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Why Krash?
Towards the end of preparation, a student has lost the time to revise all the chapters from
his / her class notes / standard text books. This is the reason why K-Notes is specifically
intended for Quick Revision and should not be considered as comprehensive study material.
Its very overwhelming for a student to even think about finishing 300-400 questions per
subject when the clock is ticking at the last moment. This is the reason why Kuestion serves
the purpose of being the bare minimum set of questions to be solved from each chapter
during revision.
What is Krash?
Krash is a combination of K-Notes and Kuestion which effectively becomes a great tool for
revision. A 50 page or less notebook for each subject which contains all concepts covered in
GATE Curriculum in a concise manner to aid a student in final stages of his/her preparation.
A set of 100 questions or less for each subject covering almost every type which has been
previously asked in GATE. Along with the Solved examples to refer from, a student can try
similar unsolved questions to improve his/her problem solving skills.
Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction or re-transmission of this material, in whole or in part,
in any form, or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without
the prior written consent of Kreatryx, is a violation of copyright law. Any sale/resale of this material
is punishable under law. Subject to Ghaziabad Jurisdiction only.
Krash - Sample
Engineering Maths
(Linear Algebra &
Differential Equation)
LINEAR ALGEBRA
MATRICES
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers (or functions) enclosed in brackets. These
numbers (or function) are called entries of elements of the matrix.
2 0.4 8
Example: order = 2 x 3, 2 = number of rows, 3 = number of columns
5 -32 0
1. Square Matrix
A m x n matrix is called as a square matrix if m = n i.e. number of rows = number of columns
The elements aij when i = j a11a22 ......... are called diagonal elements
1 2
Example:
4 5
2. Diagonal Matrix
A square matrix in which all non-diagonal elements are zero and diagonal elements may or
may not be zero.
1 0
Example:
0 5
Properties
a. diag [x, y, z] + diag [p, q, r] = diag [x + p, y + q, z + r]
b. diag [x, y, z] diag [p, q, r] = diag [xp, yq, zr]
1
c. diag x, y, z
diag 1 , 1 , 1
x y z
t
d. diag x, y, z = diag [x, y, z]
n
e. diag x, y, z diag xn , yn , zn
f. Eigen value of diag [x, y, z] = x, y & z
g. Determinant of diag [x, y, z] = xyz
3. Scalar Matrix
A diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are equal.
4. Identity Matrix
A diagonal matrix whose all diagonal elements are 1. Denoted by I
Properties:
a. AI = IA = A
n
b. I I
1
c. I I
d. det(I) = 1
5. Null matrix
An m x n matrix whose all elements are zero. Denoted by O.
Properties:
a. A + O = O + A = A
b. A + (- A) = O
8. Idempotent Matrix
A matrix is called Idempotent if A2 A
1 0
Example:
0 1
9. Involutary Matrix
A matrix is called Involutary if A2 I .
Matrix Equality
Two matrices Amn and Bp q are equal if
Addition of Matrices
For addition to be performed, the size of both matrices should be same.
If [C] = [A] + [B]
Then cij aij bij
Subtraction of Matrices
[C] = [A] [B] = [A] + [B]
Difference is obtained by subtraction of all elements of B from elements of A.
Hence here also, same size matrices should be there.
Scalar Multiplication
The product of any m n matrix A a jk and any scalar c, written as cA, is the m n matrix
hold. Then,
n
cik aij b jk
j1
Properties:
If AB exists then BA does not necessarily exists.
Example: A 3 4 , B4 5 , then AB exits but BA does not exists as 5 3
So, matrix multiplication is not commutative.
Matrix multiplication is not associative.
A(BC) (AB)C .
Matrix Multiplication is distributive with respect to matrix addition
A(B + C) = AB +AC
If AB = AC B = C (if A is non-singular)
BA = CA B = C (if A is non-singular)
Transpose of a matrix
If we interchange the rows by columns of a matrix and vice versa we obtain transpose of a
matrix.
1 3
1 2 6
eg., A = 2 4 ; AT
6 5 3 4 5
Conjugate of a matrix
The matrix obtained by replacing each element of matrix by its complex conjugate.
