Earthquake Analysis 1oc

Earthquake Analysis Using Seismic Coefficient Method
EARTH QUAKE ANALYSIS USING SEISMIC COEFFICIENT METHOD:

Seismic Coefficient method is applicable for buildings:
(a) Regular Buildings :
Height < 90m in zones II & III.
<40m in zones IV & V
(b) Irregular Buildings :
Height < 40m in zones II & III.
<12m in zones IV & V
The Various methods used in STAAD Pro for earthquake analysis are:
1. Lumped mass method (introduced by Research Engineers before 2007)
2. Member weight method (Introduced by Bentley after 2007)
3. Reference load method (Introduced by Bentley after 2007)
4. Converting static load to equivalent seismic analysis .
Design of seismic shear (VB)

Total design seismic base shear VB along any principal direction is given by
VB= Ah W
Ah= Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value
Ah= (Z/2) (I/R) (Sa/g)
W= Seismic weight of building
= Dead load + appropriate amount of imposed load.
Note:
1. Live load upto and including 3.0 KN/m2 =25% of imposed load.
2. Live load > 3.0KN/m2 = 50% of imposed load.
3. For calculating design seismic forces imposed load on roof need not be
considered.
Applying Seismic in STAAD Pro :

There are two parts.
Part 1: Define Seismic load.
Part 2: Applying Defined Seismic Load
Part 1 : Define Seismic Load
The value of Ah is computed by generating Seismic Load Definition by specifying
following parameters in STAAD.
Main menu CommandsLoadingDefinitionsSeismic LoadIS1893-2002
(OR)
Click Load and DefinitionsClick DefinitionsSeismic LoadAdd.
Seismic parameter screen will appear. Select Type: IS1893-2002Click GenerateAdd.
Select city or zone: (Table 2 of IS 1893-2002)
Seismic zone II III IV V
Seismic
Low Moderate Severe Very Severe
intensity
Zone factor 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36
Response Reduction Factor (RF) : (Table 7 of IS 1893-2002)

5 for Special Moment Resistance Frame (SMRF)
3 for Ordinary Moment Resistance Frame (OMRF)
Important Factor (I) : (Table 6 of IS 1893-2002)
1 for ordinary Residential building
1.5 for Important Building
Rock or Soil sites Factor (SS): Clause 6.4.5 of IS 1893-2002)
1 for hard soil (N> 30)
2 for Medium soil (10< N < 30)
3 for soft soil (N< 10)
Type of structure (ST) (optional): (Clause 7.6 of IS 1893-2002)
1 for RCC Frame Building
2 for Steel Frame Building
3 for all other Building
Damping ratio (DM): (Table 3 of IS 1893-2002)
0.05% for concrete.
PX= Period in X direction : (Optional)
PZ= Period in Z direction : (Optional)
The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration in seconds for
RC Frame buildings without brick in- fills T=0.075 h0.75
For all other buildings including frame buildings with brick in-fills T x= 0.09 h
dx
dx = dimension in X direction.
Tz= 0.09 h
dz
dz = dimension in X direction.
h = height of building in metre
d= base dimension at plinth in metre along the direction of force.
Depth of Foundation (DT): (For under ground structures)
Click Generate Add Close.
To calculate Seismic weight of building (w):
Click Z 0.16 RF 3 I 1.5 SS 2 ST 1 DM 0.05 Add.

Seismic Definitions screen will appear.
Click self weight self weight 1 Add.
Click member weight Loading type: UNI weight: 12 KN/m (for external wall)
6 KN/m (for internal wall) Add.
Click Floor weight Pressure : 4 KN/m2 ( dead load)
Y range: Mini: 3.0m Max: 15.0m Add.
Floor weight Pressure : 0.50KN/m2 ( appropriate Live load) Add.
Y range: Mini=3.0m Max=12.0m (except roof slab) Add Close.
Note:
1. W= Seismic weight of Building= Dead load+ appropriate amount of imposed
load. Live load up to and including 3.0KN/m2 =0.25% of imposed load.
Live load > 3.0KN/m2 =50% of imposed load.
For calculating design seismic forces imposed load in roof need not be
considered.
Click self weight select to view Assign.

Click Member weight Main menu Select Beam parallel to X and Beam
parallel to Z Assign to selected beam AssignYes Close.
2. In seismic analyses always first load case shall be seismic load only.
Part 2: Applying defined Seismic Load :

Click Load case details Add.
Member 1 Loading type: Seismic
Title: Seismic in X +ve Add.
Number 2 loading Type: Seismic
Title : Seismic in X ve Add.
Title : Seismic in Z +ve Add.
Title : Seismic in Z ve Add close.
Highlight seismic in X +ve Add.
Seismic load X direction Factor=1 Add.
Highlight seismic in X -ve Add.
Seismic load X direction Factor=-1 Add.
Highlight seismic in Z +ve Add.
Seismic load Z direction Factor=1 Add.
Highlight seismic in Z +ve Add.
Seismic load Z direction Factor=-1 Add Close.
Load combination to be considered in case of Seismic
1. For Superstructure (Ultimate load condition)
1. 1.5 (DL+LL)
2. 1.5 (DL+ S in X +ve)
3. 1.5(DL+ S in X ve)
4. 1.5 (DL+ S in Z +ve)
5. 1.5 (DL+ S in Z ve)
6. 1.2(DL+LL+ S in X+ve)
7. 1.2(DL+LL+ S in X-ve)
8. 1.2(DL+LL+ S in Z+ve)
9. 1.2(DL+LL+ S in Z-ve)
10.0.9DL+ 1.5 S in X +ve
11.0.9DL +1.5 S in X-ve
12.0.9DL+ 1.5 S in Z+ve
13.0.9DL + 1.5 S in Z-ve.
2. For Sub structure ( Service load condition )

