done on air
during this compression process is

(a) 3.3 kJ
(b) 1.8 kJ
(c) 0.0 kJ
(d) 119.3 kJ
(e) 4.5 kJ
[4 marks]

7. A piston-cylinder device equipped with a resistance heater is initially filled with 0.4 kg of
saturated water vapour at 200°C. Now the heater is turned on, the steam is compressed, and there
is heat loss to the surrounding air. At the end of the process, the temperature and pressure of steam
in the container are measured to be 300°C and 0.5 MPa. The net energy transfer to the steam
during this process is

(a) 208 kJ
(b) 56 kJ
(c) 75 kJ
(d) 109 kJ
(e) 83 kJ

8. Refrigerant 134a enters a diffuser steadily at 0.5 MPa, 50°C, and 120 m/s at a rate of
1.2 kg/s. The inlet area of the diffuser is

(a) 0.81 cm2

(b) 4.8 cm2
(c) 26 cm2
(d) 5.3 cm2
(e) 100 cm2
[4 marks]

9. An adiabatic heat exchanger is used to heat cold water at 8°C entering at a rate of 3
kg/s by hot air at 150°C entering also at rate of 3 kg/s. If the exit temperature of hot air
is 30°C, the exit temperature of cold water is (use constant specific heats at room
temperature of cp_water=4.18 kJ/(kg-oC) for water and cp_air=1.005 kJ/(kg-oC) for air)

(a) 150°C
(b) 30°C
(c) 36.9°C
(d) 28.6°C
(e) 128°C
[4 marks]

TURN OVER
Page 3 of 10
10. Hot combustion gases (assumed to have the properties of air at room temperature)
enter a gas turbine at 0.8 MPa and 1500 K at a rate of 2.1 kg/s, and exit at 0.1 MPa and
800 K. If heat is lost from the turbine to the surroundings at a rate of 150 kJ/s, the
power output of the gas turbine is

(a) 1477 kW
(b) 1677 kW
(c) 1327 kW
(d) 1124 kW
(e) 872 kW
[4 marks]

11. Saturated refrigerant 134a vapour at 40°C is condensed as it flows through a tube at a
rate of 0.2 kg/s. The condensate leaves the tube as saturated liquid at 40°C. The rate of
heat transfer from the tube is

(a) 21.0 kJ/s

(b) 53.4 kJ/s
(c) 162 kJ/s
(d) 74.4 kJ/s
(e) 32.4 kJ/s
[4 marks]

12. Saturated liquid water at 1.0 MPa is throttled adiabatically to a pressure of 0.4 MPa. If
the change in kinetic energy is negligible, the percentage of water that evaporates
during this throttling process will be

(a) 0.0%
(b) 3.8%
(c) 24.8%
(d) 7.4%
(e) 100%
[4 marks]

13. The hot water needs of an office are met by heating tap water by a heat pump from
16°C to 50°C at an average rate of 0.2 kg/min. If the COP of this heat pump is 2.8, the
required power input is

(a) 1.33 kW
(b) 0.17 kW
(c) 0.041 kW
(d) 10.2 kW
(e) 1.73 kW
[4 marks]

TURN OVER

Page 4 of 10
14. A heat engine cycle is executed with steam in the saturation dome. The pressure of
steam is 2 MPa during heat addition, and 0.1 MPa during heat rejection. The highest
possible efficiency of this heat engine is

(a) 47%
(b) 95%
(c) 53%
(d) 100%
(e) 23%
[4 marks]

15. A heat pump cycle is executed with R-134a under the saturation dome between the
pressure limits of 1.6 MPa and 0.2 MPa. If the power consumption of the heat pump is
4.2 kW, the maximum rate of heat supply to the heated space is

(a) 4.20 kJ/s

(b) 3.58 kJ/s
(c) 20.4 kJ/s
(d) 16.2 kJ/s
(e) 0.86 kJ/s
[4 marks]

16. A heat engine operates between the temperature limits of 1200°C and 300°C. If heat is
supplied to the heat engine at a rate of 200 kJ/s, the maximum power output of this heat
engine is

(a) 150 kW
(b) 200 kW
(c) 327 kW
(d) 78 kW
(e) 122 kW
[4 marks]

17. R134a is condensed at a constant temperature of 30°C as it flows through the

condenser of a refrigerator by rejecting heat at a rate of 6 kW. The rate of entropy change
of R134a as it flows through the condenser is

(a) –0.0198 kW/K

(b) 0 kW/K
(c) 0.20 kW/K
(d) -0.567 kW/K
(e) 0.0198 kW/K
[4 marks]

TURN OVER

Page 5 of 10
18. Consider a Carnot heat engine and a refrigerator operating between the same two
thermal energy reservoirs. If the thermal efficiency of the heat engine is 0.80, the COP of
the refrigerator is

(a) 1.25
(b) 0.20
(c) 0.25
(d) 0.80
(e) 2.50
[6 marks]

19 Consider a steady-flow Carnot cycle with water as the working fluid executed under
the saturation dome between the pressure limits of 10 MPa and 50 kPa. Water changes
from saturated liquid to saturated vapor during the heat addition process. The net work
output of for this cycle is

(a) 973 kJ/kg

(b) 907 kJ/kg
(c) 518 kJ/kg
(d) 799 kJ/kg
(e) 1072 kJ/kg
[6 marks]

TURN OVER

Page 6 of 10
 Data Sheet

Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

• Pressure difference caused by a fluid column of height h:
P   g h
• Specific Volume, Volume Work, Power:
V W
v  ; V  mv; P  ; W  Pt
m t
• Mass flow rate and volume flow rate:

m   yav A (kg / s );V  A yndA  yav A (m 3 / s ); m  V  V / v (kg / s )

