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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we want to present our bottomless gratitude and honor to our
almighty God. All our works are done and come to an end because of his
kindness and help. Each and every of our movement, steps and plan during
this project work is succeed not because of our effort, but by his great
miracle.
Secondly, we are eager to express our heartfelt admiration to our advisor Mr.
AHEMED MEHAMUD for his incredible advice and guidance. Even if he is
very busy, he pays a great attention to our work and gives us a priceless
guidance. While we are doing this project work, he was with us in every
moment. Without his significant advice and contribution this thesis work
may not end in such a beautiful manner.
Lastly, we are now on a position to say thank you to our families and friends
who are our strength in every challenges. Our success is a fruit of their great
contribution. Devoid of their precious contribution in fulfilling our basic
needs and appreciated advice from the very beginning to this destination, we
may not be the owner of this honor.
EXECUTIVE SUMMERY
This final year Project document entitled "Wetty Micro Earth Dam
Irrigation project" consists nine main chapters. All data used to design this
project, procedures we followed to design or methodologies, results obtained
and discussions are included in every particular topics.
The first chapter of this document consists about introduction to the potential
of Ethiopia for Irrigation and Hydropower. General objective of the project
and particular objective of this thesis is included. Description of the project
area and general geological setup of dam site is described in this chapter.
The second chapter gives general description about hydrology. Availability
of both hydrological and Hydro-metrological data for design, their selection
criteria, data quality check, selection of best methods for estimation of
design flood is discussed in detail in this chapter. Project risk and reliability
is also part of this chapter.
In the third chapter all water demand assessments are discussed. Crop
selection, land allocation, cropping patterns is also included here. Irrigation
water requirement is calculated by using CROPWAT8 software and the
result is presented briefly in this chapter. Hydropower and downstream
water demand is assessed based on the concept that the available flow is
enough to satisfy all demands simultaneously. In the fourth chapter reservoir
site selection and planning is done. Reservoir capacity, loss and
sedimentation effects are determined in this chapter. The main storage levels
of reservoir are also determined in this chapter.
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................ 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMERY ....................................................................................................... 2
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 4
1.1. Back ground ................................................................................................................ 4
1.2. General ........................................................................................................................ 4
1.3. Irrigation Potential of Ethiopia ................................................................................... 5
1.4. General Objective of the Project ................................................................................. 5
1.4.1. Specific Objective ................................................................................................ 5
1.5. Description of Project Area ............................................................................................ 6
1.5.1. Location ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.5.2. Accessibility ................................................................................................................ 6
1.5.3. Watershed characteristics ............................................................................................ 6
2. HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 8
2.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 8
2.2 Availability of Data ......................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Hydro-metrological data ........................................................................................... 8
2.2.2 Hydrological data ...................................................................................................... 8
2.3. Estimating missing rainfall data ..................................................................................... 9
2.4. Rainfall data Consistency ............................................................................................... 9
2.5 Testing For the Outliers ................................................................................................. 11
2.5.1. Check for lower Outlier............................................................................................. 12
2.6. Selection of Dependable Rainfall ................................................................................. 12
2.6.1. Catchments Yield Determination .............................................................................. 13
2.7. Design Flood Estimation Methods ............................................................................... 13
2.8 Flood Frequency Analysis ............................................................................................. 14
2.8.1 Selection of Return Period ...................................................................................... 14
2.8.2. Design Rain Fall Computation .................................................................................. 14
2.8.3. Design rainfall and peak flood estimation ................................................................ 15
Computation of design rainfall ............................................................................................ 15
2.9. Design Storm Analysis ................................................................................................. 20
2.9.1 Time of Concentration (Tc)........................................................................................ 20
2.10. Empirical formula....................................................................................................... 26
2.10.1. SCS Curve Number Method ................................................................................ 27
Risk and reliability of The Project ...................................................................................... 43
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Back ground
In Ethiopia, under the prevalent rain-fed agricultural production system, the
progressive degradation of the natural resource base, especially in highly
vulnerable areas of the highlands coupled with climate variability have
aggravated the incidence of poverty and food insecurity. The major source
of growth for Ethiopia is still conceived to be the agriculture sector. Hence,
this sector has to be insulated from drought shocks through enhanced
utilization of the water resource potential of the country through
development of small-scale irrigation.
In line with the above, in the area of irrigation efforts have been made by the
government to improve the situation in the country. Amhara Water,
irrigation and energy Bureau is playing its role in the development of small
scale irrigation projects in the region.
Accordingly, as part of the water sector development program, the bureau
has initiated the study and design of a small scale irrigation scheme on
Wetty River and signed an agreement with Amhara Design & Supervision
Works Enterprise (ADSWE) for the study and design of the project.
The feasibility study and design of Wetty Micro Earth Dam irrigation project
has been investigated and proposed for dam in 2009 G.C. Initially basic
geographical, geological, environmental data has been collected during
study phase and deep material investigation and test is done at office the site
is feasible for the construction of this dam:: the Wetty M.E.D has a great
potential for irrigation and the dam has greater volume as compared to the
fill volume. It is planned to irrigate 200 ha of land in the woreda.

1.2. General
Irrigation is a science of artificial application of water to crops to aid the rain
water. The practice of Irrigation ensures that crop production is possible in
all seasons i.e. in dry and wet seasons if enough amount of water is
available. But water may not be available at a required quantity all the
seasons. Therefore a proper hydraulic structure must be designed and
constructed to store enough amount of water and deliver it for the intended
use during low flow time. One of the most common structure which is used
for this purpose is Dam.
In Ethiopia, even if there is suitable and considerable amount of irrigable
land in all seasons, most practice of food production is still depending on
rainfall. Even though there is a huge quantity of irrigable land and plenty of
water resources in it, the country is still now under a problem of food self-
sufficiency. Ethiopia is a place where a population growth rate is very rapid.
This growing rate of population may increase the problem of food self-
sufficiency. To hinder this problem, and enhance sustainable development in
this country Irrigation is a primary choice.

1.3. Irrigation Potential of Ethiopia


In Ethiopia agriculture is believed as a major source of food production for
the population of the nation and the prime sector for food security. Irrigation
development in Ethiopia dates back several centuries, while modern
irrigation was started by the implementation of commercial irrigated sugar
estate in the early 1950.
The total potential of the land for irrigation development can go beyond 3
million ha. According to the irrigation development plan of the country a
total of 274,612ha land (147474ha under large and medium scale, 127138ha
under small scale) irrigation will develop until the year 2016.
Despite the high water and land resource potential of the country, the
contribution of irrigated agriculture to the national economy has been still
small.

1.4. General Objective of the Project


The general objective of this project is to design and analysis of Wetty
Micro Earth Dam Irrigation project for Irrigation.
1.4.1. Specific Objective
To evaluate the maximum design flood for appurtenance structure
design using climatologically and hydrological data analysis.
To determine Crop water requirement for commend area of various
crops
To estimate the reservoir capacity with respect to supply and demand
for Irrigation
To check the stability of the dam x-section.
To be familiar with the environmental impact of the Wetty Micro Earth
Dam Irrigation project.
1.5. Description of Project Area

1.5.1. Location
Wetty Earthen Dam is located in two bordering kebeles named03 kebele and
02 kebele Berkato, in Menz Mama Midir Woreda, North Shewa Zone of the
Amhara .The proposed irrigation project is to be undertaken on Wetty River
and the headwork structures are specifically located at an altitude of about
2967 masl and geographical coordinates of 571548.000 E (UTM )
&1119412.000 N (UTM). From (BM-1)

1.5.2. Accessibility
The project area is located in Menz Mama Midir Woreda,, 03 and 02
Kebele in a specific location of Wetty River It can be accessed along 1.5km
from wereda town molale and 100 km from main road addis abeba to
Mekele at tarmaber kebele

1.5.3. Watershed characteristics


In any small scale modern irrigation system, most of the headwork
component structures are to be designed considering the magnitude of flood
produced by a fifty years return period design rainfall. Once the rainfall is
determined the next step is to investigate about the characteristics of the
watershed.
Determination of catchment area, main stream length and the vertical
elevation difference are the major and the primary activity for watershed
runoff simulation and yiled assessment using various accepted models.
Wetty MED irrigaton project has a total catchment area of 6.12 km2 having
the main stream length of 6424m, the maximum watershed elevation being
3023 m and the minimum elevation is 2966m. The watershed has an average
main stream bed slope of 0.0042
100% of the catchment area falls in molale woreda and almost more than
60 % of the watershed is vegetation and the reaming grazing land. The
average runoff coefficient of the watershed area is 0.55
The major land use types in the watershed include, Cultivated, shrub, and
grassland. All the watershed parameters have been determined by using a
topographic map at a scale 1:50000 and Digital Elevation Model of 30x30m
resolution. By using SWAT GIS and field ground truthing or data collection,
the average Curve Number in Antecedent Moisture Condition II is found to
be 85 selected for the densely covered high canopy trees. Wetty River is
found in the upper part of nile basin and together drains in to abay basin. All
the details of the watershed characterization and development plan is shown
in the watershed report.
2. HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS
2.1 General
Knowledge of hydrology is a basic requirement in design and operation of
water resources projects such as irrigation, hydropower and water supply.
Any water resources project is to be designed being safe, reliable and
economical. To do so a designer should carry out large scale hydrological
and hydro- metrological data analysis to best estimate the future outcome
from past and present actual events. We also as designers of Wetty Micro
Earth Dam Irrigation project will work with extensive hydrological data
analysis

2.2 Availability of Data


There are two main data required to be analyzed for design of any water
resources project, depending on their availability. These are hydro-
metrological and hydrological data. In our case we have both data sources to
be analyzed, but the selection of the best data source is done as below.
2.2.1 Hydro-metrological data
This type of data includes climate data i.e. rainfall, temperature, wind speed,
humidity and etc., of which rainfall is a crucial one. Since the main aim of
hydrological data analysis is to estimate a design flood (a peak discharge),
which is used in design of the structure, a rainfall must be used in analysis,
when stream flow is not available. From this rainfall, a peak discharge can
be obtained using different available methods. But during conversion of
rainfall to runoff (discharge) an error may be made, because the conversion
process considers only few catchment parameters (about 2 to 3), while the
actual process taking place in the catchment is a result of several parameters
( about 15 to 20). Thus in a case where stream flow is available conversion
of rainfall to runoff is no more be the leading option.

