A

Seminar-II Report
on

Internet of Things for Underground

Drainage Monitoring System for
Metropolitan Cities
By

Shubham Vinayak Thakare

The Shirpur Education Societys

Department of Computer Engineering

R. C. Patel Institute of Technology Shirpur - 425405.

Maharashtra State, India

[2017-18]
 A
Seminar-II Report
on

Internet of Things for Underground

Drainage Monitoring System for
Metropolitan Cities
Submitted By
Shubham Vinayak Thakare

Guided By
Prof. M. M. mhajan

The Shirpur Education Societys

Department of Computer Engineering
R. C. Patel Institute of Technology Shirpur - 425405.
Maharashtra State, India
[2017-18]
 The Shirpur Education Societys

R. C. Patel Institute of Technology

Shirpur, Dist. Dhule (M.S.)
Department of Computer Engineering
Maharashtra State, India

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that minor project entitled Internet of Things for Underground Drainage
Monitoring System for Metropolitan Cities has been carried out by team:

Shubham Vinayak Thakare

of TE Computer Engineering class under the guidance of Prof. M. M. Mahajan during the
academic year 2017-18.

Date:
Place: Shirpur

Guide Seminar-II Coordinator

Prof. M. M. Mahajan Prof. P. S. Sanjekar

H. O. D. Principal
Prof. Nitin N. Patil Prof. Dr. J. B. Patil
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude towards the Department of Com-
puter Engineering RCPIT,Shirpur that gave us an opportunty for presentation of our Project
in their esteemed organization. It is a privilege for us have to been associated with Prof. M.
M. Mahajan, our guide during project work.We have been greatly beneted by his valuable
suggestion and ideas.It is with great pleasure that express our deep sense of gratitude to his
for his valuable guidance, constant encouragement and patience throughout this work.

We express our gratitude to Prof. Nitin N. Patil, [HOD Computer] for his constant
encouragement, co-operation and support and also thankful to all people who have contributed
in their own way in making this project success. We take this opportunity to thank all the
classmates for their company during the course work and for useful discussion we had with them.

We would also like to thank our Principal Prof. Dr. J. B. Patil, who presented us with
such an opportunity to expand our horizons of knowledge prayed for us.

Shubham Vinayak Thakare

Contents

List of Figures iii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Embedded Systems Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 Introduction of Embedded System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 History and Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3 Real Time Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Application Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Consumer appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Office automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.3 Medical electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.4 Computer networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.5 Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.6 Wireless technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.7 Insemination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.8 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.9 Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Overview of Embedded System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 9

2.1 Applications of Wireless Data Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Global System for Mobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 GSM services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3 EXPLANATION OF EACH BLOCK 14

3.1 Power Supply Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 microcontrollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4 ARDUINO/GENUINO UNO 24
4.1 Whats on the board? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

5 THE ARDUINO FAMILY 28

5.1 Arduino Uno (R3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.3 Working with Water Flow Sensors & Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

i
 5.4 How to use the Water Level Sensor Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.5 Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.6 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

6 CONCLUSION 34
6.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

BIBLIOGRAPHY 35

ii
List of Figures

1.1 Architecture of Embedded System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.2 Central processing Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.1 Global System for Mobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.1 Design of Power Sypply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.2 Internal working of Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3 Bridge Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4 Microcotroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.5 PIN Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4.1 Arduino/Genuino UNO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

5.1 Arduino UNO(R3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

5.2 Flow of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.3 Connection with Arduino kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

iii
 ABSTRACT

Internet of Things for Underground Drainage Monitoring System for

Metropolitan Cities

India has announced a project of making 100 smart cities. For making a smart city one needs
to consider many parameters such as smart water, smart electricity, smart transportation etc.
There will be a need of smart underground infrastructure which includes underground water
pipelines, communication cables, gas pipelines, electric flow, etc. As most of the cities in India
have adopted underground drainage system, it is very important that this system should work
in proper manner to keep the city clean, safe and healthy. If they fail to maintain the drainage
system the pure water may get contaminated with drainage water and can spread infectious
diseases. So different kind of work has been done to detect, maintain and manage these under-
ground systems. Also Leaks and bursts are an unavoidable aspect of water distribution systems
management, and can account for significant water loss within a distribution network if left
undetected for long periods. This paper presents the implementation and design functions for
monitoring and managing underground drainage system with different approaches. It also gives
description about Water wise system and detection method to detect leakage defects in sewer
pipeline. Also some part of condition rating model for underground Infrastructure Sustainable
Water Mains and Intelligent system for underground pipeline assessment, rehabilitation and
management are explained.
Chapter 1