• Heat transfer:
dT
Qcond  kt A ; Qconv  hA(Ts  Tf ); Q rad  A(Ts4  Tsurr 4
)
dt
Q  mc(T2  T1 ); Q melting / freezing  mh  latent heat  fusion ;
Q vapourizing /conden sin g  mh
 latent heat vapourization

• Various forms of work are expressed as follows:

Electrical work: We  VI t Shaft work: Wsh  2  n 
2 2
∆PE: Wg  mg(z 2  z1 ) ∆KE:Wa  0.5m(y2  y1 )
2
2 2
Spring work:Wspring  0.5k (x 2  x1 ) Boundary work: Wb  1 PdV

desired output
• Efficiency: 
required input

Properties of Pure Substances

• Quality: x  mvapour / mtotal
• Average value of any intensive property in a saturated mixture:
v  v f  xv fg ; u  u f  xu fg ; h  h f  xh fg ; s  s f  xs fg
• Ideal-gas equation of state:
P v  RT PV  mRT PV  mRT


First Law of Thermodynamics

• Boundary work for polytropic process (Pvn = constant) of real gases:
PV  PV
Wb  2 2 1 1
1n

TURN OVER

Page 7 of 10
 • The energy balance for any system undergoing any process:
Ein  Eout  Esystem ; E in  E out  E system
   
Net energy transfer Change in internal, kinetic, Rate of net energy transfer Rate of change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc., energies by heat, work, and mass potential, etc., energies

• Energy balance for a closed system:

Qin  Qout   Win  Wout   U  KE  PE with
1
W  Wother  Wb ; U  m(u2  u1 ); KE  m(y22  y12 ); PE  mg(z 2  z1 )
2
• For a constant-pressure process: Wb  U  H :
Qin  Qout   Win  Wout   H  KE  PE
• Specific heat at constant volume Cv and the specific heat at constant pressure Cp:
 u   h 
C v    ;C p   
 T  v  T  p
2
1 C v (T )dT
u  u2  u1  C v, av (T2  T1 );
• Ideal gas ∆u and ∆h: 2
h  h2  h1   C p (T )dT C p, av (T2  T1 )
1

• For ideal gases Cv, and Cp are related by: C p  Cv  R

• ∆u and ∆h of incompressible substances:
2
u  1 C (T )dT C av (T2  T1 ); h  u  v P
• Mass balance:
min  mout  msystem ; m in  m out  m system
• Conservation of mass and energy equation for steady-flow processes:
 m i   m e ;
Qin  Qout   Win  Wout    m e  he  ye2 / 2  gze    m i  hi  yi2 / 2  gz i 

Second Law of Thermodynamics

• Thermal efficiency of a heat engine:
th  Wnet ,out / QH  1  QL / QH  Wnet ,out / Qin  wnet ,in / qin
• Coefficient of Performance:
COPR  QL / Wnet , in  1 / QH / QL  1  ;COPHP  QH / Wnet , in  1 /  1  QL / QH 
For a reversible device the following ratios are valid:
QH / QL rev  TH / TL
• Thermal efficiency of a Carnot heat engine:
th, rev  1  TL / TH
TURN OVER
Page 8 of 10
• COP:
COPR, rev  1 / TH / TL  1   TL / TH  TL  ;
COPHP , rev  1 /  1  TL / TH   TH / TH  TL 

Entropy
• Entropy change for internally reversible, isothermal process:
S  Q / To
• The entropy-change and isentropic relations for a process can be summarized as
follows:
1. Pure substances:
Any process: s  s2  s1 Isentropic process: s2  s1
2. Incompressible substances
Any process: s2  s1  C av ln T2 / T1  Isentropic process: T2  T1
3. Ideal gases:
a. Constant specific heats (approximate treatment):
Any process: s2  s1  C v, av ln(T2 / T1 )  R ln  v2 / v1  and
s2  s1  C p, av ln T2 / T1   R ln  P2 / P1 
k 1
Isentropic process: T2 / T1 s  const .   v1 / v2  ;
(k 1)/ k k
T2 / T1 s  const .   P2 / P1  ;  P2 / P1 s  const .   v1 / v2 
b. Variable specific heats (exact treatment):
Any process:
s2  s1  s2o  s1o  R ln  P2 / P1 

Isentropic process: s2o  s1o  R ln  P2 / P1  ;

 P2 / P1 s  const .  Pr 2 / Pr 1 ;  v2 / v1 s  const .  vr 2 / vr 1
2
• The steady-flow work for a reversible process: wrev   v dP  ke  pe
1
• The steady-flow work for a reversible process for incompressible substance:

wrev  v (P2  P1 )  ke  pe

• The reversible work inputs to a compressor compressing an ideal gas from T1, P1, to
P2:
 (k 1)/ k 
kR(T2  T1 ) kRT1   P2  
Isentropic (Pv = constant): wcomp, in 
k      1
k 1 k  1   P1  
 

TURN OVER

Page 9 of 10
  (n 1)/ n 
nRT1   P2 
nR(T2  T1 ) 
Polytropic (Pvn = constant): wcomp, in       1
n 1 
n  1   P1  
 
Isothermal: (Pv = constant): wcomp, in  RT ln  P2 / P1 
• Isentropic or adiabatic efficiency:

wa h1  h2a ws h2s  h1 V22a h1  h2a
Turbine   ; Compressor   ; Nozzle   2 
ws h1  h2s wa h2a  h1 V2s h1  h2s
• The entropy balance for any system undergoing any process can be expressed in the
general form as
Sin  Sout  Sgen  Ssystem
  
Net entropy transfer Entropy Change in
by heat and mass generation entropy

• For a general steady-flow process the entropy balance simplifies to:

Q
Sgen   m ese   m i si   k
Tk

END OF PAPER

Page 10 of 10