Emf Type 2 Part 1 of 2 Eng

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MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT AND MAGNETIC
FORCE ON CHARGE/CURRENT
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1. MAGNET :
Two bodies even after being neutral (showing no electric interaction) may attract / repel strongly if they have
a special property. This property is known as magnetism. This force is called magnetic force. Those bodies
are called magnets. Later on we will see that it is due to circulating currents inside the atoms. Magnets are
page 1
found in different shape but for many experimental purposes as bar magnet is frequencies used. When a bar
magnet is suspended at its middle, as shown, and it is free to rotate in the horizontal plane it always comes
to equilibrium in a fixed direction.
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One end of the magnet (say A) is directed approximately towards north and the other end (say B) approxi-
mately towards south. This observation is made everywhere on the earth. Due to this reason the end A,
which points towards north direction is called NORTH POLE and the other end which points towards south
direction is called SOUTH POLE. They can be marked as N and S on the magnet. This property can be
used to determine the north or south direction anywhere on the earth and indirectly east and west also if they
are not known by other method (like rising of sun and setting of the sun).
This method is used by navigators of ships and aeroplanes. The directions are as
shown in the figure. All directions E, W, N, S are in the horizontal plane. The
magnet rotates due to the earths magnetic field about which we will discuss later in
this chapter.
up
N
W E
S down
1.1 Pole strength magnetic dipole and magnetic dipole moment :

A magnet always has N and S and it is poles of two magnets repel each other and the anile poles
of two magnets attract each other they from action reaction pair.
F F
N S N S
(i)
F F
S N N S
(ii)
The poles of the same magnet do not come to meet each other due to attraction. They are maintained we
cannot get two isolated poles by cutting the magnet from the middle. The other end becomes pole of
opposite nature. So, N and S always exist together.
they are
A C B
A C C B
N S N S N S
Know as +ve and ve poles. North pole is treated as positive pole (or positive magnetic charge) and the south
pole is treated as ve pole (or ve magnetic charge). They are quantitatively represented by their POLE
STRENGTH +m and m respectively (just like we have charges +q and q in electrostatics). Pole strength
is a scalar quantity and represents the strength of the pole hence, of the magnet also).
A magnet can be treated as a dipole since it always has two opposite
poles (just like in electric dipole we have two opposite charges q and +q).
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It is called MAGNETIC DIPOLE and it has a MAGNETIC DIPOLE

MOMENT. It is represented by M . It is a vector quantity. Its direction is
m
N S
m +m
g
from m to +m that means from s to N)
page 2
M = m.m here m = magnetic length of the magnet. m is slightly less than g (it is geometrical length of the
magnet = end to end distance). The N and S are not located exactly at the ends of the magnet. For
calculation purposes we can assume m = g [Actually m/g ~ 0.84].
The units of m and M will be mentioned after where you can remember and understand.
1.2 Magnetic field and strength of magnetic field.
The physical space around a magnetic pole has special influence due to which other pole experience a force.
That special influence is called MAGNETIC FIELD and that force is called MAGNETIC FORCE. This field is
qualitatively represented by STRENGTH OF MAGNETIC FIELD or MAGNETIC INDUCTION or MAG-

NETIC FLUX DENSITY. It is represented by B . It is a vector quantity..

Definition of B : The magnetic force experienced by a north pole of unit pole strength at a point due to some
other poles (called source) is called the strength of magnetic field at that point due to the source.

F
Mathematically, B =
m

Here F = magnetic force on pole of pole strength m. m may be +ve or ve and of any value.

S.. unit of B is Tesla or Weber/m2 (abbreviated as T and Wb/m2).

We can also write F = mB . According to this direction of on +ve pole (North pole) will be in the direction of

field and on ve pole (south pole) it will be opposite to the direction of B .
B B
and
N F F S
The field generated by sources does not depend on the test pole (for its any value and any sign).

1.2 (a) B due to various source
(i) Due to a single pole : (Similar to the case of a point charge in electrostatics)
r 0 m
B = 4 r 2 . This is magnitude

m
Direction of B due to north pole and due to south poles are as shown
B B
N S
m
in vector form B = 0 r
3
4 r
here m is with sign and r = position vector of the test point with respect to the pole.
(ii) Due to a bar magnet : (Same as the case of electric
dipole in electrostatics) Independent case
never found. Always N and S exist together as magnet.
Bres B
equitorial
0 M r
line
at A (on the axis) = for a << r
4 r 3 m m A
Bres
0 M S N
at B (on the equatorial) = for a << r
4 r 3 axis
2a r
page 3
At General point :
M cos
Br = 2 0 3
4 r
Bres
M sin Bn
Bn = 2 0 3 Br
4 r
0M
Bres = 1 + 3 cos 2
4
B n tan
tan = = S N
Br 2
Magnetic lines of force of a bar magnet :
S N
Ex. 1 Find the magnetic force on a short magnet of magnetic dipole moment M2 due to another short magnet of
magnetic dipole moment M1.
S N N S
M1 M2
r
Sol. To find the magnetic force we will use the formula of B due to a magnet. We will also assume m and m as
pole strengths of N and S of M2. Also length of M2 as 2a. B1 and B2 are the strengths of the magnetic field
due to M1 at +m and m respectively. They experience magnetic forces F1 and F2 as shown.
0 M1 m1 +m m
F1 = 2 3
m and F2 = 2 0 m
4 (r a) 4 (r a)
3
ra 2a
r+a
1 1 0 m1m a a
3 3
0
Fres = F1 F2 = 2 mm
3
2
3 =
3 1 1 +

4 1 (r a) (r + a) 4 r r r

By using acceleration, Binomial expansion, and neglecting terms of high power we get
0 m1m 1 + 3a 1 + 3a
Fres = 2
4 r
3
r r
m m 6a 0 m13m 2 0 m1m 2
= 2 0 13 = 2 4 = 6 4
4 r r 4 r 4 r
Direction of Fres is towards right.
Q.1 Two short magnet A and B of magnetic dipole moments M1 and

M2 respectively are placed as shown. The axis of A and the
N
A M 1
B
equatorial line of B are the same. Find the magnetic force on M2
N S
one magnet due to the other.
0 M2M1 S
Ans. F = 3 upwards on M1
4 r 3 r
down wards on M2
page 4
Ex. 2 A magnet is 10 cm long and its pole strength is 120 CGS units (1 CGS unit of pole strength = 0.1 A-m). Find
the magnitude of the magnetic field B at a point on its axis at a distance 20 cm from it.
Sol. The pole strength is m = 120 CGS units = 12A-m.
Magnetic length is 2 = 10 cm or = 0.05 m.
Distance from the magnet is d = 20 cm = 0.2 m. The field B at a point in end-on position is
0 2Md 0 4m d
B = 4 2 2 2 = 4
(d ) ( d2 2 ) 2
7 T m 4 (12 A m) (0.05m) (0.2m)

