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KRATISTOS

2017
75

On the Names of Thracia and


Eastern Macedonia
Nade Proeva

In 2014, two books important to the study Like many other ancient names, the ety-
of Thracian topics, one by Professor Petar Delev mology of the name Thrace, written by Greek
and the other by Romanian-French researcher authors mostly as Thraces (others forms in
Dan Dana, were published. In the course of Detschew 1957, 204), is unclear because the
writing a review of Danas book on the burning root language is unknown. A myth tells us that
issue of Thracian names, I began to reflect on Tereine, daughter of Strymon and Ares gave
the authors expressed interpretations and tacit birth to Thrassa (Conon, Narr. 4; Apollod. Bibl.
hypotheses and assumptions. This reflection co- 2.12.2; Anton. Lib. Metam. 21). In Homers
incided with an invitation to make a contribu- epic, the words threih or thraih commonly
tion in honour of my colleague Professor Petar refers to slaves and traders without any precise
Delev to whom is dedicated this volume. I hope, ethnic meaning (Fraser 2010, 134). No epony-
as did he in his book about the tribes of south- mous tribe is witnessed. The first epigraphic ap-
west Thrace, that my thoughts will contribute to pearance to five Thracian slaves is an inscription
the clarification of unresolved issues and initiate dated to the year 414 BC (IG I 3.421, ll. 33-49).
new researches. To some authors, the name is obviously pre-
The name Thracia has been used by ancient Greek, and means land, or continent (an-
authors with different meanings: geographical, cient Greek word for land is eperios), given
ethnic, political, even cultural. Herodotus wrote: by the navigators when they sailed from south
the Thracians bear many names, according to north. According to others (Mure 1850, 153),
to the region they lived, but they all have the the name derives from the adjective trachus,
same customs, except the Gethae, the Thrausi eia, u, meaning rugged, mountainous terrain,
and those who dwell above the Crestonians corresponding to main part of the Thracian area.
(Her. 5.3.2). In the earliest times, the entire re- That the noun Thrace denoted land, cost
gion north of the Hellas was contained under the can be seen from Hecataeus who writes that
name Thrace: the European areas north of Hel- the Darsioi were a tribe of Thrace (Hec., ap.
las, coastal Macedonia and Chalcidice penin- Steph. Byz., s.v. Darsioi: ethnon Thrakion). The
sula until the Scythians to the northeast (Steph. phrase tribe of Thrace differs from the expres-
Byz., s.v. Skythai; cf. Amm., xxvii, 4, 3). In sion Thracian tribe, translated and understood
this sense, Thrace denoted a general geographi- by Mullerii as gens Thracie, (C. et M. Muller
cal meaning. 1841, Hecatei fragmenta 130, 175). The Dar-
The mythological sources may also be con- sioi were emended into the Daorsioi, accord-
sidered. The myth recorded by Andrn of Hali- ing to the reports of all other authors (Daorsioi,
carnassus, 4th century BC, says that Ocean had Polyb. 32.18.2; Daorsei, Liv. 45.26.14; Daori-
four daughters whose names designated the con- zoi/Daorzioi, Strabon, 7.315; Daoursioi, Ptol.
tinents: Asia, Libya, Europe and Thrace (An- 2.16.8; etc.). Nonetheless, the name appears on
drn, Tzetz. Ad Lycophr. 894; FGrHist 10 F 7). coins as Daorsoi (Mari 1973a, 237-256). The
Thrace was the name of a continent, which does Daorsoi lived on the left bank of the river Ner-
not actually exist. This reflects the understand- etva to the Adriatic coast in Dalmatia. Accord-
ing of the world at that time. Here, we have the ing to all other data, the Daorsioi distinguished
mythological geography. themselves among the groups of Illyrian tribes
76 Nade Proeva

and the known onomastic material belongs to clarify and facilitate research, it is wise to make
the southern namespace (Namengebiet) of Il- a distinction between Thracii proprie dicti and
lyria (Katii 1963, 255-292). The thesis that Thracii vulgo dicti, i.e. between the Thracia
they were a Thracian tribe that inhabited the stricto sensu and Thracia lato sensu, as it was
Balkan peninsula before the Illyrians (Patsch the case with Illyrii proprie dicti (Plin. Nat.