2.2.2 Hydrological data


Hydrologists are interested in the frequency of occurrence of rainfall of
different magnitudes, and so study the statically properties of rainfall data.
Finally, there is special cause of trying to estimate the largest rainfall that is
physically possible over a given area. For the design of structures such as
large dam and diversion head work, where frailer due to over topping flood
would have catastrophic consequence interims of environmental or physical
damage or lose of life. The daily heaviest rainfall data from 1984 to 2006 is
taken from this meteorological station.

2.3. Estimating missing rainfall data


Measured precipitation data are important to many problems in hydrologic
analysis and design. Because of the cost associated with data collection, it is
very important to have complete records at every station. Obviously,
conditions sometimes prevent this. For rainfall data that require periodic
observation, the failure of the observer to make the necessary visit to the
gage may result in missing data. Vandalism of recording gages is another
problem that results in incomplete data records, and instrument failure
because of mechanical or electrical malfunctioning can result in missing
data. Any such causes of instrument failure reduce the length and
information content of the precipitation record. Certainly, rainfall records are
important. Rainfall data are an important input to hydrologic designs,
whether measured storm event data or synthetic data based on characteristics
of measured data. A number of federal and state agencies, most notably the
National Weather Service, have extensive data collection networks. They
collect and analyze data to provide those who need such information with
reasonably complete data records and accurate data summaries, such as IDF
curves.
A number of methods have been proposed for estimating missing rainfall
data
1. Station-Average Method
2. Normal-Ratio Method
3. Isohyetal Method
4. Quadrant Method

2.4. Rainfall data Consistency


A second problem occurs when rainfall data inconsistent over a period of
time and adjustment of the measured data is necessary to provide a
consistent record. A consistent record is one where the characteristics of the
record have not changed with time. Adjusting for data consistency involves
the estimation of an effect rather than a missing value. An inconsistent
record may result from any one of a number of events; specifically,
adjustment may be necessary due to changes in observation procedures,
changes in exposure of the data, changes in land use that make it impractical
to maintain the data at the old location, and where vandalism frequently
occurs.
SR Year Max Rf descending Rank (Xi- Y= log xi (Y-Y')^2 (Y-Y')^3 Wuibul Formula
no order (R/(N+1))*100
X')^2
2 1985 27.2 60.2 22 174.01051 1.7795965 0.03232951 0.005812978 91.66666667
3 1986 38.8 46.2 16 2.5322495 1.664642 0.00420547 0.000272723 66.66666667
4 1987 41.1 45.7 12 0.5022495 1.6599162 0.00361487 0.00021734 50

5 1988 34.1 45.6 20 39.58051 1.6589648 0.00350138 0.000207185 83.33333333


6 1989 43.1 43.9 9 7.3370321 1.6424645 0.00182091 7.77021E-05 37.5
7 1990 26.1 43.8 23 204.24138 1.6414741 0.00173736 7.24163E-05 95.83333333

8 1991 35.4 43.6 19 24.913119 1.6394865 0.00157562 6.25428E-05 79.16666667

9 1992 43.9 43.5 5 12.310945 1.6384893 0.00149745 5.79465E-05 20.83333333


10 1993 43.6 43.1 7 10.295728 1.6344773 0.00120304 4.17273E-05 29.16666667
11 1994 41.2 43.1 11 0.6539887 1.6344773 0.00120304 4.17273E-05 45.83333333
12 1995 60.2 41.2 1 392.38442 1.6148972 0.00022816 3.44625E-06 4.166666667

13 1996 40 41.1 14 0.1531191 1.6138418 0.00019739 2.77316E-06 58.33333333


14 1997 36 40.6 18 19.283554 1.608526 7.6276E-05 6.6617E-07 75
15 1998 31.6 40 21 77.287032 1.60206 5.142E-06 1.16599E-08 87.5

16 1999 40 40 14 0.1531191 1.60206 5.142E-06 1.16599E-08 58.33333333


17 2000 45.7 38.8 3 28.18225 1.5888317 0.00012014 -1.3168E-06 12.5

18 2001 43.8 38.2 6 11.619206 1.5820634 0.00031432 -5.5726E-06 25


19 2002 38.2 36 17 4.8018147 1.5563025 0.00189137 -8.2256E-05 70.83333333
1 1984 40.6 35.4 13 0.0435539 1.5490033 0.00257954 -0.00013101 54.16666667

20 2003 43.1 34.1 9 7.3370321 1.5327544 0.0044941 -0.00030128 37.5


21 2004 45.6 31.6 4 27.13051 1.4996871 0.01002107 -0.00100316 16.66666667
22 2005 46.2 27.2 2 33.740945 1.4345689 0.0272988 -0.0045104 8.333333333

23 2006 43.5 26.1 8 9.6639887 1.4166405 0.03354462 -0.00614376 33.33333333

N 23
Sum 929 929 274 1088.1583 36.795225 0.13346471 -0.00530756
Mean 40.3913 40.39130435 11.91 47.311229 1.5997924 0.00580281 -0.00023076
St. Dev. 7.0329 92.023374 0.0778882 0.01028949 0.002044539

Cs -0.559198

Max 60.2
Min 26.1

N Xi Xm (X-Xm)2= n-1 Y= Ym (Y-Ym)2 (Y-Ym)3 Sy Cs


=X/N
23 929 40.3913 1088.158261 7.032904 36.795225 1.5997924 0.13346471 - 0.077888238 -0.55919760
0.00530756

Parameters Values log transferred


Coefficient of skewness, Cs 0.559197605
Standard deviation n 1 7.032904033
y 0.077888238
Mean Xm 40.39130435
Ym 1.5997924
No. Data 23
Kn for 23 years of data 2.448

Data consistency checking


n 1
Standard error of mean n 1.466462
N
n 3.630638
n
Relative standard X m

< 10%, There for the data could be regarded


as Reliable and Adequate.

2.5 Testing For the Outliers


Outliers are data values that significantly depart from other data values.
There may be higher or lower outliers. Higher outliers are those data values
having extra maximum values, whereas lower outliers are data values having
very minimum values compared to other data sets. These outlier values can
affect the correctness of our output if used in analysis. Both data values i.e.
higher and lower outliers should be eliminated from data series before
analysis, in order to keep the quality of output parameter.

2.5.1. Check for lower Outlier


Similar formula with similar parameters is applied for lower outlier as higher
one. Yl=YavgKnSd
Where,Yl=lower outlier threshold in log unit and the rest are as defined
above.

YL = 1.409121995
Depth=10YH 25.6520451 26.1 Ok
Therefore, the data is within the higher and lower outliers.

2.6. Selection of Dependable Rainfall


Using the Weibull distribution, the probability of excidence has been
computed and for safe yield analysis 75% dependable rainfall is selected for
safe yield analysis. Therefore data of 1984 year data has been selected as
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
75% dependable rainfall 24.4 34.1 29.7 113.3 143.0 5.6 105.3 334.7 380.2 14.0 25.8 0.0

shown below.75% dependable rainfall


2.6.1. Catchments Yield Determination
The main water source for the intended irrigation purpose is surface runoff
from the catchments. The yield estimation is shown below.
Dependable Yield (Y) = RxAxC
Where R = Dependable Rainfall (mm), in this case 85% dependable rain fall is adapted
A = Catchment area = 6.12 km2
C = Runoff coefficient = 0.55

75% dependble Area (km2) run off coeff Montthly inflow

24.4 6.12 0.55 82130.4


34.1 6.12 0.55 114780.6
29.7 6.12 0.55 99970.2
113.3 6.12 0.55 381367.8
143 6.12 0.55 481338
5.6 6.12 0.55 18849.6
105.3 6.12 0.55 354439.8
334.7 6.12 0.55 1126600.2
380.2 6.12 0.55 1279753.2
14 6.12 0.55 47124
25.8 6.12 0.55 86842.8
0 6.12 0.55 0
1210.1 4073196.6

2.7. Design Flood Estimation Methods


There are many methods used to estimate design flood. Some of the
common methods are:
Empirical formula
Rational formula
Unit hydrograph method and,
Statistical or probability method.

