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Chng 1
GII THIU V K THUT IU CH OFDM
nhau, ngi ta thc hin iu ch tn hiu trn mi sng mang vi cc mc iu ch khc nhau.
H thng ny m ra khi nim v h thng truyn dn s dng k thut OFDM vi b iu
ch tn hiu thch ng (adaptive modulation technique). K thut
ny hin c s dng trong h thng thng tin my tnh bng rng HiperLAN/2 Chu u.
Chng 1: Gii thiu v k thut iu ch OFDM
v m khng mt i tnh trc giao, ch gy ra s xoay pha ca cc sng mang con m thi.
Nu li time offset ln hn khong bo v th hot ng ca h thng suy gim nhanh
chng. Nguyn nhn l do cc symbol trc khi n b FFT s bao gm mt phn ni
dung ca cc symbol khc, dn n ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference).
- nh hng ca s sai lch ng b tn s: Mt trong nhng vn ln ca
OFDM l n d b nh hng bi offset v tn s. Gii iu ch tn hiu OFDM c th gy
ra sai v tc bit. iu ny lm cho tnh trc giao gia cc subcarrier b mt i (kt qu
ca ICI v s xoay pha khng sa cha c b thu).
Sai s v tn s din ra ch yu theo 2 ngun chnh: li ca b dao ng v hiu ng Doppler.
Bt k mt s bt ng b no gia b pht v b thu u c th gy ra offset v tn s. Offset
ny c th c b bng cch dng b bm tn s, tuy nhin ch khc phc m thi, hot ng
ca h thng vn b nh hng.
Chng 1: Gii thiu v k thut iu ch OFDM
tin my tnh khng dy nh HiperLAN/2, IEEE 802.11a, g cng s c khai thc mt cch rng
ri Vit Nam.
1.4 Cc hng pht trin trong tng lai
K thut OFDM hin c c lm phng php iu ch s dng trong mng
thng tin thnh th bng rng Wimax theo tiu chun IEEE 802.16a v h thng thng tin di ng
th h th t. Trong h thng thng tin di ng th h th t, k thut OFDM cn c th kt hp
vi cc k thut khc nh k thut a anten pht v thu (MIMO technique) nhm nng cao dung
lng knh v tuyn v kt hp vi cng ngh CDMA nhm phc v dch v a truy cp ca
mng. Mt vi hng nghin cu vi mc ch thay i php bin i FFT trong b iu ch
OFDM bng php bin i Wavelet nhm ci thin s nhy cm ca h thng i vi hiu ng
dch tn do mt ng b gy ra v gim di ti thiu ca chui bo v trong h thng OFDM.
Tuy nhin kh nng ng dng ca cng ngh ny cn phi c kim chng c th hn na trong
tng lai.
1.5 Cc ct mc v ng dng quan trng ca OFDM
1957: Kineplex, multi-carrier HF modem 1966: Chang, Bell Labs: thuyt trnh v
a ra m hnh OFDM 1971: Weinstein & Ebert ngh s dng FFT v khong
bo v 1985: Cimini m t ng dng ca OFDM trong thng tin di ng 1987:
Alard & Lasalle: p dng OFDM cho digital broadcasting 1995: Chun ETSI
DAB: chun OFDM c bn u tin 1997: Chun ETSI DVB-T
Chng 1: Gii thiu v k thut iu ch OFDM
1998: D n Magic WAND trnh din OFDM modems cho mng WLAN 1999:
Chun IEEE 802.11a v ETSI BRAN HiperLAN/2 cho Wireless LAN 2000: c
dng trong truy cp v tuyn c nh (V-OFDM, Flash-OFDM)
2001: OFDM c c cho nhng chun mi 802.11 v 802.16 2002: c dng
trong chun IEEE 802.11g chun cho WLAN 2003: OFDM c c cho UWB
(802.15.3a)
2004: c dng trong chun IEEE 802.16-2004 chun cho mng WMAN
(WIMAX)
c dng trong chun Chun ETSI DVB-H
c c cho chun IEEE 802.15.3a, mng WPAN (MB-OFDM)
c c cho chun IEEE 802.11n, th h k tip ca mng WLAN 2005:
c c cho chun di ng t bo 3.75G (3GPP & 3GPP2)
c c cho chun 4G (CJK)
Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM
Chng 2
L THUYT V K THUT IU CH OFDM
j sin(^t)dt = 0 (2.1)
0
Nu chng ta nhn v cng (tch phn) hai dng sng sin c tn s khc nhau.Ta nhn thy qu
trnh ny cng bng 0.
Nu hai sng sin c cng tn s nh nhau th dng sng hp thnh lun dng, gi tr trung bnh
ca n lun khc khng (hnh trn). y l c cu rt quan trng cho qu trnh gii iu ch
OFDM. Cc my thu OFDM bin i tn hiu thu c sang min tn s nh dng k thut x l
tn hiu s gi l bin i nhanh Fourier (FFT).
Vic gii iu ch cht ch c thc hin k tip trong min s (digital domain) bng cch nhn
tng sng mang c truyn n my thu vi tng sng mang c to ra trong my thu c cng
tn s v pha mt cch chnh xc. Sau php tch phn c thc hin, kt qu l tt c cc
sng mang khc s v khng ngoi tr sng mang c nhn, n c dch ln trc x, c tch
ra mt cch hiu qu v gi tr symbol ca n khi c xc nh. Ton b qu trnh ny
c lp li kh nhanh chng cho mi sng mang, n khi tt c cc sng mang
c gii iu ch. Nhiu l thuyt
chuyn i c thc hin bng chui trc giao.
2.1.1 Dng biu din ton hc ca s trc giao
Hai hm thc f(t) v g(t) c gi l trc giao (orthogonal) vi nhau trn on {10 t1} nu:
h
j f(t)g(t)dt = 0 (2.2)
t0
t0 + k 2n/
0
0
t0 + k 2n/
0
0
I sin(n01)sin(m01) = 0 (2.6)
t
0
vi Ac(t) v (pc(t) l bin v pha ca sng mang trong tng symbol. Chng hn nh vi iu ch
QPSK, symbol thp trong khong thi gian (p-]) < t < pT,pc(t) s nhn mt trong 4 gi tr 00, 900,
1800, 2700.
Trong OFDM c nhiu sng mang, v d N sng mang, tn hiu s c dng :
N-1
Ss (t) = x Re{A A).ejl<v+p"(t >1} (2.8)
n=0
trong : a>n= a>0 + nAa>.
(2.9)
Cm = B lo2 (2.10)
ax
b) OFDM vi
3T
B
Theo Shanon tc d liu cao nht cho mt knh truyn ch c nhiu trng AWGN (khng c
fading) l:
B l bng thng ca knh truyn [Hz].
S/N l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca knh truyn.
V vy mun truyn d liu vi tc cao hn Cmax ta phi chia nh lung d liu tc cao
thnh cc lung d liu tc thp hn Cmax bng cch s dng b
Serial/Parallel (ni tip sang song song).
Tc l chia lung d liu vo thnh tng frame nh c chiu di k x b bit k <= N, vi b l s bit
trong m hnh iu ch s, N s sng mang. k, N s c chn sao cho cc
Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM
lung d liu song song c tc thp, bng thng tng ng hp, sao cho
hm truyn trong khong bng thng c th xem l phng. Bng cch s dng b S/P ta
chuyn knh truyn t frequency selective fading thnh knh truyn flat fading.
Ngc li vi pha pht, pha thu s dng b Parallel/Serial ghp N lung d liu tc thp
thnh mt lung d liu tc cao duy nht.
Hnh 2.11: Cho ta thy quan h gia tc symbol v tc bit ph thuc vo s bit
trong mt symbol.
Mi mt Symbol b bit trong mt frame s c a vo b mapping, mc ch l nng cao
dung lng knh truyn. Mt Symbol b bit s tng ng mt trong M=2b trng thi hay mt v tr
trong constellation (gin chm sao).
* BPSK s dng 1 symbol c 1 bit 0 hoc 1 s xc nh trng thi pha 00hoc 180O, tc
Baud hay tc symbol s bng tc bit R b l = Rb
S bit c truyn trong mt Symbol tng ln (M tng ln), th hiu qu bng thng
R
Bffi . = = log2 M = b bps / Hz] tng ln, tuy nhin sai s BER cng s tng
T
ln.
Nyquist a ra cng thc dung lng knh ti a trong mi trng khng nhiu: C = 2B log2
M trong B l bng thng ca knh truyn. Do ta khng th tng M ln tu c, cng
thc trn cho php ta xc nh M ln nht, s bit ln nht c th truyn trong mt symbol.
Mt s phng thc iu ch s thng dng trong b Mapping:
* M-PSK (Phase Shift Keying)
* M-DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying)
* M-QAM (Quarature Amplitude Modulation)
2.4.4.1 M-PSK (M-Phase shitf keying)
Sng mang ch thay i v pha ph thuc bit vo, m khng thay i bin , nn cng sut ca
tn hiu khng i. Mt s dng PSK thng gp:
* BPSK c 2 trng thi pha ph thuc 1 bit vo.
* QPSK c 4 trng thi pha ph thuc 2 bit (Dibit) vo.
* 8-PSK c 8 trng thi pha ph thuc 3 bit (Tribit) vo.
* 16-PSK c 16 trng thi pha ph thuc 4 bit (Quadbit) vo.
Phng php ny i hi pha thu phi khi phc c chnh xc sng mang.
M-PSK c
biu thc
tng qut
nh sau:
(2.11)
0
< t < T, i = 0,1,....,M -1
mang i : gi tr tng ng vi b
bit
Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM
Vi (t)
: = Tcos(2n/Ct) 0
^t ^ T
( t ) = T sn(2nf ct ) 0
^^T
t
= V
x, cos
=-
x. sin
Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM
Pha ca sng mang c gi tr l 1 trong M gc pha:
6. = i = 0,1,..., M -1
1
M
2.4.4.2 M-QAM
M-QAM l dng iu ch s, sng mang b iu ch c v bin v pha, phng
php ny c s dng rt ph bin trong cc ng truyn v tuyn s tc cao.
2E 2(t)
2E sin(2
T
cos(2n f t)c 2 T
nfct)
s
vi 0 < t < T
s
T l rng mt symbol f l
tn s sng mang
2.4.4.3 DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying)
y l mt dng ca M-PSK, trc khi i vo b M-PSK tn hiu s c x l sai bit, k t ra
khi b ny cha ng thng tin v s khc nhau gia hai k t lin tip.
Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM
B gii iu ch s so snh s khc bit v pha gia 2 k t lin tip xc nh k t thu c.
Thng thng nhiu tc ng ln 2 k t lin tip gn nh nhau, sai bit gia 2 k t lin tip s
ging nhau trong trng hp c nhiu v khng c nhiu.
u im ca phng php ny l khng cn khi phc sng mang. Tuy nhin c sai s nh
PSK, tn hiu DPSK vo b gii iu ch cn c t s tn hiu trn nhiu S/N ln hn t 1 n
3dB so vi PSK. Hnh 2.14, 2.15 v 2.16 cho ta thy cch thc iu ch v gii iu DBPSK.