1. (DL+LL)
2. DL+ S in X+ve
3. DL + S in X-ve
4. DL + S in Z +ve
5. DL + S in Z ve
6. DL+0.8LL+ S in X +ve
7. DL+0.8LL+ S in X ve
8. DL+0.8LL+ S in Z+ve
9. DL+0.8LL+ S in Z-ve
Method 1:
SEISMIC ANALYSIS USING LUMPED MASS METHOD
Data:
Building size :
Length= 15m (5 Bays each 3.0m)
Width = 15m (5 Bays each 3.0m)
Height =33m (11 Bays each 3.0m)
Concrete Mix M30 Steel Fe415
Loads: LL =1.50 KN/m2 (For Roof slab) 2.0KN/m2 (For floor slab)
Member sizes : Beam 300 x 450mm; Column 450 x 300 mm
Slab thickness: 120mm.
Soil type: medium. Zone :III Importance factor=1.50
15.00
BEAMS ARE OF SIZE 0.3 X 0.45
3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
15.00
COLUMN ARE OF SIZE 0.45 X 0.30

PLAN
33.00
BEAMS SIZE 0.3 X 0.45

3.00
COLUMN SIZE 0.45 X 0.30

3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
15.00
ELEVATION
1. Geometry Creation :
New Project Select Space Length =meters; Force=KN;
File Name=Seismic Coefficient method (LM) Next
Select Open Structure Wizard Finish.
Change to Frame models from Truss models Select Bay Frame and double click
on it.
Length X=15.0m No. of Bays =5 Each Bay =3.0m
Height Y=3.0m No. of Bay=1 Each Bay =3.0m
Width Z=15.0m No. of Bays=5 Each Bay =3.0m
Apply Transfer Model YesOk.
Go to front view.
2. Member Property:
Click General Property Define Rectangle YD=0.45 ZD=0.30 Add
YD=0.45 ZD=0.30 AddClose . Highlight 0.45 x 0.30 Main menu Select
Beam parallel to X , Select Beam parallel to Z Assign to selected beam
Assign Yes Highlight 0.45 x 0.30 Select Beam parallel to Y
Assign to selected beam Assign Yes Close.
Select Beam cursor and select entire structureClick Translational Repeat icon
Y No. of steps=10 Default spacing=3m link OK.
3. Supports :
Go to front view.
Click Support Create Fixed Add. Highlight support 2 and select bottom
support nodes by windowing using node cursor Assign to selected nodes
Assign Yes Close De select the nodes and change to beam cursor.
4. Loads -Seismic Definition :
Main menu Commands Loading Definitions Seismic load IS 1893-2002.
Seismic Parameters appear. Select IS1893-2002. Click Generate Add.
IS1893 seismic parameters screen will appear. Select Zone =III.
Response Reduction Factor: Specicial RC MRF=5
Importance factor (I) =1.5
Rock/soil type (SS) :2 (For Medium soil).
Structure Type: (Optional) =1 (For RC Frame Building).
Damping Ratio (DM)= 0.05%
Period in X direction= 0.09 h =0.09 x33 =0.86 sec.
dx 12
Period in Z direction= 0.09 h =0.09 x33 =0.86 sec.
dZ 12
Generate Add Close.
Click Zone 0.16 RF 5 I 1.5 SS 2 ST 1 DM 0.05 0.86 0.86 Add
Click Joint Weights Add Close.
*************************
To Find Joint Weight
1. Geometry Creation :
File Name=Joint weight Next
On it.
Height Y=33.0m No. of Bays=11 Each Bay =3.0m
Go to front view.
2. Member Property :
3. Loads:
Click Load and Definition Load case details Add.
Number 1. Loading Type: Dead.
Title: DL Add.
Number 2. Loading Type: Live.
Title: LL Add.
Click load case details Add. Click Load comb
Title: Load comb No.3 Name: 1.5 (DL+LL) Add.
Click Load case 1 Add.
Self weight Selfweight Y Factor =-1 GY Add.
Click Member Load Uniform force Y direction
w1=-12KN/m Add. w1=-6KN/m Add. . w1=-4KN/m Add.
Click Floor Load Pressure =-4KN/m2
Y range Mini =3.0m Max =30.0m Add.
Pressure =-5.25Kn/m2 Y range Mini=30.2 Max=33.0 Add.
Click Load case 2 detailsAdd. Floor Load Pressure=-2KN/m2
Y range Mini=3.0 Max=30.0 Add.
Pressure=-1.50KN/m2 Y range Mini=30.2 Max=33.0 Add.
Highlight SelfweightAssign to view Assign.
Highlight Member load - 12 KN/m Go to Front view Select Beam parallel toX
and Z. Front elevation view. Right click New view Ok.
Select only typical floor beams except roof beam create new view Ok.
Plan view Highlight w1=-12Select the outer portion of beams (9 wall portion )
Assign to selected beams Assign Yes.
Highlight -6 KN/mFront view Select inner portion of beam Assign to
selected beam Assign Yes.
Go to front view select top portion by windowing Right clickNew view OK.
Plan viewselect only outer portion and click -4 KN/m Assign to selected
beamAssign Yes.
3 .Support:
Support Create Pinned Add.
Click Support 2 Assign to view Assign Close.
3.Analysis/Print Perform Analysis No print Add.
4.Post Print Define Commands Support Reaction Add.
5.Define Commands Load List Select Load Comb 3 from list Add.
6.Analysis Run Analysis Done.
7.Go to Post Processing Click Report set up. Select Load case 3OK. Click Items
Select output from list select Reactions and sent to right in selected list OK.
Go to File Export report MS word file. From the File copy support reaction and
paste it in a separate excel file.
Select Node No., Fy from the file and copy & paste it in a separate place. In between
Node No. and Fy, type weight and copy for all nodes. Copy Node No. Weight Fy
values from Excell file and paste it below . Joint Weight of first file example in lumped
mass.
Now add the following loads:
Seismic Loads:
Number 1 Loading Type : Seismic
Title: EQ X+ve Add.
Number 2 Loading Type : Seismic
Title: EQ X -ve Add.
Number 3. Loading Type : Seismic
Title: EQ Z+ve Add.
Number 4. Loading Type : Seismic
Title: EQ Z -ve Add.
Highlight EQ X +ve Add.
Seismic load X Direction Factor=1 Add.
Highlight EQ X -ve Add.
Seismic load X Direction Factor= -1 Add.
Highlight EQ Z +ve Add.
Seismic load Z Direction Factor=1 Add.
Highlight EQ Z -ve Add.
Seismic load Z Direction Factor= -1 Add.
Dead Load:
Click load case details Add.
Number 5. Loading Type: dead.
Title: DL Add.
Live load:
Number 6. Loading Type: Live.
Title: LL Add.
Click DL Add. Self weight
Self weight Y Factor =-1. Add.
Member load Uniform Force W1=-12 KN/m GY Add. w1=-6KN/m Add.
w1=4KN/m Add.
Floor Load Pressure =-4KN/m2 Y range Mini=3.0m Max=30.0m Add.
Pressure =-5.25 KN/m2 Y range Mini=30.2 Max = 33.0 Add.
Click LL Add.
Floor load Pressure=-2 KN/m2
Y range Mini=3.0 Max = 30.0m Add.
Pressure=-1.50 KN/m2
Y range Mini=30.2 Max = 33.0m Add.
Highlight Selfweight Assign to view Assign.
Assign to selected beams Assign yes.
Highlight - 6 KN/m Select interior wall Assign to selected beam
AssignYes.
Go to Front view Highlight - 4 KN/mselect top portion by windowing Right click
New view create a New view OK. Plan view Select outer portion of the
beam Assign to selected beam AssignYes.
To give Perform analysis - change command:
High Light Load case 2: EQ in X-Ve.
Click Analysis/Print Perform Analysis Load Data Add Check After current
Click Change Add Check After current.

