13/05/2017 ApplicationofGypsumandFlyAshasAdditivesinStabilizationofTropicalPeatSoil

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ResearchArticle

ApplicationofGypsumandFlyAshasAdditivesinStabilizationof
TropicalPeatSoil

Z.A.Rahman ,J.Y.Y.Lee,S.A.Rahim,T.Lihan andW.M.R.Idris

ABSTRACT

Thedemandforlandinconjunctiontoinfrastructuredevelopmentisbecomecrucialandexpensive.In Services
thenearfuture,aproblematicsoilsuchaspeatisbecomingafinalalternative.Incrucialcases,peat
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landcannotbeavoidedandhasbeenhostedforengineeringstructures(e.g.,road,highway,railway
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andbridge).Peatsoiliswellestablishedofitsdowngradedcharacteristics,highlycompressibilityand
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lowinshearstrength.Thisstudyaimedtoinvestigateeffectofflyashandgypsumonthe mechanical
propertiesofpeatsoil.FlyAsh(FA)isabyproductmaterialthatisgeneratedfromtheburningof ViewCitation
coalinthermalpowerplants.Inthisstudy,gypsumwaspreparedchemicallyinthelaboratoryto ReportCitation
simulateresiduefromNeutralizationUnderflowProcess(NUF).Forthefirstbatchofsamples,the
peatsampleswereinitiallytreatedwithSyntheticGypsum(SG)intherangesbetween0and20%of
sampledriedweight(SGtreatedsoil).Inasecondbatch,thepeatsampleswerepreparedwith10%
FAandthenmixedthoroughlywithdifferentamountsofSGcontents(0,5,10and20%)(10FASG
treatedsoil).Theresultsshowedthatsoiltreatedwithmixtureof10%FAandSGindicatedlower
liquidlimitvaluesthantheSGtreatedsoil.Incompactiontests,themaximumdrydensityofboth
increasedinbothSGtreatedsoilandFASGtreatedsoil.ThepermeabilityofSGtreatedsoilincreased
withtheincreasesinSGcontents.Similarly,occurredtopermeabilityofFASGtreatedsoilhowever,
itsvaluesarelowerthanthesoiltreatedwithoutFA.ShearstrengthofSGtreatedshoweddecreased
withincreasingamountofSGcontent.Incontrast,theFASGtreatedsoilexhibitedhigherstrengthif
comparedtothatofSGtreatedsoil.TheresultsuggestedthattheapplicationofFAandSGmixtureis
moreeffectiveinstabilizationinmechanicalstrengthanddensificationofpeatsoilthantheuseofSG
only.

Howtocitethisarticle:

Z.A.Rahman,J.Y.Y.Lee,S.A.Rahim,T.LihanandW.M.R.Idris,2015.ApplicationofGypsumandFlyAshasAdditivesinStabilization
ofTropicalPeatSoil.JournalofAppliedSciences,15:10061012.

DOI: 10.3923/jas.2015.1006.1012

URL: http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jas.2015.1006.1012

Received:February25,2015Accepted:June12,2015Published:July25,2015

INTRODUCTION

Tropicalpeatsoilcovers2.7millionhaofMalaysia(Mutalibetal.,1991).Mostofthepeatlandareashavebeendevelopedforagriculture
purposesmainlyforpalmoilplantation.Malaysiaitselfcontributesto90%ofworldsoilpalmstock(WetlandsInternational,2010).The
coverageofpeatsoilisquiteextensiveutilizationofmarginalsoilhasbeenrequiredaspopulationanddemandsfornewinfrastructures
sitesarearising(Huatetal.,2005).Atpresent,peatlandisbeinggraduallytransformedintositesforinfrastructuredevelopments.

Peatsoilcomprisesofhighorganicandnaturalwatercontentsuptomorethan70and400%,respectively.Itformsinwaterloggedarea,
wherelackofoxygenpreventsnaturalmicroorganismsfromdecomposingthedeadplantmaterial(BadvandSayadin,2012).Itoccursas
extremelysoft,unconsolidatedsurficialdepositsandcanbeathicklayerbeneathothersurficialdeposits(Huat,2006).Peatsoilexhibits
uniquegeotechnicalbehaviourascomparedtothatofinorganicsoilswhichmadeupofsoilparticles(Debouchaetal.,2008).