X 1
N -1 n kn V (2.14)
[k ] NX *[n] cos I VN
2n JJ
n
=0 V V
Trong mng X[k] cha N gi tr bin ca cc thnh phn tn s, mng x[n] cha N mu ca
tn hiu min thi gian.
kn/N biu th tn s ca sng sin/cosin ng vi k e [0,N-1], n thay i gia 0 v tng s mu min
thi gian. Thng s k nh ngha s chu k sng sin/cosin hon chnh xy ra qua N im tn hiu
min thi gian c lu tr trong mng x[n]. Thng s n biu th cho s mu min thi gian thu
c.
Cng thc (2.14) nh ngha bin i Fourier phc nn c hai mng min thi gian v min tn s
u lu tr nhng gi tr phc.
Mng X[k] bao gm c tn s dng v m, trong ch s k=0,..,N/2 biu th cho tn s dng
v k=N/2+1,..., N-1 biu th cho tn s m.
Hnh 2.17: V d v ph phc thay th cho tn hiu min thi gian hon ton thc. C hai cch
Hnh 2.18: Gii thut DFT v IDFTphc. ng nt t tng trng cho DFT v
ng nt m tng trng cho IDFT. Mng tn s cha cc gi tr tn s dng v
m. Tn s dng chy t 0 n N/2
Cng ngh ADSL (Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line) s dng tn hiu min thi gian hon
ton thc. Tn hiu min thi gian phc c dng trong chun ng dng W-LAN 802.11a IEEE.
iu cui cng cn ch i vi DFT l khong cch tn s gia mi mu trong min tn s
(thng gi l phn gii - the resolution) ph thuc vo tn s ly mu f v chiu di N ca b
bin i FFT:
f
AF = ^ (2.15)
N
2.4.5.1 Php bin i ngc Fourier ri rc IDFT
Php bin i Fourier ri rc DFT s phn tch tn hiu thnh nhng thnh phn sng sin c
khong cch u nhau trong khong tn s.
Ngc li php bin i ngc Fourier ri rc IDFT s tng hp tt c cc sng sin v cos c bin
lu tr trong mng X[k] ti to tr li tn hiu pht min thi gian:
Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM
N- I kn kn \
x [nj = xX [ k] cos(2^ + j sin(2^ (2.16)
-V 1 / jhi jhi \
x[]=X (Re AT[fr] + j Im X [ k] cos( In -L ) + ;'sm( In
k=0 ^ N NJ
~~) 1 =
y~1/ til Z71 \ X[k]= Re (2.17)
- X I Re X[-]cos( I n -4-) + ] Re X [ k ] s m ( I n 1X[k]
+ + j Im
X[k]
Th (2.17) vo (2.16):
V~1i irtx 77
+ y j Im Af|7]cos( In ) - Im -V|7]sm( In )
k1 ^
/ k _ k
+ 2, j Im A'[]cos( In n ) + Re X[r]sin( 2 n r)
Trong cng thc trn nu thay Re{X[k]}+ jIm{X[k]} bng X[k] v em ra ngoi php tnh th ta
s rt ra c kt lun sau:
* Mi gi tr ca phn thc trong min tn s gp 1 phn to ra tn hiu min thi gian:
phn thc l sng cos, phn o l sng sin.
* Mi gi tr ca phn o trong min tn s cng gp mt phn vo tn hiu min thi
gian: phn thc l sng sin, phn o l sng cos.
Ni cch khc, mi gi tr min tn s u to ra c tn hiu sin thc v tn hiu sin o trong min
thi gian.
Cng tt c cc tn hiu sin li vi nhau s ti to li c tn hiu pht.
Dng sng cos v sin trong (2.14) v (2.16) c th c hiu nh l nhng tn hiu thc c pht
ra bi cc mch vt l.
2.4.5.2 Php bin i Fourier nhanh
Vic tnh ton DFT mt cch trc tip trong trng hp N ln s tiu tn rt nhiu thi gian. Thi
gian tnh ton cn thit tng theo N2. Tuy nhin nu ta s dng s sng mang N l ly tha ca 2
th c cch tnh hiu qu hn nhiu l FFT.
2.4.6 Chn khong bo v (Guard Interval Insertion v Guard Interval Removal)
Gi thit mt mu tn hiu OFDM c di l TS. Chui bo v l mt chui tn hiu c di l
TG pha sau sao chp ln phn pha trc ca tn hiu ny. S sao chp
Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM
ny c tc dng chng li nhiu ISI gy ra bi hiu ng a ng. Nguyn tc ny
c gii thch nh sau:
Gi thit my pht pht i 1 khong tn hiu hnh sin c chiu di l TS . Sau khi chn chui bo v
tn hiu ny c chu k l T= TS + TG . Do hiu ng a ng tn hiu ny
s n my thu qua nhiu tuyn ng truyn vi tr truyn dn khc nhau. n gin cho vic
gii thch nguyn l ny, hnh 2.19 ch m t tn hiu thu c t hai tuyn truyn dn, trong
mt tuyn truyn dn khng c tr, tuyn cn li tr so vi tuyn u tin l T . tuyn u tin ta
nhn thy mu tn hiu th (k-1) khng chng ln ln mu tn hiu th k. iu ny l do ta gi s
rng tuyn u tin khng c tr truyn dn. Tuy nhin tuyn 2, mu tn hiu th (k-1) b dch
sang mu tn hiu th k mt khong l T do tr truyn dn. Tng t nh vy mu tn hiu th k
b
dch sang tn hiu th (k+1) mt khong cng l T . Tn hiu thu c my thu s l tng ca tn
hiu tt c cc tuyn. S dch tn hiu do tr truyn dn trong cc phng php iu ch thng
thng s gy ra nhiu ISI. Tuy nhin trong h thng OFDM c s dng chui bo v s loi b
c nhiu ny. Trong trng hp TG >T nh m t hnh 2.19, th phn b chng ln tn hiu gy
nhiu ISI ch nm
trong khong ca chui bo v. Khong tn hiu c ch c di TS khng b chng
ln bi cc mu tn hiu khc. pha thu, chui bo v s b gt b trc khi gi n
b gii iu ch OFDM. iu kin quyt nh m bo h thng OFDM khng b nh hng
T>T
G max
bi nhiu ISI l:
(2.18)
Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM
Vic s dng chui bo v s m bo c tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang ph, do vy n
gin ha cu trc b c lng knh truyn, b cn bng tn hiu pha my thu. Tuy nhin chui
bo v khng mang thng tin c ch nn ph tn hiu ca h thng b gim i mt h s l :
T
S
T TFFT
Direct [
Delay [
Sampling period
> >
Nh trn hnh 2.20, ta c th thy rng nu tri tr nh hn khong bo v s khng c hin tng
giao thoa gia k t trc v k t hin ti, do s khng gy ra ISI v ICI. Tuy nhin, do tn
hiu nhn c ti my thu l tng ca nhiu thnh phn a
ng nn s gy ra s dch pha cho cc sng mang nh hnh 2.21. Vic c lng knh my
thu s khc phc s dch pha ny.
A Mu: t path Channel
Chng 2: L thuyt v ktime
thut iu ch OFDM
Direct Path
1 at Multipath
2nd Multipath
Hnh 2.22: Cc thnh phn ca k t OFDM thu c sau khi truyn qua knh truyn multipath:
a) khng c khong bo v; b) c khong bo v
:
Syrrco
syrrco'
r
riO'i 1 symbol 1wuicpa:n
t Channel
symbol du
duration
1 symbol duration
rat onlErr 2
1 FFT
Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM
divabcti
Firs:
wS'TCO
Second
SynftQi
Hnh 2.23: Nhng k t OFDM thu c sau khi truyn qua knh truyn multipath: a) khng c
khong bo v b) c chn khong bo v
Hnh 2.22 minh ha khi nim chn khong thi gian bo v trong h thng OFDM v hnh 2.23
minh ha tng dng khong bo v loi b khong ISI gia nhng k t OFDM, hnh
2.23 (a) th k t OFDM thu c b can nhiu bi k t OFDM trc n, hnh 2.23 (b) th k
t OFDM thu c khng cn b nh hng ca k t OFDM trc .
Trong khong thi gian bo v, my thu b qua tt c cc tn hiu, nh vy c ngha l khong
bo v l khong v ch, n khng mang d liu c ch. La chn khong bo v lin quan n
thi gian tr ca echo, ng thi cng lin quan mt thit n s lng sng mang. Trong thc t
khong thi gian bo v c to ra bng cch lp li mt t l ca dng bit tch cc trong chu k
trc , khong bo v c chn da vo khong thi gian tch cc ca symbol, c th l 1/4,
1/8, 1/16, 1/32 thi gian symbol tch cc.
Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM
Tht ra tng ca phng php ny c t gia nhng nm 1980. Nhng do lc cn hn ch
v mt cng ngh (kh to ra cc b iu ch v gii iu ch a sng mang gi thnh thp theo
bin i nhanh Fourier (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform - IFFT) nn cho ti nay da trn nhng
thnh tu ca cng ngh mch tch hp, phng php ny mi c a vo thc tin .
2.4.7 B bin i D/A v A/D
Chui symbol ri rc s[n] sau khi c chn khong bo v A G, s c a vo b bin i t
s sang tng t D/A v b lc thng thp (low pass filter) to ra tn hiu lin tc s(t) c th
a ra knh truyn v tuyn.
pha thu, b A/D lm ng tc ngc li b D/A, b A/D s ly mu tn hiu OFDM thu c
s(t), lng t v m ha cho ra tn hiu s ri rc, sau tn hiu ri rc ny s i qua b Guard
Interval Removal loi b khong bo v.
2.4.8 Ca s
Trong bt k h thng truyn dn v tuyn no, tn hiu trc khi c truyn i u c nhn
vi xung c bn. Mc ch ca php nhn ny l gii hn ph ca tn hiu pht sao cho ph hp
vi b rng cho php ca knh truyn. Trong trng hp b rng ph ca tn hiu pht ln hn b
rng knh truyn cho php th tn hiu pht ny s gy ra nhiu xuyn knh i vi cc h thng
khc. Trong h thng OFDM, tn hiu trc khi pht i c nhn vi xung c bn s(t). Xung c
bn c b rng ng bng b rng ca mt mu tn hiu OFDM. Sau khi chn chui bo v th
xung c bn k hiu l s(t) c rng l TS + TG. Dng xung c bn n gin nht l xung vung
m t nh hnh sau:
"t )
s
0 s t )
7 - t
-T Q 0
--------------
H- ---- -T H
Hnh 2.24: Xung c s
Bn cnh Chun 802.11a cng ngh khng dng thnh phn DC trnh lm suy yu tn
hiu t hin tng r sng mang (carrier leakage) v dch DC (DC offset) gy ra bi cc mch
tng t (analog circuit).
Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM
2.4.10 Ly mu v ph tn hiu
Hnh 2.26: L thuyt ly mu. Nhn tn hiu trong min thi gian tng ng vi ly
tch chp trong min tn s. f =1/T
T l thuyt ly mu, vic chuyn i tn hiu t tng t sang s c th c thc
hin bng cch ly tn hiu nhn vi chui xung delta thng c gi l chui xung bin n
v (hnh 2.26). Kt qu cho ra tn hiu s c dng l mt chui xung
Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM
(impulse train). Mc d trong thc t rt kh t c tn hiu delta c rng hp. Thay vo
, b ADCs (Analog to Digital Converters) s gi li gi tr cui cho n khi mu k tip c
thu. Qu trnh x l ny gi l zero-order hold.
Nh ni trn, tn hiu ri rc trong min ny s l tun hon trong min kia. Hn na, ngay
c khi tn hiu gc min thi gian c chiu di v hn th cng cn phi ct ra thnh nhng khung
(frame) hu hn. Mi khung c xem nh l mt chu k n ( ca mt tn hiu tun hon v
hn) ca tn hiu DFT ng vo.
Do , c hai phng php ly mu: vi chui xung v gi bc zero, u tun hon nhng c ph
khng ng nht. Ph tn s ca chui xung n v cng chnh l chui xung bin n v vi
nh xung xy ra ti cc v tr c tn s bng s nguyn ln tn s ly mu f , 2 f , 3 f , 4 f ...(xem
hnh 2.26). Do tn hiu min thi gian l tch ca d liu v chui xung nn trong min tn s ph
ca n c phn b ti cc v tr f ,2 f ,3 f ,... ng vi mi v tr l bn sao ca ph trung tm. Trong
trng hp tn hiu dng bc thang th ph ca n s c nhn thm hm sinc:
( nf/A
sin
nf
32
Chng 3: Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn
Chng 3
MI TRNG TRUYN DN V TUYN
PR = PT GT GR (3.1
)
Vi PR l cng sut thu c (W), PT l cng sut pht (W), GR l li ca anten
thu (ch l anten ng hng), GT l li ca anten pht, X l bc sng ca
sng mang RF (m), v R l khong cch truyn (m).
Nu truyn trong khng gian t do th c th d on c, c th c s dng
trong m hnh ca thng tin v tinh v nhng hng ni kt khng b vt cn, nh
l nhng ni kt im-im ca viba tm ngn. Tuy nhin, hu ht nhng m hnh
truyn thng mt t nh l in thoi di ng, h thng LAN khng dy, mi
trng c s phc tp hn nhiu dn n m hnh truyn s b kh khn hon.
3.2 nh ngha Fading
Nu ng truyn v tuyn t pha pht n pha thu c chng ngi vt th ta s
gp hiu ng fading. Trong trng hp ny, tn hiu s n ni thu t nhiu ng
khc nhau, mi ng l mt bn sao ca tn hiu gc. Tn hiu trn mi ng ny
33
Chng 3: Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn
c
Chng 3: Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn
tri tr khc nhau khng ng k v li cng khc nhau khng ng k. S tri tr ny lm cho
tn hiu t mi ng b dch pha so vi tn hiu gc v pha thu s tng hp cc tn hiu
t cc ng ny dn n tn hiu thu c tng cng b suy bin
(degraded).
a k: li ng th k.
34
Chng 3: Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn
Hnh 3.2: Tn hiu phn x n pha thu b tr v gy can nhiu n tn hiu chnh LOS. Trong
trng hp knh truyn Rayleigh fading th s khng c tn hiu chnh (LOS), tt c cc thnh
phn u l tn hiu phn x.
tri tr cc i c xem nh l tri tr ca tn hiu trong mi trng. tri
tr ny c th nh hn hoc ln hn thi gian k t. Trong c hai trng hp u gy ra nhng
loi suy bin (degradation) tn hiu khc nhau. tri tr ca tn hiu thay i khi mi trng
thay i.
Specmn Response Specmu
of signal of channel of signal 1
a It a ,
a h
Hnh 3.3 - (a) flat fading (b) fading chn lc tn s (c) Vi truyn dn OFDM th d liu c
truyn trong nhiu sng mang con, nn ti tn s b fading th ch mt tp hp nh d liu pht b
mt.
Hnh 3.2 cho ta thy ph ca tn hiu, ng en m l p ng knh truyn. C th tng tng
p ng knh truyn nh mt cnh ca cho tn hiu c th truyn qua. Nu cnh ca ln th
tn hiu truyn qua m khng h b un cong hay mo dng. p ng knh truyn fading c m
t nh hnh 3.3b, ta ch rng ti mt vi tn s trong di tn th knh truyn s khng cho php
truyn thng tin i qua, v th nhng tn s ny c gi l tn s fading su (deep fades
frequency). Dng p ng tn s knh truyn ny c gi l fading chn lc tn s (frequency
selective fading) bi v
35
Chng 3: Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn
n khng xy ra u trn ton di tn m ch xy ra ti mt vi tn s m knh
truyn chn lc. Nu knh truyn thay i th p ng ca n cng thay i theo.
Rayleigh fading l mt thut ng c dng khi khng c thnh phn tn hiu truyn thng t ni
pht n ni thu ( Light of sight) v tt c cc tn hiu n u l tn hiu phn x. Loi mi
trng ny c gi l Rayleigh fading.
Nhn chung khi thi gian tri tr nh hn thi gian mt k t, ta c knh truyn fading phng (flat
fading). Khi thi gian tri tr ln hn thi gian mt k t th knh truyn ny gi l knh truyn
chn lc tn s.
Tn hiu OFDM c thun li khi truyn trong knh truyn chn lc tn s. Khi gp fading th ch
mt vi sng mang con b nh hng cn cc sng mang khc th hon ton khng b nh hng
g. Thay v mt ton k t th s ch mt mt tp hp nh ca (1/N) bit. Nu ta s dng m ha
chui bit pht th ti b thu c th sa c cc bit sai.
3.3 Hin tng Multipath
Tn hiu RF truyn qua knh truyn v tuyn s lan ta trong khng gian, va chm vo cc vt cn
phn tn ri rc trn ng truyn nh xe c, nh ca, sng, ni... gy ra cc hin tng sau y:
* Phn x (reflection): khi sng p vo cc b mt bng phng. (hnh 3.4)
36
37
02 D.4 a.6 aa 1
38
3.4 Knh truyn chn lc tn s v knh truyn phng (Frequency Selective & Frequency
Nonselective Fading Channels) do tri tr a ng gy ra
Knh truyn chn lc tn s l knh truyn c p ng tn s khc nhau trn mt di tn s, tc
p ng tn s khng bng phng trong ton b di tn , do tn hiu ti cc tn s khc nhau
khi qua knh truyn s c s suy hao v xoay pha khc nhau. Mt knh truyn c b xem l chn
lc tn s hay khng cn ty thuc vo bng thng ca tn hiu truyn i. Nu trong ton khong
bng thng ca tn hiu p ng tn s l bng phng, ta ni knh truyn khng chn lc tn s
(frequency nonselective fading channel), hay knh truyn phng (flat fading channel), ngc li
nu p ng tn s ca knh truyn khng phng, khng ging nhau trong bng thng tn hiu, ta
ni knh truyn l knh truyn chn lc tn s (frequency selective fading channel). Mi knh
truyn v tuyn u khng th c p ng bng phng trong c di tn v tuyn, tuy nhin knh
truyn c th xem l phng trong mt khong nh tn s no .
Hnh 3.10a cho ta thy knh truyn s l chn lc tn s i vi tn hiu truyn c bng thng ln
nm t 32 MHz n 96 MHz. Hnh 3.10b cho ta thy nu tn hiu c bng thng nh khong 2
MHz th knh truyn s l knh truyn fading phng.
Chng 3: Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn
39
40
Chng 3: Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn
M-
II
1
Vi (3.4)
y(t ) = atx(t T ) (3.2)
i=1
(3.6)
E
( [ f (x)
]= f (x)
.P X
(x ) d x
)
Hm t tng quan ACF qu phc tp (theo 4 bin t , t , T , T ) nn n gin 1 2 1 2
trong phn tch ta gi s cc thnh phn phn x l dng theo ngha rng v khng
tng quan WSSUS (Wide Sense Stationary Uncorrelated Scatter).
WSS: qu trnh dng theo ngha rng tc l ACF ch ph thuc vo
A t = t2 t
US: cc thnh phn phn x l c lp nhau Khi qu trnh l
WSSUS ta c hm t tng quan ACF:
R t t A t, R ( A t, P ( A t, T T (3 7)
h ( 1 , 1 + T
1,T1 + A t ) = h t ) = h 1). A ( t 1 2 ) .
Ph ( A t, T 1 ) l mt ph cng sut cho tr (Delay Cross PDF)
41
Chng 3: Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn
Khi At =0, Ph (, T) = Ph (At, T) c gi l profile tr cng sut (Power Delay Profile
hay Multipath Delay Profile hay Multipath Intensity Profile), m t cng sut trung bnh ca tn
hiu sau khi qua knh truyn. Do cng sut ra ca tn hiu c tnh theo cng thc:
+X
P = P (T)dr
H (3.8)
X
Selective fading) hay knh truyn phng (Frequency Nonselective Fading), knh
truyn bin i nhanh (fast fading) hay bin i chm (slow fading).
Nu At = 0 ta c hm tng quan ACF phn tn theo tn s, m t tng quan gia cc khong
tn s Af ca knh truyn.
+X
42
Chng 3: Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn
nh hn bng thng knh truyn. Nhng knh fading phng gy ra hin tng fading su,
do yu cu cng sut truyn ln hn 20 hoc 30 dB t c tc li bit thp trong
sut thi gian fading su so vi nhng h thng hot ng trn knh truyn non-fading. S
phn b li tc thi ca knh fading phng th quan trng cho vic thit
k kt ni v tuyn, v hu ht s phn b
bin l phn b Rayleigh. M hnh knh truyn fading Rayleigh phng c gi s l
nhng knh truyn m gy ra bin thay i theo thi gian da trn s phn b Rayleigh.
Tng t nh Coherence bandwith, hai thng s quan trng thng c dng khi xt knh
truyn c chn lc tn s hay khng ngi ta thng xt ti thi gian tr gii hn trung bnh TAEX
(Average Excess delay) v thi gian tri tr hiu dng T RMS (RMS delay spread) ca knh truyn:
pk P
T
AEX = L (311)
tP
k=1
T (3.12)
R
M T
S
k
43
Chng 3: Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn
vn tc nh sng
44
Chng 3: Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn
Nu Af = 0 ta c hm tng quan ACF phn tn theo thi gian, m t tng quan gia cc khong
thi gian At ca knh truyn.
+ro
RH (At) =J Rhi(At,T)dt (3.14)
ro
Ph cng sut Doppler c nh ngha l bin i Fourier ca RH (At) :
+ro +ro
DH (f) = RH (At)e-j2n nd At o RH (At) = DH (f )e'2df (3.15^
ro ro
, , , RH (At) ,
Mi knh truyn u c mt khong thi gian (At) , ti -------------- xp x 1. Tc l
45
Chng 3: Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn
hng qu xu n tn hiu thu, khi ny ng bao tn hiu truyn qua knh truyn c phn b
Rice nn knh truyn c gi l knh truyn Ricean fading.