= 10 = 3.4 105 T.
A [(0.2m)2 (0.05m)2 ]2
Ex. 3 Find the magnetic field due to a dipole of magnetic moment 1.2 A-m2 at a point 1 m away from it in a direction
making an angle of 60 with the dipole-axis.
Sol. The magnitude of the field is
0 M
B= 1 + 3 cos2
4 r 3
7 T m 1.2 A m 2
= 10 1 + 3 cos 2 60 = 1.6 107 T.
A 1 m3
The direction of the field makes an angle with the radial line where
tan 3
tan = =
2 2
Q. 2 A bar magnet has a pole strength of 3.6 A-m and magnetic length 8 cm. Find the magnetic field at (a) a point
on the axis at a distance of 6 cm from the centre towards the north pole and (b) a point on the perpendicular
bisector at the same distance.
Ans. (a) 8.6 104 T (b) 7.7 105 T.
Ex. 4 Figure shows two identical magnetic dipoles a and b of magnetic moments M each, placed at a separation
d, with their axes perpendicular to each other. Find the magnetic field at the point P midway between the
dipoles.
d d
S Bb S
a a
S N b b
S N
Ba
N N
(a) (b)
Sol. The point P is in end-on position for the dipole a and in broadside-on position for the dipole b. The magnetic
0 2M 0 M
field at P due to a is Ba = 4 along the axis of a, and that due to b is Bb = 4 parallel to the
(d / 2)3 (d / 2)3
axis of b as shown in figure. The resultant field at P is, therefore.
0 M 2 5 0M
B = B = B a2 + Bb2 = 3 12 + 2 2 =
4(d / 2) d2
The direction of this field makes an angle with Ba such that tan = Bb/Ba = 1/2.
1.3 Magnet in an external uniform magnetic field :

(same as case of electric dipole)
+m
mB
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mB m
Fres = 0 (for any angle)
= MB sin

*here is angle between B and M

Note : (i) acts such that it tries to make M B .

(ii) is same about every point of the dipole its potential energy is

U = MB cos = MB
M
page 5
= 0 is stable equilibrium B
= is unstable equilibrium m
for small the dipole performs SHM about = 0 position B
= MB sin ;
= MB sin
_
for small , sin ~
MB
=

MB 2
Angular frequency of SHM = =
T

T=
MB
here = cm if the dipole is free to rotate
= hinge if the dipole is hinged
Ex. 5 A bar magnet having a magnetic moment of 1.0 104 J/T is free to rotate in a horizontal plane. A horizontal
magnetic field B = 4 105 T exists in the space. Find the work done in rotating the magnet slowly from a
direction parallel to the field to a direction 60 from the field.
Sol. The work done by the external agent = change in potential energy
1
= (MB cos2) (MB cos1) = MB (cos 60 cos 0) = MB
2
1
= (1.0 104 J/T) (4 105 T) = 0.2 J
2
Ex. 6 A magnet of magnetic dipole moment M is released in a uniform magnetic field of induction B from the
position shown in the figure.
Find : (i) Its kinetic energy at = 90 120
(ii) its maximum kinetic energy during the motion. B
(iii) will it perform SHM? oscillation? Periodic motion? What is its amplitude?
Sol. (i) apply energy conservation at = 120 and = 90
MB cos 120 + 0 = MB cos 90 + (K.E.)
MB
KE = Ans.
2
(ii) K.E. will be maximum where P.E. is minimum. P.E. is minimum at = 0. Now apply energy
conservation between = 120 and = 0.
mB cos 120 + 0 = mB cos 0 + (KE)max
3
(KE)max = MB Ans.
2
The K.E. is max at = 0 can also be proved by torque method. From = 120 to = 0 the torque always
acts on the dipole in the same direction (here it is clockwise) so its K.E. keeps on increases till = 0.
Beyond that 3 reverses its direction and then K.E. starts decreasing
= 0 is the orientation of M to here the maximum K.E.
(iii) Since is not small.
the motion is not S.H.M. but it is oscillatory and periodic amplitude is 120.
Ex. 7 A bar magnet of mass 100 g, length 7.0 cm, width 1.0 cm and height 0.50 cm takes /2 seconds to complete
an oscillation in an oscillation magnetometer placed in a horizontal magnetic field of 25T. (a) Find the
magnetic moment of the magnet. (b) If the magnet is put in the magnetometer with its 0.50 cm edge
horizontal, what would be the time period?
Sol. (a) The moment of inertia of the magnet about the axis of rotation is
m' 2
= (L + b2)
12
100 10 3
= [(7 102)2 + (1 102)2] kg-m2.
12
page 6
25
= 105 kg -m2.
6
We have, T = 2
MB
42 4 2 25 10 5 kg / m 2
or, M= =
BT 2 2 2
6 (25 10 6 T ) s
4
= 27 A-m 2.
(b) In this case the moment of inertia becomes
m' 2
= (L + b2) where b = 0.5 cm.
12
The time period would be
'
T = .... (ii)
MB
Dividing by equation (i),
m' 2
(L + b' 2 )
T' ' 12 (7 cm)2 + (0.5 cm)2
= = =
T m' 2 (7 cm)2 + (1.0 cm)2
(L + b 2 )
12
= 0.992
0.992
or, T = s = 0.496 s.
2
1.4 Magnet in an External Nonuniform Magnetic Field :
No special formula are applied is such problems. Instead see the force on individual poles and
calculate the resistant force torque on the dipole.
Ex. 8 Find the torque on M1 due to M2 in Que. 1
Sol. Due to M2, magnetic fields at S and N of M1 are B1 and B2 respectively. The forces on m and +m are F1 and
F2 as shown in the figure. The torque (about the centre of the dipole m 1) will be
= F1 a + F2a = (F1 + F2)a
0 M2 0 M2
= 4 (r a) m + 4 (r + a) m a 2a F1
N
+m m
0 1 1 M2
Mm 3 + 3 a a << r
4 2 r r N S
0M2m 2 MM S
= a = 0 13 2 Ans. B2 F2 B1
4 r3 4r
r
2. MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT (AND MOVING GHRGE) :
It was observed by OERSTED that a current carrying wire produces magnetic field nearly it. It can be tested
by placing a magnet in the near by space, it will show some movement (deflection or rotation of displace-
ment). This observation shows that current or moving charge produces magnetic field.

