1. Electricity direct current and alternating current.

Electricity is a form of energy that lets negatively charged particles (electrons) move
from one atom to another. This flow of electrons through a conductive material is called
electric current.

An electric circuit is a series of interconnected components that an electric current

flows through to produce an effect (light, heat, sound or movement).

There are two types of electric current: direct current which flows in one direction, and
alternating current which changes direction several times every second.

Alternating current is generated in power plants and it is used in households.

Direct current cells and batteries (computers, mobile telephones)

Devices that use cells or batteries use direct current, while devices that are plugged into
the electricity network use alternating current.

2. Direct current electric variables. Ohms law.

The three main variables are:

Current. This is the intensity of the current or the amount of electrons flowing
through a wire over a certain time.
Symbol: I
Unit of measurement in the International System is: the ampere or amp (A)

Voltage (potential difference). This is the difference in the charge between two
points (positive and negative terminal) which makes the electrons move.
Symbol: V
Unit of measurement in the International System is: the volt (V).

Resistance. This is the opposition to the flow of the electric current.

Symbol: R
Unit of measurement is: the ohm ()

Ohms law
The German scientist Georg Simon Ohm came up with an equation relating these three
variables:

Where V is the voltage, R is the resistance and I is the current.

This equation is known as Ohms law which states:
The current in a circuit is directly proportional to the electric potential difference
impressed across its ends and inversely proportional to the total resistance offered by
the external circuit.
Other variables:

3. Associations of resistors Electrical calculations

The way that we put resistors together is called the association of resistors. This gives
us the three types of basic circuits: series circuit, parallel circuit and series-parallel
combination circuit.

Series circuits
In a series circuit the resistors are connected one after the other, so all of the electrical
current flows through all of the load devices.
- The same current flows through all the load devices.
- If one load device stops working, none of them will work because the circuit
will be opened.

Parallel circuits
In parallel circuits load devices are connected on different branches. There are several
possible paths for the current to flow through.
In these circuits:
- The intensity doesnt flow equally through all the load devices. It is shared
by all the possible paths.
- If one of the load devices stops working, the rest continue to work because
the electric current takes another path.
Series-parallel combination circuits
In series-parallel combination circuits there are elements in series and elements in
parallel.

3.1. Electrical calculations

The circuit formed with the equivalent resistors is called an equivalent circuit.
We can obtain two things from this circuit:
- The currents flowing through the circuit.
- The potential drops across the components.

Adding resistors connected in series

If we have two or more resistors connected in series, the total equivalent resistance
is equal to the sum of all the resistors.

SERIES CIRCUIT
Relationship between the variables of the real circuit and the equivalent circuit
Resistances The equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of all resistances in the
circuit.

Currents The current flowing through all of the resistors in the circuit is the
same and is equal to the current of the equivalent circuit.

Voltages The total voltage delivered by the power source is the sum of the
potential drops across each of the resistors.
 Adding resistors connected in parallel
If we have two or more resistors connected in parallel, we can calculate the total
equivalent resistance using this formula:

PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Relationship between the variables of the real circuit and the equivalent circuit
Resistances The inverse of the equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of the
inverses of all resistances in the circuit.

Currents The current of the equivalent circuit is equal to the sum of the
currents flowing across each of the resistors.

Voltages The total voltage delivered by the power source is the same as the
potential drops across each of the resistors.

4. Power sources, load devices and conductors

There are four main groups of components in an electric circuit:
- Power sources
- Load devices
- Conductors
- Control and protection devices.

Circuits are controlled by switches that open and close the circuit when they are
pressed. A circuit is open when the energy of the power source cant reach the load
devices, so the electric current cant flow. A circuit is closed when the energy of the
power source reaches the load devices, so the electric current flows.

Power source
This component feeds the rest of the circuit with the electrical energy needed to move
the electrons. Examples of direct current power sources: cells and batteries.

Load devices
It is the component that receives the electrical energy from the power source and
converts it to other types of useful energy. Examples: resistors, lamps, motors and
buzzers.
Conductors
This component transports the electrical energy from the power source to the load
devices: the electric current flows through this component. Example: wires.

Control and protection devices

These devices regulate the circuit: they allow or prevent the flow of electric current
through the circuit. Examples: one-way switches, two-way switches and fuses.
5. Characteristic components and circuits
5.1. Resistors
Resistors limit the flow of electrical current through a circuit.
The most common resistors are made from carbon coated with a ceramic material.
We can find out the value of a resistor by the coloured rings on it. A resistor usually
has four coloured bands.

5.2. Variable resistors or potentiometers

When we need to adjust the value of the resistance in a circuit, we use variable
resistors or potentiometers.

5.3. Motors
A direct current motor is a device that converts the electrical energy delivered to it
into mechanical energy in the form of movement.

5.4. Buzzers
A buzzer is a device that emits a buzzing sound when an electrical current is
applied to it.

5.5. Lamps
Lamps convert electrical energy into light.

5.6. LEDs
An LED (light-emitting diode) is a diode that can emit light. Depending on how it is
connected, it will not let the current flow through it.
LEDs have a low power consumption and are widely used in signage.

5.7. One-way switches and push switches

One-way switches
These switches have two positions: open and closed. One position opens the circuit
and stops the electric current from flowing through it; the other position closes the
circuit and lets the electric current pass.

Push switches
These devices have a stable position: they change status when we press them, but
only for as long as we keep them pressed. When we release the push switch, a
spring inside it puts it back into its rest position.
Types of push switch:
- Normally open (NO): while it is pressed, the circuit works Doorbell
- Normally closed (NC): while it is pressed, the circuit doesnt work Light
inside a fridge.
 5.8. Two-way switches
These switches have two positions. When we press them, they change from one
position to the other. They are also called changeover switches.

5.9. Limit switches

A limit switches (LS) is a device that functions as a switch that toggles between two
positions when it is mechanically operated by a lever.

5.10. Fuses
These are protection devices. They contain a calibrated copper wire that only lets a
certain electric current flow through. When the electric current is too high, the
copper wire breaks.
The function of a fuse is to prevent damage to other components in the circuit.

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

The hardware: physical components of the computer, that is, everything that can be
seen and touched.
The software: these are the instructions that the computer needs to work, do not exit
physically, or what is the same, can not be seen or touched.

RAM MEMORY
The RAM memory to load programs (Windows, spotify, explorer, chrome,)
The capacity more than 8GB
Type: DDR3

HARD DRIVE
Store information: music, movies, programs, pictures
Capacity: more than 1 TeraByte (1024 GB)
Speed: 7200-5400 Revolutions per minute

CPU
Central Process Unit
Operates and processes every instruction in the computer
Type: Inter and AMD
Speed: Gigahertzs (GHz)
3.0 Ghz: over 3000000 instructions

MOTHEBOARD
Has all the connection inside a computer.
Must be compatible with the CPU

GRAPHIC CARD
Process all the graphic information (video games, 4K movies, editing videos)