Ta bit tn hiu ti my thu c dng:
. -1 a .(t)
Gc pha (t) = tg-1 i (3.19)
a
r (t)
Nu c rt nhiu bn sao tn hiu n t rt nhiu ng khc nhau ti my thu, th ta c th p
dng thuyt gii hn trung tm (central limit theorem), lc ny c th xem cc h s a (t) v a. (t)
l cc qu trnh ngu nhin Gauss.
p(a) = 10
2 0<a (3.21)
L
46
1 2n
I0 (x) l hm Bessel loi 1 bc 0: I0 (x) = I excos9d6
2n 0
Chng 3: Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn
47
Chng 4 : c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
Chng 4
C LNG V CN BNG THCH NGHI CHO KNH
TRUYNTRONG H THNG OFDM
48
Chng 4 : c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
4.1.1 Cn bng
Mc d thi gian bo v (Guard time) c khong thi gian di hn tri tr ca knh truyn a
ng c th loi b nhiu lin k t (ISI) do k t trc gy ra, nhng vn cn c mt vi
nhiu lin k t gy ra bi s chn lc tn s ca knh truyn. b vo s mo dng ny, ta cn
n b cn bng knh truyn one-tap (one-tap channel equalizer). Ti ng ra ca b chuyn i
FFT pha thu, nhng mu c ly ti mi sng mang con c nhn cho h s ca b cn bng
knh truyn tng ng. H s ca b cn bng c tnh ton da trn tiu chun zero-forcing
(ZF) hay tiu chun cc tiu trung bnh bnh phng li (Minimum mean square error - MMSE).
Tiu chun ZF tc ng ln nhiu lin k t bt buc chng phi bng khng ti thi im ly
mu ca
Cn mi sng
mang. H s
ca mt b cn bng one-tap ZF c tnh nh sau:
(4.1)
Trong Hn l p ng tn s knh truyn trong khong bng thng ca sng mang con th n
(n-th subcarrier). Bt li ca tiu chun ZF l n ch ci tin nhiu ti sng mang con th n nu
nh Hn nh, iu ny tng ng vi ph null (spectral nulls).
Y= z H, (0)e N X. + N (4.2)
l=0
K = (0)e (4.3)
l=
0 p ng
t
n
s knh truyn c tri qua bi k t hun luyn Pilot Pn trn sng
mang con th n c th c c lng nh sau :
(4.4)
m m
H =1 -
m N HP1 + NHp2, Pl - m - P2
50
Smt tm bi
diendandaihoc.vr
i
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
bng knh. Lung tn hiu th hai l pilot c a vo b khi phc knh truyn. Knh truyn
sau khi c khi phc cng s c a vo b cn bng knh khi phc li tn hiu ban u.
51
H o o o o o o o o o
Dt)
S/rMte
4>
-O
5 o o o o o o o o o
Pilot
5/Yfcrt
52
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
53
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
lng bng cch thc hin ni suy t p ng gia nhng sng mang pilot. Nhiu k thut ni
suy c th c s dng bao gm ni suy tuyn tnh, ni suy bng a thc, ni suy spline, v
nhiu k thut khc vi chnh xc v hiu qu khc nhau. Hnh nh sp xp ca pilot dng khi
v dng lc c minh ha nh hnh (4.3), (4.4).
4.2.2.3 Nguyn tc chn pilot min tn s v min thi gian
Min thi gian
@CQ #0O
Dt
o Mu tin c ch
r
f = Drfj >1 (4.6)
f s max
54
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
T s ly mu ti thiu min tn s rf phi l 1. T s ny c th ln hn 1, khi
s pilot nhiu hn cn thit v knh truyn c ly mu vt mc (oversampling). Trong trng
hp khong cch gia hai pilot khng tha mn iu kin ly mu nh phng trnh (4.6), c
ngha l rf <1 th knh truyn khng th c khi phc li
c hon ton thng qua pilot.
Tng t nh min tn s, khong cch min thi gian ca hai pilot lin tip Dt
cng phi tha mn tiu chun ly mu min thi gian. S bin i ca hm truyn v tuyn
min thi gian ph thuc vo tn s Doppler fD max. Theo tiu chun ly
mu min tn s, khong cch Dt phi tha mn iu kin :
rt >1 (4.7)
t
2fDm m Dt (TS + TG ) v 7
W0 W
0(N-1)
N
0
F=
N W (N-1)0 W
(N-1)(N-1)
N N
JWnk e j2n(n/N)k
N
N
h : vect knh truyn trong min thi gian. W:
55
Chng 4 : c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
4.2.3.1 c lng bng tiu chun MMSE
Phng php MMSE s dng nhng thng k knh truyn bc hai v gi s rng p ng knh
truyn h l Gauss v khng tng quan vi nhiu w. Vi gi thit ny th vic c lng hMSSE
c xy dng t ma trn auto-covariance RYY v ma trn
covariance cho RhY. Gi s rng ma trn auto-covariance ca knh truyn l Rhh v phng sai
nhiu (noise variance) 2 c bit. Ta c :
Ly bin i DFT c c p ng tn s, ta c:
H
MMSE = FhMMSE = RHH [RHH + N ( X X H ) THiS (41N)
Trong HLS l c lng bnh phng cc tiu LS. K thut c lng MMSE c hiu qu tt
hn so vi c lng LS c bit di iu kin SNR thp. Tuy nhin, MMSE c phc tp
tnh ton cao hn do yu cu phi ly ma trn nghch o mi ln X thay i.
4.2.3.2 c lng theo tiu chun LS
B c lng bnh phng nh nht s thc hin cc tiu gi tr bnh phng ca li (Y XFh)h
(Y XFh). c lng LS c biu din bi:
HLS = X - Y (4.13)
c lng LS c dng rt n gin v thch hp vi nhng ng dng yu cu tnh ton nhanh vi
s php tnh ti thiu. Tuy nhin, b c lng MMSE nu trn cng c th c thay i bng
b c lng MMSE ci tin.
4.2.3.3 B c lng MMSE ci tin (Modifided MMSE Estimator)
B c lng MMSE thc hin n gin ha 3 vn gim phc tp tnh ton ca b c
lng MMSE thng thng. B c lng MMSE ci tin ny cn c gi l c lng MMSE
hng thp ti u (optimal low-rank MMSE (ORL-MMSE)). Ba vn cn n gin ha l:
56
Do : 'e V (4.16)
(2( XXH)-1 1 V SNR J
o
II
k .. , p - 1
Ak+A
k
SNR
[o ,
.,N - 1J
5*-
V
II
o
57
= IVm l = 0 (4.19)
[inf .data l = 1, ....... , L -1
Trong : N l s Pilot, L = (s sng mang con)/ N , X (m) l gi tr ca sng mang con pilot th
m.
58
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
c
1=
Vi
Hnh 4.7: Ni suy tuyn tnh
Hnh 4.7 minh ha phng php ni suy tuyn tnh. Phng php ny c li th
l n gin, nhng phng php ni suy bc 2 s cho kt qu p ng knh truyn tt hn.
4.2.4.2 Ni suy bc 2 (Second-Oder Interpolation)
K thut ni suy bc 2 s dng ng cong c iu chnh cho va bng ba gi tr
c lng pilot gn nht. K thut ny c nh ngha nh sau:
H (k) = H (mL +1) c1 H (m _1) + c0HP (m) + c_1HP (m +1) (4.21)
a(a _ 1)
2
c0 = _(a _ 1)(a +1) , a
L
= a(a +1)
c
_1 1 I
2
59
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
60
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
Hnh 4.9 : S khi ca gii thut c lng knh truyn da trn kiu sp xp pilot
dng lc dng b lc thng thp FIR.
61
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
lc li bnh phng ti thiu (MMSE - Minimum mean square error). Cu trc b lc c m t
nh hnh 4.11.
u vo ca b lc l cc gi tr h s knh truyn H Vn, ti cc mu tin dn ng. Cc gi tr ca
knh truyn c nhn vi cc h s ca b lc (0V n , f n nh phng
trnh di y:
HI,I(1)
h= HrAk)
T
n I uy1,1,i,n,..., W = I ^ i',n\i,n ,..., (lt-1)Dt +1,(lf -1)Df +1,i,n
62
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
p=H H (4.24)
i,n i ,n i,n
Tr trung
bnh li bnh
phng
tng ng
c vit li
l:
(4.25)
Thay php
biu din
ca H n nh
phng
trnh (4.23)
vo phng
- E Hi nh W* "I- E W,TnhH.n
H
=E H, trnh
i ,n I,n I,n , n
T H
+ E WI n hh (4.25) ta
W*n'
2
* Thnh phn th nht ca phng trnh trn : E = fn l phng sai ca
c:
(4.26)
knh.
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
* K vng ca php nhn h s knh Hi n vi vect hH cho ta vect tng quan cho
(cross-correlation) ca gi tr l tng h s ca knh v cc gi tr u vo b lc hH. Vect
tng quan cho do vy c biu din nh sau:
63
PL = E (4.27)
Chng 4 : c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
Ta cng c th biu din nh sau:
E \h H H I : ] = (P l n )H = P * (4.28)
i, n i ,n i
vo ca b lc nh sau:
R= E h h 1 (4.29)
HU(1)
H
t-1) Dt +1,(lf -1) D f +1 (Ntap)
r (0)
r (1 - N ap ) ..
Nu ta nh ngha r(k-m) = E [ H (k) H * ( m ) ] th ma trn R c vit li:
Vi s biu din ca vect tng quan cho pirn nh phng trnh (4.27) v ma trn
tng quan R ta c th vit li php biu din ca gi tr trung bnh
li bnh phng nh sau : (4.31)
J n = 2
n - P T
n W* - W P*, + W,T RW;
T
64
Chng 4 : c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
= dJ (W,n)
dW,n
= 0-2PK, -0 + 2[WIT,RJ (4.32)
= -2P,n +2 [ WT R ]T
Hin nhin l gi tr trung bnh li bnh phng J n s t gi tr ti thiu khi m vect o hm
l mt vect vi mi phn t ca n l 0.