Introduction

Underground drainage system is important component of urban infrastructure. It is considered

to be citys lifeline. Most management on underground drainage is manual therefore it is not
efficient to have clean and working underground system. Therefore, it is essential to develop
a system which can handle underground drainage without human intervention. Underground
Drainage involves sewerage system, gas pipeline network, water pipeline and manholes. Dif-
ferent functions are described which are used for maintenance and monitoring underground
drainage system. Underground manhole is one of the most efficient solutions to drainage .How-
ever putting these manholes underground is very challenging. Also the difficulties derived from
the fact that manhole is hard to search once it is hide under the road surface. Therefore, it
is necessary to develop a set of mechanism which can be used to search, authenticate manhole
in order to manage this problem. Closings of these manholes are covered by a manhole cover.
Manhole cover is a flat plug which is designed to protect from unauthorized access. Also some
people implements Underground Drainage and Manhole Monitoring System. This is a model
which provides a system which is able to monitor the water level, atmospheric temperature.
Also it can be used to find pressure inside a manhole and to check whether a manhole lid is
open. Also this system can be used to monitors underground installed electric power lines.
Manhole explosion is one of the most dangerous and serious problems as these explosions re-
leases of chemical and electrical energy inside a manhole. Manhole explosion events can be of
three types mainly smoking events, fires and explosion due to sudden raise in pressure so they
can monitor these manholes using sensors. If such drainage system gets blocked and water
overflows it can be identified by sensor system[2]. Also if suppose that manhole lid is open it
will immediately sense by the sensor in system, and that sensor sends information via trans-
mitter which is located in that area to the corresponding managing station. But sometime this
fails to solve these kinds of problems because it increases the number of sensors. It is not able
to provide scalability. These are reasons for significant water loss. Therefore it is necessary to
build a system which has the ability to detect and localize pipe burst and leaks.

1
 RCPIT, Shirpur

1.1 Embedded Systems Overview

1.1.1 Introduction of Embedded System
An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps
additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. A good example
is the microwave oven. Almost every household has one, and tens of millions of them are used
everyday, but very few people realize that a processor and software are involved in the prepa-
ration of their lunch or dinner.

This is in direct contrast to the personal computer in the family room. It too is
comprised of computer hardware and software and mechanical components (disk drives, for
example). However, a personal computer is not designed to perform a specific function rather;
it is able to do many different things. Many people use the term general-purpose computer
to make this distinction clear. As shipped, a general-purpose computer is a blank slate; the
manufacturer does not know what the customer will do wish it. One customer may use it for
a network file server another may use it exclusively for playing games, and a third may use it
to write the next great American novel[3].

Frequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger system. For exam-
ple, modern cars and trucks contain many embedded systems. One embedded system controls
the anti-lock brakes, other monitors and controls the vehicles emissions, and a third displays
information on the dashboard. In some cases, these embedded systems are connected by some
sort of a communication network, but that is certainly not a requirement.

At the possible risk of confusing you, it is important to point out that a general-purpose
computer is itself made up of numerous embedded systems. For example, my computer consists
of a keyboard, mouse, video card, modem, hard drive, floppy drive, and sound card-each of
which is an embedded system. Each of these devices contains a processor and software and
is designed to perform a specific function. For example, the modem is designed to send and
receive digital data over analog telephone line. Thats it and all of the other devices can be
summarized in a single sentence as well[6].

If an embedded system is designed well, the existence of the processor and software
could be completely unnoticed by the user of the device. Such is the case for a microwave
oven, VCR, or alarm clock. In some cases, it would even be possible to build an equivalent
device that does not contain the processor and software. This could be done by replacing the
combination with a custom integrated circuit that performs the same functions in hardware.
However, a lot of flexibility is lost when a design is hard-cooled in this way. It is mush easier,
and cheaper, to change a few lines of software than to redesign a piece of custom hardware[3].

2
 RCPIT, Shirpur

1.1.2 History and Future

Given the definition of embedded systems earlier is this chapter; the first such systems
could not possibly have appeared before 1971. That was the year Intel introduced the worlds
first microprocessor. This chip, the 4004, was designed for use in a line of business calculators
produced by the Japanese Company Busicom. In 1969, Busicom asked Intel to design a set of
custom integrated circuits-one for each of their new calculator models. The 4004 was Intels
response rather than design custom hardware for each calculator, Intel proposed a general-
purpose circuit that could be used throughout the entire line of calculators. Intels idea was
that the software would give each calculator its unique set of features.

The microcontroller was an overnight success, and its use increased steadily over the
next decade. Early embedded applications included unmanned space probes, computerized
traffic lights, and aircraft flight control systems. In the 1980s, embedded systems quietly rode
the waves of the microcomputer age and brought microprocessors into every part of our kitchens
(bread machines, food processors, and microwave ovens), living rooms (televisions, stereos, and
remote controls), and workplaces (fax machines, pagers, laser printers, cash registers, and credit
card readers).

It seems inevitable hat the number of embedded systems will continue to increase
rapidly. Already there are promising new embedded devices that have enormous market poten-
tial; light switches and thermostats that can be central computer, intelligent air-bag systems
that dont inflate when children or small adults are present, pal-sized electronic organizers and
personal digital assistants (PDAs), digital cameras, and dashboard navigation systems. Clearly,
individuals who possess the skills and desire to design the next generation of embedded systems
will be in demand for quite some time[5].

1.1.3 Real Time Systems

One subclass of embedded is worthy of an introduction at this point. As commonly de-
fined, a real-time system is a computer system that has timing constraints. In other words,
a real-time system is partly specified in terms of its ability to make certain calculations or
decisions in a timely manner. These important calculations are said to have deadlines for com-
pletion. And, for all practical purposes, a missed deadline is just as bad as a wrong answer[4].