High Light Load case 3: EQ in Z+Ve.

High Light Load case 4: EQ in Z-Ve.

Load combinations:
Commands Loading Edit Auto loads Select Indian code Select: New category
Category name: say EQ No. of Rule:4
Rule No. Dead Live seismic
1 1.5 1.5 --
2 1.5 --- 1.5
3 1.2 1.2 1.2
4 0.9 --- 1.5
Click update Table Close.
Click Load case details Auto Load comb select Indian Code category : EQ
Generate Loads Add Close.
Main menu Commands Loading Load List (Select Load comb
7 to 19 ) Load list OKClose.
Design:
Click DesignConcrete Current code IS 456Define Parameters Fc=30,000KN/m2
Add. Fymain=415,000KN/m2 Add. Fysec=415,000KN/m2 Add.
Ratio=3%Add. Click CommandDesign beam Add. Design column
Add. Take offAddClose.
Click Fck=30,000KN/m2 and select the entire structure Assign to
selected beam Assign Yes. Click Fymain=415000KN/m2 and select the
entire structure Assign to selected beam Assign Yes. Click
Fysec=415000KN/m2 and select the entire structure Assign to selected
beam Assign Yes. Click Ratio=3% and select the entire structure
Assign to selected beam Assign Yes. Click design beam
SelectBeam parallel to X and beam parallel to Z Assign to
selected beam Assign Yes . Click Design ColumnSelect Beam parallel
to Y Assign to selected beam Assign Yes.
Note: Save the File and Run the Program.
Analysis type:
Main menu CommandsAnalysisPerform Analysis No print OK.
Post Analysis Print:
Main menuCommandsPost analysis print Support Reactions To view OK.
Analysis:
Main menuAnalysisRun AnalysisDone.
Result:
Click Post processing. view deflection for various loads.
Bending moment Mz:
Click Mz icon.
Results View value Beam results Bending Ends Mid span Annotate Close.
Shear force Fy:
Click Fy icon.
Results View value Beam results Shear Ends Annotate Close.
(Before click shear force remove previous selection mark)
Axial Force Fx:
Click Fx icon.
Results View value Beam results Axial r Ends Annotate Close.
Design Check:
Main menu SelectBy specification All failed beams. Go to modeling mode. Select
column ( at bottom portion) Double click the columnConcrete design. Check the
bottom most storey column. If some columns in GF inner are failed, change the size of
the column for inner portion and again run the analysis, verify the result. Similarly
check the beam by double click the particular beam for find the reinforcement. If all are
passed ok. Otherwise revise the beam section if failed.
Report:
Click Report setup icon Click input from available from left side.
Select sections , Loadings and sent to Right side by clicking > Select output.
From output select Beam end forces, reactions, shear forces, axial forces, Beam force
detail summary.
To Take picture:
Click take picture icon Enter the title of the sketch. Then Go to report set up. Select
picture Album. If you want to change the sketch title enter the title in caption. Adjust
the picture size by adjusting height & width. Select Full page.
To export Results in word file:
File Export Report MS word file. Click save.
Note:
This procedure is very useful in the older version of Staad Pro due to the fact that in the
OLDER version, load list in load cases differ from the load list in load definition.
In the latter version of Staad Pro 2007, you can just copy paste the loads from the load
cases to the seismic definition and let Staad will do the entire process of analysing
weights but of course there is a need to carefully change some load name, e.g. instead
of floor load that will be floor weights Member Load will be Member weight etc. It's
much easier. This method of analyzing Earthquake analysis by direct method as
MEMBER WEIGHT METHOD is explained separately.
METHOD 2
SEISMIC ANALYSIS USING MEMBER WEIGHT METHOD
STEPS INVOLVED:
1.Creation of Geometry
2.Giving Member Property
3. Support Condition
4.Giving Loads :
5.Specifying Analysis Type
6.Post Analysis Print
7.Design
8.Analysis.
Data:
Building size : 15m x 15m
Height :33m
Member sizes : Beam 300 x 450mm; Column 300x 450mm
15.00
3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
15.00