(4.33)
iu ny c ngha l :
PT =WiT,R
Phng trnh trn cng tng ng vi :
(4.34)
WiTn= PTnR-
Phng trnh (4.34) c gi l phng trnh Wiener-Hop cho php tnh vect h s b lc W1Tn
sao cho gi tr trung bnh li bnh phng l ti thiu. iu kin tnh
c cc h s ca b lc l ma trn tng quan ca knh R v vect tng quan cho ca knh
PTn phi c bit trc. minh ha s ti thiu ca tr trung bnh li bnh phng thng qua s
ti u cc h s ca b lc ta xem xt v d sau:
V d: Gi thit ma trn R v vect PTn c cho nh sau:
1.0009 0.8465
0. 8465 1.009
P 0.6749
0.9602
Da vo phng trnh (4.5.17) ta c th tnh c gi tr h s ti u ca b lc nh sau:
4.2.5 Cn bng knh cho h thng OFDM
^-0.4806^
Wi ,
v1.3675 ,
n
phn ny gi s knh truyn khng bin i (hoc gn nh khng bin i) trong mt khong
thi gian ca mt mu tn hiu OFDM v trong mt khong tn s l b rng ca hai sng mang
ph k tip nhau. iu c ngha l min thi gian:
H(jm; t) = H(jm; kT) vi kT < t < (k + 1)T (4.35)
V min tn s:
65
1 1
H (jo; t) = H (jnoS; t) vi n - OS <0< n+ (4.36)
V 2J S V 2J
Chng 4 : c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
Khi h s hm truyn tng ng vi sng mang ph th n v mu tin OFDM th k c biu
din di dng :
kT < t < (k + 1)T
H (jo; t) = H (jnoS; kT) vi 1^ (1 (4.37)
n- oo <o< 0
S
V 2J S V2J
d
k,n = H (jnoS;kT )dk (4.38)
Tn hiu pht c khi phc li thng qua php chia ca tn hiu sau khi gii iu ch vi h s
hm truyn nh sau:
Phng trnh trn chng t b cn bng knh cho h thng OFDM c thc hin mt cch rt
n gin khi hm truyn knh v tuyn c khi phc. B cn bng knh c thc hin n
gin bng php chia tn hiu nhn c cho h s hm truyn ca knh.
4.3 Cn bng
Nhiu giao thoa lin k t l mt loi nhiu ph bin trong cc h thng vin thng. Nhiu ny
xut hin cc knh truyn phn tn theo thi gian. Chng hn trong mt mi trng tn x a
ng, mt k hiu c th c truyn theo cc ng khc nhau, n my thu cc thi im
khc nhau, do c th giao thoa vi cc k hiu khc. khc phc hin tng nhiu ISI v ci
thin cht lng h thng, c nhiu phng php khc nhau nhng phng php c cp
nhiu nht l s dng b cn bng b li c tnh tn x thi gian ca knh truyn.
B cn bng v c bn l mt b lc hay tng qut hn l mt h thng cc b lc vi mc ch l
loi b nhng nh hng khng mong mun ca knh truyn. Trong h thng thng tin s, vn
phi i mt thng xuyn chnh l nhiu lin k t (Intersymbol Interference - ISI). ISI xy ra l
do knh truyn c s phn tn v bin v pha. S phn tn ny gy ra hin tng tn hiu b can
nhiu vi nhng phn khc ca n. nh hng ny gy ra ISI. Tn hiu xung mang d liu
c thit k
66
Chng 4 : c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
sao cho t cc tiu nh hng ca ISI. Tiu chun Nyquist c yu cu cho dng xung ny nh
sau:
(4.40)
Trong p(t) l mt hm c dng xung nhng do nh hng ca knh truyn nn dng xung ny
b lm mo i. Do vy, gii quyt vn ny ti b thu th phi thit k
mt b cn bng. B cn bng tng qut s c dng sao cho nh hng ca n nghch o li vi
hot ng ca knh truyn. Nhng trong qu trnh thc hin th nhng kt qu khng mong mun
c th xy ra ti nhng im m b cn bng khuych i tn hiu loi b ISI. S
khuych i ny khng ch khuych i tn hiu m cn
khuych i lun c nhiu. V vy, vic thit k cu trc v li ca b cn bng va loi b
ISI trong khi vn cc tiu cc nhiu khc l mt yu cu quan trng.
B cn bng n gin nht l b cn bng tuyn tnh c thc thi nh mt b lc c p ng
xung hu hn (FIR). L do dng b lc ny l v phc tp thp v gi thnh r nhng v hiu
qu ca n khng p ng nhng mong i cao hn .
B cn bng tuyn tnh c u im l n gin nhng hiu qu trit nhiu khng c tt. Do
vy mt s loi cn bng phi tuyn c nghin cu. B cn bng phi tuyn
ph bin nht l b cn bng hi tip quyt nh (Decision Feedback Equalizer -
DFE). B cn bng ny c trung bnh bnh phng li (MSE) thp hn so vi b cn bng tuyn
tnh, nhng n li gp s bt li ca vic lan truyn li (error propagation) trong vng lp hi tip
ca n.
Trong thc t hu nh hm truyn ca h thng v knh truyn l khng c bit
trc v p ng xung ca knh truyn c th thay i theo thi gian v suy gim dn, kt qu l
b cn bng thng thng khng th thit k c. Do vy ngi ta thng l khai thc b cn
bng thch nghi. B cn bng thch nghi thng dng gii thut thch nghi hi t nhng h s
ca n v gi tr ng v iu li l n c th bm (tracking) c s thay i p ng xung ca
knh truyn. Bn cnh t c iu ny th cu trc b thu phi phc tp hn.
Ngoi ra thut ton thch nghi ng vai tr quan trng i vi hiu qu ca b cn bng. Thut
ton ph bin nht v phng din hiu qu v phc tp l thut ton trung bnh bnh phng
nh nht (Least Mean Square - LMS). Thut ton ny c phc tp thp v hiu qu tt. N hi
t hon ton nu nhng gi tr mong mun cho l ng. iu gy cn tr ca gii thut LMS
i vi b cn bng nu nhng k t mong mun khng ng l n khng hi t. V vy b cn
bng dng gii thut LMS yu cu mt s suy din k t bit trong trng hp quyt nh ca
b cn bng l sai. Gii thut tt hn l gii thut bnh phng cc tiu hi quy ( Recursive
Least
67
Smt tm bi
dienda ndaihoc. V
n
Chng 4 : c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
Squares- LMS). Gii thut ny c c tnh hi t tt hn gii thut LMS nhng n cng i
hi phc tp tnh ton cao hn. Nhn chung phc tp ca gii thut
RLS tng theo bnh phng ca s h s b cn bng. Cng c gii thut RLS c phc tp tnh
ton tng tuyn tnh vi h s ca b cn bng, nhng gii thut ny gi l thut ton RLS nhanh
(fast RLS).
t c kt qu va t b cn bng thch nghi, b cn bng phi c thc hin thch nghi
vi mt chui k t bit trc c bit l ngay ti thi im bt u
thng tin. Giai on cn bng ny c th lm cho b cn bng t n im hot ng gn vi
mc ti u, nhng hu ht khong thi gian ny l hao ph. L do l chui hun luyn khng hin
din hay khng th gi trong hu ht thi gian.
Khi chui hun luyn khng hin din, b cn bng s hot ng kh khn. B cn bng tuyn
tnh thng thng cn phi bit c tnh khi u ca knh truyn. Nu khng bit nhng c tnh
ca knh truyn th b cn bng khng th hi t. Cch gii quyt vn ny l dng b cn bng
m. B cn bng m dng gii thut thch nghi khc, gii thut thch nghi ny khai thc nhng
c tnh thng k bc cao hn. i vi b cn bng m, gii thut ph bin nht v
c chp nhn rng ri lgii thut
modul khng i (Constant Modulus Algorithm - CMA).
Cc b cn bng c th c phn loi thnh ba lp:
- Cc b cn bng tuyn tnh
- Cc b cn bng hi tip quyt nh
- Cc b cn bng MLSE (Maximum - Likelihood Sequence Estimation)
Cc b cn bng MLSE s dng gii thut Viterbi, cn cc b cn bng tuyn tnh v cn bng
hi tip quyt nh l cc b cn bng thch nghi. C s hot ng ca n da trn cc gii thut
thch nghi, bao gm :
- Gii thut bnh phng trung bnh cc tiu (LMS - Least Mean Square)
68
Chng 4 : c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
Hnh 4.12 : S khi h thng thng tin s dng b cn bng thch ng my thu
B cn bng thng thc hin ti bng tn gc hoc ti IF ca my thu. V biu thc ng bao
phc bng gc c th s dng biu din dng sng bng thng, p ng knh truyn, tn hiu
gii iu ch v thut ton b cn bng thch ng thng m phng v thc hin bng tn
gc.
Hnh trn m t s khi ca mt h thng thng tin s dng b cn bng thch ng ti my thu.
Nu x(t) l tn hiu thng tin gc, f(t) l p ng xung bng tn kt hp ca my pht, knh
truyn, v b phn RF/IF ca my thu, tn hiu nhn c ti b cn bng c th biu din l :
y(t) = x(t) f *(t) + nb(t) (
4.41)
vi f*(t) l lin hp phc ca f(t), nb(t) l nhiu bng gc ti ng vo b cn bng, v l php
tch chp. Nu p ng xung ca b cn bng l heq(t), th ng ra ca b cn bng l:
d(t)
= x(t) f *(t) heq (t) + nb(t) heq (t) (4 42)
= x(t) g(t) + nb (t) heq (t)
vi g(t) l p ng xung kt hp ca my pht, knh truyn, b phn RF/IF ca my thu v b cn
bng. p ng xung bng gc phc ca b cn bng lc ngang cho bi :
69
Mc ch cn bng l tha mn phng trnh (4.44). Trong min tn s, phng trnh (4.44) c
biu din l :
70
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
Tn hiu li hay l hm tr gi (cost function) chnh l s khc bit gia tn hiu mong mun d(n)
Trong : X(n) = [x(n), x(n -1),..., x(n -p)] T l vect tn hiu ng vo.
Hn na h s ca b lc s c cp nhp nh sau :
W
n+1 = Wn +Awn (4 50)
.
Vi Awn l nhn t sa sai cho h s ca b lc . Thut ton thch nghi to ra nhn t ny da trn
tn hiu vo v tn hiu li . in hnh cho thut ton cp nhp h s l LMS (Least Mean
Square) v RLS ( Recursive Least Square )
Tng qut, cu trc c bn ca mt b cn bng thch nghi cho hnh 4.14 vi k l ch s ri rc
thi gian.
Ch hnh 4.14 c mt ng vo ti mt thi im. Gi tr yk ph thuc trng thi tc thi ca
knh truyn v tuyn v gi tr c th ca nhiu.V th yk l ngu nhin. Cu trc b cn bng
thch nghi cho trn gi l b lc ngang, v trong trng hp ny c N thnh phn tr, c N+1
nhnh v N+1 iu chnh a phn, gi l trng s (weights). Trng s ca b lc c m t bng
v tr vt l ca n trong cu trc ng tr v c mt ch s th hai, k,
ch s thay i ca chng theo thi gian. Nhng trng s ny
c cp nht lin tc bng thut ton thch nghi.
Tn hiu li ek iu khin b cn bng thch nghi. Tn hiu li ny rt ra t so snh
71
khc nhau (nh cc thut ton gradient hay steepest decent) c th s dng gim thiu li. Khi
t c hi t, thut ton thch nghi cht cc trng s b lc cho n khi tn hiu li vt qu
mc cho php hoc cho n khi chui hun luyn mi gi i.