The issue of what if a deadline is missed is a crucial one. For example, if the real-time
system is part of an airplanes flight control system, it is possible for the lives of the passen-
gers and crew to be endangered by a single missed deadline. However, if instead the system
is involved in satellite communication, the damage could be limited to a single corrupt data
packet. The more severe the consequences, the more likely it will be said that the deadline is
hard and thus, the system is a hard real-time system. Real-time systems at the other end of
this discussion are said to have soft deadlines[1].

All of the topics and examples presented in this book are applicable to the designers
of real-time system who is more delight in his work. He must guarantee reliable operation of

3
 RCPIT, Shirpur

the software and hardware under all the possible conditions and to the degree that human lives
depend upon three systems proper execution, engineering calculations and descriptive paper-
work[7].

1.2 Application Areas

Nearly 99 per cent of the processors manufactured end up in embedded systems. The em-
bedded system market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are used in very
market segment- consumer electronics, office automation, industrial automation, biomedical en-
gineering, wireless communication, data communication, telecommunications, transportation,
military and so on.

1.2.1 Consumer appliances

At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital camera, digital diary,
DVD player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for TV and air-conditioner, VCO
player, video game consoles, video recorders etc. Todays high-tech car has about 20 embedded
systems for transmission control, engine spark control, air-conditioning, navigation etc. Even
wristwatches are now becoming embedded systems. The palmtops are powerful embedded
systems using which we can carry out many general-purpose tasks such as playing games and
word processing[8].

1.2.2 Office automation

The office automation products using em embedded systems are copying machine, fax machine,
key telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc. Industrial automation: Today a lot of industries
use embedded systems for process control. These include pharmaceutical, cement, sugar, oil
exploration, nuclear energy, electricity generation and transmission. The embedded systems for
industrial use are designed to carry out specific tasks such as monitoring the temperature, pres-
sure, humidity, voltage, current etc., and then take appropriate action based on the monitored
levels to control other devices or to send information to a centralized monitoring station. In
hazardous industrial environment, where human presence has to be avoided, robots are used,
which are programmed to do specific jobs. The robots are now becoming very powerful and
carry out many interesting and complicated tasks such as hardware assembly[5].

1.2.3 Medical electronics

Almost every medical equipment in the hospital is an embedded system. These equipments
include diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure measuring devices, X-ray scanners;
equipment used in blood analysis, radiation, colonoscopy, endoscopy etc. Developments in
medical electronics have paved way for more accurate diagnosis of diseases[2].

4
 RCPIT, Shirpur

1.2.4 Computer networking

Computer networking products such as bridges, routers, Integrated Services Digital Networks
(ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay switches are embedded
systems which implement the necessary data communication protocols. For example, a router
interconnects two networks. The two networks may be running different protocol stacks. The
routers function is to obtain the data packets from incoming pores, analyze the packets and
send them towards the destination after doing necessary protocol conversion. Most networking
equipments, other than the end systems (desktop computers) we use to access the networks,
are embedded systems.

1.2.5 Telecommunications
In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be categorized as subscriber ter-
minals and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as key telephones, ISDN phones,
terminal adapters, web cameras are embedded systems. The network equipment includes mul-
tiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite modems
etc. IP phone, IP gateway, IP gatekeeper etc. are the latest embedded systems that provide
very low-cost voice communication over the Internet[2].

1.2.6 Wireless technologies

Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many interesting applications using
embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of the last decade of the 20th
century. It is a very powerful embedded system that provides voice communication while
we are on the move. The Personal Digital Assistants and the palmtops can now be used to
access multimedia services over the Internet. Mobile communication infrastructure such as base
station controllers, mobile switching centers are also powerful embedded systems[5].

1.2.7 Insemination
Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and engineering
activities. The measuring equipment we use in laboratories to measure parameters such as
weight, temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc. are all embedded systems. Test
equipment such as oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, logic analyzer, protocol analyzer, radio
communication test set etc. are embedded systems built around powerful processors. Thank
to miniaturization, the test and measuring equipment are now becoming portable facilitating
easy testing and measurement in the field by field-personnel[7].

1.2.8 Security
Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to protect our
homes and offices; and also the information we transmit and store. Developing embedded
systems for security applications is one of the most lucrative businesses nowadays. Security
devices at homes, offices, airports etc. for authentication and verification are embedded sys-
tems. Encryption devices are nearly 99 per cent of the processors that are manufactured end

5
 RCPIT, Shirpur

up in embedded systems. Embedded systems find applications in every industrial segment-

consumer electronics, transportation, avionics, biomedical engineering, manufacturing, process
control and industrial automation, data communication, telecommunication, defense, security
etc. Used to encrypt the data/voice being transmitted on communication links such as tele-
phone lines. Biometric systems using fingerprint and face recognition are now being extensively
used for user authentication in banking applications as well as for access control in high security
buildings.

1.2.9 Finance
Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for transactions using
smart cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded as Any Time Money) ma-
chines. Smart card, of the size of a credit card, has a small micro-controller and memory; and
it interacts with the smart card reader! ATM machine and acts as an electronic wallet. Smart
card technology has the capability of ushering in a cashless society. Well, the list goes on. It is
no exaggeration to say that eyes wherever you go, you can see, or at least feel, the work of an
embedded system!

