Professional Documents
Culture Documents
T
raditional architecture in many
places continues to evolve, and
Kashmiri rural architecture is no
exception. A number of building systems
in various parts of Kashmir have developed
over time to accommodate local natural
and cultural factors, including the impact
of earthquakes. These systems are not only
part of the cultural heritage of Kashmir
but also add to its beautiful landscape.
Historically, the buildings have depended
completely upon stone, mud, bricks and
wood for roofing as well as walling. Until
very recently, non-local materials did not
represent a valid option for local
constructions. They were expensive, and
their use added logistical complications to
the construction process. However, in
recent times new materials have made
their way into the valleys of Kashmir on
account of their favorable economics as
well as peoples aspiration to modernity. CGI roofing on timber with walls of wood planks and logs
Traditional flat mud roof on timber understructure with stone masonry walls
Until the 1970s the most common building Architecture constantly adapts to suit the
systems in Kashmir were brick or stone walls. Some changing context so that it can best meet the
of them timber framed, with timber and mud roofs. common persons needs. There is, however, a risk
But as durable wood like Deodar became very that new materials and construction methods
expensive, corrugated galvanized iron (CGI) sheets imported from outside may be introduced at a speed
came to replace wood planks and shingles. In areas that does not allow for the traditional way of testing
where it is easy to transport these sheets, the change novelties over time and adapting them to the local
has been so far-reaching that CGI sheeting now situation. Furthermore, the social, climatic, economic
constitutes the most common form of roofing in the and technical impacts of new interventions are often
region. Even in areas where just twenty years ago not fully understood, and this may have negative
houses were mainly built with flat mud roofs, CGI effects on peoples lives. These impacts include the
sheets have become the predominant roofing reaction of buildings to earthquakes and other natural
material. Apart from this, the reinforced concrete (RC) disasters. RC, for example, is a material that requires a
slab is gradually replacing the timber floor and load high level of engineering, but the people who use
bearing masonry walls are replacing the timber this material often know little about this. This is why,
framing. Again, changing economic forces as well in many cases, new materials and techniques applied
as peoples aspirations to a more contemporary in an unprofessional way will threaten the safety of
lifestyle are encouraging such changes. buildings and the people who live in them.
Thatch roofing on timber and burnt brick masonry wall CGI sheet roofing on timber and burnt brick masonry wall
CGI sheet roofing on stone masonry and timber wall CGI sheet roofing on timber and stone masonry wall
Wood shingle roofing on timber placed on brick masonry and dhajji walls
The Valley of Kashmir - Rural The most common wall types are load bearing: (a)
The major factors that dictate the local architecture baked brick (external wall) masonry with mud or
are (a) easy access to good soil for brick-making, cement mortar, with or without plaster, (b) unbaked
and to water and timber, (b) snow in winter, and (c) brick (internal wall) with mud mortar and mud
possibility of earthquakes. As a result, walls are made plaster, or (c) unbaked brick with baked brick veneer
mainly out of timber and bricks, baked or unbaked. (external wall) masonry with mud mortar, with or
without plaster, or (d) Dhajji timber framed
constructions with infill of baked brick in cement
mortar or unbaked brick masonry in mud mortar,
both 4" thick with timber frame. Many structures
which are typically single- and double-storey have
Dhajji walls in the upper storey and the gables.
CGI sheet roofing dots the scene Dhajji wall with baked bricks
Baked brick wall Unbaked brick wall with timber element Unbaked brick with baked brick veneer
Four sided CGI roof on un-plastered Dhajji walls House with timber balconies and two sided pitched roof
Two-sided CGI roof on timber and random rubble walls Four-sided CGI roof on timber and random rubble walls
Low-Elevation Hilly Regions (Surrounding the Valley and Other Parts of the State)
The main factors that dictate the local architecture availability of mud and water vary greatly. Historically,
in this zone are (a) easy access to building quality the flat roof has been the most popular on account
stone, (b) limited availability of topsoil, (c) greatly of low snowfall. Even today, this type of roof is visible
varying availability of water, (d) varying availability in plenty along the Jammu-Srinagar route as well as
of timber, (e) little snow in winter, and (g) possibility in many parts of Poonch area. However, the escalating
of earthquakes. The most common wall types are (a) cost of timber along with the easy availability of CGI
coursed random rubble masonry with or without sheeting has made the latter the most popular roof
mud mortar, with or without mud plaster, since type in this region also.
Mud roofing on timber deck placed on rubble masonry walls Coursed random rubble masonry with plaster
Coursed random rubble masonry without plaster Coursed random rubble masonry without plaster & brick
Dhajji gable
Coursed random rubble masonry without plaster Dhajji wall in-filled with stone
structure is built in one go. But the upper storeys are ingeniously efficient water heating system used to be
enclosed and finished at a later date. incorporated in the construction of the kitchen wall
just to one side of the stove. The system consisted of
The ground-storey rooms are used as a sitting area, a copper vessel embedded in the masonry wall with
bedrooms, and kitchen. The upper storey rooms may openings for a water inlet and outlet. A cavity is made
be used as for storage as well as bedrooms. On in the wall such that the hot gases from the stove go
account of the joint-family system with several families round the tank and heat its content. While cooking is
living under one roof, there is often more than one in progress the water is heated continuously. In recent
kitchen in the house. The attic area is invariably used years, however, with cooking gas slowly replacing
for storage, since the people are predominantly wood, people have been heating water on a gas stove.
agriculturists. In the case of single-storey houses, the Electric water heaters have begun to come in, too.
attic space is often divided with lightweight internal
walls to create more utilizable spaces. For space heating, traditionally the houses had
fireplaces. But today, the simple wood-burning space
Traditionally, timber has been the most used heating stoves called Bukhari, made out of galvanized
domestic fuel in the region. Wood-burning stoves are iron sheets, have become very popular since they do
made from mud by the lady of the house. An not involve additional expense in construction.
Built-in water heating system in kitchen Copper tank for water heater ready for embedment in wall