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
Da trn l thuyt cn bng, hm tr gi thng thng nht l trung bnh bnh phng sai s
(MSE) gia tn hiu mong mun v tn hiu ng ra ca b cn bng. MSE biu th bi
E[e(k)e*(k)] v khi bn sao tn hiu pht c yu cu c ng ra ca b cn bng (ngha l
khi dk c gn bng xk), chui hun luyn bit trc phi c pht
tun hon. Khi pht hin ra chui hun luyn, thut ton thch ng my thu c th tnh v gim
thiu hm tr gi bng cch thay i trng s.
nghin cu b cn bng thch ng hnh trn, chng ta thng s dng vector v
ma trn i s. nh ngha tn hiu vo b cn bng l vector yk vi:
72
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
d
k = yk k =&Tkyk (4.54)
tnh trung bnh bnh phng sai s |ek|2 ti thi im k, bnh phng phng trnh (4.56) ta
c :
1 2 2TT T
(4.57)
= xk +kykyk k- 2 xkyk
Ly gi tr k vng ca |ek |2 trn min k (thc t l php tnh trung bnh thi gian)
E
kl2 J=E [xl VTkE[ykyl K- 2E[xkyl k (4.58)
Ch rng cc trng s b lc k khng tnh trung bnh thi gian, v th, thun tin, chng ta
gi s rng chng hi t v gi tr ti u v khng thay i theo thi gian.
Phng trnh (4.58) s n gin nu xk v yk c lp. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng thc s tng qut
ng v vector vo tng quan vi ng ra mong mun ca b cn bng (ni cch khc, b cn
bng rt kh ly ra tn hiu mong mun theo thi gian). Thay v th, vector tng quan cho p
gia p ng mong mun v tn hiu vo c nh ngha nh sau:
v ma trn
tng quan
yl ykyk-1 ykyk-2 . .. ykyk-N
yL ng vo
R E
= lyky* J=E yk--y y
k-1 yk-2 . .. y
k-1 yk-N c nh
_ yk-- y
k - Nyk-1 y
k-N yk-2 . .. yk2-N ngha l ma
Nyk
trn vung
R cp (N+l)x(N+l) vi :
(4.60)
Ma trn R i khi gi l ma trn sai bit ng vo (input covariance matrix). ng cho chnh
ca R cha gi tr trung bnh bnh phng mi mu ng vo, v khi nim cho ch ra khi nim
t tng quan c c t tn hiu vo ly mu b tr.
Nu xk v yk l c nh th cc phn t trong R v p l cch thng k th hai khng i theo thi
gian. S dng phng trnh (4.59) v (4.60), phng trnh (4.58) c th vit li nh sau:
73
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
Trung bnh bnh phng sai s = E [ xk n+ )T Rw 2 pT ( (4.61)
Bng cch cc tiu ha phng trnh (4.61) theo vector trng s mk, phng trnh
(4.60) dng chnh b cn bng thch nghi c c p ng ph bng phng (cc
tiu ISI ) tn hiu thu c. iu ny c c khi tn hiu vo yk v p ng mong mun xk l c
nh, trung bnh bnh phng sai s (MSE) l phng trnh bc hai theo mk , v cc tiu ha MSE
dn n gii php ti u cho mk.
4.3.2 Cc gii thut cn bng thch nghi
Cc k thut cn bng truyn thng s dng mt khe thi gian dng cung cp tn
hiu hun luyn, tn hiu ny c bit ti my thu, da vo mi quan h gia tn hiu hun
luyn thu c v tn hiu hun luyn c c my thu. My thu s hiu chnh b cn bng
c c cht lng knh truyn ti u.
Nhng g b cn bng thch nghi thc hin l tin hnh cp nhp c bn nhng h s ca n
vi k t ang n b cn bng. Nhng ti liu truyn thng v OFDM cha bao gi tht s
cp vic s dng b cn bng thch nghi mt cch chnh thc bi v n tht s khng khai thc
c nhng mt thun li ca k thut OFDM.
Hai b cn bng thch nghi c tm hiu sau y hot ng trn min thi gian trn nhng k t
di nn. Hu ht cc ti liu v OFDM u dng b cn bng hi tip quyt nh (Decision
Feedback Equalizer_DFE) bao gm mt b lc ngang tin v mt b lc ngang hi tip (forward
and backward transversal filter) nhng trong khun kh cun lun vn ny s khng cp n
b cn bng DFE. y s quyt nh i su vo tm hiu hai gii thut cn bng thch nghi ni
ting l LMS v RLS v tm ra nhng im thun li v bt li ca chng khi p dng vo cn
bng cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM. Gii thut th nht da vo phng php steepest
descent. Gii thut th hai hnh thnh trn c s b lc Kalman.
4.3.2.1 Phng php Steepest descent
Phng php Steepest descent l mt k thut thch nghi da trn c s Gradient. hiu
tng c bn, ta nh ngha mt hm tr gi (cost function) J kt hp vi trung bnh bnh phng
li nh sau:
J = E [e[n] e *[n]] = E (4.62)
Trong
e[n] l vector li. Thng th J l hm ca nhng h s ca b cn bng w, ngha l J(w). Ta c
th biu din h s phc th k nh sau:
w
k = ak + J'bk > k=0,l,2.... (4.63)
iu ny cho php ta nh ngha ton t gradient nh sau:
74
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
d d
V k =^ + j d , k=0,1,2... (4.64)
da db
k k
p dng ton t gradient V vo hm tr gi J, ta c c vector gradient V J cho phn t th k nh
sau:
dJ . dJ
VkJ = d + jd k=0,1,2... (4.65)
db
at k
By gi ta c th m t gii thut steepest descent nh sau:
VJ ( w) = -2 p + 2 Rw(n) (4.67)
75
Gii thut trung bnh bnh phng cc tiu LMS khng yu cu ta phi bm gi nhng ng ra
ca b cn bng thc hin c lng thng k nhng vn c mt nhc
im l vic thch nghi din ra chm.
Gii thut LMS m ta thc hin yu cu phi c phc ha v nhng k t thu c trong min
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
tn s pha thu (frequency downconverted symbols) c gi tr phc. Dng phc ca gii thut
LMS c xut bi Widrow-McCool-Ball vo nm 1975. c th tm c gi tr ca vector
gradient VJ(w) ti thi im n mt cch chnh xc th yu cu phi bit trc ma trn tng quan
R v vector tng quan cho p. V vy nhng g cn phi lm trong gii thut LMS l s dng
nhng gi tr c lng tc thi ca R v p ri thay th chng vo phng trnh (4.67). Gi tr
c lng tc thi ca R v p c nh ngha nh sau:
76
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
quanh nhng gi tr h s ti u. Thng thng khi mi bt u ta s chn gi tr ca ln v sau
khi thut ton hi t th ta s chuyn qua dng gi tr nh hn.
0<< 2 (4.77)
MS ax
max
77
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
t c cc tiu sai s bnh phng nh nht J(n), gradien ca J(n) trong phng trnh (4.78)
bng zero.
d- J (n ) = 0 (4.81)
Ma trn R-NN(n) trong phng trnh (4.83) l ma trn tng quan quyt nh theo d liu vo
ca b cn bng yN(i), v pN(i) trong phng trnh (4.84) l vector tng quan cho quyt nh
gia cc ng vo ca b cn bng yN(i) v ng ra mong mun d(i), vi d(i) = x(i). tnh ton
vector trng s b cn bng rnN s dng phng trnh (4.82), cn phi tnh R"1NN(n).
T nh ngha RNN(n) trong phng trnh (4.83), chng ta c th thu c mt phng trnh
quy biu din RNN(n) theo RNN(n-1) :
R
NN (n)=MNN (n -1)+yN (n)yN(n) (4 85)
Ba bin trong phng trnh (4.85) u l nhng ma trn NxN, mt b nghch o ma trn c
s dng rt ra vic cp nht quy cho R-1NN theo nghch o trc
0, R 1
NN(n -1).
vi:
p(n) = yTN (n)RNN (n- )yN (n) (4 87)
Da trn nhng phng trnh quy ny, cc tiu ha RLS dn n cc phng trnh cp nht
trng s sau :
N(n) = N(n-1) + kN(n) e*(n,n-1) (4.88)
vi
R
k NN (n - 1)yN (n)
N (n) = (4.89)
X + p(n)
78
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
Gii thut RLS c th c tm tt nh sau :
u tin cho (0) = k(0) = x(0) = 0 , R"1(0)= INN, vi INN l ma trn ng nht NxN, v l
hng s dng ln.
Tnh c th tm tt qu trnh cp nhp trng s cho gii thut RLS thnh 5 bc:
1. Tnh ton ng ra ca b lc d (n) = (T (n - 1)y(n) (4.90)
79
php gii thut ln theo thay i c tnh thng k khi hot ng trong mi trng khng
n nh.
* mt iu chnh: thng s ny cung cp php o nh lng tng s gi tr cui
Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
cng ca trung bnh bnh phng sai s, trung bnh ton b cc b lc thch ng, phng
sai ca trung bnh bnh phng sai s nh nht ti u.
* phc tp tnh ton : l s php tnh cn thit hon thnh vng lp ca gii
thut.
* Cc c tnh s : Khi mt gii thut thc hin bng s, sai s s xut hin v lm
trn nhiu, v sai s c trng trong my tnh. Cc loi sai s ny nh hng n tnh n
nh ca gii thut.
Trong thc t, gi phi tr cho vic tnh ton, cng sut budget, v c tnh truyn v tuyn chi
phi vic la chn cu trc b cn bng v gii thut cho n. Trong cc ng dng v tuyn cm
tay, cng sut pin ti thu bao c xem xt hn c, nh thi gian m thoi cn phi t ti a.
Cc b cn bng ch c thc hin nu chng c th cho php tng mi lin kt ng thi m
bo nng lng v gi c.
Cc c tnh knh truyn v tuyn v thit b thu bao s dng cng l vn then cht. Tc di
chuyn ca di ng xc nh tc fading knh truyn v tri Doppler, nh hng trc tip n
thi gian ph hp ca knh truyn. Vic la chn gii thut v tc hi t tng ng ca n,
ph thuc vo tc d liu knh truyn v thi gian ph hp.
tri tr thi gian k vng ti a ca knh truyn quyt nh s khi s dng trong vic thit
k b cn bng. B cn bng ch c th cn bng trn khong tr nh hn
hoc bng tr ti a trong cu trc b lc. V d, nu mi thnh phn tr trong b cn bng cho
php tr 10ps, v b cn bng s dng bn thnh phn tr to thnh b cn bng nm khi, do
tri tr ti a c th cn bng thnh cng l 4x10ps = 40ps. Truyn tri tr a ng vt qu
40ps khng th cn bng. V phc tp mch in v thi gian x l tng theo s khi v cc
thnh phn tr, do bit c s ti a cc thnh phn tr l rt quan trng trc khi la chn
mt cu trc b cn bng v gii thut ca n.
80
Chng 5 : ng dng ca k thut OFDM
Chng 5
NG DNG CA K THUT OFDM
- di chui bo v T = 5.3ms
81
Chng 5 : ng dng ca k thut OFDM
T m hnh knh truyn dn ta thy knh truyn dn c tr truyn dn ln, c ngha l knh tng
i ph thuc vo tn s. Tn s Doppler tng i nh so vi khong cch gia hai sng mang.
H thng DRM c thit k ch cho cc my thu tnh hoc xch tay. iu ny khc hn so vi h
thng DAB, h thng ny c thit k cho c cc my thu c tc chuyn ng tng i ln
nh t, tu ha, v.v...