1.3 Overview of Embedded System Architecture

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central Processing
Unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded.
The software residing on the memory chip is also called the firmware. The embedded system
architecture can be represented as a layered architecture.

Figure 1.1: Architecture of Embedded System

The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application software runs above

6
 RCPIT, Shirpur

the operating system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop
computer. However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating
system in every embedded system. For small appliances such as remote control units, air condi-
tioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating system and you can write only the software
specific to that application. For applications involving complex processing, it is advisable to
have an operating system. In such a case, you need to integrate the application software with
the operating system and then transfer the entire software on to the memory chip. Once the
software is transferred to the memory chip, the software will continue to run for a long time
you dont need to reload new software[7].

Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded
system. As shown in Fig. the building blocks are :
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)

Input Devices

Output devices

Communication interfaces

Application-specific circuitry

Figure 1.2: Central processing Unit

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following: microcon-
troller, microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP). A micro-controller is a low-cost

7
 RCPIT, Shirpur

processor. Its main attraction is t2hat on the chip itself, there will be many other com-
ponents such as memory, serial communication interface, analog-to digital converter etc.
So, for small applications, a micro-controller is the best choice as the number of external
components required will be very less. On the other hand, microprocessors are more
powerful, but you need to use many external components with them. D5P is used mainly
for applications in which signal processing is involved such as audio and video processing.

2. Memory
The memory is categorized as Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory
(ROM). The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip,
whereas ROM retains the contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware
is stored in the ROM. When power is switched on, the processor reads the ROM; the
program is program is executed.

3. Input devices
Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited capa-
bility. There will be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded
system is no easy task. Many embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one
key to give a specific command. A keypad may be used to input only the digits. Many
embedded systems used in process control do not have any input device for user inter-
action; they take inputs from sensors or transducers 1fnd produce electrical signals that
are in turn fed to other systems.

4. Output devices
The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some
embedded systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health
status of the system modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal
Display (LCD) may also be used to display some important parameters.

5. Communication interfaces
The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they may
have to transmit data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provided
with one or a few communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Se-
rial Bus (USB), IEEE 1394, Ethernet etc.

6. Application-specific circuitry
Sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry may be required fat an em-
bedded system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the processor
to carry out the necessary work. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either
through the 230 volts main supply or through a battery. The hardware has to design in
such a way that the power consumption is minimize.

8
Chapter 2

INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION

In the world today, everything would be incredibly different if it were not for wireless com-
munication devices. The fact that we can communicate with people in other parts of our own
country and the world is amazing and has led to lots of changes in human history. There are
various kinds of wireless communication tools and here we will look at a few different kinds as
well as the benefits of having them.

1. Short Distances
Sometimes wireless communication does not happen across thousands of miles but only
across a few feet. For instance, if you have a television with a remote control, there is
communication happening between the two. The remote control tells the television what
to do and this information is transferred without the use of any wires. You could also use
walkie talkies for this purpose. These are little devices that work like telephones except
with different methods and will allow two people or a group of people to talk to each
other from a small distance away, such as at a festival or celebration.

2. Benefits of Short Distance Wireless Communication

Having these short distance devices allows many things to happen. You do not have to get
up to change the channel, for one thing. With walkie talkies you are able to communicate
with a group of people, which means that people who need to work together such as police
men or fire fighters or security guards can do so at special events without having to take
the time to dial a phone number. This can save time and sometimes lives.

3. Medium and Long Distances

Anything that can connect to the internet is capable of going through medium or long
distances. Many forms of wireless communication such as cell phones and laptop comput-
ers can send information from ten feet to thousands of miles because they can connect to
the internet. Wireless communication of this form has changed the world dramatically.
One of the most widely acknowledged benefits of long distance wireless communication is
that people can perform their jobs at a distance. If they are trying to contact their boss
or write a report, they can do so from almost any part of the globe without having to be
physically present. This reduces travel costs and the impact of travel on the environment.

9
 RCPIT, Shirpur

Another benefit of long distance wireless communication is that families can stay in touch
with each other even if one of them is far away. It used to be that if someone was on
a business trip, they would have to write a letter to communicate with their loved ones.
Now they can communicate through video and show their family exactly where they are
so that the family can connect about these experiences and maintain closer relationships
with each other[3]. The types and forms of wireless communication are changing at a
rapid pace to include ever more increasing advances in technology. The benefits of these
devices are many and range from benefits that relate to our jobs to those that relate to
our loving connection to our families. There is virtually no end to the amount that human
kind can advance given the incredible leaps and bounds we are making with technology!