PLAN
33.00

3.00

3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
15.00
ELEVATION
The Member Weight method is explained as follows:

1 . Geometry Creation :
File Name=Seismic Coefficient by Member weight method (MW) Next
on it.
Height Y=3.0m No. of Bay=1 Each Bay =3.0m
Go to front view.
2.Member Property :
YD=0.45 ZD=0.30 AddClose . Highlight 0.45 x 0.30 Main menu
Select Beam parallel to X , Select Beam parallel to Z Assign to
selected beam Assign Yes Highlight 0.45 x 0.30 Select Beam parallel to
Y Assign to selected beam Assign Yes Close.
Deselect the nodes. Select beam cursor. Select the entire structureClick
Translational repeat Y No. of steps=10 Default spacing=3m Link OK.
3. Supports :
Go to front view.
Most support nodes by windowing using node cursor Assign to selected nodes
4. Loads :
Seismic Parameters appear. Select IS1893-2002. Click Generate .
IS1893 seismic parameters screen will appear.
Select Zone =III. Z=0.16
Response Reduction Facto (RF) : (For Special RC MRF) = 5
Rock/soil type (SS) : (For Medium soil)=2
Structure Type (ST) : (For RC Frame Building)=1
Damping Ratio (DM) = 0.05%
Period in X = 0.09 h =0.09 x33 =0.86 sec.
dx 12
Period in Z = 0.09 h =0.09 x33 =0.86sec.
dz 12
Generate Add Close.
Seismic Definition screen will appear.
Click Self weight Selfweight 1 Add.
Click Member weight Loading type: UNI Weight=12 KN/m Add.
Weight w1=6 KN/m Add.
Weight w1=4 KN/m Add.
Click Floor Weight Pressure: 4KN/m2 (Dead load)
Y range: Mini=3.0m Max=30.0m Add.
Pressure: 0.5KN/m2 (25% of Live Load)
Y range: Mini=30.2m Max=33.0m Add Close.
Highlight selfweight Select to view Assign.
Click Cut section iconGo to Front view
Highlight Member load w1= 12 KN/m Go to Front view Select Beam parallel
toX and Z. Front elevation view. Right click New view Ok.
Highlight Member weight w=6KN/m. Select inner portion of the beam in plan
view Assign to selected beam Assign YesClose.
Go to front view Select top portion by windowing Right click New view OK.
Plan view Select outer portion of beam and highlight 4KN/m Assign to selected
beam Assign YesClose.
Note: In Seismic analysis always first load case shall be seismic load only.
Click load case details on data area Add.
Number 1 Loading type: Seismic
Title: EQ in X +ve Add Close.
Title: EQ in X -ve Add Close.
Title: EQ in Z+ve Add Close.
Title: EQ in Z-ve Add.
Number 5: Loading type: Dead
Title: DL Add .
Number 6: Loading type: Live
Title: LL Add Close.
Highlight Load case1 Add.
Seismic load X direction Factor: 1Add.
Highlight Load case 2Add.
Seismic load X direction Factor :-1Add.
Highlight Load case 3 Add.
Seismic load Z direction Factor :1Add.
Seismic load Z direction Factor :-1AddClose.
Click Load case 5 (Dead Load)Add.
Selfweight Selfweight Y Factor:-1 Add.
Member weightLoading type
Uni Weight =-12KN/m Add. (9 wall load)
Weight =-6KN/m Add. (4.5 wall load)
Weight =-4KN/m Add. (parapet wall load)
Floor Load Pressure: -4 KN/m2
Global Y Define Y range Mini.=3.0m Max.=30.0m Add
Floor Load Pressure: -5.25 KN/m2
Highlight Selfweight Y -1 Assign to view Assign Yes.
Highlight Member weight W=-6KN/m Cut section . Go to Plan view Select inner
portion of the beam Assign to selected beams Assign Yes
Right click New view create a new view OK. Plan view Select outer
portion of the beam Assign to selected beam AssignYes Close.
Click Load case 6 (Live load)Add.
Floor Load pressure :-2 KN/m2
Define Y range Mini.= 3.0m Max.=30.0m Add
Floor load Pressure =-1.50KN/m2. Y range Mini=30.2 Max=33.0 Add.
To give Perform Analysis Change command:



Defining Load Combination Using Auto Load Combination:
Commands LoadingEdit Auto loads Select Indian code.
Click New category
Category name: say EQ
No. of Rule : 4 OK.
Rule No. Dead Live Seismic
1 1.5 1.5 --
2 1.5 -- 1.5
3 1.2 1.2 1.2
4 0.9 --- 1.5
Click Update Table Close.