2.1 Frame Dependence of B .
(a) The motion of anything is a relative term. A charge may appear at rest by an observer (say O1) and

moving at same velocity v 1 with respect to observer O2 and at velocity v 2 with respect to

observers O3 then B due to that charge w.r.t. O1 will be zero and w.r. to O2 and O3 it will be B1 and
page 7

B2 (that means different).
(b) In a current carrying wire electron move in the opposite direction vd
to that of the current and +ve ions (of the metal) are static w.r.t. the vd
wire. Now if some observer (O1) moves with velocity Vd in the di- O1
rection of motion of the electrons then electrons will have zero wire at
velocity and +ve ions will have velocity Vd in the downward direc- rest w.r.t.
tion w.r.t. O1. The density (n) of +ve ions is same as the density of ground
free electrons and their charges are of the same magnitudes

So, w.r.t. O1 electrons will produce zero magnetic field but +ve ions will produce +ve same B due to
the current carrying wire does not depend on the reference frame (this true for any velocity of the
observer).

(c) B due to magnet :

B produced by the magnet does not certain the term of velocity

So, we can say that the B due magnet does not depend on frame.

2.2 B due to a point charge : v P
A charge particle q has velocity v as shown in the figure. It is at position A at

some time. r is the position vector of point P w.r. to position of the charge. r
Aq
Then B at P due to q is
qv sin
B= 0 2
; here = angle between v and r
4 r

0 q v r

B = 4 ; with sign
r3

B v and also B r .

Direction of B will be found by using the rules of vector product.

2.3 Biot-savarts law ( B due to a wire)
It is a experimental law. A current i flows in a wire (may be straight or curved). Due to d length of
the wire the magnetic field at P is
1
dB id sin
r2 i P
r
id sin d
dB 2
r

id sin 0 id r
dB = 0 2 dB =
4 r 4 r3
here r = position vector of the test point w.r.t. d

= angle between d and r .

The resultant B = dB

Using this fundamental formula we can derive the expression of B due a long wire.

2 . 3 . 1 B due to a straight wire :
P

Due to a straight wire PQ carrying a current i the B at A is given i
by the formula
0 2
B= (sin 1 + sin 2) A
4r 1
(Derivation can be seen in a standard text book like your school
book or concept of physics of HCV part-II)
page 8
Q
r

Direction : Due to every element of PQ B at A is directed in wards. So its resultant is also directed in
wards. It is represented by (x)
C

P

The direction of B at various points is shown in the figure shown.

Q
D

At points C and D B = 0 (think how).
For the case shown in figure
i
0i
B at A = (sin 2 sin1)
4r
2
1 A
SHORTCUT FOR DIRECTION : r

The direction of the magnetic field at a point P due to a straight wire can be found by a slight variation in the
right-hand thumb rule. If we stretch the thumb of the right hand along the current and curl our fingers to pass
through the point P, the direction of the fingers at P gives the direction of the magnetic field there.
i i
P Q
We can draw magnetic field lines on the pattern of electric field lines. A tangent to a magnetic field line given
the direction of the magnetic field existing at that point. For a straight wire, the field lines are concentric
circles with their centres on the wire and in the plane perpendicular to the wire. There will be infinite number
of such lines in the planes parallel to the above mentioned plane.
Ex. 9 Find resultant magnetic field at C in the figure shown.
S R
C a
P i Q
3a
page 9
Sol. It is clear that B at C due all the wires is directed . Also B at C due
PQ and SR is same.
Also due to QR and PS is same
Bres = 2(BPQ + BSP)
0i 0i
BPQ = a (sin 60 + sin 60), Bsp = (sin 30 + sin 30)
4 3a
2 4
2
3 0i 0i 4 0i

Bres = 2 2a + =
2a 3 3 a Q
Q.3 A loop in the shape of an equilateral triangle of side a carries a current

as shown in the figure. Find out the magnetic field at the centre C of the
triangle. C
R
9 0i
Ans.
2a
D C
Ex. 10 Figure shows a square loop made from a uniform wire. Find the magnetic
field at the centre of the square if a battery is connected between the
points A and C.
Sol. The current will be equally divided at A. The fields at the centre due to the
currents in the wires AB and DC will be equal in magnitude and opposite in B
direction. The resultant of these two fields will be zero. Similarly, the re- A
sultant of the fields due to the wires AD and BC will be zero. Hence, the net
field at the centre will be zero.
SPECIAL CASE :
(i) If the wire is infinitely long then the magnetic field at P (as shown

in the figure) is given by (using 1 = 2 = 90 and the formula of B r
due to straight wire)

P
0
B= B

2r r

The direction of B at various is as shown in the figure. The mag-
netic lines of force will be concentric circles around the wire (as
shown earlier)
upto

(ii) If the wire is infinitely long but P is as shown in the figure. The

direction of B at various points is as shown in the figure. At P
0
B=
4r
90
P
r
Ex. 11 In the figure shown there are two parallel long wires (placed in the
1 2
plane of paper) are carrying currents 2 and consider points A, C, D
on the line perpendicular to both the wires and also in the plane of the
2
paper. The distances are mentioned. Find (i) B at A, C, D (ii) position A C D

of point on line A C D where B is O. a a/2 a
a

Sol. (i) Let us call B due to (1) and (2) as B1 and B 2 respectively. Then

page 10
at A : B1 is and B 2 is
0 2 0
B1 = and B2 =
2a 22a
3 0
Bres = B1 B2 = Ans.
4 a

at C : B1 is and B 2 also
0 2 0 6 0 3 0
Bres = B1 + B2 =
a
+
a
=
2a
=
a
Ans.
2 2
2 2

at D : B1 is and B 2 is and both are equal in magnitude.
Bres = 0 Ans.
(ii) It is clear from the above solution that B = 0 at point D.
Ex. 12 In the figure shown two long wires W 1 and W 2 each carrying current I are placed parallel to each other and

parallel to z-axis. The direction of current in W 1 is outward and in W 2 it is inwards. Find the B at P and Q.
y
P
Q(a, a)
3a

w x
w1 a a 2
y
Sol. Let B due to W 1 be B1 and due to W 2 be B 2 . By symmetry B1 = B 2 = B
B1 60 60 B2
0
Bp = 2 B cos 60 = B= = 0
22a 4 a
29 29

Bp = 0 j Ans.
4 a 60 60
a a
0 0
For B1 = , B2 = 2 a
2 5a
3a 3
tan = =
2a 2
B1

B = (B1 cos j ) + (B2 B1 sin ) i

3
sin = B2
5
0 0 3 0 2
= j +

j cos =

5 a 5
2 3a 10 a
Ex. 13 In the figure shown a large metal sheet of width w carries a current (uniformly
distributed in its width w. Find the magnetic field at point P which lies in the plane
of the sheet.
P
a
Sol. To find B at P the sheet can be considered as collection of large nunber
of infinitely long wires. Take a long wire distance x fromP and of width
dx. Due to this the magnetic field at P is dB
w
0 dx
page 11
w
dB =
2x P
x

due to each such wire B will be directed in-wards
a+ w
dx
dx a+w
Bres = dB = 0
2w x
= 0 = ln
2w a
Ans.
x =a
Ex. 14 In the figure shown a large metally distributed current is kept z

in the yz plane with its centre at the origin. Find magnetic field
at a point P (d, 0, 0)
y
Sol. Here again the sheet can be considered as made of many

infinitely long wires. But in this case they will produced B in

different direction at the point P. By taking proper components w x
we can solve this problem. A simplified diagram of the situationis
shown in the figure.
It can be shown by symmetry that
dB cos components will cancel out.
0
w/2 x
Bres = 2 dB cos where tan 0 =
d
=0

dBcos
dB
d
0 dx
w dx
dB = ; x = d . tan
2 d2 + x 2 y
2
dx = d . sec . d x these crosses
w
represent direction
of currents is inwards
0 . d sec 2 d
w
= = 0 sec d
2 d. sec w
0
0
Bres =
w w
d = 0 ()00 = 0 0
0
w
0 w
Bres = tan 1 Ans.
w 2d
Q.4 Two long wires are kept along x and y axes they carry currents 1 and 2 respectively in +ve x and +ve y

directions respectively. Find B at a point (0, 0, d).
0
Ans.
2 d ( i j )

