1. Name the four primary benefits of using digital techniques in communication.

Which of these is
probably the most important?

Noise immunity
Error detection and correction
Compatibility with Time-Division Multiplexing
Digital ICs
Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
And the most important of them probably is ______________.

2. What is data conversion? Name two basic types.

Data conversion is the conversion of data in analog form to digital form.

The two basic types are ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL(A/D) CONVERSION and DIGITAL-
TO-ANALOG(D/A) CONVERSION

3. What is the name given to the process of measuring the value of an analog signal at some point in time?

A/D conversion

4. What is the name given to the process of assigning a specific binary number to an instantaneous value
on an analog signal?

D/A conversion

5. What is another name commonly used for A/D conversion?

Digitizing a signal or encoding

6. Describe the nature of the signal and information obtained when an analog signal is converted to digital
form.

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7. Describe the nature of the output waveform obtained from a D/A converter.

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8. Name the four major components in a D/A converter.

R-2R converter
Reference Regulators
Resistor Networks
Electronic Switches

9. Define aliasing and explain its effect in an A/D converter.

Aliasing is an effect that causes different signals to become indistinguishable when sampled.
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10. What types of circuits are commonly used to translate the current output from D/A converter to a
voltage output?

Successive Approximations Converter

11. Name the three types of A/D converters and state which is the most widely used.

Successive-Approximations Converters
Flash Converters
Pipelined Converters
Flash Converters is the most widely used among all because of its speed.

12. What A/D converter circuit sequentially turns the bits of the output on one at a time in sequence from
MSB to LSB in seeking a voltage level equal to the input voltage level?

Successive-Approximations Converters

13. What is the fastest type of A/D converter? Briefly describe the method of conversion used.

Flash Converters
Uses a large resistive voltage divider and uses a series of comparators

14. What type of A/D converter generates a serial output data signal directly from the conversion process?

15. What circuit normally used to perform serial-to-parallel and parallel-to-serial data conversion? What is
the abbreviation of this process?

Codec or Vocoder

16. What circuit performs the sampling operations prior to A/D conversions, and why is it so important?
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17. Where are sigma-delta converters used? Why?

Sigma-Delta Converters widely used in digital audio applications like CD, DVD and MP3
players.
Because this circuit provides extreme precision, wide dynamic range, and low noise
compared to other converters.

18. What process converts an analog signal to sequential binary numbers and transmits them serially?

Pulse-Code Modulation

19. What is the name given to the process of compressing the dynamic range of analog signal at the
transmitter and expanding it later at the receiver?

Companding

20. What is the general mathematical shape of a companding curve?

21. Name the three basic types of pulse modulation. Which type is not binary?

Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM)
Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM)
And Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM) is not binary.

22. Name the DAC that produces a voltage output.

Output Amplifiers

23. What type of DAC is used for very high-speed conversions?

Weighted Current Source DAC

24. True or false? ADC outputs or DAC inputs may be either parallel or serial.

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25. What type of ADC is faster than a successive-Approximations converter but slower than a flash
converter?

Pipelined Converters

26. Which type of ADC gives the best resolution?

 Flash Converters

27. Why are capacitor D/A converters preferred over R-2R D/A converters?

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28. What does oversampling means? What converter uses this technique? Why is it used?

Oversampling is the technique of increasing the apparent sampling frequency of a digital

signal by repeating each digit a number of times, in order to facilitate the subsequent filtering
of unwanted noise.
Sigma-Delta Converter uses this technique.
Because this circuit provides extreme precision, wide dynamic range, and low noise
compared to other converters.

29. How is aliasing prevented?

The sampling rate for an analog signal must be at least two times the bandwidth of the signal.

30. Name two common noncommunication application for PWM?

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31. Describe briefly the techniques known as digital signal processing (DSP)

Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is the use of digital processing, such as computer, to perform
a wide variety of signal processing operations. The signal processed in this manner are
sequence of numbers that represent sample of a function of a continuous variable such as
time, space, and frequency.

32. What type of circuit performs DSP?

Analog Circuit, like phase shifting, equalization and etc.

33. Briefly describe the basic mathematical process used in the implementation of DSP.

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34. Give the names for the basic architecture of non-DSP microprocessors and for the architecture normally
used in DSP microprocessors. Briefly describe the difference between the two.

Von Neumann Architecture and Harvard Architecture

Harvard Architecture has separate data and instruction busses, allowing transfer to be
performed simultaneously on both busses while Von Neumann Architecture has only one bus
which is used for both data transfers and instruction fetches.

35. Name five common processing operations that take place with DSP. What is probably the most
commonly implemented DSP application?

Filtering
Compression
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Signal Averaging
Phase Shifting and Equalization
The most commonly implemented among them is the Filtering

36. Briefly describe the nature of the output of a DSP processor that performs the discrete Fourier transform
or the fast Fourier transform.

The result is a frequency domain output that indicates the content of the signal in terms of
sine waves frequencies, amplitudes, and phases.

37. Name two types of filters implemented with DSP and explain how they differ.

Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter or Nonrecursive Filter and Infinite Impulse
Response (IIR) Filter or Recursive Filter
FIR Filter is a nonrecursive filter whose output is only a function of the sum of products of
the current input samples while IIR Filter is a recursive filter that uses feedback: each new
output samples is calculated by using the both the current output and past sample inputs.

38. What useful function is performed by an FFT computation?

It can perform Spectrum Analysis by using discrete or Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)