82
Chng 5 : ng dng ca k thut OFDM
Bng 5.1 : Thng s truyn DAB cho mi Mode.
Thng s Mode truyn
I II III IV
Bng thng 1.536 MHz 1.536 MHz 1.536 MHz 1.536 MHz
Tn s sng mang < 375 MHz < 1.5 GHz < 3 GHz < 1.5 GHz
Kh nng chng li multipath ca k thut OFDM cho php s dng mng n tn SFN (Single
Frequency Network), mng ny s dng nhng trm lp ph sng mt vng rng ln hn m
vn t c hiu qu ph. Trong phng php qung b FM truyn thng, nhng thnh ph
cnh nhau phi s dng nhng tn s RF khc nhau cho cng mt trm v tuyn, trnh
multipath gy ra bi nhng tn hiu qung b lp li ti cng mt tn s. Tuy nhin, vi DAB, n
c th s dng cng tn hiu qung b ti mi vng yu cu c bao ph, loi b vic phi s
dng nhng tn s khc nhau ti nhng vng ln cn. Trong mng n tn SFN, mt my thu
nhn cng mt tn hiu t mt vi trm khc nhau, do gi tr tri tr trong mng SFN l rt ln.
i vi cc h thng n sng mang th kh lng m gii quyt c vn ny. Tuy nhin i
vi OFDM th vn ny c th c gii quyt bng cch chn khong bo v ln hn gi tr
tri tr cc i ca mng SFN.
Trong DAB, tn hiu audio c m ha vi tn s 48 kHz (so vi a CD l 44.1 kHz) v
phn gii 22bit/mu. Lung s sau c nn xung cn 32 n 384
kbps ph thuc vo cht lng mong mun. Tn hiu c chia thnh cc khung 24
83
84
Nhng khong bo v nh s lm gim cht lng ca tn hiu thu c khi c sng phn x t
xa. V vy khng ph hp vi mng n tn.
Bng 5.3 : Cc thng s ca DVB-T.
Chng 5 : ng dng ca k thut OFDM
Mode truyn 2k 8k
Khong bo v (TG) ts/4 ts/8 ts/16 ts/32 ts/4 ts/8 ts/16 ts/32
85
Chng 5 : ng dng ca k thut OFDM
86
knh bn cnh, loi b c hin tng fading a ng, cho php thu c hnh nh; m thanh
cng nh truy cp Internet tc cao. Tc d liu c th ln ti 15 Mbps nu nh s dng
Chng 5 : ng dng ca k thut OFDM
bng tn 8 MHz v iu ch 64-QAM. Loi in thoi di ng ny c th cho php thu c c
mng n tn (SFN) cng nh mng a tn (MFN). lm c iu ny, my di ng c th
la chn da trn 3 thng s c bn sau : kiu iu ch, t l m ha v khong bo v. Trong
thng tin di ng, v d nh h thng GSM hay CDMA ngi ta thng
n hiu ng dch tn Doppler cng nh fading,
nhng trong h thng DVB-T th vn ny ngi ta c th khc phc d dng nh khong bo
v trong h thng OFDM. Bng 5.3 th hin cc chun truyn dn khng dy s dng OFDM .
Bng vic chn cc khong bo v trc tn hiu OFDM cho php my di ng c th loi b
c ting vang v kh nng thu k c khi c hin tng Doppler cng s tt hn. Cn khi ni
n li, in thoi di ng tnh n hai kiu li l li sau gii m Viterbi v li im. Trong h
thng DVB-T cho php li sau gii m Viterbi l 2.10-4 v sau gii m RS l 2.10-11, iu ny c
ngha l s c mt bit li trong khong 5 gi vi tc d liu 5 Mbps. i vi li im, n cho
php nh gi c cht lng hnh nh v thng da vo thng s SFP (subjective failure
point). Mt iu cng cn phi ni ti y l mi my thu di ng s
dng mt sng mang dn ng (c
gi l k t pilot). S lng ca cc pilot ty thuc vo kiu pilot trong h thng
OFDM.
Tm li, in thoi di ng trong DVB-T s lm thay i ln trong cuc sng hng
ngy ca chng ta. Trong tng lai khng xa, bn c th ngi trn xe t cng c th xem c
truyn hnh s, c th nhn tin bng in thoi di ng qua mng DVB-T trong khi xe ca bn
chy vi tc 360 km/h. in thoi DVB-T cng s cung cp nhiu dch v i hi tc cao
nh hnh nh, m thanh v truy cp Internet hay cc h thng a phng tin tc cao. Hn na,
bn cng c th ngi nh ch vi mt chic in thoi di ng cng c th t v my bay, v
tu hay chi game qua mng DVB-T.
Bng 5.4 : Cc thng s chnh trong chip vi x l mRD61530 LSI.
rp -4- /\ /V
Tc ly mu 20 MHz
Chu k chip 50 ns
S lng im FFT 64
87
Chng 5 : ng dng ca k thut OFDM
88
Chng 5 : ng dng ca k thut OFDM
*
S sng mang ph 109 217* 433*
325** 649** 1297**
89
Khong bo v(TG) ts/4 (63 ps) ts/4 (126ps) ts/4 (252ps)
90
Chng 5 : ng dng ca k thut OFDM
ln n 50 km. M hnh ph sng ca mng WiMax tng t nh mng in thoi t bo. Mt h
thng WiMax nh m t hnh 5.4 gm 2 phn:
- Trm pht: ging nh cc trm BTS trong mng thng tin di ng vi cng sut ln c
th ph sng mt vng rng ti 8000 km2.
- Trm thu: c th l cc anten nh nh cc Card mng cm vo hoc c thit lp sn
trn Mainboard bn trong cc my tnh, theo cch m WLAN vn dng.
INTERNET
BACKBONE
i' ISP
NETW
ORK
WiMAX fioz.ie
TRAMBM ITER
LINE OF SIGHT
BACKHAUL
N0N
LIME OF SIGHT
HOM TRANSMISSION
E LOCAL AREA
NETWORK
91
Chng 5 : ng dng ca k thut OFDM
dng bng tn thp hn, 2-11 GHz, tng t nh WLAN, tn hiu c th vt qua cc vt cn
thng qua phn x, nhiu x, un cong, vng qua cc vt th n ch.
H thng WiMax c cc c im chnh sau:
- Khong cch gia cc trm thu v pht c th ln n 50 km.
- Tc truyn c th thay i, ti a 70 Mbps.
- Hot ng trong c hai mi trng truyn dn: ng truyn tm nhn thng LOS v
ng truyn che khut NLOS.
- Di tn lm vic 2-11 GHz v t 10-66 GHz hin v ang c tiu
chun ha.
- Trong WiMax hng truyn tin c chia thnh hai ng ln v xung. ng ln
c tn s thp hn ng xung v u s dng cng ngh
OFDM truyn. OFDM trong WiMax s dng ti a 2048 sng mang, trong c
1536 sng mang dnh cho thng tin c chia thnh 32 knh con mi knh con tng
ng vi 48 sng mang. WiMax s dng iu ch nhiu mc thch ng t BPSK,
QPSK n 256-QAM kt hp cc phng php sa li d liu nh ngu nhin ha,
vi m sa li Reed Solomon, m xon t l t 1/2 n 7/8 .
- rng bng tn ca WiMax t 5 MHz n trn 20 MHz c chia thnh nhiu
bng tn con 1.75 MHz. Mi bng con ny c chia nh hn na nh cng ngh
OFDM, cho php nhiu thu bao c th truy cp ng thi mt hay nhiu knh mt
cc linh hot m bo ti u hiu qu s dng bng tn. Cng ngh ny gi l cng
ngh a truy cp OFDMA (OFDM access).
- Cho php s dng c hai cng ngh TDD (Time Division Duplexing) v FDD
(Frequency Division Duplexing) cho vic phn chia truyn dn ca hng ln
(uplink) v hng xung (Downlink).
- V cu trc phn lp, h thng WiMax c phn chia thnh 4 lp: Lp con tip ng
(Convergence) lm nhim v giao din gia lp a truy nhp v cc lp trn, lp a
truy nhp (MAC layer), lp truyn dn (Transmission) v lp vt l (Physical). Cc
lp ny tng ng vi hai lp di ca m hnh OSI v c tiu chun ha c
th giao tip vi nhiu ng dng lp trn.
92
93
WirelessMAN-OFDM : s dng k thut OFDM c 256 sng mang ph, phng php
truy cp TDMA.
WirelessMAN-OFDMA : s dng phng php truy cp OFDM (OFDMA) vi 2048
sng mang ph.
H thng ny thc hin a truy cp bng cch dng a sng mang ph trn mi my thu c nhn.
H thng cng s dng kiu tri ph nhy tn trnh giao thoa.
Chng 5 : ng dng ca k thut OFDM
94
Chng 6 : M phng
Chng 6
M PHNG
95
96
Chng 6 : M phng
V d : vi chui d liu trn, sau khi qua khi S/P v QAM mapping (16- QAM) c dng
:
3.0 + 1.0000
3.0 +
B= 3.0000 -3.0000 +
1.0000
3.0 - 1.0000
-3.0000 + 1.0000
3.0 + 1.0000
3.0 + 1.0000
3.0 - 3.0000
Khi Insert pilot: nu bn thu c s dng c lng hoc cn bng thch nghi
knh truyn th khi ny c s dng. C 2 dng insert pilot, pilot dng khi v pilot
dng lc ( khi dng cc gii thut c lng ), chn chui hun luyn ( khi dng cc gii
thut cn bng thch nghi) .
97
Chng 6 : M phng
Khi P/S : chuyn i d liu t song song sang ni tip. S dng hm:
reshape (X,1,n).
Khi Add Cyclic Prefix : c nhim v chn khong bo v. Thi khong bo
v l Tguard .
Nh vy, d liu sau khi qua b P/S v cng thm khong bo v s to thnh tn hiu OFDM
bng gc. Thi khong ca mt k t OFDM l : TSymboi = TFFT + Tguard.
6.1.3 Khi knh truyn
Phn m phng c tin hnh thc hin trong 3 mi trng truyn sng: indoor (vmax = 3 km/h),
pedestrian (vmax = 30 km/h), vehicular (vmax = 250 km/h). Nhng thng s lin quan ca tng mi
trng c lit k trong phn ph lc.
Sau khi chu nh hng ca multipath Rayleigh fading, tn hiu chu thm nh hng ca nhiu
AWGN. Nhiu AWGN c thc hin bng hm awgn(outsignal, snr, 'measured','dB'). Vi
outsignal l tn hiu sau khi qua knh truyn multipath Rayleigh fading, snr t s cng sut
tn hiu trn cng sut nhiu sau khi b suy hao do
khong bo v (mc suy hao : 10log10((NFFT+G)/NFFT), NFFT : s im FFT, G: s khong
bo v).
6.1.4 Khi thu OFDM
98
Chng 6 : M phng
Khi Channel estimation : ty theo dng pilot c insert bn pha pht l dng lc
hay khi, t bn thu s dng gii thut tng ng c lng. Nu bn pht khng
insert pilot th bn thu khng s dng khi ny.
c lng dng khi : gm 2 gii thut c lng :
- LS.