Click Auto load combination select code: Indian.
Category: EQ Click Generate loads Check create Repeat Load Add Close.
Load list:
Main menu Commands Loadingload list ( Select the required load
Cases from 7 to 19 on other side by highlighting and clicking > to take the load
comb on other side.) OK.
5. Design :
Click DesignConcreteCurrent code :IS456 Define
ParametersFc=30000KN/m2Add
Fymain=415000KN/m2Add
Fysec=415000KN/m2Add
Ratio=3%Add.
Click Command Design BeamAdd
Design ColumnAdd. Take offAddClose.
Highlight Fck =30000 and Select entire structure Assign to selected beam
AssignYes .
Highlight Fymain =415000 and Select entire structure Assign to selected
beam AssignYes .
Highlight Fysec =415000 and Select entire structure Assign to selected beam
AssignYes .
Highlight Ratio=3% and Select entire structure Assign to selected beam
AssignYes
Highlight Design Beam SelectBeam parallel to X SelectBeam parallel
to Z Assign to selected beam AssignYes.
Highlight Design Column Select bottom most column in Ground Floor
Assign to selected beam AssignYes .
Highlight Takeoff Assign to viewAssign YesClose.
6. Analysis Type :
Click Analysis/print No print Add.
Click Post printDefine CommandsAnalysis resultsAddClose.
7. Perform Analysis :
From Main Menu ` Analysis Run Analysis
View output file Done.
8. Results :
Go to post processing mode. Results.
Deflection :
Click Deflection icon Results View ValueBeam Results Deflection
Annotate.
Bending moment Mz:
Click Bending Moment Mz icon Results View ValueBeam Results Bending
Moment Ends Mid SpanAnnotate.
Shear force Fy:
Click Shear Force Fy icon Results View ValueBeam Results Shear Force
Ends Annotate.
Axial Force Fx:
Click Axial Force Fx icon Results View ValueBeam Results Axial Force
Ends Annotate.
Note: Before going to another result remove the tick mark in Beam results.
Design Check:
Main menu Select By specificationAll failed beams.
Go to modeling mode.
Select Column (at bottom portion) Double click the columnConcrete design.
Check the bottom most storey column. If some columns in GF inner are failed,
change the size of the column for inner portion and again run the analysis, verify
the result.
Similarly check the beam by double click the particular beam for find the
reinforcement.
If all are passed ok. Otherwise revise the beam section if failed.
Report :
Click report set up icon.
Available : Selected :
Input 1. Sections
2. Supports
3. Loadings
Output Beam End Forces

Reactions
Beam Max Axial Forces
Beam Max moments
Beam Force Details Summary Ok.
Select sections , Loadings and sent to Right side by clicking > Select output.
From output select Beam end forces, reactions, Reactions, Shear forces, axial
forces, Beam force detail summary.
To Take picture:
Click Take picture icon Enter the title of the sketch. Then Go to report set
up. Select picture Album. If you want to change the sketch title enter the
title in caption. Adjust the picture size by adjusting height & width. Select
Full page.
METHOD: 3
SEISMIC ANALYSIS USING REFERENCE LOAD METHOD
Reference Loads is a powerful tool in STAAD Pro that expands users options for setting
up load cases and improves their overall efficiency. Reference Loads are useful because
they are not explicitly solved during the analysis, but rather exist only as building blocks
to be included in creating primary load cases. In this sense one can think of Reference
Loads as load definitions.
They are particularly helpful for large models, which often contain many load cases that
do not require analysis in their own right, including seismic, wind, or live load acting
alone. Users can create multiple reference loads and then have STAAD.Pro solve only a
limited number of real load cases. By limiting the loads examined, the user can
significantly reduce the time required for analysis.
Reference Loads are defined in the General Load & Definitions page of the Modeling
Mode, which can be accessed by clicking the appropriate tabs on the left-hand side of
the screen (circled in Figure 1):
Figure 1
In the Definitions section, the Reference Loads are listed as follows:

To add a new Reference Load case, select "Reference Load Definitions" in the Load &
Definition dialog box and click Add. Inputting the title for the Reference Load case and
the number is done in the same manner as when creating primary load cases.
Once a Reference Load case has been created, follow these steps to input load items.
This process, too, is exactly the same as for primary load cases:
1. Select a Reference Load to highlight it,

2. Click Add to open the Add New Reference Load Items dialog box,
3. Define the load items, selecting from the list of loads on the left,
4. Assign the load item to the appropriate entities (nodes/members/etc.) in the

model.
At this point the Reference Load definition is complete. The next step is to include the
Reference Loads in primary load cases, as follows:
(i) Select a primary load case and click Add,

(ii) Click the load item Repeat Load Reference Load.
(iii) Select the required defined Reference Load cases and click [>] to include them
in the current primary load case. Clicking [>>] will include all defined Reference
Load cases. You can add appropriate combination factors for each reference
load.
The format of the definition of a Reference Load (i) in the data file is as follows:
DEFINE REFERENCE LOADS
LOAD R(i) LOADTYPE (type) TITLE REF LOAD CASE 1
(Load items)
....
END DEFINE REFERENCE LOADS
The format of a reference to a Reference Load in a primary load (j) case is as follows:
LOAD (j) LOADTYPE (type) TITLE LOAD CASE 1
REFERENCE LOAD
R(i) 1.0
Reference Loads are very helpful when creating a seismic load definition. Consider, for
example, a situation in which the dead loads have been defined as Reference Loads.
Instead of manually inputting the dead loads a second time in the seismic definition,
you can simply refer to the Reference Load case, which is listed in the seismic definition
dialog box as seen below.
METHOD 3
SEISMIC ANALYSIS USING REFERENCE LOAD METHOD
******
STEPS INVOLVED:
1. Geometry Creation
2.Giving Member Property
3.Specifying Support Condition
4. Loads (i) Defining Seismic Parameters
(ii) Defining Reference Loads
(iii) Giving Reference Load Combinations & Load list
5.Specifying Analysis Type
6.Post Analysis Print
7.Design Commands
8.Analysis.
Data :
Height : 33m
Member sizes : Beam 300 x 450mm; Column 300x 450mm
15.00
3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
15.00