From these methods listed above the first three are dependent on rainfall
data. The fourth one is directly estimate peak flood from recorded stream
flow. In our case, since we are going to use stream flow data the best method
to forecast design flood is the statistical or probability method.
2.8 Flood Frequency Analysis
Future events such as floods cannot be predicted with exact confidence. But,
their magnitude and frequency can be forecasted using the concepts of
probability. To do this, a sample of flood magnitudes at a site of interest
must be obtained and analyzed, in order to estimate a possible future
outcome following past and present history.
Before performing a frequency analysis, we selected the fittest frequency
function to our flow data, and we determine the required frequency time
(return period).
2.8.1 Selection of Return Period
The return period is the time interval at which an event has repeats itself.
Our concern here is to obtain a re-occurrence period for peak flood for
design of the dam. Many structures have their own recommended return
period, depending on the safety margin required and intended life span of the
structure.
Barrage and minor dams with storage less than 60Mm3 with Return period
(years) 100
Source: (Novack, 1972)

2.8.2. Design Rain Fall Computation


After checking the consistency of the data for lower outlier, the 23 years
data obtained from wetty metrologcal station is taken as representive for the
analysis. The frequency factor equation as proposed by Chow (1951) and it
is applicable to many probability distributions used in hydrologic frequency
analysis. For a given distribution, a K-I relationship can be determined
between the frequency factor and the corresponding return period. This
relationship can be expressed in mathematical terms or by a table. Frequency
analysis begins with the calculation of the statistical parameters required for
a proposed probability distribution by the method of moments from the
given data. For a given return period, the frequency factor can be determined
from the K-f relationship for the proposed distribution, and the magnitude
the observed data will be changed to point rain fall using extreme value
distributions.

Design Rainfall

Input Data
Skewness, Cs 0.5591976
Standard deviation y
0.0778882
n 1
7.032904
Mean Ym 1.5997924
Xm 40.391304
Retern period (T) 100

P =1/T 0.01

2.8.3. Design rainfall and peak flood estimation

Computation of design rainfall


Based on the data of 24hr peak rainfall given in the table below the design
rainfall, Rf is computed using various distributions. However for safe spill
way design purpose, Gumbles method has been selected for further SCS
peak design flood analysis. The values are shown below. See the detail in
excel analysis sheet.

Interpolation
N Sn= n N Yn
20 1.062 20 0.524
23 1.077 1 0.502
30 1.112 30 0.536

Design rain fall anlysis


Gumbel's Method
return period T yrs 100.00
Standard variate, Sn 1.08
standard mean, Yn 0.53
Yt 4.60
frequency factor , KT 3.76
Y=Xmean + Z*XStandared deviation 66.84
Gumbel's EVI Method
return period T yrs 100.00
Standard variate, Sn 1.08
standard mean, Yn 0.53
yt 4.60
frequency factor , KT 3.14
Y=Xmean + Z*XStandared 62.45
deviation

Log Pearson Type 3 Method


Design Period, T 100.0
0
Probability, P 0.01
K=(Cs/6) 0.093
2 0.5
W=(Ln(1/P )) 3.03
Frequency Factor, 2.33
KT=(w((2.515517+0.802853*w+0.010328*w2)/(1+1.432788*w+0.189269*w2+0.00130
8*w3)))
Standared Normal Variance, Z=KT+(KT2-1)*K+1/3*(KT3-6*KT)*K2-(KT2- 2.73
1)*K3+KT*K4+1/3*K5
Y=Ymean + Z*YStandared deviation 1.812
Y
Design Rainfall, X50 = 10 64.94

Log Normal Method


Design Period, T 100.0
0
Probability, P 0.01
K=(Cs/6) 0.093
2 0.5
W=(Ln(1/P )) 3.03
Frequency Factor, 2.33
KT=(w((2.515517+0.802853*w+0.010328*w2)/(1+1.432788*w+0.189269*w2+0.00130
8*w3)))
Standared Normal Variance, Z=KT+(KT2-1)*K+1/3*(KT3-6*KT)*K2-(KT2- 2.73
1)*K3+KT*K4+1/3*K5
Y=Ymean + Z*y 1.812

Design Rainfall, X50 = 10Y 64.94


Pearson Type 3 Distribution
Design Period, T 100.0
0
Probability, P 0.01
K=(Cs/6) 0.093
2 0.5
W=(Ln(1/P )) 3.03
2.33
Z=(w((2.515517+0.802853*w+0.010328*w2)/(1+1.432788*w+0.189269*w2+0.001308*
w3)))
Kt=Z+(Z2-1)*K+1/3*(Z3-6*Z)*K2-(Z2-1)*K3+Z*K4+1/3*K5 2.73
X50=Xmean + KT*x 59.60

Normal
Design Period, T 100.0
0
Probability, P 0.01
K=(Cs/6) 0.093
W=(Ln(1/P2))0.5 3.03
2 2
KT=(w((2.515517+0.802853*w+0.010328*w )/(1+1.432788*w+0.189269*w +0.00130 2.33
8*w3)))
X50=Xmean + KT*x 56.76

D-indexs
Take at least above Xmean for the value of XI.
Normal
Rank XI PR w KT XI' XI-'XI'
1 60.2 0.042 2.5211 1.732 52.57 7.627
2 46.2 0.083 2.2293 1.383 50.12 3.919
3 45.7 0.125 2.0393 1.150 48.48 2.782
4 45.6 0.167 1.8930 0.967 47.19 1.595
5 43.9 0.208 1.7712 0.812 46.10 2.202
6 43.8 0.250 1.6651 0.674 45.13 1.333
7 43.6 0.292 1.5698 0.548 44.25 0.646
8 43.5 0.333 1.4823 0.430 43.42 0.082
9 43.1 0.375 1.4006 0.318 42.63 0.471
10 43.1 0.417 1.3232 0.210 41.87 1.231
11 41.2 0.458 1.2491 0.104 41.13 0.075
12 41.1 0.500 1.1774 0.000 40.39 0.709
13 40.6 0.542 1.1073 -0.104 39.66 0.942
Sum 19.459
Sum/Xm 0.48176

Log Normal
PR w KT Y XI' XI-'XI'
0.042 2.521132 1.73205 1.734699 54.28736 5.913
0.083 2.229308 1.383233 2.290773 195.3319 149.132
0.125 2.039334 1.150436 1.918346 82.86028 37.160
0.167 1.893018 0.967363 1.625468 42.21516 3.385
0.208 1.771223 0.812028 1.376965 23.82129 20.079
0.250 1.665109 0.674189 1.156451 14.33676 29.463
0.292 1.569805 0.548137 0.954793 9.01142 34.589
0.333 1.482304 0.430292 0.766266 5.838022 37.662
0.375 1.400592 0.3182 0.586942 3.863153 39.237
0.417 1.32323 0.210046 0.413918 2.593688 40.506
0.458 1.249127 0.104388 0.244888 1.757469 39.443
0.500 1.17741 -1E-07 0.077888 1.196432 39.904
0.542 1.107343 -0.10424 -0.08888 0.814932 39.785
245.132
6.06892

Log person Type III


PR w K Z KT y XI' XI-'XI'
0.042 2.5211 0.0017 1.7320 1.7354 1.7350 54.3198 5.880
0.083 2.2293 0.0017 1.3832 1.3848 1.7076 51.0092 4.809
0.125 2.0393 0.0017 1.1504 1.1510 1.6894 48.9147 3.215
0.167 1.8930 0.0017 0.9674 0.9673 1.6751 47.3293 1.729
0.208 1.7712 0.0017 0.8120 0.8115 1.6630 46.0252 2.125
0.250 1.6651 0.0017 0.6742 0.6733 1.6522 44.8986 1.099
0.292 1.5698 0.0017 0.5481 0.5470 1.6424 43.8929 0.293
0.333 1.4823 0.0017 0.4303 0.4289 1.6332 42.9735 0.526
0.375 1.4006 0.0017 0.3182 0.3167 1.6245 42.1172 0.983
0.417 1.3232 0.0017 0.2100 0.2084 1.6160 41.3074 1.793
0.458 1.2491 0.0017 0.1044 0.1027 1.6078 40.5317 0.668
0.500 1.1774 0.0017 0.0000 -0.0017 1.5997 39.7798 1.320
0.542 1.1073 0.0017 -0.1042 -0.1059 1.5915 39.0431 1.557
18.857
0.46686

Person Type III Gumbel EVD


PR w K Z KT XI' XI-'XI' PR KT XI' XI-'XI'
0.042 2.521132 0.013 1.73205 1.757716 52.75315 7.447 0.042 2.011 54.54 5.663
0.083 2.229308 0.013 1.383233 1.394769 50.20058 4.001 0.083 1.454 110.22 64.024
0.125 2.039334 0.013 1.150436 1.154332 48.50961 2.810 0.125 1.120 7.89 37.814
0.167 1.893018 0.013 0.967363 0.966255 47.18688 1.587 0.167 0.877 6.17 39.432
0.208 1.771223 0.013 0.812028 0.807364 46.06942 2.169 0.208 0.684 4.81 39.092
0.250 1.665109 0.013 0.674189 0.666899 45.08154 1.282 0.250 0.521 3.67 40.133
0.292 1.569805 0.013 0.548137 0.538882 44.18121 0.581 0.292 0.380 2.67 40.927
0.333 1.482304 0.013 0.430292 0.419575 43.34214 0.158 0.333 0.254 1.79 41.715
0.375 1.400592 0.013 0.3182 0.306429 42.54639 0.554 0.375 0.139 0.98 42.125
0.417 1.32323 0.013 0.210046 0.197569 41.78079 1.319 0.417 0.032 0.22 42.876
0.458 1.249127 0.013 0.104388 0.091515 41.03492 0.165 0.458 -0.069 -0.48 41.682
0.500 1.17741 0.013 -1E-07 -0.01298 40.30002 0.800 0.500 -0.164 -1.16 42.255
0.542 1.107343 0.013 -0.10424 -0.11705 39.56813 1.032 0.542 -0.256 -1.80 42.404
19.295 226.159
0.47770 5.59919