2.1 Applications of Wireless Data Communications

Wireless data communications are an essential component of mobile computing. The various
available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range and performance, and in some
circumstances, users must be able to employ multiple connection types and switch between
them. To simplify the experience for the user, connection manager software can be used, or a
mobile VPN deployed to handle the multiple connections as a secure, single virtual network.
Supporting technologies include:
1. Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network that enables portable computing devices to connect
easily to the internet. Standardized as IEEE 802.11a,b,g,n, Wi-Fi approaches speeds
of some types of wired Ethernet. Wi-Fi has become the de facto standard for access in
private homes, within offices, and at public hotspots. Some businesses charge customers a
monthly fee for service, while others have begun offering it for free in an effort to increase
the sales of their goods.
2. Cellular data service offers coverage within a range of 10-15 miles from the nearest cellsite.
Speeds have increased as technologies have evolved, from earlier technologies such as
GSM,CDMA and GPRS, to3G networks such as W-CDMA,EDGE or CDMA2000
3. Mobile Satellite Communications may be used where other wireless connections are un-
available, such as in largely rural areas or remote locations Satellite Communication are
especially important for transportation, aviation, maritime and military.

2.2 Global System for Mobile

It is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of
standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone
standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system
operating at 900MHZ[5].
Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications, various systems have been devel-
oped without the benefit of standardized specification. This presented many problems directly
related to compatibility, especially with the development of digital radio technology. The GSM
standard is intended to address these problems.

10
 RCPIT, Shirpur

GSM-Introduction
Architecture
Technical Specifications
Frame Structure
Channels
Security
Characteristics and features
Applications
Definition
Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard
developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation.

GSM-History
Developed by Group Special Mobile (founded 1982) which was an initiative
of CEPT (Conference of European Post and Telecommunication)
Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system
Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special
mobile group under ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards Insti-
tute )
Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990
Under ETSI, GSM is named as Global System for Mobile communication

Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135 Coun-
tries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million subscribers in
India.

11
 RCPIT, Shirpur

Figure 2.1: Global System for Mobile

2.3 GSM services

1. Tele-services
2. Bearer or Data Services
3. Supplementary services

1. Tele-services
Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mo-
bile phones
Offered services
Mobile telephony
Emergency calling
2. Bearer or Data Services
Include various data services for information transfer between GSM
and other networks like PSTN, ISDN etc at rates from 300 to 9600
bps
Short Message Service (SMS)

12
 RCPIT, Shirpur

up to 160 character alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mo-

bile terminal
Unified Messaging Services(UMS)
Group 3 fax
Voice mailbox
Electronic mail
3. Supplementary services
all related services
Call Waiting- Notification of an incoming call while on the handset
Call Hold- Put a caller on hold to take another call
Call Barring- All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls
Call Forwarding- Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by the
user
Caller line identification presentation
Multi Party Call Conferencing - Link multiple calls together
CLIP CLIR Caller line identification restriction
CUG Closed user group

13
Chapter 3

EXPLANATION OF EACH BLOCK

3.1 Power Supply Design

Figure 3.1: Design of Power Sypply

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The
a.c. input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer
to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a
pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage
from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even
after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a
pure constant dc voltage[6].

14
 RCPIT, Shirpur

Transformer Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic

equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be
obtained directly. Thus the a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is
to be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a transformer.
Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required
level.

Rectifier The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts
A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier.
In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability
and full wave rectification.

Figure 3.2: Internal working of Power Supply

The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage

using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is
shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge.
The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge.
The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct,
whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes
will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows
through RL. For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2
and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2

15
 RCPIT, Shirpur

and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the current
flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a
bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.

Figure 3.3: Bridge Rectifier

Filter
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the
output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is
constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if
either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. There-
fore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

Voltage regulator
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage
regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a con-
stant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required.
In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to

16
 RCPIT, Shirpur

be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12
represent the required output voltage levels. The L78xx series of three-terminal
positive regulators is available in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK
packages and several fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide range of
applications. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating
the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each type
employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection,
making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they
can deliver over 1 A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed volt-
age regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain
adjustable voltage and currents[8].

3.2 microcontrollers
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems
products. Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has
a CPU in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer
embedded all on a single chip. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM and
number of I/O ports in microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications
in which cost and space are critical.
The Intel 8052 is Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller which
was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. It was popular
in the 1980s and early 1990s, but today it has largely been superseded by a
vast range of enhanced devices with 8052-compatible processor cores that are
manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel,
Infineon Technologies and Maxim Integrated Products.
8052 is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits
of data at a time. Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8-bit pieces
to be processed by the CPU. 8052 is available in different memory types such
as UV-EPROM, Flash and NV-RAM. The present project is implemented on
Keil uVision. In order to program the device, proload tool has been used to
burn the program onto the microcontroller. The features, pin description of
the microcontroller and the software tools used are discussed in the following
sections.
FEATURES
Compatible with MCS-51
R Products

17
 RCPIT, Shirpur

Figure 3.4: Microcotroller

8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer
Power-off Flag

18
 RCPIT, Shirpur

3.3 description
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller
with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is man-
ufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The
on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or
by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile
8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the At-
mel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and
cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52
provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM,
32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters,
a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip
oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static
logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable
power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,
timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling
all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset[1].