PLAN
33.00

3.00

3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
15.00
ELEVATION
Steps involved:
1 . Geometry Creation :
File Name=Seismic Coefficient by Reference Load method Next
Change to Frame models from Truss models Select Bay Frame and double
click on it.
Height Y=3.0m No. of Bays =1 Each Bay =3.0m
Go to front view.
YD=0.45 ZD=0.30 AddClose . Highlight 0.45 x 0.30 Main menu
Select Beam parallel to X , Select Beam parallel to Z Assign to
selected beam Assign Yes Highlight 0.45 x 0.30 Select Beam parallel
to Y Assign to selected beam Assign Yes Close.
Deselect the nodes. Select beam cursor. Select the entire structureClick
Translational repeat Y No. of steps=10 Default spacing=3m Link OK.
3. Supports :
Go to front view.
Most support nodes by windowing using node cursor Assign to selected nodes
4. Loads :
(i) Defining Seismic Parameters:
Seismic Parameters appear. Select IS1893-2002 Click Generate .
Response Reduction Facto (RF) : (For Special RC MRF) = 5
Period in X = 0.09 h =0.09 x33 =0.86 sec.
dx 12
Period in Z = 0.09 h =0.09 x33 =0.86sec.
dz 12
Generate Add Close.
Note: In Seismic analysis always first load case shall be seismic load only.
Click load case details on data area Add.
Title: EQ in X +ve Add Close.
Title: EQ in X -ve Add Close.
Title: EQ in Z+ve Add Close.
Title: EQ in Z-ve AddClose.
Highlight Load case1 Add.
Highlight Load case 2Add.
(ii) Defining Reference Load Command.
Click Loads & Definitions Definitions Reference Load Definitions

Number 5 Loading Type : Dead Title: R1DL Add.
Number 6 Loading Type : Live Title: R2LL<3KN/m2 Add.
Number 7 Loading Type : Live Title: R3 ROOF LL Add Close.
Select R1 DL Add.
Selfweight Selfweight Y Factor:-1 Add.
Member weight Loading type
Uni Weight w1=-12KN/m Add. (9 wall load)
w1 =-6KN/m Add. (4.5 wall load)
w1 =-4KN/m Add. (parapet wall load)
Floor Load Pressure:-4 KN/m2
Highlight Member load - 12 KN/m Go to Front view Select Beam parallel
toX and Beam parallel to Z. Front elevation view. Right click New
view Ok.
Plan view Highlight w1=-12Select the outer portion of beams individually
one by one (9 wall portion ) Assign to selected beams Assign Yes.
Highlight Member weight w1=-6KN/m Cut section . Go to Plan view Select
Inner portion of the beam Assign to selected beams Assign Yes
Go to front view Select top portion by windowing Right click New view
OK.
Plan view Select outer portion of beam and highlight w1=- 4KN/m
Assign to Selected beam Assign YesClose.
Click R2 LL<3 KN/m2 Add.
Floor Load pressure :-2 KN/m2
Define Y range Mini.= 3.0m Max.=30.0m Add
Click R3 ROOF Add Floor Load Pressure =-1.50KN/m2. Y range Mini=30.2
Max = 33.0 Add.
Click Reference Load Add. Click Repeat Load Reference Load
Available Load cases Reference Load cases Factor

R1DL R1 1.0
R2LL<3 > R2 0.25
R3 ROOF LL
(iii) Giving Perform Analysis- change Command:
Click Analysis/Print Perform Analysis Load Data Add Check
After current

After current

After current

(iv) Defining Load Combination Using Auto Load Combination:
Click New category
No. of Rule : 4 OK.

1 1.5 1.5 --
2 1.5 -- 1.5
3 1.2 1.2 1.2
4 0.9 --- 1.5

Category: EQ Click Generate loads Check create Repeat Load
Add Close.
(v) Load list:
Main menu Commands Loadingload list ( Select the required
load cases from 7 to 19 on other side by highlighting and clicking > to take
the load comb on other side.) OK.
5. Design :
Click DesignConcreteCurrent code : IS456 Define
Ratio=3%Add.
Highlight Fck =30000 and Select entire structure Assign to selected
beam AssignYes .
Highlight Fymain =415000 and Select entire structure Assign to
selected beam AssignYes .
Highlight Fysec =415000 and Select entire structure Assign to
Highlight Ratio=3% and Select entire structure Assign to selected
beam AssignYes
Highlight Design Beam SelectBeam parallel to X SelectBeam
parallel to Z Assign to selected beam AssignYes.
Highlight Design Column Select bottom most column in Ground
Floor Assign to selected beam AssignYes .
6. Analysis Type :
8. Results :
Go to post processing mode. Results
Click Deflection icon Results View ValueBeam Results Deflection
Annotate.
Click Bending Moment Mz icon Results View ValueBeam Results
Bending Moment Ends Mid SpanAnnotate.
Click Shear Force Fy icon Results View ValueBeam Results Shear Force
Ends Annotate.
Click Axial Force Fx icon Results View ValueBeam Results Axial Force
Ends Annotate.
Design Check:
Select Column (at bottom portion) Double click the columnConcrete design.
Check the bottom most storey column. If some columns in GF inner are failed,
change the size of the column for inner portion and again run the analysis,
verify the result.
Similarly check the beam by double click the particular beam for find the
reinforcement.
Available : Selected:
Input 1. Sections
2. Supports
3. Loadings
Reactions
Beam Max moments
Max. Shear forces
Report:
Select Sections , Supports, Loadings and sent to Right side by clicking > Select
output.
From output select Beam end forces, Reactions, Shear forces, Axial forces,
Bending moments, Beam force detail summary.
To Take picture:
Click take picture icon Enter the title of the sketch. Then Go to report set up.
Select picture Album. If you want to change the sketch title enter the title in
caption. Adjust the picture size by adjusting height & width. Select Full page.
Method : 4
Converting Static Project to Equivalent Seismic Analysis Project
Steps involved:
Static project:
1. Creation Geometry
2. Giving Member Property
3. Support Condition
4. Giving Loads : Static Load
(i) Dead Load (ii) Live Load (iii) Load comb
5. Analysis type
6. Post Analysis Print
7. Design
8. Analysis.
Converting Static Project to equivalent seismic analysis project:
1. Defining seismic load
2. Go to Staad editor. After zone factor values Copy the actual member weight
from load case 1 Dead load values and paste it below the existing Member
weight below the existing load value. Do the following changes:
(i) Delete the existing member weight.
(ii) The (-)ve sign changed to +ve sign. GY to be deleted.
Below the Floor weight:
Copy the actual floor load under dead load and paste it below the existing load
in Floor weight. Do the following changes:
(i) The existing floor load to be deleted.
(ii) The (-) ve sign changed to +ve sign. GY to be deleted.
3. Remove the load comb from the input file. Then add the seismic load as follows:
Number 4 Loading Type: Seismic
Title: EQ in X +ve Add.
Title: EQ in X -ve Add.
Title: EQ in Z +ve Add.
Title: EQ in Z -ve Add Close.
4. Edit the input file as follows:
In seismic analysis EQ load should be defined first. In this case it is case No. 4 to
7. Change the load cases 4 to 7 as Load case No. 1 to 4 and cut and paste it
below floor weight after zone factor value.
5. Create a new load case No. 5 as Dead Load. In that include the selfweight,
Member weight, Floor Weight originally created in load cases 1 to 2. Now change
the floor load for Dead Load value only in the existing load case.
6. Copy the floor load in dead load case 1 and paste in place of newly created load
case 6 as Live Load. Now change the floor load value as Live load value.
7. Give Auto load combination and load list .
8. The other steps analysis type, Post analysis print & Run Analysis as in static
problems.
Data:
Height : 33m
Concrete Mix : M30 Steel Grade: Fe415
Member sizes : Beams 300 x 450mm; Columns 300x 450mm
Soil type: Medium. Zone :III Importance factor=1.50
15.00
3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
15.00