Properties
a. A A
b. A B A B
c. KA K A
d. AB AB
Transposed conjugate of a matrix
The transpose of conjugate of a matrix is called transposed conjugate. It is represented by
A .
A
a. A
b. A B A B
c. KA KA
d. AB B A
Trace of matrix
Trace of a matrix is sum of all diagonal elements of the matrix.
c. Orthogonal Matrix : AT A1 ; AA T =I
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Krash (Sample)
Note:
a. If A & B are symmetric, then (A + B) & (A B) are also symmetric
b. For any matrix AAT is always symmetric.
A + AT A AT
c. For any matrix, is symmetric & is skew symmetric.
2
2
d. For orthogonal matrices, A 1
Determinant
Suppose, we need to calculate a 3 3 determinant
3 3 3
j1
a1 jcof a1 j
j1
a2 jcof a2 j a3jcof a3j
j1
We can calculate determinant along any row or column of the matrix.
Properties
Value of determinant is invariant under row & column interchange i.e., A T A
Inverse of a matrix
Inverse of a matrix only exists for square matrices
Adj A
A
1
A
Properties
a. AA1 A1 A I
b. AB1 B1 A1
c. ABC 1 C1B1 A1
T
1
d. AT A 1
e. The inverse of a 2 2 matrix should be remembered
1
a b 1 d b
c d ad bc c a
I. Divide by determinant.
II. Interchange diagonal element.
III. Take negative of off-diagonal element.
Rank of a Matrix
a. Rank is defined for all matrices, not necessarily a square matrix.
b. If A is a matrix of order m n,
then Rank (A) min (m, n)
c. A number r is said to be rank of matrix A, if and only if
There is at least one square sub-matrix of A of order r whose determinant is non-zero.
If there is a sub-matrix of order (r + 1), then determinant of such sub-matrix should be 0.
Important Facts
Inconsistent system
Not possible for homogenous system as the trivial solution
T T
x1 , x2 ....., xn 0,0,......,0 always exists.
Non-Homogenous Equation
a11 x1 a12 x2 .......... a1n xn b1
a21 x1 a22 x2 .......... a2n xn b2
-------------------------------------
-------------------------------------
am1 x1 am2 x2 .......... amnxn bn
This is a system of m non-homogenous equation for n variables.
a11 a12 a1n x1 b1
a21 a22 a2n x2 b2
A ; X ; B= -
-
a b
m1 am2 amn m n xn m m 1
a11 a12 an b1
a a22 b2
21
Augmented matrix = [A | B] =
am1 am2 amn bm
Conditions
Inconsistency
If r(A) r(A | B), system is inconsistent
Cramers Rule
Suppose we have the following system of equations,
a1x b1y c1z d1
a2 x b2 y c2 z d2
a3 x b3 y c3 z d3
We define the following matrices,
d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1
1 d2 b2 c2 2 a2 d2 c2
d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3
a1 b1 d1 a1 b1 c1
3 a2 b2 d2 a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 d3 a3 b3 c3
Then, the solution is given by,
1 2 3
x y z
This rule can only be applied in case of unique solution.
Important Facts
a. If x is an eigenvector of A corresponding to , the KX is also an Eigenvector where K is a
constant.
b. If a n n matrix has n distinct Eigen values, we have n linearly independent Eigen
vectors.
c. Eigen Value of Hermitian/Symmetric matrix are real.
d. Eigen value of Skew - Hermitian / Skew Symmetric matrix are purely imaginary or zero.
e. Eigen Value of unitary or orthogonal matrix are such that | | = 1.
f. If 1 , 2 ......., n are Eigen value of A, k 1 ,k2 .......,kn are Eigen values of kA.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
The order of a deferential equation is the order of highest derivative appearing in it.
The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest derivative occurring in it,
after the differential equation is expressed in a form free from radicals & fractions.
dz
x tanz
dx
dz
xdx
tanz
cot z dz xdx
x2
log sinz c
2
y(x) = ce
p x dx
is the solution for homogenous form
for non-homogenous form, h = P x dx
y x eh ehrdx c
dx
Example: t x t
dt
dx x
Divide by t, 1
dt t
IF e1/tdt elogt t
t2
Solution is x t 1 t dt
2
c
1
Example: y cosy dx x x siny 1 dy 0
2 x
1
ydx xdy cos ydx x sin ydy dx dy 0
2 x
1
d xy d x cos y dx dy 0
2 x
xy xcos y x y 0
Integrating factors
An equation of the form
P(x, y) dx + Q (x, y) dy = 0
This can be reduced to exact form by multiplying both sides by IF.