2.3 .2 B due to circular loop

(a) At centre : Due to each d element of the loop B at c is inwards (in this case).
0N
Bres at c is B= ,
2R
N = No. of turns in the loop. C R

page 12
= ; = length of the loop.
2R
1 1 11
N can be fraction , , etc. or integer.. B
4 3 3 i

Direction of B : The direction of the magnetic field at the centre
of a circular wire can be obtained using the right-hand thumb
rule. If the fingers are curled along the current, the stretched thumb
will point towards the magnetic field (figure).
i
B
Another way to find the direction is to look into the loop along its axis. If the
current is in anticlockwise direction, the magnetic field is towards the viewer.
If the current is in clockwise direction, the field is away from the viewer.
Semicircular and Quarter of a circle :
1
N=
2
1
N=
0 4
0
B= 8R
4R

0NR 2
(b) On the axis of the loop : B=
2(R 2 + x 2 )3 / 2 B
x
N = No. of turns (integer)

Direction can be obtained by righ hand thumb rule. curl your fingures in the direction of the current then the

direction of the thumb points in the direction of B at the points on the axis.
The magnetic field at a point not on the axis is mathematically difficult to calculate. We show qualitatively in
figure the magnetic field lines due to a circular current which will give some ideal of the field.
2.3.3 A loop as a magnet : The pattern of the magnetic field is compareable with the magnetic field
produced by a bar magnet.

S N
B
page 13
II I

the side (the side from which the B energes out) of the loop acts as NORTH POLE and sinde II (the side

in which the B enters) acts as the SOUTH POLE. Itcan be verified by studying force on one loop due to a
magnet or a loop.
F

F The loop and
S N the magnet
B B attract each
other
S N
The two loops

attract each
other.
S N S N
Mathematically
0NR 2 0NR 2 0 NR 2

Baxis = for x >> R = 2 4 x3
2(R 2 + x 2 )3 / 2 2x 3
0 m
it is similar to Baxis dueto magnet = 2 4 3
x
Magentic dipole moment of the loop M = INR2
M = NA for any other shaped loop.
Unit of M is Amp. m 2.
Unit of m (pole strength) = Amp. m in magnet M = m }
{

M = NA , A = unit normal vector for the loop.

To be determined by right hand rule which is also used to determine direction of B on the axis. It is also from
S side to N side of the loop.
M
N
S
S
N
Q. 5 Find B at centre C in the following cases :

R
(i) R (ii) C
C
page 14

R a
R
C C
(iii) (iv) (v)
b
C a
(vi) C (vii) C
R R
(viii)
b
a
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
Ans. (i) (ii) + (iii) 1 + (iv) +
4R 2R 2 4R 4 a b
0 1 1 0 1 0 1
(v) (vi) 1 (vii) 1 + O

4 a b 2R 2R
0 1 1
(viii) O
4 a b
2.3.4 SOLENOID :
(i) Solenoid contains large number of circular
R
loops wrapped around a non-conducting cylinder.
B B
(it may be a hollow cylinder or it may be a solid
cylinder)
Axis of
the solenoid
page 15

(ii) The winding of the wire is uniform direction of the magnetic field is same at all points of the axis.

(iii) B on axis (turns should be very close to each others).
0ni 2
B= (cos 1 cos 2) P 1
2
where n : number of turns per unit length. B
1 2 2 1
cos 1 = ; cos = = cos 2
21 + R 2 22 + R 2

0ni 1 2 0ni
B= + = (cos 1 + cos )
2 21 + R 2 22 + R 2 2
Note : Use right hand rule for direction (same as the direction due to loop).
Derivation : dx
Take an element of width dx at a distance x from point P. [point
P is the point on axis at which we are going to calculate
magnetic field. Total number of turns in the element dn = ndx
where n : number of turns per unit length.
P
x
2
0iR 2 0 i R 2 ndx
dB = 2
2(R + x ) 2 3/2 (ndx) B= dB = 2(R
1
2
+ x 2 )3 / 2
1 2

0ni 1 2 0ni
= 2 2 + = [cos 1 cos 2 ]
2
2 + R2
2 2
1 + R
(iv) For IDEAL SOLENOID :

*Inside (at the mid point) >> R or length is infinite
0ni
1 0 ; 2 ; B= [1 (1)]
2
B = 0ni
If material of the solid cylinder has relative permeability r then B = 0rni
0ni
A t t h e e n d s B=
2
(v) Comparision between ideal and real solenoid :
(a) Ideal Solenoid Real Solenoid
B B
B=0ni
0ni/2
x
end centre of solenoid end x (distance /2 x /2
from centre)
Ex. 15 A solenoid of length 0.4 m and diameter 0.6 m consists of a single layer of 1000 turns of fine wire carrying a
current of 5.0 103 ampere. Find the magnetic field on the axis at the middle and at the ends of the solenoid.
Vs
( G iv e n 0 = 4 107 ).
A m
1
Sol. B= ni [cos 1 cos 2]
2 0
page 16
1000
n= = 2500 per meter i = 5 103 A.
0.4
2
0.2 0.2
(i) cos 1 = =
(0.3)2 + (0.2)2 0.13
0.2
cos 2 =
0.13
1 2 0.2 10 5
B= (4 107) 2500 5 103 = T
2 0.13 13
(ii) At the end
90
0.4
cos1 = = 0.8
(0.3 )2 + (0.4)2
cos 2 = cos 90 = 0
1
B= (4 107) 2500 5 103 0.8
2
B = 2 106 Wb/m2
Q. 6 A thin solenoid of length 0.4 m and having 500 turns of wire carries a current 1A; then find the magnetic field
on the axis inside the solenoid.
Ans. 5 104 T.
2.4 AMPEREs circuital law :

The line integral O B d on a closed curve of any shape is equal to 0 (permebility of free space) times the
net current through the area bounded by the curve.

B d = 0
Note : (a) Line integral is independent of the shape of path and position of wire with in it.

