LAB REPORT

COURSE: MATS-1021
COURSE NAME: FERROUS METALLURGY
SECTION NUMBER: 04
EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 10
TITLE: HEAT TREATMENT OF ALLOY STEEL
AND JOMINY TESTING
NAME: NAVDEEP SINGH
CLASS: PEM1.1G
SUBMISSION DATE: 04/07/2016
Metallography and phase identification of tempered,
Normalized, Annealed and Quenched alloy steel:
(1) Normalized Alloy steel:

(2) Annealed alloy steel:

Pearlite Ferrite
(3) Tempered alloy steel:

Pearlite
Ferrite

(4) Quenched alloy steel:

Ferrite
Pearlite

All the specimens were etched with 2% natal.

Magnification: 400

Hardness Test data:

Table 1:-Hardness Values of Quenched, Tempered, Annealed,
Normalized steels(Rc).

Heat Tempered Normalized Quenched Annealed

treatment (HRC) (HRC) (HRC) (HRB)

1 30.5 24.1 44.9 89.7

2 34.8 24.9 42.2 86.6

3 37.11 27 47.2 89.4

4 37.3 25.7 47 88.8

Average 35 25.4 45.32 88.6(HRB)

7(HRC)

As depicted from the above table, the maximum hardness value is

found in the Quenched alloy steel and minimum value is found in the
Annealed alloy steel. The hardness values for Tempered alloy steel are
higher than values for Normalized steel which means tempered alloy
steel is more harder in nature than normalized steel.
Jominy Test Values:
Jominy end quench test is the standard test for assessing the
hardenability of steel.

Table 2: Number of hardness reading at various distance from

the end of a AISI 1040 steel sample.
J number ( 1 unit
=1/16th inch) RCMAX Experimental value RCMINI
1 58 49.1 50
2 55 47.2 35
3 48 27.2 28
4 36 24.5 24
5 30 23 23
6 28 21.7 22
7 28 22.5 22
8 27 20.2 22
9 27 20.1 21
10 26 20.4 20
11 26 19.7 19
12 25 18.5 19
13 25 18.1 18
14 24 17.7 18
15 24 16.5 17
16 23 16.6 17
17 15.4
18 23 14.9 16
19 14.8
20 22 14.6 16
21 13.7
22 22 22.8 15
23 13.8
24 21 13.8 15
25 12.4
26 21 12.7 14
27 11.6
28 20 11.3 14
29 12.1
30 20 11.5 13
31 11.1
32 19 10.5 13

Table 3: Number of hardness reading at various distance from

the end of a AISI 4140 steel sample.
J number ( 1 unit
=1/16th inch) RCMAX Experimental value RCMINI
1 60 36.3 53
2 60 39.4 53
3 60 40.7 52
4 59 41.5 51
5 59 40.6 51
6 59 41.7 50
7 59 40.4 48
8 57 40.7 47
9 57 41.1 44
10 56 41.4 42
11 56 41.1 40
12 55 40.6 39
13 55 39.3 38
14 54 39.9 37
15 54 39.4 36
16 53 39 35
17 38.6
18 52 39.2 34
19 39
20 51 38.3 33
21 37.9
22 49 37.5 33
23 37.6
24 48 36.8 32
25 35.2
26 47 35.5 32
27 35.5
28 46 34.8 31
29 34.9
30 45 32.1 31
31 31.6
32 44 31.5 30
Table 4: Number of hardness reading at various distance from
the end of a AISI 4130 steel sample.
J number ( 1 unit
=1/16th inch) RCMAX Experimental value RCMINI
1 56 48.8 49
2 55 49.9 46
3 53 49.7 42
4 51 48.4 38
5 49 47 34
6 47 48.1 31
7 44 47.1 29
8 42 44.2 27
9 40 43.7 26
10 38 41.3 26
11 36 40.7 25
12 35 40.2 25
13 34 38.6 24
14 34 36.6 24
15 33 36 23
16 33 35.2 23
17 34.1
18 32 34.1 22
19 33.5
20 32 1 21
21 13.7
22 32 22.8 20
23 13.8
24 31 13.8 19
25 12.4
26 31 12.7 19
27 11.6
28 30 11.3 18
29 12.1
30 30 11.5 18
31 11.1
32 29 10.5 17
Questions:
(1)Chemical composition of different steels:
AISI 1040[1]
Element Content (%)
Iron, Fe 98.6-99
Manganese, Mn 0.60-0.90
Carbon, C 0.370-0.440
Sulfur, S 0.050
Phosphorous, P 0.040

AISI 4140[2]
Element Content (%)
Iron, Fe 96.785 - 97.77
Chromium, Cr 0.80 - 1.10
Manganese, Mn 0.75 - 1.0
Carbon, C 0.380 - 0.430
Silicon, Si 0.15 - 0.30
Molybdenum, Mo 0.15 - 0.25
Sulfur, S 0.040
Phosphorous, P 0.035

AISI 4130[3]
Element Content (%)
Iron, Fe 97.03 98.22
Chromium, Cr 0.80 1.10

Manganese, Mn 0.40 0.60

Carbon, C 0.280 0.330

Silicon, Si 0.15 0.30

Molybdenum, Mo 0.15 0.25
Sulfur, S 0.040
Phosphorous, P 0.035

Question 2
For each steel you were given, explain whether it had high, medium or
low hardenability.

From the comparison graph it can be concluded that the hardenability

of AISI 4140 is more than others whereas the lowest hardenability is
shown by AISI 1040.However, the hardenability of AISI 4130 is in
between the two materials.

Conclusion :-
In Quenched alloy steel shear transformation occur , producing a
structure called Martensite. Martensite is supersaturated solution of a
carbon in a body centered tetragonal iron lattice. Martensite is very
hard in nature ,so we expect that highest hardness produce from all the
four heat treating processes is Quenching which is also proved from the
above values of hardness. Quenched alloy steel posses maximum
hardness which was 45.32HRC . Annealing is a heat treatment process
in which cooling occur slowly through the transformation range to
room temperature and the purpose of annealing is to bring softness, so
hardness is low in this heat treatment process. The Annealed Alloy steel
posses minimum hardness value which is 7 HRC, that value of hardness
justify the above statement. Tempering is the process to reduce the
residual stresses and to improve ductility occur after quenching process
normally so the hardness attain by workpiece is less than the hardness
obtain in quenching operation. The Tempered alloy steel had hardness
value of 35 HRC which is less than the hardness of Quenched alloy
steel. The purpose of Normalizing is to produce the slightly harder steel
than obtained by annealing. The Hardness value for Normalizing alloy
steel is 25.4HRC which is higher than the hardness obtained by
Annealing alloy steel which is 7 HRC.

For AISI 1040 alloyed steel the actual values fell 59.3% between the
theoretical maximum and minimum values.

For AISI 4140 alloyed steel the actual values fell 68.75% between the
theoretical maximum and minimum values

For AISI 4130 alloyed steel the actual values fell 43.75% between the
theoretical maximum and minimum values
Refrence: Lab manual and FOL Chapter 7

REFRENCES
[1] http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6525

[2] http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6769

[3] http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6742