Gumbel
PR YT KT XI' XI-'XI'
0.067 2.675 1.982697 54.34 5.865
0.028 3.553 2.794078 60.04 13.842
0.023 3.740 2.966505 61.25 15.554
0.020 3.915 3.128324 62.39 16.793
0.017 4.092 3.291458 63.54 19.640
0.014 4.279 3.464568 64.76 20.957
0.021 3.849 3.067044 61.96 18.362
0.009 4.731 3.881582 67.69 24.190
0.006 5.034 4.161342 69.66 26.558
0.004 5.450 4.545946 72.36 29.263
0.002 6.150 5.192662 76.91 35.711
0.000 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
-0.002 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! #NUM!
92.650
2.29382

Log
Pearson
Normal Type III Log Normal Pearson Type III Gumbel EVI Gumbel
Rank XI XI -'XI' XI -'XI' XI -'XI' XI -'XI' XI -'XI' XI -'XI'
1 60.2 7.627 54.320 5.913 7.447 5.663 5.865
2 46.2 3.919 51.009 149.132 4.001 64.024 13.842
3 45.7 2.782 48.915 37.160 2.810 37.814 15.554
4 45.6 1.595 47.329 3.385 1.587 39.432 16.793
5 43.9 2.202 46.025 20.079 2.169 39.092 19.640
6 43.8 1.333 44.899 29.463 1.282 40.133 20.957
7 43.6 0.646 43.893 34.589 0.581 40.927 18.362
8 43.5 0.082 42.974 37.662 0.158 41.715 24.190
9 43.1 0.471 42.117 39.237 0.554 42.125 26.558
10 43.1 1.231 41.307 40.506 1.319 42.876 29.263
11 41.2 0.075 40.532 39.443 0.165 41.682 35.711
12 41.1 0.709 39.780 39.904 0.800 42.255 #NUM!
13 40.6 0.942 39.043 39.785 1.032 42.404 #NUM!
Sum 581.6 23.6 582.1 516.3 23.9 520.1 226.7
Sum/Mean 14.399139 0.5846524 14.412566 12.78137813 0.591803144 12.87759983 5.61341
Point Rainfall 56.76 64.94 64.94 59.6 62.45 66.84
Design Point Rainfal = 66.84

No Design Rainfall Annalysis (T=100)


Method Point Rainfall Remark
1 Normal 56.76
2 Log persen Type III 64.94
3 Log normal 64.94
4 Pearson Type III 59.6
5 GumbelEVI 62.45
6 Gumbel 66.84 Selected

2.9. Design Storm Analysis

2.9.1 Time of Concentration (Tc)


It is defined, as the time needed water to flow from the most remote point in
a watershed to the watershed outlet. It is a function of the topography,
geology, and land use within the watershed.The time of concentration is
calculated using the Kirpich formula;
Tc= 0.948 Li3Hi ^0.385 Where; Tc = time of concentration (hrs)
Li = maximum length of flow (kms)
Hi = the difference in elevation between the outlet and the remote point (m)
No Designation /Formula/ Symbol Unit Value
2
1 Area of the catchment A Km 6.120
delinated from DEM
Area Reduction Factor, ARF % 92.76%
0.275
ARF = 1-0.044A
2 Rain fall excess duration, D hr 0.39
D= TC/6
3 Time to peak Tp hr 1.58
Tp=0.5D+0.6TC
4 Time of base of Tb hr 4.23
hydrograph Tb=2.67Tp
5 Lag time of Tl=0.6TC Tl hr 1.39
6 Peak rate of discharge Qp m3/s/mm 0.811
created by 1mm RF excess
on whole of the catchment
Qp=0.21*QA/Tp ,
Qp=1mm(assumed)
NB: This will be upper limit of the graph
If TC is < 3hr duration is TC/6; if >3hr then duration =1hr if >10hr then
duration=2hr
Step Parameter Unit Value
1 Catchment Area Km2 6.120

2 Area Reduction Factor % 92.76%


2 Length of main river M 6,424.30
3 Time of concentration, Tc Hr 2.32
4 Rain fall exess duration, D = Tc/6 Hr 0.50
5 Time to peak, Tp= 0.6 Tc + 0.5 D Hr 1.58
6 Time base of hydrograph, Tb = 2.67Tp Hr 4.23
7 Lag time, te= 0.6 Tc Hr 1.39
3
8 Peak rate of discharge created by 1mm RF excess on whole of m /s/mm 0.81
the catchment Qp=0.21*QA/Tp ,Qp=1mm(assumed)
9 Curve Number for AMC III 92.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Duration Daily Rainfall Profile Areal Areal Incremental Descending Descendin
point to rainfall rainfall order order
rainfall point
rainfall
ratio
hr mm % mm % mm Mm No.
0.00 0.50 66.84 30.30 20.25 0.93 18.79 18.79 18.79 1
0.50 1.00 39.97 26.72 0.93 24.78 6.00 6.00 2
1.00 1.50 47.12 31.50 0.93 29.21 4.43 4.43 3
1.50 2.00 53.51 35.77 0.93 33.18 3.96 3.96 4
2.00 2.50 57.10 38.16 0.93 35.40 2.22 2.22 5
2.50 3.00 61.06 40.81 0.93 37.86 2.46 2.46 6
3.00 3.50 64.20 42.91 0.93 39.81 1.95 1.95 7

3.50 4.00 66.48 44.44 0.93 41.22 1.41 1.41 8


4.00 4.50 69.13 46.21 0.93 42.86 1.64 1.64 9
4.50 5.00 71.18 47.57 0.93 44.13 1.27 1.27 10
5.00 5.50 73.13 48.88 0.93 45.34 1.21 1.21 11
5.50 6.00 73.80 49.33 0.93 45.76 0.42 0.42 12

Rearranged Rearranged Cummulative Times of


order incremental order incremental
order hydrograph
Time Time Time
of to to
begin peak end
No. mm mm hr hr hr
12 0.42 0.42 0.0 1.58 4.23
10 1.21 1.63 0.39 1.97 4.61
8 1.41 3.04 0.77 2.36 5.00
6 2.46 5.50 1.16 2.74 5.39
4 3.96 9.46 1.55 3.13 5.77
2 6.00 15.46 1.93 3.52 6.16
1 18.79 34.25 2.32 3.90 6.55
3 4.43 38.68 2.70 4.29 6.93
5 2.22 40.90 3.09 4.67 7.32
7 1.95 42.85 3.48 5.06 7.71
9 1.64 44.49 3.86 5.45 8.09
11 1.21 45.70 4.25 5.83 8.48
Duration RainFall
Ratio
Hr %
0.50 30.3
1.00 40.0
1.50 47.1
2.00 53.5
2.50 57.1

3.00 61.1
3.50 64.2
4.00 66.5
4.50 69.1
5.00 71.2
5.50 73.1
6.00 73.8
The maximum 22.09 (p-
potential difference 2
3.2) /(p+13)
b/n Rainfall (p) and
direct runoff (Q), S = mm
(25400/CN) - 254, p Q (mm)
CN=Value (mm)
corresponding to 0.42 0.000
AMC III
2.62 0.000
5.50 0.065

(P 0.2S)2 9.46 1.406


Q 15.46 6.741
(P 0.2S) 34.25 49.199
38.68 64.895
40.90 73.577
42.85 81.653
25400
S 254 44.49 88.770
CN 45.70 94.212
45.70 94.212

No. 1 2 3 4 5
Duration Cumulative Incremental Peak run Time of Time Time
run off run off off for beginning to to
increment peak end

hrs mm mm m3/sec hrs


1 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 1.584 4.229
2 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.386 1.970 4.615
3 0.77 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.773 2.356 5.001
4 1.16 1.41 1.34 1.09 1.159 2.743 5.388
5 1.55 6.74 5.34 4.33 1.545 3.129 5.774
6 1.93 49.20 42.46 34.45 1.931 3.515 6.160
7 2.32 64.90 15.70 12.74 2.318 3.902 6.546
8 2.70 73.58 8.68 7.05 2.704 4.288 6.933
9 3.09 81.65 8.08 6.55 3.090 4.674 7.319
10 3.48 88.77 7.12 5.78 3.477 5.060 7.705
11 3.86 94.21 5.44 4.42 3.863 5.447 8.092
12 4.25 94.21 0.00 0.00 4.249 5.833 8.478

Time(hr) Ordinate of Hydrograph (m3/sec)