(b) The statement B d = 0 does not necessesirlly mean that B = 0 everywhere along the path but only
that no nett current is passing through the path.

(c) Sign of current : The current due to which B is produced in the same sense as d (i.e. B d positive

will be taken positive and the current which produces B in the sense opposite to d will be negative.

Ex.16
Find the values of B d for the loops L1, L2, L3 in the figure shown.
1 2
The sense of d is mentioned in the figure. 3
4 L1

Sol. for L1
B d = 0(1 2) here 1 is taken positve because
L2
magnetic lines of force produced by 1 is anti clockwise as seen
L3
from top. 2 produces lines of B in clockwise sense as seen from
top. The sense of d is anticlockwise as seen from top.

for L2 :
B d = 0 (1 2 + 4) for L3 : B d = 0
Uses :
2.4.1 To find out magnetic field due to infinite current carrying wire
i
B
P r
page 17
r
By B.S.L. B will have circular lines. d is also taken tangent to the circle.

B d =
B. d = 0 so B d = B 2R ( B = const.)
Now by amperes law :
B 2R = 0
0i
B=
2r
2.4.2. Hollow current carrying infinitely long cylinder : ( is uniformly distributed r
on the whole circumference)
No current
(i) for r > R
By symmetry the amperian loop is a circle.

B d = B d =0 R
2 r
0
= B d
0
B = const. B=
2r
(ii) r<R

= B d = B d = B(2 r) =0
Bin = 0
B
0
Graph
2R
B1/r
r
r=R
2.4.3 Solid infinite current carrying cylinder :

Assume current is uniformly distributed on the whole cross section area
R

current density J =
R 2
Case (I) : rR
take an amperian loop inside the cylinder. By symmetry it should be a

circle whose centre is on the axis of cylinder and its axis also coincides
with the cylinder axis on the loop.
r
B d =
B d = B d = B . 2r = 0 r 2
page 18
2
R

0 r 0 Jr J r
B= 2
= B = 0
2R 2 2

Case (II) : rR B.d = B d = B d = B . (2r) = 0 .
0 0 JR 2 B
0
B= also B 2r (J r ) =
2r 2r 0
2r r
R2 B B1/r
B = 0 2 (J r )
2r r
r=R
Ex.17 Consider a coaxial cable which consists of an inner wire of radius a surrounded by an outer shell of inner and
outer radii b and c respectively. The inner wire carries an electric current i0 and the outer shell carries an
equal current in opposite direction. Find the magnetic field at a distance x from the axis where (a) x < a, (b)
a < x < b (c) b < x < c and (d) x > c. Assume that the current density is uniform in the inner wire and also
uniform in the outer shell.
Sol.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
A cross-section of the cable is shown in figure. Draw a circle of radius x with the centre at the axis of the
cable. The parts a, b, c and d of the figure correspond to the four parts of the problem. By symmetry, the
magnetic field at each point of a circle will have the same magnitude and will be tangential to it. The circula-
tion of B along this circle is, therefore,

B.d = B2x
in each of the four parts of the figure.
(a) The current enclosed within the circle in part b is i0 so that
i0 i0
2
x2 .
. x2 =
a a2

Amperes law B.d = 0i gives
0 i0 x 2
i x
B.2x = or, B = 0 0 2 .
a2 2a
The direction will be along the tangent to the circle.
(b) The current enclosed within the circle in part b is i0 so that
0i0 x
B 2x = 0 i0 or, B= .
2a 2
(c) The area of cross-section of the outer shell is c2 b2. The area of cross-section of the outer shell
with in the circle in part c of the figure is x2 b2.
i0 ( x 2 b 2 )
Thus, the current through this part is . This is in the opposite direction to the current i0 in the inner
(c 2 b 2 )
wire. Thus, the net current enclosed by the circle is
i0 ( x 2 b 2 ) i 0 (c 2 x 2 )
page 19
i0 = = .
c 2 b2 c 2 b2
Form Amperes law,
0 i0 ( c 2 x 2 ) 0 i 0 (c 2 x 2 )
B 2x = or, B=
c 2 b2 2x(c 2 b 2 )
(d) The net current enclosed by the circle in part d of the figure is zero and hence
B 2x = 0 or, B = 0-.
Ex. 18 Figure shows a cross-section of a large metal sheet c

arrying an electric current along its surface. The current P
in a strip of width dl is Kdl where K is a constant. Find the
magnetic field at a point P at a distance x from the metal x
sheet.
Sol. Consider two strips A and C of the sheet situated symmetrically on the two sides of P (figure). The magnetic
field at P due to the strip A is B0 perpendicular to AP and that due to the strip C is BC perpendicular to CP. The
resultant of these two is parallel to the width AC of the sheet. The field due to the whole sheet will also be in
this direction. Suppose this field has magnitude B.
Ba B P
P x
Bc x
A C x
B
dl O dl
The field on the opposite side of the sheet at the same distance will also be B but in opposite direction.
Applying Amperes law to the rectangle shown in figure.
2B = 0 K
1
or, B= K.
2 0
Note that it is independent of x.
Q
Ex.19 Three identical long solenoids P, Q and R are connected
to each other as shown in figure. If the magnetic field at P
the centre of P is 2.0 T, what would be the field at the
centre of Q? Assume that the field due to any solenoid is
confined within the volume of that solenoid only.
R
Sol. As the solenoids are identical, the currents in Q and R will be the same and will be half the current in P. The
magnetic field within a solenoid is given by B = 0ni. Hence the field in Q will be equal to the field in R and will
be half the field in P i.e., will be 1.0 T.
3. MAGNETIC FORCE ON MOVING CHARGE :

When a charge q moves with velocity v , in a magnetic field B , then the magnetic force experienced by
moving charge is given by following formula :

F = q( v B) Put q with sign.

v : Instantaneoius velocity

B : Magnetic field at that point.

Note : (i) F v and also F B

(ii) F v power due to magnetic force on a charged particle is zero. (use the formula of power P =

F v for its proof).

(iii) Since the F B so work done by magnetic force is zero in every part of the motion. The magnetic force
cannot increase or decrease the speed (or kinetic energy) of a charged particle. Its can only change the
direction of velocity.
page 20
(iv) On a stationary charged particle, magnetic force is zero.

(v) If V || B or V || B , then also magnetic force on charged particle is zero. It moves along a straight line if
only magnetic field is acting.

Ex. 20 A charged particle of mass 5 mg and charge q = +2C has velocity v = 2 i 3 j + 4k . Find out the magnetic
force on the charged particle and its acceleration at this instant due to magnetic field

B = 3 j 2k . v and B are in m/s and in Wb/m2 respectively..