PLAN
33.00

3.00

3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
15.00
ELEVATION
STATIC PROJECT:
1 Geometry Creation:
File Name=Seismic Coefficient by Member weight method (MW) Next
on it.
Height Y=3.0m No. of Bays=1 Each Bay =3.0m
Go to front view.
Deselect the nodes. Select beam cursor. Select the entire structureClick Translational
repeat Y No. of steps=10 Default spacing=3m Link OK.
3. Supports :
Go to front view.
Click Support Create Fixed Add. Highlight support 2 and select bottom most
support nodes by windowing using node cursor Assign to selected nodes
4. Loads :
Click Loads and Definitions Click Load case details Add.
Primary No.1 Type: Dead
Title: Dead Load Add.
Load case details Add.
Number 2 Type: Live
Title: Live Load Add.
Click Load case details Add Close.
Click Dead load Add.
Self weight Self weight Y Factor=-1 Add.
Click Member loadUniform force w1=-12KN/m GYAdd.
w1=-6KN/m Add. w1=-4KN/m Add.
Click Floor Load Pressure:-4 KN/m2
Global Y Define Y range Mini.=3.0m Max.=33.0m Add.
Click Live load Add.
Floor Load Pressure :-2KN/m2
Floor Load Pressure :-1.50 KN/m2
Click Load Combination Load Number : 3
Name: 1.5 (DL+LL) Normal Factor Default :1.5
Load case 1 1=1.5
Load case 2 2=1.5 Add Close.
Plan view Highlight w1=-12Select the outer portion of beams individually one by
one outer beam (9 wall portion ) Assign to selected beams Assign Yes.
Highlight Member weight w1=-6KN/m Cut section . Go to Plan view Select inner
portion of the beam Assign to selected beams Assign Yes
Go to front view Select top portion by windowing Right click New view OK.
Plan view Select outer portion of beam and highlight w1=- 4KN/m Assign to
Selected beam Assign YesClose.
5. Analysis Type :
6.. Perform Analysis :
Procedure for converting Static project to Equivalent Seismic Analysis:
Step 4: Loading
Loads already specified are
1.Dead Load
2.Live Load
3.Load Combination
***
Main menu Commands Loading Definitions Seismic load IS 1893-2002 (OR)
Click loads & Definitions Add.
Seismic parameter screen will appear.
Select Type: IS 1893-2002 Generate Add.
Response reduction facto (RF) : (For Special RC MRF) = 5
Period in X = 0.09 h =0.09 x33 =0.86 sec.
dx 12
Period in Z = 0.09 h =0.09 x33 =0.86sec.
dz 12
Generate Add Close.
Click Self weight Selfweight 1 Add.
Click Member weight Loading type: UNI Weight=12 KN/m Add.
Click Floor Weight Pressure : 4KN/m2 (Dead load)
Y range: Mini=3.0m Max=33.0m Add.
Pressure: 0.5KN/m2 (25% of Live Load)
Y range: Mini=3.0m Max=30.0m Add Close.
Note: Initially mention some arbitrary value for member and Floor weight.
Go to Staad Editor.
After Zone 0.16 RF 5 I 1.5 SS 2 ST 1 DM 0.05 0.86 0.86
(1) Copy the actual member weight in Load case 2 and paste it below Member weight
below the existing load value. Do the following changes:
(i) Delete the existing member weight
(ii) The ve sign changed to +ve sign . GY to be deleted.
(2)Below Floor weight:
Copy the actual floor load under slab load and paste it below the existing load in
Floor weight. Do the following changes:
(i) The existing Floor load to be deleted.
(ii)The -ve sign changed to +ve sign to be deleted.
(3) Remove the load comb from the input file. Then add the seismic load as follows:
Title: EQ in X +ve Add.
Title: EQ in X -veAdd.
Title: EQ in Z +ve Add.
Title: EQ in Z -veAdd Close.
4. Edit the input file as follows:
In Seismic analysis EQ load should be defined first. In this case it is case No.4 to 7.
Change the load cases 4 to 7 as load case No. 1 to 4 and cut and paste it below Floor
weight after zone factor value.
5. Create a new load case No.5 as Dead Load. In that include the self weight, Member
Weight, Floor weight originally created in load cases No. 1 to 3.
Now change the floor load for Dead Load value only in the existing load case.
6. Copy the floor load in Dead Load case No. 5 and paste in place of newly created
Load case No. 6 as Live Load. Now change the floor Load value as live load value.
7.Change command in between EQ forces:


Defining Load Combination Using Auto Load Combination:
Click New category
No. of Rule : 4 OK.