H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 H12
0.0 0
0.39 0
0.77 0 0
1.16 0 0 0.0122
1.58 0 0 0.0256 0
1.55 0 0 0.0245 0 0 0
1.93 0 0 0.0367 0 0.98176 6.739 0
1.97 0 0 0.038 0 1.08948 7.411 0.2497 0
2.32 0 0 0.049 0 2.06088 13.48 2.5019 1.05758 0
2.35 0 0 0.05 0 2.15103 14.04 2.7109 1.15574 0.0899 0
2.70 0 0 0.0442 1.09 3.13999 20.22 5.0038 2.23245 1.0756 0.7551 0
2.74 0 0 0.0436 1.07737 3.24052 20.84 5.2369 2.34189 1.1758 0.8318 0.05813 0
3.09 0 0 0.0379 0.9544 4.21911 26.95 7.5057 3.40731 2.1513 1.5789 0.62405 0
3.13 0 0 0.0373 0.94047 4.33 27.65 7.7629 3.52804 2.2618 1.6636 0.68818 0
3.48 0 0 0.0316 0.8188 3.84103 33.69 10.008 4.58217 3.2269 2.4028 1.2481 0
3.52 0 0 0.0309 0.80357 3.77979 34.45 10.289 4.71419 3.3478 2.4954 1.31823 0
3.86 0 0 0.0254 0.6832 3.29605 30.6 12.51 5.75703 4.3025 3.2267 1.87215 0
3.90 0 0 0.0247 0.67017 3.24368 30.18 12.75 5.86993 4.4059 3.3059 1.93212 0
4.25 0 0 0.0191 0.54761 2.75107 26.27 11.304 6.93189 5.3782 4.0506 2.4962 0
4.29 0 0.0184 0.53397 2.69629 25.83 11.143 7.05 5.4863 4.1334 2.55894 0
4.64 0 0.0127 0.4107 2.20086 21.89 9.6893 6.2465 6.4641 4.8824 3.12625 0
4.67 0 0.0122 0.39988 2.15736 21.54 9.5616 6.17595 6.55 4.9482 3.17606 0
5.03 0 0.0064 0.2738 1.65064 17.51 8.0744 5.35414 5.6784 5.7142 3.7563 0
5.06 0.0059 0.26298 1.60714 17.16 7.9468 5.28359 5.6036 5.78 3.80611 0
5.42 0 0.1369 1.10043 13.13 6.4595 4.46178 4.732 5.0109 4.38634 0
5.44 0.12959 1.07104 12.9 6.3733 4.41412 4.6815 4.9663 4.42 0
5.81 0 0.55021 8.755 4.8447 3.56943 3.7856 4.1757 3.8177 0
5.83 0.52082 8.521 4.7584 3.52176 3.7351 4.1311 3.78372 0
6.20 0 4.378 3.2298 2.67707 2.8392 3.3406 3.18142 0
6.59 0 1.6149 1.78471 1.8928 2.5054 2.54514 0
6.98 0 0.89236 0.9464 1.6703 1.90885 0
7.37 0 0 0.8351 1.27257 0
7.76 0 0.63628 0
8.15 0 0
8.54 0

complex hydrograph
70

60 H1
H2
50 H3
H4
discharge(m3/s

40 H5
H6
30 H7
H8

20 H9
H10

10 H11
H12
HT
0
0.0 0.77 1.58 1.93 2.32 2.70 3.09 3.48 3.86 4.25 4.64 5.03 5.42 5.81 6.20 6.98 7.76 8.54
Time(hr)

2.10. Empirical formula


The empirical formula used for the estimation of peak flood is essentially
regional formula based on statistical correlation of the observed peak and
important catchments properties. To simplify the form of the equation, only
a few of the many parameters affecting the flood peaks are used. For
example, almost all the formulae use the catchments area as a parameter
affecting the peak flood and most of them neglect the flood frequency as a
parameter. In view of these, the empirical formulas are applicable only in the
region for which they were developed.
E.g. Dr. Admassus empirical formula is one of the applicable for some part
of Ethiopia.
cv 49.4617
A 6.12KM2 6.12
T 100YR 100
CN 92

Qp=Q(1+k*cv )
Qp=0.87*A.7 3.092041

Kt 3.14
Qp 483.3161232 m3/s

2.10.1. SCS Curve Number Method


The SCS peak flow method calculates peak flow as a function of drainage
basin area, potential watershed storage and the time of concentration. This
rainfall-runoff relationship separates total rainfall into direct runoff,
retention, and initial abstraction.
Assumptions
Basin should have a fairly homogenous CN values
CN should be 40 or greater
Ia /p should be between 0.1 and 0.5
TC should be 0.1 and 10 hr
Basin should have one main channel or branch with nearly equal time of
concentration
Neither channel nor reservoir routing can be incorporated factor is applied
only for ponds and swamps that are not in the flow path
I. Design Parameters of the SCS Curve Number Method Are:
A. Soils
The soil type or classification, the land use and land treatment, and the
hydrologic condition of the cover are the watershed factors that will have the
most significant impact on estimating the volume of rainfall excess, or
runoff.
B. Hydrologic Condition
Hydrologic condition represents the effects of cover type and treatment on
infiltration and runoff. It is generally estimated from the density of plant and
residue cover across the drainage area. Good hydrologic condition indicates
that the cover has a low runoff potential, while poor hydrologic condition
indicates that the cover has a high runoff potential.
C. Runoff Curve Number (CN) Determination
The Soil Conservation Service's curve numbers are dimensionless numbers
indicating the runoff potential of a basin. It is based on the following
catchment properties
Hydrologic soil group
Land use and treatment
Ground surface conditions
Antecedent moisture conditions Ponce (1985)
II. Determination of curve number:
The curve number (CN) is an index which varies from zero for most
permeable surface to 100 for impervious surface (concrete). Generally, CN
is the function of land use, hydrological soil group, antecedent moisture
condition (AMC II) and vegetation cover condition of the catchments under
consideration.
CN=(Ai*CN1)/Ai

Ia/p 0.1

22.08696

46.10818 mm
Ia/p is a F(CN,P )=0.1
Coefficients,c0, c1,c2 from F(Ia/p,RF type)
C0=2.55323
C1=-0.61512
C2=-0.16403
Peak flow using equation
Tc=2.32
Qu =0.000431*(10co+c1*logtc+C2(logtc)2
0.27192 m3/s/km2/mm
Qp=qu*A*Qd 76.7309 m3/s

Estimation method Peak discharge (m3/s)


Empirical formula 483.3161232
Unit Hydrograph Technique 62.38713445
SCS Curve Number Method 76.730976.730976.7309

Therefore we select the 76.73094 m3/s to be safe and reliable


RESERVOIR PLANNING
When a hydraulic barrier such as dams, weirs and barrages are built across a
river a required amount of flow is hindered and water is stored behind the
constructed barrier. This stored water can make an artificial lake commonly
known as reservoir and serves different purposes. Reservoir can be defined
as stored or impounded water behind a hydraulic barrier specifically behind
dams.

4.1 Types of Reservoirs


Depending upon the purpose served by a given reservoir, the reservoir may
be broadly classified on different category.
In our case reservoir is going to design, planned and constructed Wetty
reservoir to serve the demands of irrigation.
The selection of reservoir site should be done depending on several
governing factors. To select a good site for a reservoir a site with the
following characteristics should be considered:
Large storage capacity: The topography of site should be such that the
reservoir has a large capacity to store enough volume of water.
Suitable site for the dam: A suitable site for the dam should exist on the d/s
of the proposed reservoir. There should be good foundation for the dam. The
reservoir basin should have a narrow opening in the valley so that the length
of the dam is small.
Water tightness of the reservoir: The geological conditions of the
reservoir site should be such that the reservoir basin is water impervious.
Deep reservoir: The site should be such that a deep reservoir is formed after
the construction of the dam to reduce evaporation loss. Evaporation losses
are small for deep reservoirs.
Small submerged area: The site should be such that the submerged area
should be Minimum. It should not submerge valuable land property.
Low silt inflow: The reservoir site should be selected such that it avoids or
excludes the water from those tributaries that carry a high percentage of silt.
For our particular project from the pre-feasibility study report the main
characteristics listed above are fulfilled, thus we conclude that the selected
reservoir site the best alternative.