19
 RCPIT, Shirpur

Pin Diagram

Figure 3.5: PIN Diagram

1. VCC
Supply voltage.
2. GND
Ground.
3. Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port,
each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins,
the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be config-
ured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to
external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups.
Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs

20
 RCPIT, Shirpur

the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required
during program verification.
4. Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port
1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written
to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be
used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low
will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. In addition, P1.0
and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input
(P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respec-
tively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order
address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
5. Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port
2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written
to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be
used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 2 emits
the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory
and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses
(MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-
ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use
8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special
Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and
some control signals during Flash programming and verification[2].
6. Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to
Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used
as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the func-
tions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following
table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and
verification.

21
 RCPIT, Shirpur

7. RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscil-
lator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator
periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR
(address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state
of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte
of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the
program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal op-
eration, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency
and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however,
that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data mem-
ory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR
location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or
MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the
ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution
mode.
8. PSEN
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program
memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program
memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two
PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.
9. EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable
the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting
at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed,
EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for
internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt program-
ming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.
10. XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
11. XTAL2

22
 RCPIT, Shirpur

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. XTAL1 and XTAL2 are
the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that can be
configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure. Either a
quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from
an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1
is driven, as shown in the below figure. There are no requirements on
the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal
clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and
maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed[3].

23
Chapter 4

ARDUINO/GENUINO UNO

Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P

(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as
PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed
to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You
can tinker with your UNO without worring too much about doing something
wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start
over again. Uno means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release
of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino
Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer
releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the
reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past
or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.
Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects.
Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred
to as a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) that runs on your computer, used to write and upload computer
code to the physical board. The Arduino platform has become quite popular
with people just starting out with electronics, and for good reason. Unlike most
previous programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does not need a separate
piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load new code onto the
board you can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses
a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn to program. Finally,
Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks out the functions of the
micro-controller into a more accessible package

24
 RCPIT, Shirpur

4.1 Whats on the board?

There are many varieties of Arduino boards (explained on the next page) that
can be used for different purposes. Some boards look a bit different from the one
below, but most Arduinos have the majority of these components in common:
Power (USB / Barrel Jack)

Figure 4.1: Arduino/Genuino UNO

Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source. The

Arduino UNO can be powered from a USB cable coming from your computer or
a wall power supply (like this) that is terminated in a barrel jack. In the picture
above the USB connection is labeled (1) and the barrel jack is labeled (2). The
USB connection is also how you will load code onto your Arduino board. More
on how to program with Arduino can be found in our Installing and Program-
ming Arduino tutorial. NOTE: Do NOT use a power supply greater than 20
Volts as you will overpower (and thereby destroy) your Arduino. The recom-
mended voltage for most Arduino models is between 6 and 12 Volts[3].

Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)

The pins on your Arduino are the places where you connect wires to construct
a circuit (probably in conjuction with a breadboard and some wire. They
usually have black plastic headers that allow you to just plug a wire right into
the board. The Arduino has several different kinds of pins, each of which is
labeled on the board and used for different functions.

25
 RCPIT, Shirpur

GND (3): Short for Ground. There are several GND pins on the Arduino,
any of which can be used to ground your circuit.
5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As you might guess, the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of
power, and the 3.3V pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple
components used with the Arduino run happily off of 5 or 3.3 volts.
Analog (6): The area of pins under the Analog In label (A0 through A5
on the UNO) are Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an
analog sensor (like a temperature sensor) and convert it into a digital value
that we can read.
Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13
on the UNO). These pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if
a button is pushed) and digital output (like powering an LED).
PWM (8): You may have noticed the tilde ( ) next to some of the digital
pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital
pins, but can also be used for something called Pulse-Width Modulation
(PWM). We have a tutorial on PWM, but for now, think of these pins as
being able to simulate analog output (like fading an LED in and out).
AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can leave
this pin alone. It is sometimes used to set an external reference voltage
(between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.

Reset Button
Just like the original Nintendo, the Arduino has a reset button (10). Pushing
it will temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and restart any code that
is loaded on the Arduino. This can be very useful if your code doesnt repeat,
but you want to test it multiple times. Unlike the original Nintendo however,
blowing on the Arduino doesnt usually fix any problems.

Power LED Indicator

Just beneath and to the right of the word UNO on your circuit board,
theres a tiny LED next to the word ON (11). This LED should light up
whenever you plug your Arduino into a power source. If this light doesnt turn
on, theres a good chance something is wrong. Time to re-check your circuit!

26
 RCPIT, Shirpur

TX RX LEDs
TX is short for transmit, RX is short for receive. These markings appear
quite a bit in electronics to indicate the pins responsible for serial communica-
tion. In our case, there are two places on the Arduino UNO where TX and RX
appear once by digital pins 0 and 1, and a second time next to the TX and
RX indicator LEDs (12). These LEDs will give us some nice visual indications
whenever our Arduino is receiving or transmitting data (like when were loading
a new program onto the board).

Main IC
The black thing with all the metal legs is an IC, or Integrated Circuit (13).
Think of it as the brains of our Arduino. The main IC on the Arduino is slightly
different from board type to board type, but is usually from the ATmega line
of ICs from the ATMEL company. This can be important, as you may need
to know the IC type (along with your board type) before loading up a new
program from the Arduino software. This information can usually be found in
writing on the top side of the IC. If you want to know more about the difference
between various ICs, reading the datasheets is often a good idea[4].