1 1.5 1.5 --
2 1.5 -- 1.5
3 1.2 1.2 1.2
4 0.9 --- 1.5

Category: EQ Click Generate loads Check create Repeat Load Add Close.
Load list:
Main menu Commands Loadingload list ( Select the required load cases
from 7 to 19 on other side by highlighting and clicking > to take the load comb on
other side.) OK.
5. Design :
Click DesignConcreteCurrent code :IS456 Define
Ratio=3%Add.
Highlight Fck =30000 and Select entire structure Assign to selected beam
AssignYes .
Highlight Fymain =415000 and Select entire structure Assign to selected beam
AssignYes .
Highlight Fysec =415000 and Select entire structure Assign to selected beam
AssignYes .
Highlight Ratio=3% and Select entire structure Assign to selected beam
AssignYes
Highlight Design Beam SelectBeam parallel to X SelectBeam parallel to Z
Assign to selected beam AssignYes.
Highlight Design Column Select bottom most column in Ground Floor Assign to
6. Analysis Type :
8. Results :
Go to post processing mode. Results
Click Deflection icon Results View ValueBeam Results Deflection Annotate.
Click Bending Moment Mz icon Results View ValueBeam Results Bending
Moment Ends Mid SpanAnnotate.
Click Shear Force Fy icon Results View ValueBeam Results Shear Force Ends
Annotate.
Click Axial Force Fx icon Results View ValueBeam Results Axial Force Ends
Annotate.
Design Check :
Select Column (at bottom portion) Double click the columnConcrete design. Check
the bottom most storey column. If some columns in GF inner are failed, change the
size of the column for inner portion and again run the analysis, verify the result.
Similarly check the beam by double click the particular beam for find the reinforcement.
Available : Selected:
Input 1. Sections
2. Supports
3. Loadings

Reactions
Beam Max moments
Max. Shear Forces
Report:
Select Sections , Supports, Loadings and sent to Right side by clicking > Select output.
From output select Beam end forces, Reactions, Bending moment, Shear forces, Axial
forces , Beam force detail summary.
To Take picture:
Click take picture icon Enter the title of the sketch. Then Go to report set up. Select
picture Album. If you want to change the sketch title enter the title in caption. Adjust
the picture size by adjusting height & width. Select Full page.

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Earthquake Analysis Using Seismic Coefficient Method

EARTH QUAKE ANALYSIS USING SEISMIC COEFFICIENT METHOD:

Design of seismic shear (VB)

Applying Seismic in STAAD Pro :

Response Reduction Factor (RF) : (Table 7 of IS 1893-2002)

To calculate Seismic weight of building (w):

Click Z 0.16 RF 3 I 1.5 SS 2 ST 1 DM 0.05 Add.

Click self weight select to view Assign.

Part 2: Applying defined Seismic Load :

2. For Sub structure ( Service load condition )

BEAMS ARE OF SIZE 0.3 X 0.45

3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

COLUMN ARE OF SIZE 0.45 X 0.30

BEAMS SIZE 0.3 X 0.45

COLUMN SIZE 0.45 X 0.30

Click Change Add Check After current.

Click Change Add Check After current.

Click Change Add Check After current.

BEAMS ARE OF SIZE 0.3 X 0.45

3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

COLUMN ARE OF SIZE 0.45 X 0.30

BEAMS SIZE 0.3 X 0.45

COLUMN SIZE 0.45 X 0.30

The Member Weight method is explained as follows:

Click Change Add Check After current.

Click Change Add Check After current.

Click Change Add Check After current.

Click Update Table Close.

Output Beam End Forces

SEISMIC ANALYSIS USING REFERENCE LOAD METHOD

In the Definitions section, the Reference Loads are listed as follows:

1. Select a Reference Load to highlight it,

4. Assign the load item to the appropriate entities (nodes/members/etc.) in the

(i) Select a primary load case and click Add,

DEFINE REFERENCE LOADS

LOAD R(i) LOADTYPE (type) TITLE REF LOAD CASE 1

END DEFINE REFERENCE LOADS

LOAD (j) LOADTYPE (type) TITLE LOAD CASE 1

3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

COLUMN ARE OF SIZE 0.45 X 0.30

BEAMS SIZE 0.3 X 0.45

COLUMN SIZE 0.45 X 0.30

Click Loads & Definitions Definitions Reference Load Definitions

Click Reference Load Add. Click Repeat Load Reference Load

Available Load cases Reference Load cases Factor

Click Change Add Check After current.

Click Change Add Check After current.

Click Change Add Check After current.

Rule No. Dead Live Seismic

Click Update Table Close.

File Export Report MS word file. Click save.

BEAMS ARE OF SIZE 0.3 X 0.45

3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

COLUMN ARE OF SIZE 0.45 X 0.30

BEAMS SIZE 0.3 X 0.45

COLUMN SIZE 0.45 X 0.30

Click Change Add Check After current.

Click Change Add Check After current.

Rule No. Dead Live Seismic

Click Update Table Close.

Output Beam End Forces

File Export Report MS word file. Click save.

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