Sol. F = qv B = 2 106 ( 2 i 3 j 4k ) (3 j 2k ) = 2 106 [6 i + 4 j + 6 k ] N

F 2 10 6
By Newtons Law a = = ( 6 i + 4 j + 6k ) = 0.8 ( 3 i + 2 j + 3k ) m/s2
m 5 10 6

Ex. 21 A charged particle has acceleration a = 2 i + xj in a magnetic field B = 3 i + 2 j 4k . Find the value of x.

Sol. F B a B a B = 0
(2 i + xj ) . ( 3 i + 2 j 4k ) = 0 6 + 2x = 0 x = 3.
Q. 7 A charged particle of charge 2C thrown vertically upwards with velocity 10 m/s. Find the magnetic force on
this charge due to earths magnetic field. Given vertical component of the earth = 3T and angle of dip = 37.
Ans. 2 10 4 106 = 8 105 N towards west.

Q. 8 A charged particle of charge 1C and mass 1kg has initial velocity V = 2 i + 3 j 3k in a uniform magnetic field

B = 4 i 6 j + 6k . Find at t = 2s (i) velocity (ii) accelaration (iii) position vector of the particle.
Ans, (i) 2 i + 3 j 2k . (ii) 0, (iii) 4 i + 6 j 6k
3.1 Motion of charged particles under the effect of magnetic force

(i) Particle released if v = 0 then f m = 0 particle will remain at rest

(ii) V || B here = 0 or = 180

Fm = 0 a = 0 V = const. y
particle will move in a straight line with constant velocity C
F
x
(iii) Initial velocity u B and B = uniform u B

(
In this case B is in z direction so the magnetic force in z-direction will be zero (Q Fm B . )
Now there is no initial velocity in z-direction.

particle will always move in xy plane. velocity vector is always B Fm = quB = constant
mu 2 mu
now quB = R= = constant.
R qB
The particle moves in a curved path whose radius of curvature is same every where, such curve in a plane is
only a circle.
mu p 2mk
path of the particle is circular. R= = =
qB qB qB
here p = linear momentum ; k = kinetic energy
qB 2
now v = R = = = 2f Time period T = 2m/qB
m T
frequency f = qB/2m
Note : , f, T are independent of velocity.
Ex. 22 A proton (p), -particle and deutron (D) are moving in circular paths with same kinetic energies in the same
magnetic field. Find the ratio of their radii and time periods. (Neglect interaction between particles).
2mK 2mK 2.4 mK 2.2 mK

Sol. R= Rp : R : RD = : : =1:1: 2
qB qB 2qB qB
2m 24m 22m
T = 2m/qB Tp : T : TD = : : = 1 : 2 : 2 Ans.
qB 2qB qB
page 21
P
Ex. 23 A positive charge particle of charge q, mass m enters into a uniform magnetic field B
with velocity v as shown in the figure. There is no magnetic field to the left of PQ.
Find (i) time spent, (ii) distance travelled in the magnetic field (iii) impulse of magnetic force A
v

Q
Sol. The particle will move in the field as shown
Q

Angle subtended by the arc at the centre = 2 v
(i) Time spent by the charge in magnetic field y

D
qB m r
t = t= t= x 2
2r sin

m qB C
r
A
(ii) Distance travelled by the charge in magnetic field :
q.v
mv
= r(2) = . 2
qB P
(iii) Impulse = change in momentum of the charge

= (mv sin i + mv cos j ) (mv sin i + mv cos j ) = 2mv sin i

Ex. 24 Repeat above question if the charge is ve and the angle made by the boundary with the velocity is .
6
5 qB 5m
Sol. (i) 2 2 = 2 2. = 2 = = t = t=
6 3 3 m 3qB

=/6
5r v

(ii) Distance travelled s = r(2 2) =
3

(iii) Impulse = charge in linear momentum C 2-2

= m(v sin i + v cos j ) m(v sin i + v cos j ) -q, v

= 2mv sin i = 2mv sin i = mv i )
6
Q. 9 P, and D are accelerated by the potential difference from rest and then send in a magnetic field where they
move in circular orbits. Neglecting interaction between them find the ratio of their time periods and ratio of
their radii.
Ans. (i) 1 : 2 : 2 (ii) 1 : 2 : 2 P
Ex. 25 In the figure shown the magnetic field on the left on PQ is zero and on the right of PQ
B
it is uniform. Find the time spent in the magnetic field.
Sol. The path will be semicircular time spent = T/2 = m/qB
u
C Q
Ex. 26 A uniform magnetic field of strength B exists in a region of width d. A particle of
charge q and mass m is shot perpendicularly (as shown in the figure) into the B=0
B B=0
magnetic field. Find the time spedn by the particle in the magnetic field if
mu mu q,m u
(i) d > (ii) d <
qB qB
mu
page 22
d
Sol. (i) d > qB means d>R R
T m C
t= = qB
2
u
d d
(ii) sin =
R
C
d
= sin1
R

C
m d
t = t = sin1
qB R
u
Ex. 27 What should be the speed of charged particle so that it cant collide with the upper wall? Also find the
coordinate of the point where the particle strikes the lower plate in
the limiting case of velocity.
y
wall
x x x
q, m d
B v
x x x
(0, 0)
x
Sol. (i) The path of the particle will be circular larger the velocity, larger will be the radius.
For particle not to strike R < d
R3
v
mv qBd
<d v< .
qB m
C3 C2 C1
qBd
(ii) for limiting case v
m
Rd
coordinate = (2d, 0, 0)
2d
3.2 Helical path :

If the velocity of the charge is not perpendicular to the magnetic field, we can break the velocity in two
components v ||, parallel to the field and v , perpendicular to the field. The components v | | remains

unchanged as the force qv B is perpendicular to it. In the plane perpendicular to the field, the particle
mv
traces a circle of radius r = as given by equation. The resultant path is helix.
qB
Complete analysis :
Let a particle have initial velocity in the plane of the paper and a constant and uniform magnetic field also in
the plane of the paper.
vsin
v
A1 X
page 23
vcos A2 A3 A4 A5
B
B
Pitch
The particle starts from point A1.
It completes its one revolution at A2 and 2nd revolution at A3 and so on. X-axis is the tangent to the helix points
A1,A2,A3,..........all are on the x-axis.
distance A A = A3A4 = ............... = v cos. T = pitch
1 2
where T = Time period
Let the initial position of the particle be (0,0,0) and v sinq in +y direction. Then
in x : Fx = 0, ax = 0, v x = constant = v cos, x = (v cos)t
In y-z plane : y
From figure it is clear that
y = R sin, v y = v sin cos
z = (R R cos) vsin vsin
v z = v sin sin
acceleration towards centre = (vsin)2/R = 2R = t
2
ay = R sin, az = R cos 2
At any time : the position vector of the particle +z c z
(or its displacement w.r.t. initial position)

r = x i + yj + zk , x,y,z already found

velocity v = v x i + v y j + v z k , vx, vy, vz already found

a = a x i + a y j + a zk , ax, ay,az already found
m( v sin )2 mv sin
Radius q(v sin)B = R=
R qB
v sin qB 2
= = = = 2f.
R m T
Q. 10 A particle of charge q and mass m is projected in a uniform and constant magnetic field of strength B. The

initial velocity vector v makes angle '' with the B . Find the distance travelled by the particle in time 't'.
Ans. vt

3.3 Charged Particle in E & B

When a charged particle moves with velocity V in an electric field E and magnetic field B , then. Net force
experienced by it is given by following equation.