1907, 169-174) has been rightly rejected (Mari Hist. 3.144) paraphrased for neighboring tribes
1973, 115-117, 121-122; Papazoglou 1974, 59- in Illyriii vulgo dicti by D. Rendi Mioevi
73), but no explanation of this unusual data (1984, 67). The need for such a distinction was
of Hecataeus is forthcoming. Another ancient stressed by F. Papazogou who wrote: Le fait
writer, Apollodorus also used the term Thrakes que les auteurs anciens et modernes emploient
for Histri (Apoll. ap. Steph. Byz. FHG I, fr. 119, souvent le nom de Thrakes pour dsigner des
p. 451; FHG II B, 321, p. 118). This example tribus dorigines non-thrace (Poniens, Edo-
may seem less indicative and weaker, because it niens, Bryges etc.) oblige parfois de discerner
is possible that Apollodorus made a mistake: i.e. les Thraces proprement dite des autres. (Pa-
that the author could have mistaken Istri (Histri, pazoglou 1989, 46, n. 67).2
Istroi) living on the peninsula of Histria Istria The ancient authors, as well as their mod-
(in Croatia) with residents of the town Istrie on ern counterparts, traced the territory of Thrace
Istros/Ister/Histros/Hister, nowday Danube). totally differently depending on whether they
However, this is less likely given the fact that referred to ethnic or political boundaries. At dif-
data of Apollodorus refer to the widest Illyrian ferent times, the borders were not the same. The
and Adriatic context, as well as those of T. Livi- political borders especially varied due to wars,
us. Namely when T. Livius writes about Kleony- conquests and the seasonal movements of pasto-
mos withdrawing to the northern Adriatic after ral tribes. The discrepancy of the tribal territory
the warfare in Italy in 302 BC, he enumerates, given in the literary sources and the numismatic
from the south to the north, Illyrii, Liburnii, evidence from coins issued by some tribes re-
Hstrii (Liv. 10.2).1 Apollodoros writes about flects the changing of their economic and po-
Hylloi, the neighbouring Liburnii, inhabiting the litical power and the development of the tribes.
coastal region of the northeastern Adriatic, be- Researchers, consciously or not, especially in
tween the rivers Arsia (Raa) and Titius (Krka), the past, but even today, impose contemporary
and Histrii legomenoi Thrakes. It seems that political situations onto antiquity.
by this denomination Apollodorus indicates the Early researchers used the name Thrace in
Histrii living in the mountainous Istrian Penin- the broadest sense, relying on general descrip-
sula in contrast to the Liburnii who lived on the tions given by the ancient authors, who recorded
lowland seashore and on the islands. These two the data from different periods. They stretched
examples evidenced that this designation has the territory of Thracia north even to the Car-
no obvious ethnic connotations, and should be pathian Mountains, east to the river Dniester
translated as Landers, (main)land tribe = (Tyros), northwest to the river Tisa (Pathissum/
(mainland tribe), or coastal tribe, i.e. a tribe Tisia), west to the Vardar (Axios) and Moravia
living on the mainland, or on the coast. This (Brongos), and south to the Aegean Sea and the
interpretation can be emphasised by data from northwestern part of Asia Minor particularly,
Herodotus (Her. 7.185) who describes the tribes Bithynia (Bouzek, Graninger 2015, 13-14).
living on the coast along the sea as Thracians These borders of Thrace represent Thracia lato
(more on this below). sensu. Given the geographical partition of the
The situation of Thrace resembles Illyria, in territory the historians have divided it into two
that Thrakes/Thracii is a collective denomina- major areas: northern and southern Thrace, sep-
tion for many tribes. Thus, Thracian and Illyrian arated grosso modo by the Balkan Mountains
are both demonyms and ethnonyms. In order to (Haemus ms.). Both entities have a completely
1 ...Circumvectus inde Brundisii promunturium medioque sinu
Hadriatico ventis latus, cum laeva importuosa Italiae litora, 2 The fact that ancient and modern authors often used the name
dextra Illyrii Liburnique et Histri, gentes ferae et magna ex of Thracians to designate tribes of non-Thracian origins (Peo-
parte latrociniis maritimis infames, terrerent, penitus ad litora nians, Edonians, Bryges, etc.) sometimes necessitates distin-
Venetorum pervenit. guishing those properly called Thracians from the others.