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Asaresultofhighcompressibilityandlowstrength,developmentofpeatsoilshasencounteredseveralengineeringfailuresassociated
withsurfacesubsidenceandunevensettlement.Thisareaisgenerallydiscomfortanddifficulttoaccesstothesitesandchange
chemicallyandbiologicallywithtime(Huatetal.,2005). Jarret(1995)regardedthissoftsoilissusceptibletomassiveandlongterm
settlementasevenundermoderateloading. Debouchaetal.(2008)reportedthattheshearstrengthofpeatsoilisverylowofbetween5
and20kPa.Hence,peatsoilsareconsideredproblematicsoilandunsuitableforsupportingfoundationinnaturalstate(Yamaguchietal.,
1992 Duraisamyetal.,2009 ).Itisacommonpracticetoremoveandreplacepeatsoilwithothersoil.Nevertheless,thecostwillhigher
asthepeatlayersgetdeeperandeconomicallylimitedtoshallowzone.Stabilizationtechniqueofchemicaladmixturecanbeperformed
throughmixingofadditivestoallowflocculation(aggregation)andtoformchemicalbondingbetweenparticles(Ediletal.,2006 Huatet
al.,2005 ).Increaseineffectivesizeinclayaggregationandinterparticlebondingcontributetothestabilityandstrengthofthetreated
soil.

Somecommonadditivesusedinimprovingthemechanicalstrengthofsoilarecement,limeandflyash.Cementiswidelyappliedin
stabilizingclayandsoftsoils(Axelssonetal.,2002 LorenzoandBergado,2004).Useoflimecanenhancetheshearstrengthandreduce
significantlythewaterabsorption(NLA.,2004 ErenandFiliz,2009).Flyashwithhighcalciumshowsasignificantamountoftobermorite
thatleadingtotheformationofadenserandmorestablestructureoftheclaysamples.Itiswellestablishedthattheapplicationof
chemicaladmixturehasbeensuccessfullyimprovedthemechanicalstrengthofstabilizedpeatsoilasconcludedbymanystudies(Huatet
al.,2005 KolayandRomali,2006 Debouchaetal.,2008 IslamandHashim,2010 Kazemianetal.,2011 ).Flyashhasbeenwidelyusedinbrick
andrammedearthstudies(Kayali,2005 Brooks,2009 Cristeloetal.,2012).Theusagesofflyashasadditivehavealsobeenexaminedby
ZiaandFox(2000)and Ediletal.(2006). KolayandPui(2010)examinedthepotentialusageofgypsumandflyashinstabilizationofpeat
soil.Theyfoundthatbothadditiveindustrialbyproductscanimprovetheunconfined compressivestrength withtheincreaseofcuring
periods.Applicationofrecycledgypsuminthestabilizedsoftclaywasperformedby Kameiatal.(2013)inordertoimproveitsshear
strength.Thisstudyindicatedthepotentialuseofgypsuminincreasingtheunconfinedshearstrengthofthetreatedsoil.

Theconventionalmaterialssuchascementandlimebecomeexpensive,nowadayshaveincreasedthecostofsoilstabilization.In
environmentalaspect,theproductionofthesematerialshasassociatedwithhighenergyconsumptionandthereleaseofattributed
greenhousegases(Worrelletal.,2001 Pandianetal.,2002 Klee,2008).Astheenvironmentalregulationsgettougherandmorerestricted,
alternativematerialsthatoffereconomicallyeffectiveshouldbeexplored.Theamountofwasteoriginatedfromdailyactivities,
productionandindustriescontinuestoincreaserapidlyaspopulationgrowing(AbdulKadirandMohajerani,2011).Therefore,theutilization
oftheindustrialbyproductscanenhancethevalueaddedofparticularwasteandcanalsominimizethecostintermsofwastedisposal
andmanagement.Inthisstudy,flyashandgypsumwereusedasadditivematerialsinstabilizationofpeatsoil.Theuseofwaste
materialsisattractivebecauseoftheirrelativelycheaper,comparedwithcementandlimeaswellpromotingsustainableconstruction
(Ahmed,2014).TheireffectonsomemechanicalcharacteristicsuchasAtterberglimit,hydraulicconductivity,compactionandshear
strengthwereexaminedinthisstudy.