Voltage Regulator
The voltage regulator (14) is not actually something you can (or should)
interact with on the Arduino. But it is potentially useful to know that it is
there and what its for. The voltage regulator does exactly what it says it
controls the amount of voltage that is let into the Arduino board. Think of it
as a kind of gatekeeper; it will turn away an extra voltage that might harm the
circuit. Of course, it has its limits, so dont hook up your Arduino to anything
greater than 20 volts.

27
Chapter 5

THE ARDUINO FAMILY

Arduino makes several different boards, each with different capabilities. In

addition, part of being open source hardware means that others can modify
and produce derivatives of Arduino boards that provide even more form factors
and functionality. If youre not sure which one is right for your project, check
this guide for some helpful hints. Here are a few options that are well-suited to
someone new to the world of Arduino.

5.1 Arduino Uno (R3)

The Uno is a great choice for your first Arduino. Its got everything you need
to get started, and nothing you dont. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of
which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a USB connection, a
power jack, a reset button and more. It contains everything needed to support
the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power
it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

Submersible pump
A submersible pump (or sub pump, electric submersible pump (ESP)) is a
device which has a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body.
The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be pumped. The main ad-
vantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump cavitation, a problem
associated with a high elevation difference between pump and the fluid surface.
Submersible pumps push fluid to the surface as opposed to jet pumps having
to pull fluids. Submersibles are more efficient than jet pumps[5].

28
 RCPIT, Shirpur

Figure 5.1: Arduino UNO(R3)

5.2 Features
Compact, Easy to Install
High Sealing Performance
High Quality Hall Effect Sensor
RoHS Compliant

5.3 Working with Water Flow Sensors & Arduino

Effective water management involves supplying water according to the real re-
quirement, and thus measuring water is very essential step in water management
systems. There are many water flow measurement techniques as well as differ-
ent types of water flow meters used to measure the volume of water flow in
pipelines but these all are too costly. This article describes ideas for design
and development of low cost automatic water flow meters, with the help of
readily-available and low-cost water flow sensors.
Accurate flow measurement is an essential step both in the terms of quali-
tative and economic points of view. Flow meters have proven excellent devices
for measuring water flow, and now it is very easy to build a water management
system using the renowned water flow sensor YF-S201.This sensor sits in line

29
 RCPIT, Shirpur

with the water line and contains a pinwheel sensor to measure how much wa-
ter has moved through it. There is an integrated magnetic Hall-Effect sensor
that outputs an electrical pulse with every revolution. The YFS201 Hall Ef-
fect Water Flow Sensor comes with three wires: Red/VCC (5-24V DC Input),
Black/GND (0V) and Yellow/OUT (Pulse Output). By counting the pulses
from the output of the sensor, we can easily calculate the water flow rate (in
litre/hour L/hr) using a suitable conversion formula[6].

Figure 5.2: Flow of Sensors

Level sensors detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids,
including slurries, granular materials, and powders that exhibit an upper free
surface. Substances that flow become essentially horizontal in their containers
(or other physical boundaries) because of gravity whereas most bulk solids
pile at an angle of repose to a peak. The substance to be measured can be
inside a container or can be in its natural form (e.g., a river or a lake). The
level measurement can be either continuous or point values. Continuous level
sensors measure level within a specified range and determine the exact amount
of substance in a certain place, while point-level sensors only indicate whether
the substance is above or below the sensing point. Generally the latter detect
levels that are excessively high or low. There are many physical and application
variables that affect the selection of the optimal level monitoring method for
industrial and commercial processes. The selection criteria include the physical:
phase (liquid, solid or slurry), temperature, pressure or vacuum, chemistry,

30
 RCPIT, Shirpur

dielectric constant of medium, density (specific gravity) of medium, agitation

(action), acoustical or electrical noise, vibration, mechanical shock, tank or bin
size and shape. Also important are the application constraints: price, accuracy,
appearance, response rate, ease of calibration or programming, physical size
and mounting of the instrument, monitoring or control of continuous or discrete
(point) levels. In short, level sensors are one of the very important sensors and
play very important role in variety of consumer/ industrial applications. As
with other type of sensors, level sensors are available or can be designed using
variety of sensing principles. Selection of an appropriate type of sensor suiting
to the application requirement is very important.

5.4 How to use the Water Level Sensor Arduino

This module is designed mainly for the DIY hobbyist and provide them a low-
cost and easy-to-use water level detection scheme. The sensor that I will use
for this tutorial can measure water level up to 40mm (4cm). This is an analog
sensor and the data that we will read will be values from 0 to 1024.
In this project, we will build a liquid level sensor circuit with an arduino.
This circuit will be able to tell us roughly how much of the sensor is covered
by liquid. Liquid level sensors are used for all types of applications. They are
extensively used within automobiles, which rely on a substantial amount of dif-
ferent fluids in order to operate to check for how much gas in the car, windshield
washer fluid, oil levles. Basically, they are used whenever we want to measure
the level of any type of fluid of a system. Thus, they are extremely valuable
to be able to learn and manipulate and build circuits with. The liquid level
sensor we will use is an analog sensor, meaning it outputs an analog voltage in
proportion to the amount of liquid the sensor is exposed to. We just connect
the analog pin, represented by an S, to an analog pin on the arduino board
to read the analog value. As you can see from the above image, the sensor
has a series of parallel wires across the board. These wires are what sense the
liquid level that the board is exposed to. If the board has water or another
fluid covering all the wire, then it will output a maximum analog value reading.
Since analog values read by an arduino range from 0 (lowest reading) to 1023
(highest reading), a board completely submerged with a liquid will have a read-
ing of 1023 by an arduino. If the board is halfway covered, a reading of about
512 will be read by the arduino. If the board is 1/4 covered by a liquid, then
the arduino will read about 256. And if no liquid is on it at all, then a near

