EE 211 Electrical Circuits & Devices

Mathematical Prerequisites
1. Complex Algebra
complex operator j or i = 1 = 1 90
j2 = -1 = 1 180 ; j3 = -j; j4 = 1 and so on.
Rectangular Form: A = c+jd c = real part; d = imaginary part
Polar Form: A = |A| |A| = magnitude; phase angle

imaginary
axis
A
d
o
real
C
axis
d
(c d ) tan =
2 2
|A| =
c
c = |A| cos d = |A| sin
Addition and Subtraction
Let X = a + jb and Y = c + jd
Then X + Y = (a+c) + j(b+d)
X - Y = (a-c) + j(b-d)
NOTE: If X and Y are expressed in polar form, convert them into rectangular form.
Scalar Multiplication
If X = a + jb, kX = ka + j kb, where k is a scalar.
If X = M ; then kX = kM where k is a scalar.
Complex Conjugate
If X = a + jb, its conjugate X* = (a-jb); If X = M ; then X* = M -
Multiplication and Division
XxY = (a+jb)(c+jd) = (ac-bd) + j (ad+bc)
X (a jb) (a jb)(c jd) (ac bd) j(bc ad)
= = =
Y (c jd) (c jd)(c jd) (c 2 d 2 )
In POLAR form these operations are easier.
Let X = M andY = N
X M
Then, XxY = MN ( and (
Y N
2. Solution of simultaneous algebraic equations
Example 1: 2 x1 + x2 = 4 ------- (1)
x1 + 2 x2 = 5 ------(2)

EE 211/ Math Prerequisites/ Page 1

 Example 2: (2+j1) x1 + (-j3)x2 = 430 ------- (1)
x1 + (1-j1) x2 = 5-j2 ------(2)
Use (1) method of elimination or (2) Cramers rule or (3) Matrix Method

3. Some basic derivatives :

dc d(cu) du
0 , where c is a constant c , where c is a constant
dx dx dx
d (1 / x ) 1 d (5 / x ) 1 d(x 2 ) d(2x 2 )
2 5 2 2x 2( 2 x )
dx x dx x dx dx
d(ln x ) 1 d(ln cx ) 1 1 d (e x ) d (e cx )
c ex ce x
dx x dx cx x dx dx
d(sin x ) d(sin 4x ) d (sin 3 x )
cos x 4 cos 4x 3 sin 2 x (cos x )
dx dx dx
d(cos x ) d(cos 3x ) d (cos 2 x )
sin x 3 sin 3x 2 cos x ( sin x )
dx dx dx
d(tan x ) d(sec x )
sec 2 x sec x (tan x )
dx dx
4. Some basic integrals: (constant is omitted on the right side for simplicity)
x2 x3 x n 1
dx x xdx x dx
2
x dx
n
, n -1
2 3 n 1
e 2x e ax
e dx e e dx e dx ,a0
x x 2x ax
2 a
cos 4x
sin xdx cos x 2 sin 4 xdx 2
4
sin 6x
cos xdx sin x 3 cos 6xdx 3
6
1 1 1
dx ln x dx ln | ax b |
x ax b a
5. Some basic trigonometric identities
cos = sin(+90) sin() = cos(-90)
cos(-) = cos() sin(-) = -sin()
cos(+n2) = cos sin(+n2) = sin
cos(A+B) = cosA cosB - sinA sinB cos(A-B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB
sin(A+B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB sin(A-B) = sinA cosB - cosA sinB

6. SI (International System of Units) Prefixes

tera T 1012 giga G 109 mega M 106 kilo k 103
centi c 10-2 milli m 10-3 micro 10-6 nano n 10-9
pico p 10-12 femto f 10-15

EE 211/ Math Prerequisites 2