MATERIALSANDMETHODS

Basedsoilandadditivematerials:BasedsoilusedwaspeatsoilthatwascollectedfromTanjungSepatdistrict,SepangSelangor(N
24041",E1013531").Thesamplesweretakenatdepthbelow1mfromgroundsurfaceatwhichwaterlevelrangedbetween0.5and
0.8m.Thesoilwascharacterizedbyitshighwatercontent,spongyfabricandstrongodourofrotten organicmatters.Basedonfield
observation,thesoilwasdarkbrownincolourandveryacidicwithaveragepHof3.2.Theorganicandnaturalwatercontentswerehigh
of95.697.4and77560%,respectively.Theliquidlimitofpeatsoilwasbetween144and184%.Mostofpeatsoillacksofplasticlimit
characteristic.ThescaleofhumificationofpeatsamplewascategorizedasH4accordingtoVonPostclassification.Thiscategorywas
attributedtothefactsthatpeatpresentswithdistinctplantfibresandwaterwithmuddybrowncolourwhenpeatsamplewassqueezed.
Littleplantcharacterswereidentifiedduetoitspastyinnature.Similarpreviousresultswerealsostatedthatorganiccontentofpeat
soilrangedbetween88.6and99.1%.FlyashsampleswerecollectedfromnearbythermalpowerstationatKapar,Selangor.Itis
classifiedasClassF,nonplasticandwhitishgrey.Gypsumwastemightbeproducedfrommanufacturingprocess,constructionand
demolitionactivities.Ingeneral,itconsistsofcalciumsulphatedehydrate(CaSO42H2O).Inthisstudy,gypsumwassynthetically
producedinthelaboratorytosimulatewasteproducedfromneutralizationunderflowprocessoralsoknownasNUF.Thisresidueisrich
inmagnesiumasaresultofsulphuricacidneutralizationonmineralsofcalcium,magnesiumandaluminiumtoproducesulphate
minerals(WorleyParson,2008 Vaisey,2012).Summaryofthebasiccharacteristicsofpeatsoil,flyashandsyntheticgypsumusedinthis
studyisshownin Table1.TheSEMimagesofpeatsoiltreatedwithflyashandsyntheticgypsumisshownin Fig.1.Flyashparticles
foundtobefillingthespacesbetweensoilparticleswhilebridgingofchemicalbindingsformedbygypsumandclayparticles(Fig.1b).
Thecrystalofgypsumseenasanelongateshapethatinterlockedwithfewvoids(CamarinianddeMilito,2011).

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Fig.1(ab): Scanning electron microscope photographs of at 2.5 K

magnification (a) Peat soil treated with synthetic gypsum
(seen as elongate shapes) and (b) Peat soil treated with
10%flyash(sphereshape)andsyntheticgypsum

Table1: Summaryofbasiccharacterizationofpeat
andadditivematerials

Particlesizedistributioncurvesforflyashandsyntheticgypsumarepresentedin Fig.2.Itisclearlyseenthatflyashisdominatedbysilt
sizewhile,syntheticgypsumconstitutesofsiltandveryfinesand.

Samplepreparationoftreatedpeatsoil:Priortopreparationoftreatedsamples,peatsampleswereopenlyairdriedunderroom
temperatureandsoilanyaggregateformwasbrokendownmanuallybyhand.Thesamplesweresievedthrough2mmmeshsize.The
usedadditivesofFlyAsh(FA)andSyntheticGypsum(SG)wereovendriedforovernightbeforecolddowntoroomtemperatureandkept
indesiccator.ThetreatedsampleswerepreparedbydrymixingbetweenpeatsampleanddifferentpercentagesofSGrangedbetween0
and20%ofdriedweightofbasesoil.