Reservoir Sizing (Area Capacity Relationship)


The reservoir capacity and area computation can be done by using excel
spreadsheet analysis. The two best methods area cone method and end area
methods. However for our reservoir type, end area method will be the best
area and capacity calculation method. In which, the end area method is given
by the formula
V= 0.5h (A0+2(A1+A2+A3+.+An-1)+An)
Where A0, A1, A2, A3An = the area enclosing each contour
h = Vertical distance between contours
V = Storage capacity
Trapezoidal formula
The storage volume between two successive contour of area A1 and A2 is given by

:1 = 2 (1 + 2)

Total volume V=V1+V2+V3+...+Vn


Where n is total number of area

Average area Cone Method prismodal formula


method
Elevation Area (m2) depth end
Interval (m) incremen tal cum. Vol cum. Vol
vol (m3 (m3) (m3
2,966.50 118.11 0.00 22.00 0 0 0 0 0
2,967.00 621.31 0.50 21.50 184.855 184.855 2.33E+32 2.33E+32 797.025 797.
2,967.50 1,572.67 0.50 21.00 548.495 733.35 5.58E+35 5.58E+35 1331.358 2128.
2,968.00 2,652.31 0.50 20.50 1056.25 1789.595 6.53E+37 6.58E+37 1915.784 4044.
2,968.50 3,794.39 0.50 20.00 1611.68 3401.27 2.47E+39 2.54E+39 2802.713 6846
2,969.00 5,159.54 0.50 19.50 2238.48 5639.7525 3.7E+41 3.72E+41 4533.642 11380
2,969.50 9,200.00 0.50 19.00 3589.89 9229.6375 4.08E+43 4.12E+43 6244.331 17624
2,970.00 12,444.16 0.50 18.50 5411.04 14640.6775 8.21E+44 8.62E+44 8008.429 25633
2,970.50 15,955.33 0.50 18.00 7099.87 21740.55 1.05E+46 1.14E+46 10013.95 35647
2,971.00 19,835.67 0.50 17.50 8947.75 30688.3 1.21E+47 1.32E+47 12575.28 48222
2,971.50 24,869.42 0.50 17.00 11176.3 41864.5725 1.58E+48 1.71E+48 15811 64033
2,972.00 31,589.98 0.50 16.50 14114.9 55979.4225 1.71E+49 1.88E+49 19254.14 83287
2,972.50 38,502.67 0.50 16.00 17523.2 73502.585 1.24E+50 1.43E+50 22776.81 10606
2,973.00 45,449.06 0.50 15.50 20987.9 94490.5175 7.18E+50 8.61E+50 26590.86 13265
2,973.50 53,022.76 0.50 15.00 24618 119108.473 3.8E+51 4.66E+51 30805.33 16346
2,974.00 61,550.27 0.50 14.50 28643.3 147751.73 1.8E+52 2.26E+52 35370.68 19883
2,974.50 70,440.06 0.50 14.00 32997.6 180749.313 8.25E+52 1.05E+53 40551.55 23938
2,975.00 81,137.67 0.50 13.50 37894.4 218643.745 3.47E+53 4.52E+53 45867.07 285
2,975.50 91,627.80 0.50 13.00 43191.4 261835.113 1.27E+54 1.72E+54 51404.52 33665
2,976.00 102,756.01 0.50 12.50 48596 310431.065 4.24E+54 5.95E+54 57174.07 39382
2,976.50 114,202.43 0.50 12.00 54239.6 364670.675 1.33E+55 1.92E+55 63152.05 45698
2,977.00 126,523.16 0.50 11.50 60181.4 424852.073 3.66E+55 5.58E+55 68789.51 52577
2,977.50 137,529.57 0.50 11.00 66013.2 490865.255 8.91E+55 1.45E+56 74389.55 60015
2,978.00 148,832.67 0.50 10.50 71590.6 562455.815 2.03E+56 3.48E+56 79799.22 67995
2,978.50 159,814.36 0.50 10.00 77161.8 639617.573 4.12E+56 7.6E+56 84696.21 76465
2,979.00 169,500.58 0.50 9.50 82328.7 721946.308 7.55E+56 1.52E+57 89294.85 85394
2,979.50 178,537.83 0.50 9.00 87009.6 808955.91 1.33E+57 2.85E+57 93950.07 947
2,980.00 187,886.31 0.50 8.50 91606 900561.945 2.3E+57 5.15E+57 98673.5 1046
2,980.50 197,317.72 0.50 8.00 96301 996862.953 3.91E+57 9.06E+57 103426.6 1150
2,981.00 206,924.86 0.50 7.50 101061 1097923.6 6.44E+57 1.55E+58 108027 1258
2,981.50 216,101.48 0.50 7.00 105757 1203680.18 1.02E+58 2.57E+58 112493.3 1370
2,982.00 224,992.86 0.50 6.50 110274 1313953.77 1.57E+58 4.14E+58 116956.9 1487
2,982.50 233,847.16 0.50 6.00 114710 1428663.77 2.41E+58 6.55E+58 121600.2 1609
2,983.00 243,101.42 0.50 5.50 119237 1547900.92 3.71E+58 1.03E+59 126490.9 1735
2,983.50 252,949.32 0.50 5.00 124013 1671913.6 5.71E+58 1.6E+59 131459.7 1867
2,984.00 262,991.67 0.50 4.50 128985 1800898.85 8.6E+58 2.46E+59 136320.9 2003
2,984.50 272,600.86 0.50 4.00 133898 1934796.98 1.27E+59 3.73E+59 141326.1 2144
2,985.00 282,455.30 0.50 3.50 138764 2073561.02 1.91E+59 5.65E+59 146759.2 2291
2,985.50 293,490.99 0.50 3.00 143987 2217547.6 2.9E+59 8.55E+59 152368.1 2443
2,986.00 304,691.63 0.50 2.50 149546 2367093.25 4.37E+59 1.29E+60 157747.4 2601
2,986.50 316,160.07 0.50 2.00 155213 2522306.18 6.05E+59 1.9E+60 161559.7 2763
2,987.00 323,636.63 0.50 1.50 159949 2682255.35 7.37E+59 2.63E+60 164311.4 2927
2,987.50 328,010.26 0.50 1.00 162912 2845167.07 9.12E+59 3.55E+60 167714.9 3095
2,988.00 336,058.74 0.50 0.50 166017 3011184.32 1.11E+60 4.66E+60 141449.5 3236
2,988.50 340,333.92 0.50 0.00 169098 3180282.49 56722.32 4.66E+60 28361.16 3264

Area-Elevation-Storage Curve
3500000 0

3000000 50000

100000
2500000

150000
2000000
storage

200000
abs
1500000
250000 Series2

1000000
300000

500000 350000

0 400000
2965 2970 2975 2980 2985 2990
elevation

Reservoir Losses
Losses in the reservoir occur because of evaporation, absorption and percolation (seepage).
Because of these losses, some of the stored water is lost, and is not available for useful
purpose. There may be several loss types from the reservoir. The common ones are:
Absorption Loss
Percolation Loss and
Evaporation Loss.

While planning our reservoir we considered the most significant loss i.e. Evaporation Loss
only.
4.5.1 Evaporation Loss
Evaporation depends upon a number of factors such as temperature wind velocity, and
relative humidity. The greater the surface area of the reservoir, the greater will be the
evaporation loss. Evaporation loss is usually expressed as depth of water lost in cm (m).
The methods available to estimate evaporation losses are:
Measurements using evaporation pans.
Empirical equation.
Water balance method.
Energy budget method.
Mass transfer method.
From the above methods we selected an Empirical formula, specifically Penman Equation.
Our selection criteria depend on the availability of climatic data and degree of accuracy. The
nearest station to our reservoir site is wetty and all climatic data used to calculate
Evaporation in U.S geological survey method are taken from this station.
4.5.1 Evaporation Loss
Evaporation depends upon a number of factors such as temperature wind velocity, and
relative humidity. The greater the surface area of the reservoir, the greater will be the
evaporation loss. Evaporation loss is usually expressed as depth of water lost in cm (m).
The methods available to estimate evaporation losses are:
Measurements using evaporation pans.
Empirical equation.
Water balance method.
Energy budget method.
Mass transfer method.
The evaporation loss from the reservoir water is estimated using U.S geological survey
method as shown below.

. + .
=

U.S geological survey method
Where E = Monthly evaporation loss in m, T = Mean annual temp. (00) (DEBRE
BIRHAN)

Table monthly evaporation rate estimation

Month Min Max mean Evaporation loss


Temp Temp (m/month)

C C
January 5 19.4 12.2 0.082545
February 6.9 19.4 13.15 0.086162917
March 8 20.7 14.35 0.090732917
April 8.9 21.9 15.4 0.094731667
May 10.6 23.4 17 0.100825
June 10.6 23.2 16.9 0.100444167
July 9.4 19.6 14.5 0.091304167
August 11.2 20.2 15.7 0.095874167
September 9.9 20.8 15.35 0.09454125
October 7.4 19.3 13.35 0.086924583
November 7.3 18.8 13.05 0.085782083
December 5.1 18.7 11.9 0.0814025
sum 1.091270417
Annual evaporation
Reservoir Sedimentation
When the sediment loaded water of the river approaches the reservoir, velocity and
turbulence are greatly reduced because bed loads are deposited as dead storage in the
reservoir. This deposition of the sediment in the reservoir is known as reservoir
sedimentation or reservoir silting. The sediment load carried by a river may be divided in to
suspended load and bed load In order to allow for such deposition of sediment certain
percentage of the total storage is usually left unutilized which is defined as dead storage. The
dead storage generally varies between 10-25% of total capacity. Then we consider the
reservoir silting capacity 10% of total capacity.
Dead storage=10% of 2415982.127
= 241598.2127

Reservoir Flood Routing


The data required for flood routing computations are flow hydrograph, Elevation Vs capacity
2
data, Elevation Vs outflow data and Elevation Vs + data.