On the Names of Thracia and Eastern Macedonia 77

different terrains (from mountain to lowland), us Milesius, 5th century BC (FGrHist I F146-183,
different climates (from Mediterranean to con- cf. Mel. 2.2). The opinion of Jacoby that Heca-
tinental) and different geopolitical structures, taeus used the name Thrace in sense of Thracia
therefore historians divided these two major ar- lato sensu, while the ethnic Thracians were the
eas into several smaller regions. The southern population south of the river Istros (which is
part of this broadly defined Thrace is Thracia the modern Dunav), corresponding to Thracia
stricto sensu: the lands west of the river Stry- stricto sensu, which in turn coincides with the
mon (Struma) and Mt. Pirin the natural bor- boundaries of the Roman province of Thrace,
der of the Chalcidice peninsula and east to Mt. is acceptable and close to the ancient notion of
Strandz, i.e. the Black Sea coast. Because they these names. From the 5th century BC, the name
had more information for the southern Thracia, of Thrace was given a broad ethnic meaning
i.e. Thracia stricto sensu, the name's number of (Her. 5.2-3) and was used for a large territory
regions was greater than for northern Thracia. with fluctuating boundaries. So, for Herodotus
The names of regions used by modern authors (Her. 5.9), the northern border of Thrace was
represent absurd constructions forged from an- the Danube (the ancient river Istros). Strabo
cient and modern designations, such Turkish wrote that the Thracians (i.e. Thrace, evidently
Thrace (Bithynia), and Greek Thrace (parts west in the broadest sense, i.e. Thracia lato sensu),
of the Rhodope Mountains to the Axios/Vardar, were numerous tribes (pantethne) between the
including the Chalcidic Peninsula (Bouzek, Gra- Adriatic and the Black Sea (Strabo 2.4.8); else-
ninger, 2015 13-15). Geographical designations where he described Thrace as extending from
such as southwestern Aegean Thrace, though, the other sea until Propontis and the Hellespont,
are acceptable because they are closer to the where Thracian tribes lived mixed with Celts
denominations of Thucydides such as coastal and Scythians (Strabo 7.5.1), thereby extending
Thrace (Thuc. 2.29). Similarly improper la- the borders north of the Danube and including
bels which draw from modern terms (northern among the Thracians tribes such as the Getae
Greece for Lower Macedonia) have been criti- and the Mysi (Strabo 7.3.2; I, p. 6).
cized by L. Robert (Robert 1995, no. 410). With the passage of time, the geographic
The territory embraced by the name Thra- horizons of Hellenes expanded, and the name
cia also changed over time, depending primarily Thrace gradually had been clarified to encom-
on political history, which in turn is largely de- pass areas north to the Istros (Strabo II, p. 129;
termined by geography. Thus, Strabo wrote that Plin. Nat. Hist. 4.18; Mel. 2.2), east to Euxinos
from the time of Philip II, the border definitely and the Bosphoros, south to the Propontis and
is the river Nestos, which today is the Mesta the Hellespont, and west to the rivers Strymon/
(Strabo 7, pp. 323, 330; Ptol. 3.11). So Thracia Struma and Brongos/Morava (Ps.-Scylax 67;
stricto sensu or Thracia proprie dicti, was east Ps.-Skymnos, 664-665). Elsewhere, however,
of the river Nestos (Mesta) and Mt. Pirin, be- Strabo wrote that: ... the entirety of Thrace
tween the Rhodopes and Mt. Balkan (Haemus) is composed of twenty-two tribes (Strabo, 7.