F = qE + q( V x B)
Combined force is known as lorentz force.

E || B || v E B v
In above situation particle passes underviated but its velocity will change due to electric field. Magnetic force
on it = 0.
Q. 11 Which of the following combination of E & B is possible if a charged particle passes undeviated from a
region?
(A) E = 0 ; B = 0 (B) E 0 ; B = 0 (C) E = 0 ; B 0 (D) B 0 ; E 0
Ans. A,B,C,D
Q. 12 In the above question, the charged particle passes undeviated without changing its velocity.

Ans. A,B,C,D, D when E = ( V x B)

Case II : E || B and uniform 0, 180 ( E and B are constant and uniform)
y
V0 V0
page 24
V0 sin
+q E, B
x E, B
V0 cos
z
qE 1
in x : Fx = qE, ax = , v x = v 0 cos + axt, x = v 0t + a t2
m 2 x
in yz plane : y v0sin
mv 0 sin v 0 sin qB 2
qv 0 sin B = m(v 0 sin )2 /R R = , = = = = 2f
qB R m T
R

1 qE 2 z
r = {(V0 cos )t + 2 m t } i + R sin t j + (R R cos t) (k ) C
= t
qE
V cos + t + (V sin ) cos t j + V sin sin t (k )
V = 0 m i 0 0
qE
a = m i + 2 R[sub j cos k ]
MISCLLENEOUS EXAMPLES
Ex. 28 A long, straight wire carries a current i. A particle having a positive charge q and mass m kept at a distance
x0 from the wire is projected towards it with a speed v. Find the minimum separation between the wire and the
particle
Y
Sol. Let the particle be initially at P (figure). Take the wire as the Y-axis and the foot
i
of perpendicular from P to the wire as the origin. Take the line OP as the X-axis.
We have, OP = x0. The magnetic field B at any point to the right of the wire is x0
along the negative Z-axis. The magnetic force on the particle is, therefore, in the O x
P
XY plane. As there is no initial velocity along the Z-axis, the motion will be in
the XY plane. Also, its speed remains unchanged. As the magnetic field is not
uniform, the particle does not go along a circle.

The force at time t is F = qv B
i i 0i
= q( i vx + j vy) 0 k = j qv x 0 i qv y .
2x 2x 2x
Fx 0 qi v y vy
Thus ax = = = ....(i)
m 2m x x
0 qi
where = .
2m
dv x dv x dx v x dv x
Also, ax = = = ....(ii)
dt dx dt dx
As, vx2 + vy2 = v2,
giving vx dvx = vy dvy. .....(iii)
From (i), (ii) and (iii),
v y dv y v y dx dv y
= or,=
dx x x
Initially x = x0 and v y = 0. At minimum separation from the wire, v x = 0 so that v y = v.
x v
dx dv y
page 25
Thus
x0
x
=
0
or, ln
x
x0
=
v

2 mv

or, x = x0 ev/ = x0 e 0 qi .
Ex. 29 Two long wires, carrying currents i1 and i2, are placed perpendicular to
each other in such a way that they just avoid a contact. Find the magnetic i1
force on a small length d of the second wire situated at a distance from i2
the first wire.
d
Sol. The situation is shown in figure. The magnetic field at the site of d,

0i1
due to the first wire is , B=
2
This field is perpendicular to the plane of the figure going into it. The magnetic force on the length d is,
0 i1i 2 d
dF = i2 d B sin 90 =
2
This force is parallel to the current i1.
Y
u
Ex. 30 An electron is released from the origin at a place where a uniform electric
field E and a uniform magnetic field B exist along the negative Y-axis and E
F
the negative Z-axis respectively. Find the displacement of the electron along
the Y-axis when its velocity becomes perpendicular to the electric field for
the first time. B
x
Sol. Let us take axes as shown in figure. According to the right-handed system, the Z-axis is upward in the figure
and hence the magnetic field is shown downwards. At any time, the velocity of the electron may be written as

u = ux i + uy j
The electric and magnetic fields may be written as

E = E j and B = Bk
respectively. The force on the electron is

F = e(E + u B) = eE j + eB(u y i u x j )
Thus, Fx = euy B and Fy = e(E uxB).
The components of the acceleration are
du x eB
ax = = uy ....(i)
dt m
du y e
and ay = = (E u xB) . ....(ii)
dt m
d 2u y eB du x eB eB
We have, 2 = = . u = 2 uy
dt m dt m m y
eB
where = ....(iii)
m
This equation is similar to that for a simple harmonic motion. Thus,
uy = A sin (t + ) .....(iv)
du y
and hence, = A cos (t + ) ....(v)
dt
du y Fy eE
At t = 0, uy = 0 and = = .
dt dt m
eE E
Putting in (iv) and (v), = 0 and A = .
m B
page 26
E
Thus, uy =
sin t.
B
The path of the electron will be perpendicular to the Y-axis when uy = 0. This will be the case for the first time
at t where
m
sin t = 0 or, t = or, t= =
eB
y
dy E E E
Also, uy =
dt
=
B
sin t or,
dy = B sin t dt
0
or, y=
B
(1 cos t).
E 2E
At t= , y= (1 cos ) =
B B
Thus, the displacement along the Y-axis is
2E 2Em 2Em
= = . Ans.
B BeB eB 2
3.4 Magnetic force on A current carrying wire :

Suppose a conducting wire, carrying a current i, is placed in a magnetic i
vd d
field B . Consider a small element d of the wire (figure). The free electrons
drift with a speed v d opposite to the direction of the current. The relation F
between the current i and the drift speed v d is B
i = jA = nev dA. ....(i)
Here A is the area of cross-section of the wire and n is the number of free electrons per unit volume. Each
electron experiences an average (why average?) magnetic force

f = e v d B
The number of free electrons in the small element considered in nAd. Thus, the magnetic force on the wire
of length d is

dF = (nAd )(ev d B)

If we denote the length d along the direction of the current by d , the above equation becomes

dF = nAev d d B .

Using (i), dF = id B .

The quantity id is called a current element.
Fres = dF = id B = i d B
( i is same at all points of the wire.)

If B is uniform then Fres = i( d ) B ; Fres = i L B

Here L = d = vector length of the wire = vector connecting the end points of the wire.