Rule I
If the given equation Pdx + Qdy = 0 (1) isnt an exact equation but it is a homogenous
1
equation and Px + Qy 0, then (2) is an integrating factor of (1).
Px Qy
Rule II
In the given equation Pdx Qdy 0 (1) is not exact equation but it is in the form
1
f xy ydx g xy xdy 0 and Px Qy 0 . Then IF ...............(2)
Px Qy
Rule III
1 P Q 1 P Q
If is a function of x, then R(x) = . Then, Integrating Factor
Q y x Q y x
IF = exp R x dx
Rule IV
Q P Q P
Otherwise, if 1 P is a function of y then, S(y) = 1 P . Then, Integrating
x y x y
Factor, IF = exp S y dy
Bernoullis equation
dy
The equation Py Qyn
dx
Where P & Q are function of x
Divide both sides of the equation by yn & put y
1 n
z
dz
P 1 n z Q 1 n
dx
This is a linear equation & can be solved easily.
Clairauts equation
An equation of the form y = Px + f (P), is known as Clairauts equation where P = dy dx
The solution of this equation is y = cx + f (c) where c = constant
b. The procedure of finding solution of nth order differential equation involves computing
complementary function (C. F) and particular Integral (P. I).
W1 x W2 x Wn x
PI = y1 Xdx y 2 Xdx .......... yn Xdx
W x W x W x
Where y1 , y 2 ,............y n are solutions of Homogenous from of differential equations.
y1 y2 yn y1 y 2 yi1 0 yn
y1 ' y2 ' yn ' y1 ' y 2 ' yi1 ' 0 yn '
W x Wi x
0
n n n n n n
y1 y 2 yn y1 y 2 yi1 1 n
yn
Wi x is obtained from W(x) by replacing ith column by all zeroes & last 1.
e3x
Example: D2 6D 9 y x2
e3x
D 3 y x2
2
0 xe3x
W1 xe3x
1 3xe e
3x 3x
e3x 0
W2 e3x
3e3x 1
Coefficients for Particular integral can be computed as,
e3x xe3x
A dx logx
x2 e6x
e3x e3x 1
B 2 6x dx logx
x e x
yP Ay1 By 2
Euler-Cauchy Equation
An equation of the form
dn y n1 d
n1
y
xn n k 1 x .......... kn y 0 is called as Euler-Cauchy theorem
dx dx 1
n
Substitute y = xm
The equation becomes
m m 1 ........ m n k1m(m 1)......... m n 1 ............. kn xm 0
The roots of equation are
Case I: All roots are real & distinct
m1 m2
y c1 x c2 x ........... cnxmn
Case II: Two roots are real & equal
m1 m2 m
m3
y c1 c2 nx xm c3 x
mn
........ cnx
Case III: Two roots are complex conjugate of each other
m1 j ; m2 j
Problems:
01. If for a matrix, rank equals both the number of rows and number of columns, then the
matrix is called
(A) Non-singular (B) singular
(C) transpose (D) minor
2 1 1
02. The equation 1 1 1 0 represents a parabola passing through the points.
y x2 x
(A) (0, 1), (0, 2), (0, -1) (B) (0, 0), (-1, 1), (1, 2)
(C) (1, 1), (0, 0), (2, 2) (D) (1, 2), (2, 1), (0, 0)
a 1
03. If matrix X 2 and X2 X I 0 then the inverse of X is
a a 1 1 a
1 a 1 1a 1
(A) a2 (B) 2
a
a a 1 a
a 1 a2 a 1 a
(C) 2 (D)
a a 1 a 1 1 1 a
T
04. Consider the matrices X 43 , Y43 and P23 . The order of P X T Y P T will be
1
1 1 1
05. The rank of the matrix 1 1 0 is
1 1 1
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 3
2 2 3
06. The matrix M 2 1 6 has given values -3, -3, 5. An eigen vector corresponding
1 2 0
1 8 1 1 2 1
T T
(A) (B)
T
1 1 1
T
(C) 1 3
2 1 (D)
(A) 6, 20 (B) 6, 20
(C) 6, 20 (D) 6, 20
T
08. Let P be 2x2 real orthogonal matrix and x is a real vector x1 x 2 with length
12
x x12 x22 . Then which one of the following statement is correct?