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ThisfirstbatchwaslabelledasSGtreatedsoil.Asecondbatchoftreatedsampleshadinitiallypreparedbetweenpeatsampleswith10%
ofFAbeforedifferentamountofSGwereadded(10FASGtreatedsoil).ThissecondbatchaimedtoexaminetheeffectSGcontentsat
specificamountofFAonthegeotechnicalparametersoftreatedpeatsoil.Bothtreatedsampleswerekeptinairtightcontainerspriorto
furthertesting.Allthetreatedsamplesexperiencedaweekcuringperiodbeforeparticularparameterssuchaspermeabilityand
mechanicalstrengthtests.

Geotechnicaltestingoftreatedsoils:Consistencyindexofliquidlimit,wLwasdeterminedbyusingtheCasagrandecuptechniques.
Thistechniqueequippedwithacupandagroovingtool.Thistestisusedtoclassifyaparticularsoilandtoestimateits moisturecontent
atwhichtheshearstrengthisvirtuallyzero(DiasandAlves,2009).Agroovewascutatthemiddleofthesoilpasteandissubjectedto
shallowdropofthecup.Thevalueofplasticlimit,wP wasdeterminedfrom3mmindiameterofsoilthreadwithsignofcrumbles.After
ofeachtest,samplewascollectedtodeterminethe moisturecontent.DifferencebetweenwLandwP istheplasticityindex,IP .

Theobjectiveofcompactionistodensifythesoilmassbybringingdowntheairvoids.Bycompactionofthesoil,particleswillre
arrangetogainmoresurfacecontactbyreducingtheinterparticlevoids(Rahmanetal.,2013).Compactiontestswerecarriedoutusing
thestandardProctor2.5kg(orBSlight)compactioneffortinordertodeterminethevaluesofmaximumdrydensity,dmaxand
optimumwatercontent,wopt.Samplewascompactedinthreeequallayersusingarammerwhereeachlayerexperienced27blowsthat
wereevenlydistributedoverthemouldarea.Thetestswererepeatedforsampleswithhigherwatercontents.Compactioncurveswere
delineatedtoachievethevaluesofdmaxandwopt.

Thepermeabilityandshearstrengthofthetreatedsoilsamplesweredeterminedusingthefallingpermeametermethodsandquick
undrainedtests.Preparationofsamplesforbothtestswasobtainedfromthestandardcompactionprocedures.Eachsamplewasequally
compactedinthreelayersincompactionmould.Thesampleswereextrudedfromthemouldandsealedforpredeterminedcuringperiod
beforetesting.Forquickundrainedtests,asetofthreesamplesof38mmdiameterby76mmhighsamplewasused.Thesesamples

weresubjectedconfiningstressesof140,280and420kPapriortoshearing.Thesampleswereshearedatstrainrateof1.52mmmin1.
Shearingofthesampleswasperformeduntilthesamplesfailed.Afurtherexplanationofthemethodsadoptedtodeterminethe
geotechnicalcharacteristicsofthetreatedsampleswerereferredtothe BritishStandardInstitution1377(1990ad)Part2,4,5and7.