31
 RCPIT, Shirpur

0 reading should be obtained[8]. With our liquid level sensor and an arduino,
there are a number of options of what we can do. We can use the sensor, simply,
to read and output the analog value obtained. Or we can create a type of alarm
indicator status system. For example, we can have a green LED light up when
the sensor is completely full (submerged to the top with fluid), indicating that
its full. We can have a red LED light up when the sensors liquid level falls
below 1/4 level, like how car dashboard LED indicators tell us when our gas
tank goes below E (empty). So with a microcontroller like the arduino, there
are basically limitless options of how we can incorporate the liquid level sensor.
In this circuit, we will build now, we will just do the most basic circuit and
simply read and output the analog value read by the arduino.

Components Needed
Arduino
Liquid Level Sensor
The liquid level sensor we will use is built by China Harbin Okumatsu Robot
Technology Co and its product item is RB-02S048. This part can easily be
obtained on ebay for most of the time under $2 including shipping. Its very
inexpensive. The sensor operates on 5V and needs less than 20mA for operating
power current, which means the arduino can easily provide this (so no external
power is needed to power it). The liquid level sensor has 3 pins. Its very basic.
The pinout is shown below[7].
2 of the pins are for power, 1 connecting to the +5V of the arduino and the
other connecting to the ground terminal of the arduino. The other pin, with
an S, is the signal pin. This is the pin that outputs the analog voltage signal in
proportion to the amount of the sensor which is covered with liquid. This pin
connects to an analog pin on the arduino board to be read.

5.5 Advantage
Prevents Water Accumulation
Reduces Soil Erosion
Provide cleanliness in city

32
 RCPIT, Shirpur

Figure 5.3: Connection with Arduino kit

5.6 Application
It can be used in future smart city
It can useful for industries to monitor their drainage outlet toxicity of fluid.
Emergency flood control.

33
Chapter 6

CONCLUSION

6.1 Conclusion
Underground maintenance is challenging problem. Different system are pro-
posed for the maintenance out of which some systems like manhole identifica-
tion, underground drainage maintenance system and water distribution system
are explained. This paper proposes different methods for monitoring and man-
aging underground drainage system with different approaches. It explains var-
ious applications like Underground Drainage and Manhole Monitoring System,
manhole identification and also for water distribution and monitoring system.
In this study, the design of special purpose RFID tags, affixed with a metal
surface, long distance reading, and reduces the interference characteristics of
water, known as Ground Tag. Also described Water WiSe an integrated plat-
form combining a real-time wireless sensor network with intelligent analytics
and modeling tools to better aid water distribution system operation and man-
agement with ANN model which is robust and can be used to predict the
condition rating of water mains and ANN model is robust and can be used to
predict the condition rating of water mains.

34
Bibliography

[1] Allen Y. Chang, Chang-Sung Yu,Sheng-Chi Lin,Yin-Yih Chang, pei-Chi

Ho, Search, Identification and Positioning of the Underground Manhole
with RFIDISBN: 978-0-7695-3769-6 ,pp: 1899-1903
[2] http://www.thomasathomas.com/Metal detectors work.h tm
[3] MandeepKaur, ManjeetSandhu, Neeraj Mohan and Parvinder S. Sandhu
RFID Technology Principles, Advantages, Limitations & Its Applications
International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol.3, No.1,
February, 2011 1793-8163
[4] Christoph Jechlitschek, A survey paper on Radio Fre-
quency Identification (RFID) TrendsAvailable online at:
http://www1.cse.wustl.edu/jain/cse574- 06/index.html
[5] Joe Purtell Mapping the Underground infrastructure: Leveraging GPS
Technology to locate and identify problems North American Society for
Trenchless Technology (NASTT) No-Dig Show 2010 Chicago, Illinois May
2-7, 2010
[6] Muragesh SK and Santhosha Rao Automated Internet of Things for
Underground Drainage and Manhole Monitoring System for Metropoli-
tan Cities International Journal of Information & Computation Tech-
nology. ISSN 0974-2239 Volume4, Number12 (2014), pp.1211- 1220 at
http://www.Irphouse.com
[7] Whittle, A. J., M. Allen, A. Preis, and M. Iqbal. Sensor Networks for
Monitoring and Control of Water Distribution Systems. 6th International
Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure
(SHMII 2013), Hong Kong, December 9-11, 2013
[8] R. R. Dighade, M. S. Kadu, A.M.Pande International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (An ISO 3297)

35