10. A set of linear equations is represented by the matrix equations Ax = b. The necessary
condition for the existence of a solution for the system is
12. The trace and determinant of a 2x2 matrix are shown to be -2 and -35 respectively. Its
eigen values are
Problems:
dy
01. For the differential equation f x, y g x, y 0 to be exact is
dx
f g f g
(A) (B)
y x x y
2 f 2g
(C) f = g (D)
x2 y 2
dy
02. The differential equation py Q , is a linear equation of first order only if,
dx
(A) P is a constant but Q is a function of y
(B) P and Q are functions of y (or) constants
(C) P is function of y but Q is a constant
(D) P and Q are function of x (or) constants
dv dv
(A) 1 n pv 1 n q (B) 1 n pv 1 n q
dt dt
dv dv
(C) 1 n pv 1 n q (D) 1 n pv 1 n q
dt dt
d2 y dy
05. For
2
4 3y 3e2x , the particular integral is
dx dx
1 2x 1 2x
(A) e (B) e
15 5
2x
(C) 3e (D) C1ex C2e3x
dy
06. Solution of the differential equation 3y 2x 0 represents a family of
dx
(A) ellipses (B) circles
(C) parabolas (D) hyperbolas
07. Which one of the following differential equation has a solution given by the function
y 5sin 3x
3
dy 5 dy 5
(A) cos 3x 0 (B) cos3x 0
dx 3 dx 3
d2 y d2 y
(C) 9y 0 (D) 9y 0
d2 x dx2
3
dy 2 d3 y
08. The order and degree of a differential equation 3
4 y 0 are
dx dx
respectively
(A) 3 and 2 (B) 2 and 3
(C) 3 and 3 (D) 3 and 1
..
09. The maximum value of the solution y (t) of the differential equation y(t)+ y (t) = 0 with
.
initial conditions y 0 1 and y(0) = 1, for t 0 is
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) (D) 2
11. A body originally at 60 cools down to 400 in 15 minutes when kept in air at a
temperature of 25c. What will be the temperature of the body at the end of 30 minutes?
(A) 35.2 C (B) 31.5C
(C) 28.7C (D) 15C
d2 y dy dy
12. The solution 2 17y 0 ; y 0 1, 0 in the range 0 x
dx 2 dx dx
x 4
4
is given by
1 1
(A) ex cos 4x sin4x (B) ex cos 4x sin4x
4 4
1 1
(C) e4x cos 4x sin x (D) e4x cos 4x sin4x
4 4
Solutions
Type 1: Linear Algebra
X Y
1
T
33
P X Y T 1
23
P X Y P T 1 T
22
0 0 0
1 1 0
We get A
1
1 1
B 2
A 0
Rank=2
1 4u 80 1 20 u 6 4 4 0 => u 20
PX PX PX X TP TPX
2 T
From (1)
X IX
2
PX X TP 1PX T
X T X X2
1 2 1 35
12 21 35 0
1 7 or 2 5
P & Q must be function of x Or constant k f x
0
At t=0
1
c
a
1 1
kt
x a
dv n dy
1 n y
dt dt
dy yn dv
................... 2
dt 1 n dt
Equation (1) can be written as
dy
Py q
1 n
y n
dt
dv
Pv q
1 n dt
dv
1 n pv 1 n q
dt
dx dx
3
dx dx
Order=3, Degree=2
y cos x sinx 2 sin x 450
y max 2 at
4
m 1
2
0 m=-1 (Replacing Roots)
Solution
y e x C1 xC2
y 0 0 C1
y e x xC2
y 1 0 C2 0
Solution of difference equation
y0
y 0.5 0
lnQ Q k t c Q Q
0 0
ekt .ekc
Q Pekt Q 0
At t 0 P Q1 Q0
P 600 250 350
Q 35ekt 25
After, 30minutes
Q 35e0.56530 25 31.48 31.50 C