to Propontis, as is clearly seen from the borders fr. 48), which obviously refers to the Thracian
of the Roman province of Macedonia. This was tribes in the ethnic sense, because the origi-
not only the provincial border but also the ethnic nally geographic name was used as a common
border of Thracian tribes proprie dicti. It is well ethnic denomination (no eponymous tribe is
known that the Romans drew the boundaries of witnessed). Contrary to this fact, Prof. Delev
the provinces according to the existing ethnic in his very helpful book collected data for fifty-
borders, and that the Thracian possessions of four tribes of the so-called Southwestern Thra-
Philip V and Perseus situated eastern of the river ce, ten of which were only mentioned once in
Nestos/Mesta had been separated from Macedo- the sources, with the names of two (Derrones
nia and joined to the province of Thrace, when and Orreskii) being known only by their coins
it was constituted. (Delev 2014).
The first geographic description of moun- Ancient authors, especially poets who spo-
tains, rivers, and the names of several tribes and ken in an archaizing manner, frequently used
cities are preserved in the fragments of Hecatae- the name Thrace in its earliest and widest sense,
78 Nade Proeva

referring to the eastern part of Macedonia until BC, Herodotus first mentions the Hellenes from
the end of antiquity. It is evident from a passage Thrace and from the islands opposite them, then
of Strabo that Olympus, Pieris and Leibethron separately by their names: Thracians, Paeones,
were primordial Thrace, now counted as Mace- Eordi, Bottiaei, the Chacidian people, Bryges,
donia (Strabo 7. fr 21, fr. 20; Strabo 9.410, 471). Pieres, Macedones (as a tribal eponym) and
The use by ancient authors of the name Thrace then Perrhaebi, Enianes, Dolopes, Magnetes,
in archaizing manner for the north Aegean coast Achaei (Phtiotae) and Thracians living on the
led to the interpretation that these tribes were coast (Her. 7.185). The order of enumeration
Thracian and has prompted modern historians to from the east (Thracians) to the west (Thessal-
introduce the term eastern Macedonia, which ian tribes) finishes with those Thracians liv-
is not found in any ancient source. Thus, for ing on (Thessalian) coast, again showing that
example, Strabo, when describing that part of the label Thracian applies geographically rather
Macedonia, writes that the Macedonian country, than ethnically. It was known to Herodotus au-
not the state nota bene, stretches from Thes- dience that the tribes living on the Greek cost
salonike to Strymon and even to Nestos (Strabo along the sea are not Thracians. In this sense,
7.7.4). But he also uses the name Thrace in the it is worth mentioning another Herodotus data
ancient manner for the tribes who lived from (7.20) concerning the migration of Mysoi and
Olympus to Strymon/Struma (Strabo, 7.11). Teucroi into Europe through Bosporus and con-
It should be underlined that Herodotus, in the quering all of the Thrace by pressing forward
fourth book which describes the Scythians, regu- to the Ionian Sea and reaching southwards to
larly compares the Scythians to their neighbour- river Peneus. Elsewhere Herodotus wrote that
ing Thracians and did not mention at all Mac- the chariot left by Xerxes to Paeones was given
edonia or the Macedonians, writing that Scythia to the Thracians who lived around the source of
lies just above Thrace (Her. 4.99). In this way, the river Strymon (Her. 8.115), which springs
Herodotus clearly refers to a geographic and from Mt. Skombros (the modern Mt. Vitoa, that
ethnic Thrace. In the fifth book, though, when is actually Thrace).