The inflow hydrograph computation is shown already in the Design flood computation in the
previous section.
Elevation Vs out flow data is obtained by selecting a control structure for spillway. The
volume of water that a spillway discharges depends on the type of the control structure to be
used for the spillway. The control structure type selected for this project is simple broad
crested micro earth dam. The discharge that can pass over this control structure is computed
at an interval of depth or head of 0.30m is given in the next page. The general equation of the
discharge over the broad crested micro earth dam is
Q = CLH 3/2
Where Q = Discharge over the spillway, m3/s, C = Coeff. Of discharge = 2.20 and L = crest
length
2
For arranging data for Elevation Vs s + data computation, t is the time interval

between I1 and I2 or Q1 and Q2, which is fixed by accounting the maximum inflow flood not
to miss. There for t is taken 0.25 times the raise of the inflow time.
i.e. t = 0.25 x 3.9 hr = 0.975hr.
2
Using 0.975 hr as the time interval + is calculated as shown in the table.

Routing Method selected for this reservoir is known as Modified Puls method which is
shown as follows.
2 2
I1 + I2 + ( 1) = ( + 2) modified plus eqn.

The spillway crest length was selected and checked for its outflow depth and L=10m is
economic and all the routing calculation is shown in the following tables.

2S/t+Q(m3/sec)
Elevation elev diff Outflow,Q=2.2LH^(3/2) Storage t
(m3)
2966.5 0 0 0 0 0.975 0
2966.8 0.3 0.3 3.61496888 184.855 0.975 3.720299364
2967.1 0.3 0.6 10.22467603 733.35 0.975 10.64253928
2967.4 0.3 0.9 18.7839293 1789.595 0.975 19.80364155
2967.7 0.3 1.2 28.91975104 3401.27 0.975 30.85779662
2968 0.3 1.5 40.41658076 5639.7525 0.975 43.63011494
2968.3 0.3 1.8 53.12897515 9229.6375 0.975 58.38802785
2968.6 0.3 2.1 66.95016057 14640.6775 0.975 75.29242695
2968.9 0.3 2.4 81.79740827 21740.55 0.975 94.18518605
2969.2 0.3 2.7 97.60415975 30688.3 0.975 115.0903706
2969.5 0.3 3 114.3153533 41864.5725 0.975 138.1698106
2969.8 0.3 3.3 131.8844494 55979.4225 0.975 163.7815563
2970.1 0.3 3.6 150.2714344 73502.585 0.975 192.1532492
2970.4 0.3 3.9 169.4414235 94490.5175 0.975 223.2821742
2970.7 0.3 4.2 189.3636502 119108.473 0.975 257.2317257
2971 0.3 4.5 210.010714 147751.73 0.975 294.199734
2971.3 0.3 4.8 231.3580083 180749.313 0.975 334.3490695
2971.6 0.3 5.1 253.3832749 218643.745 0.975 377.9666054
2971.9 0.3 5.4 276.0662529 261835.113 0.975 425.2600492
2972.2 0.3 5.7 299.3883966 310431.065 0.975 476.2721943
2972.5 0.3 6 323.332646 364670.675 0.975 531.1222045
2972.8 0.3 6.3 347.883239 424852.073 0.975 589.964192
2973.1 0.3 6.6 373.0255541 490865.255 0.975 652.7208561
2973.4 0.3 6.9 398.7459793 562455.815 0.975 719.2336232
2973.7 0.3 7.2 425.0318012 639617.573 0.975 789.4862584
2974 0.3 7.5 451.8711099 721946.308 0.975 863.2365273
2974.3 0.3 7.8 479.2527183 808955.91 0.975 940.1962568
2974.6 0.3 8.1 507.1660911 900561.945 0.975 1020.306801
2974.9 0.3 8.4 535.6012845 996862.953 0.975 1103.614363
2975.2 0.3 8.7 564.5488925 1097923.6 0.975 1190.146384
2975.5 0.3 9 594 1203680.18 0.975 1279.857654
2975.8 0.3 9.3 623.9461419 1313953.77 0.975 1372.637747
2976.1 0.3 9.6 654.3792662 1428663.77 0.975 1468.432698
2976.4 0.3 9.9 685.2917014 1547900.92 0.975 1567.286526
2976.7 0.3 10.2 716.6761277 1671913.6 0.975 1669.333451

Using the above table and rigorous interpolation principles the routing table has been done as
shown in the following case. The interpolated inflows for the given routing period increment
of 0.975hr are the following.

time Inflow(m3/s) I1+I2 S1/ t-O1 S2/ t+O2 out flow Head(m) Spillway Elevation
depth
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2966.5
0.975 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2966.8
1.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2967.1
2.925 0.0122443 0.012244 0 0.012244 0.011897 2966.09 0.41 2967.4
3.9 0.0255931 0.037837 0.000347 0.037837 0.036766 2966.503 0.003 2967.7
4.875 0.0244885 0.050082 0.001072 0.050082 0.048664 2966.504 0.004 2968
5.85 7.7570495 7.781538 0.001418 7.781538 7.492846 2966.976 0.476 2968.3
6.825 8.7884005 16.54545 0.288692 16.54545 15.73979 2967.293 0.793304 2968.6
7.8 19.14646 27.93486 0.805662 27.93486 26.23964 2967.621 1.120674 2968.9
8.775 20.197649 39.34411 1.695222 39.34411 36.55859 2967.893 1.393329 2969.2
9.75 33.556854 53.7545 2.785519 53.7545 49.13767 2968.206 1.705809 2969.5
10.725 34.849477 68.40633 4.616832 68.40633 61.32003 2968.478 1.977795 2969.8
11.7 47.432983 82.28246 7.086304 82.28246 72.4434 2968.711 2.210995 2970.1
12.675 48.858949 96.29193 9.83906 96.29193 83.39035 2968.93 2.430233 2970.4
13.65 59.851919 108.7109 12.90158 108.7109 92.7805 2969.108 2.608451 2970.7
14.625 61.228724 121.0806 15.93037 121.0806 101.9415 2969.278 2.777864 2971
15.6 62.273974 123.5027 19.13914 123.5027 103.6953 2969.309 2.809348 2971.3
16.575 62.387134 124.6611 19.80738 124.6611 104.5341 2969.324 2.824407 2971.6
17.55 59.744254 122.1314 20.12701 122.1314 102.7024 2969.292 2.791524 2971.9
18.525 59.450325 119.1946 19.42899 119.1946 100.5759 2969.253 2.753349 2972.2
19.5 54.920757 114.3711 18.61868 114.3711 97.0603 2969.19 2.689678 2972.5
20.475 54.523059 109.4438 17.31078 109.4438 93.3347 2969.119 2.618969 2972.8
21.45 48.018603 102.5417 16.10912 102.5417 88.1159 2969.02 2.51992 2973.1
22.425 47.460229 95.47883 14.42576 95.47883 82.7755 2968.919 2.418563 2973.4
23.4 39.420605 86.88083 12.70333 86.88083 76.0571 2968.784 2.284013 2973.7
24.375 38.954625 78.37523 10.82373 78.37523 69.3728 2968.649 2.148951 2974
25.35 29.498487 68.45311 9.00243 68.45311 61.3583 2968.479 1.978624 2974.3
26.325 28.972175 58.47066 7.094811 58.47066 53.1965 2968.301 1.801466 2974.6
27.3 19.645626 48.6178 5.274162 48.6178 44.7129 2968.101 1.601389 2974.9
28.275 10.342979 29.98861 3.904901 29.98861 28.1228 2967.676 1.176412 2975.2
29.25 5.4179047 15.76088 1.865805 15.76088 15.0067 2967.268 0.767609 2975.5
30.225 2.1077146 7.525619 0.754184 7.525619 7.2485 2966.965 0.464918 2975.8
31.2 0.6362841 2.743999 0.277119 2.743999 2.6663 2966.721 0.221272 2976.1
32.175 0 0.636284 0.077699 0.636284 0.61826 2966.551 0.0508 2976.4
33.15 0 0 0.018024 0 0 0 0 2976.7
2.824407

Considering safety on one hand and economical construction of the spillway on the other
side, a spillway crest length of 8.0m has been adopted for a design overflow/outflow flood of
104.5341m3/sec which gives the depth at the spillway control point is 2.824407m. The
spillway top bank level is found by adding 2.5m from NPL.
Dam height = 2986.922866+2.824407=2989.747m.
WATER DEMAND ASSESMENT
3.1 Water Demand Assessment for Irrigation
In a context of Irrigation water is one of the most crucial resource for
obtaining maximum production of a particular crop. This basic resource
must be applied artificially to the soil on which crops are growing to refill
the soil moisture content. Each crop has its own tolerance limits of soil
moisture variation that do not influence its yield. The moisture availability in
the crop root zone could be maintained within the crop tolerance limits by
adopting proper water management practice.
Thus to promote optimum utilization of water and maximize the production
per unit volume of water used, a proper method of crop water demand
assessment should be carried out. Crop Water requirement is the depth
needed to meet the water loss through evapotranspiration of a disease free
crop growing in large fields under restricting soil condition including soil
water and fertility achieving full production potential under the given
growing environment. (FAO, 1994)
There are several factors that affect crop water requirement. The most
common factors are:
Type of soil
Type of plant
Metrological variants such as sunshine hour, temperature, humidity,
rainfall and wind.

The knowledge of total crop water requirement is important in determining


the quantity of water that should be available and in turn help to fix the size
of storage, diversion or conveyance structure.