P Q
L
Q
P

Note : If a current loop of any shape is placed in a uniform B then Fres ) magnetic

on it = 0 ( L = 0).
3.5 Point of application of magnetic force :
On a straight current carrying wire the magnetic force in a uniform
magnetic field can be assumed to be acting at its mid point.
, /2
This can be used for calculation of torque. B
Ex. 31 A wire is bent in the form of an equilateral triangle PQR of side 10 cm and carries a current of 5.0 A. It is
placed in a magnetic field B of magnitude 2.0 T directed perpendicularly to the plane of the loop. Find the
forces on the three sides of the triangle.
Sol. Suppose the field and the current have directions as shown in figure.
page 27
R
The force on PQ is

F1 = i B F B 3
or, F1 = 5.0 A 10 cm 2.0 T = 1.0 N F

F 2
1
The rule of vector product shows that the force F1 is perpendicular
P Q
to PQ and is directed towards the inside of the triangle. i

The forces F2 and F3 on QR and RP can also be obtained similarly. Both the forces are 1.0 N directed
perpendicularly to the respective sides and towards the inside of the triangle.

The three forces F1 , F2 and F3 will have zero resultant, so that there is no net magnetic force on the triangle.
This result can be generalised. Any closed current loop, placed in a homogeneous magnetic field, does not
experience a net magnetic force.
Ex. 32 Figure shows two long metal rails placed horizontally and parallel
to each other at a separation . A uniform magnetic field B exists
in the vertically downward direction. A wire of mass m can slide on i
the rails. The rails are connected to a constant current source
which drives a current i in the circuit. The friction coefficient be-
tween the rails and the wire is .
(a) What soluble the minimum value of which can prevent the
wire from sliding on the rails?
(b) Describe the motion of the wire if the value of is half the value
found in the previous part
Sol. (a) The force on the wire due to the magnetic field is

F = i B or, F = iB
It acts towards right tin the given figure. If the wire does not slide on the rails, the force of friction by the rails
should be equal to F. If 0 be the minimum coefficient of friction which can prevent sliding, this force is also
equal to 0 mg. Thus,
iB
0 mg = iB or, 0 =
mg
0 iB
(b) If the friction coefficient is = = 2 mg , the wire will slide towards right. The frictional force by the rails is
2
iB
f = mg = towards left.
2
iB iB iB
The resultant force is iB = towards right. The acceleration will be a = . The wire will slide
2 2 2m
towards right with this acceleration.

Ex. 33 In the figure shown a semicircular wire is placed in a uniform B disected B
toward right. Find the resultant magnetic force and torque on it.
Sol. The wire is equivalent to B
P Q
= 0, Fres = 0 Ans. 2R
R
forces on individual parts are marked in the figure by and . By symmetry their will be pair of forces
forming couples. y
/2

=
0
i (Rd)B sin(90 ).2R cos

x
i R 2 i R 2 Q
= B = B( j) Ans. P
2 2
Ex. 34 Find the resultant magnetic force and torque on the loop.

B
R

page 28

Sol. Fres = 0 , ( loop ) and = iR 2B( j ) usint the above method
Ex. 35 In the figure shown find the resultant magnetic force and torque about C, and P.

P Q
C R

Sol. Fnett = . 2R . B wire is equivalent to P Q
2R
Force on each element is radially outward : c = 0 dF dF

point about P=
0
[i(Rd)B sin 90 0 ] R sin
= 2IBR2 Ans.
P R
Ex. 36 Prove that magnetic force per unit length on each of the infinitely long wire due
to each other is 012/2d. Here it is attractive also.
0 1 1 2
Sol. On (2), B due to (i) is =
2d
F on (2) on 1m length
1 2 d
0 1 X B1
= 2. .1 towards left it is attractive
2d F2
0 1 2
= (hence proved)
2d
Similarly on the other wire also.
Note : (1) Definition of ampere (fundamental unit of current) using the above formula.
If 1 = 2 = 1A, d = 1m then F = 2 107 N
"When two very long wires carrying equal currents and separated by 1m distance exert on each
other a magnetic force of 2 107 N on 1m length then the current is 1 ampere."
(2) The above formula can also be applied if to one wire is infinitely long and
the other is of finite length. In this case the force per unit length on each
wire will not be same.
P
0 1 2
Force per unit length on PQ = (attractive) 1 2
2d
(3) If the currents are in the opposte direction then the magnetic force on the
wires will be repulsive. d Q
Ex. 37 Find the magnetic force on the loop PQRS due to the loop wire.
a
Q y
2 a
0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 x
Sol. Fres = a (i ) + a( i ) = ( i )
2a 2(2a) 4 S
a
page 29

2
Ex. 38 In the figure shown the wires AB and PQ carry constant currents 1 and 2 P Q
respectively. PQ is of uniformly distributed mass m and length . AB and
PQ are are both horizontal and kept in the same vertical plane. The PQ is
in equilibrium at height h. Find A B
(i) h in terms of 1, 2, , m, g and other standard constants. 1
(ii) If the wire PQ is displaced vertically by small distance prove that it performs SHM. Find its time period in
terms of h and g.
Sol. (i) Magnetic replusive force balances the weight.
0 1 2 0 1 2
mg h=
2 h 2 mg
(ii) Let the wire be displaced downward by distance x(<< h).
Magnetic force on it will increase, so it goes back towards its equilibrium position. Hence it performs oscil-
lations.
0 1 2 mgh mg(h h + x )
Fres = 2 (h x ) mg = mg =
hx hx
mg mg m h
= x x for x << h T = 2 = 2 Ans.
hx h mg / h g

Emf Type 2 Part 1 of 2 Eng

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1.1 Pole strength magnetic dipole and magnetic dipole moment :

Magnetic lines of force of a bar magnet :

Q.1 Two short magnet A and B of magnetic dipole moments M1 and

7 T m 4 (12 A m) (0.05m) (0.2m)

1.3 Magnet in an external uniform magnetic field :

here r = position vector of the test point w.r.t. d

SHORTCUT FOR DIRECTION : r

Ex. 9 Find resultant magnetic field at C in the figure shown.

Q.3 A loop in the shape of an equilateral triangle of side a carries a current

Ex. 14 In the figure shown a large metally distributed current is kept z

Semicircular and Quarter of a circle :

N = No. of turns (integer)

The two loops

(iv) For IDEAL SOLENOID :

2.4.3 Solid infinite current carrying cylinder :

take an amperian loop inside the cylinder. By symmetry it should be a

(a) (b) (c) (d)

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3. MAGNETIC FORCE ON MOVING CHARGE :

Ans, (i) 2 i + 3 j 2k . (ii) 0, (iii) 4 i + 6 j 6k

3.1 Motion of charged particles under the effect of magnetic force

2mK 2mK 2.4 mK 2.2 mK

(iii) Impulse = change in momentum of the charge

3.2 Helical path :

3.4 Magnetic force on A current carrying wire :

or, F1 = 5.0 A 10 cm 2.0 T = 1.0 N F

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