he describes the route through the north Aegean Thucydides uses the designation of the
coast by which Xerxes passed with his army, Thracian coast for the western coast of Chal-
Herodotus uses the term Thrace for Macedonian cidice when writing about the actions of the year
part of the Aegean coast. Here, again, Herodo- 432 BC by Athens against Perdicca (Thuc. 1.57,
tus invokes an archaic style with the primordial, 59, 60) and when mentioning the Chalcideans
earliest, and widest extent of his geographical on Thracian coast in the attack of Sitalkes, the
meanings for the land (Her. 7.108-116). king of Thracian Odrysae in 429 BC against Per-
The location of ethnic Thrace is sufficiently diccas (Thuc. 2.95). Thucydides also mentions
clear from the description of the retreat of the the Thracian coast in the operations of Brasidas
Persian army led by Artabazus, who after the at Chalcidice (Thrace) in 424 BC (Thuc. 4.82,
Battle of the Plataeae, passed through Thes- 102) and in the attack by Athens on Metone in
saly, Macedonia with the great haste and then 416 BC (Thuc. 6.7), but he writes Thrace when
went to Thrace (Her. 9.89). When Herodotus he describes the interior of the Pangaeus mines
describes the operations of Mardonius in 492 (Thuc. 4.105) and Polles, king of the Odomanti
BC as occurring in this Thrace, he writes (Thuc. 5.6). When writing about army of Brasi-
that afterwards all nations were conquered un- das at Amphipolis in 423 BC, Thucydides lists
til Macedonia, which was also subordinated. 1500 Thracian mercenaries separately from the
While camping in Macedonia Mardonius was Edoni (Thuc. 5.6). Thucydides places the Thra-
attacked by a Thracian tribe Bryges, but he left cians between Mt. Balkan and Mt. Rhodope
that area, meaning Macedonia, after he subdued separately from Paeonian tribes that were on
them (Her. 4.44-45). This description clearly the border of the state of Odrysae (Thuc. 2.96).
shows that the designation of Thracian applied The boundary of the Thracian state was Stry-
to the Bryges is a geographic rather than eth- mon, where the free Paeones lived. Plutarch
nic denomination. And again, when enumerat- calls the residents of the city Halaistra on the
ing the ships and soldiers led by Xerxes in 480 border of Mygdonia and Bottiaea Macedoni-
On the Names of Thracia and Eastern Macedonia 79

ans (Plut. Alex. 49), despite the fact that this first sight. It should also be borne in mind that
part of Macedonia was not yet included in the this so-called Eastern Macedonia or Western
Macedonian kingdom. This sense of, the data Thracian area, west of Nestos to Axios did not
in the epigraphic sources, can be illustrated by have any place name ending with -bria or -para,
few examples. On the inscription from Delphi (Duridanov 1968, 268; 1975 map on p. 114). This
(4th century BC), a proxenos from Macedonia omission is a clear sign of the ethnicity of the
named Polydamas, who was a resident of Are- tribes in this part of Macedonia. More recently,
thousa, is designated as Macedonian (nota bene) thanks to progress in modern studies, the ethnic
and not described as coming from Macedonia; and political territory of Thrace has been rightly
in another inscription, Euainetos from (ex = narrowed, although some modern authors still
) Amphipolis is described as a Macedonian, confound numerous tribes, including the tribes
as is Dionysus Dionysiou from Thessaloniki, west of the river Nestos (the modern Mesta) in
2nd century BC. (Perdrizet 1897, 107 no 4-Are- so-called Southwestern Thrace or Eastern Mac-
tusa, 110, no 6-Amphipolis, 116 no 3-Thessa- edonia under the common name Thrace, regard-
lonike). The stele from Delos with a decree of less of their ethnic origins. No evidence proves
the Macedonian Bokros, son of Admetos (end that they really were all branches of a common
of 3rd century BC) also deserves mention: it stock. In this way, modern studies still equate
was tellingly voted that he be given a crown the name Thrace from ancient sources with
and two statues, one in Delos, the other in Thracians. It is necessary to distinguish between
his native city of Thessalonike. The stele was Thrace in the widest sense, i.e. in a geographi-
also inscribed with the response from the city cal, archaized meaning of the word which refers
of origin in acceptance of the proposition, i.e. the districts on the northern Aegean coastline,
that they had enacted the same honours for him and Thrace in the ethnic sense. As noted before,
(Drrbach 1886, 124 -132). Thracia stricto sensu or Thracia proprie dicti
This floating use of the term Thrace was actually denotes the region to the east of the
supported by the migrations or periodical re- river Mesta (formerly, Nestos) and Rhodopes
settlements of the population even in classi- and south of the Balkan/Haemus. Even authors
cal times. A nice example can be found in the who do not adhere to the pan-Thracian theory
Thracian from Crestonia who was king of use the terms such as Eastern Macedonia
Bisaltes indicating that Crestonia is a broader (Papazoglou 1979, this terms is systematically
term for related tribes. This king, not wanting applied in Bulletin Epigraphique), southwest-
to be a slave of Xerxes, withdrew to the closest ern Thrace (Delev 2014) or Western Thrace
Rhodope Mountains, punished his six sons for (Dana 2014). It should be noted that when P.