3.2 Crop Selection


Selecting suitable crop in relation to the available water supply and climatic
condition of an area is very essential step in crop water demand assessment.
Generally crop selection for our project is based on the following
considerations.
Suitability of soil
Method of irrigation
Climate
Availability of labor & farm machineries
Water requirement
Market & profit.
Socio economic aspect value
Farmers preference

Taking the above variables into consideration, the following crop types were
selected to be grown by Irrigation.
Maize, Wheat, onion Barley, Potato, Tomato

3.3. Cropping Patterns


Cropping pattern is the sequence in which the crops selected above are
grown on the total area. The cropping pattern of the project is essential input
consideration in the overall project planning.
Cropping pattern depends on the following factors:
Availability of water
Type of soil
Climatic conditions
Value of crop
Socio-economic aspects
Generally following the above criteria we grouped the crop in to two seasons
with three crops to be grown in wet season, three crops to be grown in dry
season and one annual crop

Crop type Planting Crop Area Area Harvesting Date


Date Duration (%) (ha)
For season One (Wet Season) Crops
1 maize 18,may 160 17 34 24,oct
2 Wheat 22,Jun 130 17 34 29,oct
3 Barely 08,Jun 120 16 32 05,oct
For season Two (Dry Season) Crops
4 Potato 20, Oct 130 17 34 03,Feb
5 Tomato 10,Nov 145 16 32 03,Mar

6 Onion 11,Oct 150 17 34 19,mar

3.4. Determination of ETo


The rate at which water is lost in a form of vapor from a reference crop and
soil surface on which it is growing can be termed as reference crop
evapotranspiration and denoted by ETo. The quantity of this water lost is
highly dependent on climatic factors and must be calculated from climatic
parameters.
There are various methods used to calculate ETo. But for our case we select
the Penman- Monteith method because, it considers several climatic
parameters, thus accurately estimate ETo than other available methods. We
calculate ETo by using computer program i.e. CROPWAT 8 software by
keeping the Penman-Monteith method as default

Month Min Max Humidit Wind Sun Rad ETo


Temp Temp y
C C % km/da hours MJ/m/da mm/da
y y y
January 5 19.4 56 3 8 19.3 2.84
February 6.9 19.4 62 3 8.3 21 3.23
March 8 20.7 49 4 7.2 20.4 3.27
April 8.9 21.9 60 4 6.6 19.7 3.35
May 10.6 23.4 52 4 7.7 20.9 3.58
June 10.6 23.2 57 5 6.6 18.9 3.38
July 9.4 19.6 65 5 4.3 15.6 2.79
August 11.2 20.2 72 4 5.4 17.6 3.12
Septembe 9.9 20.8 67 3 6.3 18.9 3.33
r
October 7.4 19.3 56 3 8 20.7 3.28
Novembe 7.3 18.8 53 3 9.3 21.3 3.15
r
Decembe 5.1 18.7 55 4 8.3 19.2 2.78
r

Average 8.4 20.4 59 4 7.2 19.4 3.18

3.5. Irrigation Water requirement


The irrigation water requirement can be defined as the part of that should be
artificially applied by irrigation, to the soil on which crops are growing to
fulfill crop water need. In other words, it is the water requirement of crops
excluding effective rainfall; carry over soil moisture and ground water
contributions.

Month Decade Stage Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr.


Req.
coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
May 2 Init 0.5 1.79 12.5 9.9 5.5
May 3 Deve 0.51 1.79 19.7 13.2 6.5
Jun 1 Deve 0.66 2.27 22.7 8.3 14.3
Jun 2 Deve 0.84 2.85 28.5 5.7 22.9
Jun 3 Deve 1.03 3.28 32.8 19.9 12.9
Jul 1 Mid 1.15 3.35 33.5 36.9 0
Jul 2 Mid 1.15 3.09 30.9 49.7 0
Jul 3 Mid 1.15 3.26 35.9 58.2 0
Aug 1 Mid 1.15 3.46 34.6 71.2 0
Aug 2 Mid 1.15 3.59 35.9 82.7 0
Aug 3 Late 1.05 3.35 36.9 71 0
Sep 1 Late 0.84 2.74 27.4 58.3 0
Sep 2 Late 0.69 2.3 11.5 25 0

362.8 510.1 62.1

3.6. Effective rainfall


Effective rainfall can be defined as the portion of rainfall that is stored in the
root zone and can be utilized by crops. All the rainfall that falls is seldom
been an effective.
There are many methods used for calculation of effective rainfall from a
given magnitude of rainfall. The most common ones are listed below.
Fixed percentage
Dependable rainfall
Empirical formula
USDA SCS Methods.

Before calculating Net Irrigation Requirement an effective rainfall must be


calculated by all the methods listed above and the most conservative one
should be selected.
Rain Eff
rain
mm Mm
January 12.1 9.1
February 24 18
March 46.3 34.7
April 50.8 38.1
May 54.7 41
June 45.1 33.8
July 193.2 144.9
August 300.1 225.1
September 191.2 143.4
October 19.6 14.7
November 14.3 10.7
December 4.4 3.3

Total 955.8 716.9

For our case the dependable rainfall method yields a minimum effective
rainfall as compared to the other methods. Depending on the above general
point of view, we selected the dependable rainfall method to calculate
effective rainfall.

3.7. Net Irrigation Requirement


Net irrigation requirement is the net amount of water applied to the crop by
irrigation exclusive of effective rainfall, stored soil water and ground water
contribution.
Jan Feb Ma Ap Ma Jun Ju Au Se Oct No De
r r y l g p v c
Precipitation deficit
1. Spring Wheat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 47.8 0 0
2. potato 92.8 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18.4 57. 95.
7 9
3. tomato 83.9 70. 7.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36. 64.
5 2 9
4. Onion 75.7 75. 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38. 64.
7 9 2
5. Maize 0 0 0 0 21. 39. 0 0 1.1 48.5 0 0
4 9
6. Barley 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30.4 0 0
Net scheme irr.req.
in mm/day 1.4 1.1 0.2 0 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 0.8 0.7 1.2
in mm/month 42.1 32 7.1 0 3.6 6.8 0 0 0.2 24.4 22. 37.
2 6
in l/s/h 0.16 0.1 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.09 0.0 0.1
3 1 3 9 4
Irrigated area 50 50 33 0 17 17 0 0 34 67 50 50
(% of total area)
Irr.req. for actual 0.31 0.2 0.1 0 0.0 0.1 0 0 0 0.14 0.1 0.2
area 6 8 5 7 8
(l/s/h)

3.8. Gross Irrigation Requirement


Usually more amount of water than net irrigation requirement (NIR) is
applied during irrigation to compensate for certain inevitable losses. The
total water applied to satisfy ETc and losses is known as Gross irrigation
requirement (GIR)
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Jan
Precipitation deficit
1. Spring Wheat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 47.8 0 0
2. potato 92.8 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18.4 57.7 95.9
3. tomato 83.9 70.5 7.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36.2 64.9
4. Onion 75.7 75.7 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38.9 64.2
5. Maize 0 0 0 0 21.4 39.9 0 0 1.1 48.5 0 0
6. Barley 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30.4 0 0

Net scheme irr.req.


in mm/day 1.4 1.1 0.2 0 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 0.8 0.7 1.2
in mm/month 42.1 32 7.1 0 3.6 6.8 0 0 0.2 24.4 22.2 37.6
in l/s/h 0.16 0.13 0.03 0 0.01 0.03 0 0 0 0.09 0.09 0.14

Irrigated area 50 50 33 0 17 17 0 0 34 67 50 50
(% of total area)

Irr.req. for actual 0.31 0.26 0.08 0 0.08 0.15 0 0 0 0.14 0.17 0.28
area
(l/s/h)

Risk and reliability of The Project


The designer of a hydraulic structure always faces a nagging doubt about the
risk of failure of structures. This is because, the estimation of the
hydrological design values (such as design flood) involve a natural or inbuilt
uncertainty and thus a hydrologic risk of failure.
Risk (R): is the probability of occurrence of an event () at least once
over a period of T years. Here for our project T=1000years is selected.
Where, n=the useful life of the reservoir and assumed to be 100years for this
project.
Reliability (Re): is the probability of non-occurrence of the event ()
in T years. R=1(1P)n=1(11T)n

Re=1R=(11T)n
Where, R=Risk of failure
Re= Reliability
P=probability of event (X>XT) =YT)
T= return period, 1000years
n= expected life of the structure, Assume (100years).
The hydrologic risk of failure of this particular project is calculated as:
R=1(11T)n R=1(111000)100 R=0.0952 =.2%
In practice, the acceptable risk is governed by economy, policy
considerations and possible damage caused on downstream property and life.
In our project we assumed a risk of less than 10% as an acceptable level.
Since the calculated risk of the project for the assumed useful life lies within
the acceptable level, our project is safe.
Finally the reliability of the project is: Re=1R Re=10.095
Re=0.9047=.47%
We assumed an acceptable risk of 10%. In other words the reliability of 90%
and above is expected. Thus the calculated reliability of the project satisfies
our assumption.
Generally from the above calculation we conclude that our project has a risk
of failure of 9.52% within assumed life span of 100years and a reliability of
90.47% for this specific life span.
TIME DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL RATIO AS % OF
110
DAILY RAINFALL
100

90

80
RAIN FALL RATIO AS % OF DAILY RAINFALL

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (hr)

appendex

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