RESULTSANDDISCUSSION

Effectonliquidlimit:Thevaluesofliquidlimit,wLforthetreatedpeatsoilsyntheticgypsum(SGtreatedsoil)and10%flyashand
differentamountofsyntheticgypsum(10FASGtreatedsoil)areshownin Fig.3.ForSGtreatedsoil,thevaluesofwLgraduallyreduced
from144123%at20%ofSGcontent.As,10%ofFAwasaddedtothepeatsoil,thevalueofwLgenerallydroppedto134%ifcompared
tothatofpeatsoilwithoutFA.Asimilarpicturewasseenfortheliquidlimit,wLvaluesofthe10FASGtreatedsoilandthewaslocated
slightlybelowthelineoftheSGtreatedsoil(Fig.3).ItisclearthattheadditionofSGhasdecreasedthevaluesofliquidlimit,wLand
combinationofSGandFAwillfurtherreducethewLvalueintreatedpeatsoil.Severalpreviousstudiesalsomentionedasimilartrendof
theinfluenceofflyashinreducingtheliquidlimitvalueoftreatedsoil(GeligaandIsmail,2010 Yaduetal.,2011 Vukicevicetal.,2013
Saravananetal.,2013 ).TheinfluencesofSGcontentonbothtreatedsoilsareindicatedbystrongcorrelationvaluesasshownin Fig.3 .

Effectoncompactionandpermeability:TheresultsoftheeffectofaddedSGcontentsonthemaximumdrydensity,dmaxand
optimumwatercontent,woptareshownin Fig.4.From Fig.4a,theincreaseinSGcontentshasincreasedthevaluesofmaximumdry
density,dmaxofbothtreatedSGtreatedand10FASGtreatedsoils.MeanwhilefortheadditionofSGhasdecreasedtheoptimumwater
content,woptvaluesforbothtreatedsoils(Fig.4b).

Theresultssuggestedthattheincreaseindmaxanddecreaseinwoptwerenotsignificantlyaffectedbythepresenceof10%flyash.It
isclearlyseenthatfurtheradditionofSGmorethan5%hasdecreasedthewopt.Asimilarresultwasalsoexhibitedby10FASGtreated
soilsupto5%ofSGcontent.Anadditionof10%FAcontenthasbroughtdownthevaluewoptandthenvaluelevelledoffupto20%SG
content.Therefore,astheaddedSGcontentswereincreased,theamountofwatertoachievethemaximumdrydensitywasapparently
reduced.

TheeffectofSGand10FASGcontentonpermeability,kisshownin Fig.5.Foruntreatedpeatsoil(0%SG),thekvaluewas4.90105

msec1.As,thecontentsofSGwereincreased,thepermeabilityalsograduallyincreasedupto1.01104msec1.

Fig.3: Atterberglimit,wvaluesagainstsyntheticgypsum
contentsforSGand10FASGsoils
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Fig.4(ab): (a) Maximum dry density, dmax values and (b)

Optimum water content, wopt against synthetic gypsum
contentsforSGand10FASGsoils

Forthe10FASGtreatedsoil,thepresenceofflyashhasloweredthevalueofpermeabilityto1.96105msec1forsample10%FA
with0%SGif,comparedtothatofSGsamplewithoutSGcontent.ByfurtheradditionoftheSGcontents,thekvalueswereincreased

from2.421055.94105msec1for10FASGtreatedsoil(Fig.5).ThekvaluesforSGtreatedsoilwereseenhigherthanthatof10
FASGtreatedsoil.

Theincreaseofkvaluesinbothtreatedsoilswaspossiblycausedbythehighcontentofcalcium(Ca2+)andmagnesium(Mg2+)inSG
usedinthisstudy.Thesecationsareresponsibleintheflocculationofclayparticlesinthestudiedsoil.

Fig.5: PermeabilityofSGand10FASGsoils

Fig.6: Shearstrengthagainstsyntheticgypsumcontents
ofSGand10FASGsoils

Flocculationmaycontributetolargersoilparticleswithbiggerinterparticlevoids(Fig.1).Therefore,byincreasingtheamountofSG,the
permeabilityoftreatedpeatalsoincreasedsignificantlyasshownin Fig.5.ThehighervalueofkforSGtreatedsoilthan10FASG
treatedsoilattributabletopresenceofflyashthatitoccupiesthevoidshence,reducethepermeabilityof10FASGtreatedsoil.Since,
theamountofFAwaslimitedto10%,furtherincreasedinSGsubsequentlyincreasethepermeabilityof10FASGtreatedsoil.