disobeying him by joining Xerxes by putting out Delev uses this denomination, he declares that
their eyes after their return (Her. 8.116). Hero- he employs it provisionally (Delev 2014, 17,
dotus relates a remote migration of the popula- 471). Despite his precaution about interdisci-
tion of the Struma valley, called Strymonites, to plinary investigations (Delev 2014, 472), the
Asia Minor (Her. 7.75), where they were named phrase can be accepted partially, only in regard
Bithyni. It is not necessary to recall the simi- to archaeological data. An unprejudiced review
larity of the onomastic designations between of the onomastic data without intention to con-
these two areas (Papazoglou 1979, 163; Robert, firm a pre-established theses yields less debat-
1963). able and contradictory attributions. A remnant
The geographical designation had an ar- of the pan-Thracian theory is particularly visible
chaized meaning, which, among other things, in D. Dana who interprets the epichori names
has caused modern authors to formulate the pan- from western Macedonia, attested in Macedoni-
Thracian thesis according to which the entire an context, as Thracian (Dana 2014, LVIII).
south Balkan Peninsula was inhabited by Thra- Although D. Dana in his book on Thracian
cians. Using the original names, i.e. those listed names (Dana 2014) is very critical toward au-
in the sources, and keeping in mind the time to thors, especially Bulgarians (for their uncritical
which the data refers, the information is less attitude in defining Thracian names as well as
contradictory and ambiguous than it appears at their ideologically coloured interpretations), he
80 Nade Proeva

himself includes the names of so-called Eastern sume ou tablie entre le thrace et le mysien, le
Macedonia, i.e. southwest Thrace, in his west thrace et le phrygien, etc., le classement part
Thracian group (Dana 2014, map n. 4 n p. des restes de ces langues, dans la mesure ou les
LXXVI). This group comprises several micro- matriel le permet, me parait indispensable
regions from three different provinces, two of (Papazoglou, 1974, 70, n. 55).3 In the beginning
them (Macedonia and Thracia) belonging to the of their studies, the linguists (Tomaschek 1983,
supposed eastern Greek cultural zone and one Detchew 1976) put all the names from this
(south of Moesia Superior, Dana 2014, LXXV) widely defined territory in one category, but lat-
belonging to the western Latin cultural zone, er they have made distinctions particularly be-
but they have been categorized together: the tween the Phrygians, Paeonians, Daco-Mysians,
Aegean part east of the Struma and Mt. Pirin and Thrace (Georgiev 1971, 155-70; Georgiev
(that is Thracia proprie dicti) belonged to the 1977, Duridanov 1968, 268; Duridanov 1976).
Roman province of Thrace; the area of Nikopo- Unusual and rare names in this part of Mac-
lis ad Nestos to the Serdika on the north, and the edonia are interpreted as Thracian, even though
so-called Eastern Macedonia this one joined by they are not witnessed in Thracia proprie dicti,
the Romans to the province of Macedonia, not that is the territory between the Balkan and the
to Thrace, certainly not without reason (Proeva Rhodope Mountains, east of the river Mesta. We
2015, 67-71). The Romans created provinces find the same attitude towards the gods interpret-
which respected the ethnic boundaries of the ed as Thracian although not attested in Thrace, as
conquered peoples, except in specific occasions. it is the case of theos suregethes found in Philippi
One such exception is the western part of Mac- but not in Thrace (Pilhofer 2000, no. 133). Thra-
edonia, where they actually included southern cian names occur in the contact areas of Mac-
Illyrians (Illyrii proprie dicti) because only they edonia and Thrace because of the immigration
of Illyrians vulgo dicti belonged to an eastern due to trade or other economic reasons and the
portion of the so-called Greek cultural sphere. gradual infiltration in the mining zone as it was
In this way, the Romans avoided barriers along Pangaeus mons. Thus, many of the inscriptions
the Via Egnatia, the shortest connection be- with Thracian names found in the Jewish cem-
tween Italy and Asia Minor. Nonetheless, ro- etery of Thessalonike, are actually in secondary
man administrators did not do this with the last use, introduced from Philippi (Brlaz 2014, ap-
section of the road in ethnic Thrace which ran pendice 2), where there were Thracian settlers, a
east of the river Nestos (the modern Mesta), al- fact which is understandable for a bordering city
though it was part of the so-called Greek cul- with a strong mining economy and an important
tural sphere, the same as Macedonia. They left strategic location as a station on the Via Egnatia.
ethnic Thrace in the motherland. Moreover, the
Thracian settlers appear in the other neigh-
number of Thracian names in this too broadly
bouring provinces, too. In Dacia, Thracian
defined area (also criticized by Hlmagi, 2015,
names almost always refer to soldiers who were
259-271) is very small and understandable
stationed there (Dana 2014, LXVII), while in
for a border area. Not only that, most of these
Moesia Inferior they are Thracian colonists
names, as argued by F. Papazoglou, share one
(Dana 2014, LXX). Some Thracian and even
radical, whereas in Thrace names with this radi-
a part of pan-Thracian names such as Bithus,
cal are part of composite, two radical Thracian
Kotys, Teres and Seuthes found in the so called
names (Papazoglou 1974, 69). As F. Papazoglou
Eastern Macedonia and Bithynia, which re-
rightly notes: Le fait que les auteurs anciens
ceived tribal migrations from Strymon, should
parlent des Bryges ou des Poniens comme de
Thraces nest pas une raison suffisante pour ne 3 The fact that the ancient authors speak of Bryges or Paeonians
pas mettre la base des tudes onomastiques et as Thracians is not sufficient reason not to place a complete
distinction consequently applied among the Thracians and
linguistiques une distinction complte et cons- others of their people in the so-called Thracian family at
quemment applique entre les Thraces et les the base of onomastic and linguistic studies. The same notion
of XXX merited examination from this angle in antiquity. In
autres peuples de la soi-disant famille thrace. every case, independent of the presumed or proven parentage
La notion mme de , , dans lanti- between the Thracian and the Mysian, the Thracian and the
Phrygian, or any other, the classification, aside from the rest
quit mriterait dtre examine sous cet angle. of these languages, in such measure as the material permits,
En tous cas, indpendamment de la parent pr- seems to me essential).
On the Names of Thracia and Eastern Macedonia 81

be attributed to Thracian settlers. Nor should it pennes, VI. Sofia, 1968,


be forgotten that epichoric names from Macedo- Drrbach 1886: F. Durrbach. Dcrets du IIIe et du II
nia and Thrace spread throughout the Hellenistic sicle trouvs Delos. BCH 10, 1886, 1, 102-
Mediterranean, during and after the campaign of 135.
Fraser 2010: P. M. Fraser. Greek ethnic terminology.
Alexander of Macedon. Thus, for example, in
Oxford, 2010.
the time of Macedonian rule in Egypt, names Georgiev 1971: Vl. Georgiev. Lethnogense de la
which are missing from Thrace appear in Egypt, pninsule balkanique daprs les donnes linguis-
thereby indicating that the denomination of tiques. Studia Balcanica 5, 1971, 155-170.
Thracian had been used with the archaized, geo- Hlmagi 2015: D. Hlmagi. review of D. Dana book
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82

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