Effectonshearstrength:Allsamplesweretestedafteraweekofcuring.TheeffectofSGand10%FASGcontentsonthestrengthof
treatedpeatsoilisillustratedbytheapparentshearstrength,Cuisshown Fig.6.Theuntreatedpeatsoil(SGsoil)isrepresentedby

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lowerCuvalueof47kPa.AlowCuvaluewasalsoseenforpeatsoiltreatedwith10%ofFA(10FASGsoil).Itseemedthatpresenceof
10%FAintreatedpeatsoildidnotsignificantlychangethestrengthofpeatsoil(Cuequal50kPa).However,asSGcontentwasaddedup
to5%inSGsoil,theCuvalueclimbedupfrom47195kPa.Thisvaluedroppedbackto67kPa(10%FA)and61kPawhentheSGcontent
usedinthepeatsoilwas20%.Incontrast,theCuvalueforsample10FASGsoilincreasedto58kPa(5%FA)andthenclimbed
significantlyto261kPaasSGcontentof10%beforethevaluedecreasedtobelow181kPaat20%ofSGcontent.Italsonoticedthat
highershearstrengthwasachievedforthesamplestreatedwithflyashandgypsum.

TheresultsindicatedthattheimprovementoftheCuvaluesismuchdependantontheamountofSGusedinSGtreatedsoil.InSG
treatedsoil,5%ofSGwastheoptimumcontentwhereas,forsampleswiththepresenceof10%FA(10FASGtreatedsoil),theamount
ofSGshouldnotbeinexcessof10%.TheincreaseinCuvaluewasduetothereactionbetweengypsumandsoilparticlesthat
responsibleininterparticlesbindingandbridging.Aggregationofclayparticlesmaybeattributabletoincreaseinshearstrength.Using
ofgypsumasacementationagentcanalterthebehaviourofsoiltomorecohesion(HughesandGlendinning,2004). Ahmedetal.(2011)also
foundthattheamountofgypsumcorrespondedtotheincreaseintheshearstrengthoffinegrainsoil.However,excessivepresenceof
gypsumhasattributedtotheformationofweakinterparticlebindingasstatedby KolayandPui(2010).Acombinationofflyashand
gypsumadditivesintreatmentofpeatsoil(asin10FASGsoil)achievedhighermaximumCuvalueif,comparedtothatofSGsoil.
Highershearstrengthwastheresultofblendofchemicalbondingcreatedfrombothflyashandgypsumpresentinthetreatedsoil
(Moseley,1993).However,furtheradditionofgypsumin10FASGsoilshasweakenthestrengthofthetreatedpeatsoilpossiblyrelated
toformationofweaklybondingwithmoreporoussoilasflyashusedwaslimitedto10%.

CONCLUSION

Fromtheresultsofthisstudy,theapplicationofflyashandgypsumasadditivematerialscanimprovethegeotechnicalcharacteristics
peatsoil.Theconsistencyindexofliquidlimitofpeatsoilwasdecreasedapparentlyespeciallywiththepresenceofflyashandgypsum.
Thecompactionbehaviouroftreatedpeatsoilexhibitedhighermaximumdrydensitywithlesseroptimumwatercontentastheamount
ofadditivematerialsusedwereincreased,yetthepresenceofflyashdidnotsignificantlyaffectthevalueofthemaximumdrydensity.
Incontrast,thepermeabilityoftreatedsoilsincreasedwiththeincreaseofSGcontents.Itclearlyshowedtheflyashcanlowerthe
permeabilityoftreatedpeatsoilifcomparedtothatofsamplestreatedsolelywithgypsum.Intermsofshearstrength,theamountof
gypsumusedshouldbenotinexcessasfurtheradditionhascontributedtothereductioninsoilshearstrength.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Theauthorswouldliketothank,UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysiaforthefinancialsupportundertheresearchgrantsPIP2013004.The
authorswouldalsoliketoexpresstheirgratitudetothelaboratorystaffsattheSchoolofEnvironmentalandNaturalResourceSciences,
FacultyofScienceandTechnology,UKMforsamplepreparationandtesting.

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