- MMSE.
c lng dng lc: p ng knh truyn ti nhng tn s pilot
s c c lng theo gii thut LS. Sau , p ng knh truyn ti nhng tn
s mang d liu c ch s c xc nh bng cc phng
php ni suy t nhng gi tr p ng knh truyn c c lng ti nhng
sng mang pilot. Trong chng trnh m phng ny s thc hin m phng 4
phng php ni suy sau:
- Linear.
- Second order.
- Lowpass : s dng hm interp(H_pilot,Pilot_Distance), H_pilot: p
ng knh truyn ti nhng tn s pilot, Pilot_Distance : chu k pilot.
- Spline cubic : s dng hm spline(x,H_pilot,xx), x: ch s pilot,
H_pilot : p ng knh truyn ti nhng tn s pilot, xx : ch s ca p
ng knh truyn.
Hnh 6.4 : S khi pht thu OFDM khi s dng cn bng thch nghi One-Tap
Tx
Data Parallel x,l x (t)
__ ____ iwK Vi
e(2 ' :
99 IFFT to
Serial D/A
Up conversion
Transmitter
Channel
Y,
Rx Down
Data Parallel One- Serial yn,l conversion
--------- to Tap FFT to A/D
Serial EQ Parallel
-(RKH
- j \ 2 n (f c +Af )t ]
Receiver e
Chng 6 : M phng
Khi One-Tap EQ: Khi ny s dng cc gii thut cn bng thch nghi RLS,
LMS cn bng tn hiu da vo chui k t hun luyn c chn t bn
pht.
Khi De-QAM mapping : c nhim v gii iu ch QAM bng gc, c thc
hin bng hm ddemodce(d,1,1,QAM, M ary), vi d l tn hiu sau khi c c
lng knh truyn.
6.1.5 Khi chuyn i nh phn thnh d liu v hin th kt qu
Chui nh phn t khi thu OFDM c chuyn thnh dng d liu u vo (vn bn, m thanh,
hnh nh).
File *.txt : d liu nh phn ni tip c chuyn thnh dng m ASCII v c
lu vo file result.txt.
File *.wav : s dng hm wavwrite(input,11025,8,filename), d liu c ly
mu vi tn s Fs = 11025 Hz, m ha 8 bit. filename : file m kt qu c lu vo (file
result.wav).
File *.bmp : s dng hm imwrite(output, filename), vi output l tn hiu nh
phn, filename : tn file kt qu c lu vo (result.bmp).
6.2.1 Bn pht
Trong chng trnh m phng cc lu ch khc nhau gii thut s dng c lng hoc
cn bng v mc ch hin th tn hiu ln biu chm sao hay truyn file m cc khi cui ca
mi lu c th khc nhau.
Hnh 6.5 : Lu gii thut bn pht khi chn c tin hnh thc hin c lng
hoc cn bng bn thu.
100
Chng 6 : M phng
r
1'
Bin i chui nh phn t ni tip sang
song song
1'
Ly cc thng s nhp vo :
S im KhT
S sng mang CO1
M-QAM
Khong bo v
ch M QAM
Yes
Insert pilo
t
Bin i IFFT
To khong bo v
Bin i ParellelToSeiial
chuyn chui bit t song
J. . mj
song sang ni tip
101
Sii tm bi
dienda ndaihoc. V n
Chng 6 : M phng
102
Chng 6 : M phng
103
Chng 6 : M phng
6.2.3 Bn thu
104
Chng 6 : M phng
105
Chng 6 : M phng
106
Chng 6 : M phng
107
Chng 6 : M phng
Nu click yes th s thot khi giao din GIAO DIN CHNH. Click no th chng trnh tr
li bnh thng.
Gii thch hot ng :
Panel Input :(Ch c trong giao din TRUYN FILE, cc giao din khc khng c v d liu
vo khi l bit ngu nhin). C 3 radiobutton (Text, Sound, Image) chn loi tn hiu
m phng. Pushbutton (...) chn file, ng dn ca file c
chn s hin th trong pop-up menu file.
108
Chng 6 : M phng
Panel Settings :
Edit Fc : gi tr tn s RF, n c nh hng ti dch Doppler. Gi tr mc nh l 5
GHz, nu mun thay i th nhp gi tr vo . Khi gi tr nhp
khng phi l s dng s hin th thng bo li :
109
Chng 6 : M phng
Edit M-QAM : biu din phng php iu ch. Phng php mc nh l 4- QAM.
Nu mun thay i (16-QAM, 64-QAM, ...) th nhp gi tr vo . Khi gi tr nhp
khng hp l s hin th thng bo li :
Panel Channel :
Checkbox AWGN Noise : nu chng trnh m phng c xt n nh hng ca
nhiu AWGN th tick vo , khi edit SNR s enable v c th nhp gi tr SNR cn
m phng vo .
Checkbox Multipath : nu c tick, knh truyn s chu nh hng ca
multipath Rayleigh fading. Khi , edit Velocity, 3 radiobutton (indoor, pedestrian,
vehicular) s enable. Edit Velocity biu din vn tc di chuyn ca mobile. Nu chn
radiobutton Indoor: mi trng m phng l indoor; radiobutton Pedestrian : mi trng
thuc v i b (tng t nh mi trng thnh th); radiobutton Vehicular : mi trng
vehicular.
110
Panel Equalizer :
Khi checkbox ny c chn, chng trnh m phng s dng cc gii thut cn bng thch
Chng 6 : M phng
nghi. Trong c pop-up menu Aglorithm cho php chn gii thut LMS hoc RLS, hai editbox
Training Symbol v Stepsize cho php nhp cc gi tr bng tay. S Training Symbol l s
k t hun luyn, gi tr step size l h s trong gii thut
LMS, hoc l gi tr (h s qun) trong gii thut RLS.
Panel Estimation :
Nu checkbox Estimation khng c chn, m phng khng s dng c lng knh truyn.
Ngc li, m phng s s dng c lng knh truyn. Khi s dng c
lng knh truyn, 2 radiobutton (Block, Comb) s trng thi enable. Nu radiobutton Block
c chn, pop-up menu Block s enable v c th chn mt trong 2 gii thut c lng dng
khi (LS, MMSE) m phng. Nu radiobutton Comb c chn, pop-up menu Comb s tch
cc v c th chn mt trong 4 phng php ni suy (Linear, Second Order, Lowpass, Spline
Cubic) c lng.
Panel Execution :
Pushbutton Pause : khi click, chng trnh ang chy s tm ngng v ch cho
n khi mt nt (hoc phm) bt k c click.
Pushbutton Reset : nu click, cc thng s v giao din tr v trng thi ban u
nh phn giao din m phng trn.
Pushbutton Ber : s hin th th Ber theo SNR ca tn hiu bit tng ng vi file v
cc thng s c thit lp trn giao din. SNRmin = 0 dB v SNRmax = 25 dB.
Pushbutton Close : nu c click, n s hin th thng bo :
Nu click yes, chng trnh s thot giao din m phng. Click No hoc Cancel,
chng trnh s tr li bnh thng.
Pushbutton RUN :Nu c click , chng trnh s bt u thc hin
m
phng h thng OFDM , kt qu hin th gm c:
111
- Biu chm sao tn hiu OFDM qua knh truyn b nhiu tn x v tn hiu sau
khi c cn bng hoc c lng.
- Tng s bit pht, bit li.
Pushbutton OFDM : nu c click, chng trnh s thc hin m phng h
Chng 6 : M phng
112
Chng 6 : M phng
Chng 6 : M phng
114
Chng 6 : M phng
115
Chng 6 : M phng
6.5 Kt qu m phng vi cc gii thut c lng knh truyn ( giao din C LNG)
Khi thc hin m phng vi cng iu kin khi m phng cc gii thut cn bng
thch nghi ta c nhng nhn xt sau gia cn bng v c lng:
116
- Cc gii thut c lng chy vi thi gian lu hn (khong 15 giy) so vi cc gii thut cn
bng (khong 7 giy), iu ny hp l v cc gii thut c lng phi tnh ton nhiu hn, tnh
ton trn tng symbol OFDM (vi c lng dng lc) hoc theo block chu k Dt =4 (vi c
Chng 6 : M phng
lng dng khi ). Trong khi gii thut cn bng ch cn cc h s cn bng, c c khi ang
ch hun luyn, v s dng cc h s cho chui d liu theo sau.
- Cc gii thut cn bng cho s bit li thp hn (khong 100 bit li) , c lng
khong trn 500 bit li vn tc v= 15 km/h. Nh vy i vi knh truyn bin i nhanh theo
thi gian th dng khi dng b cn bng thch nghi s tt hn l dng c lng knh truyn.
Cc nhn xt ny c rt ra t hai hnh di y :
117
Chng 6 : M phng
118
Chng 6 : M phng
119
Chng 6 : M phng
Nhn xt:
- Trn cc hnh trn thc hin vi gi tr M-QAM khc nhau, khi s mc M-QAM tng th s
bit li tng v khi cc im trn biu chm sao gn nhau hn, c t l li chp nhn
c ta phi tng SNR. Nhng b li thi gian m phng nhanh hn v s symbol d liu t li
(mi symbol khi l 3 hoc 4 bit thay v 2 bit nh trong trng hp 4-QAM).
- Trong mi trng knh truyn bin i chm th trong cng iu kin m phng nh
nhau th cc gii thut c lng dng khi (LS , MMSE) cho t l li thp hn cc gii thut c
lng dng lc.
6.5.2 nh hng ca khong bo v
Vi cc khong bo v , h thng c th chng li ISI. V khi tri tr ca knh
truyn ch nh hng ln khong bo v m thi. Thng thng th khong bo v cng nhiu
cng tt, nhng phi ph hp tr cc i ca knh truyn v khng lm mt mt qu nhiu SNR
ca h thng. Hai hnh di y cho thy nh hng ca khong bo v , vi G=5 s bit li l
388 nhng khi tng G=10 th s bit li l 92.
120
Chng 6 : M phng
121
Trng hp 3 : knh truyn c nhiu, multipath, c lng dng khi (gii thut LS)
Trng hp 4 : knh truyn c nhiu, multipath, c lng dng lc (ni suy Lowpass)
122
Chng 6 : M phng
Tn hiu thu c lu trong file result.txt, mun xem ni dung vn bn thu c th click
vo pushbutton Open bn phn tn hiu thu v file ny s c m.
OFDM Spectrum biu din th ph tn hiu OFDM trc khi qua knh truyn
(bn phn Transmit) v sau khi qua knh truyn (bn Receive), trc honh biu din tn s ca
sng mang con (c chun ha theo s im FFT), trc tung biu
din
bin ca tn hiu OFDM (dB).
Nhn xt :
Trng hp 1 : tn hiu c truyn trn knh truyn l tng, khng b nhiu AWGN,
multipath v Doppler. Do , tn hiu thu ging vi tn hiu pht, ph trc khi qua knh truyn
v sau khi qua knh truyn hon ton ging nhau.
123
Chng 6 : M phng
124
Chng 6 : M phng
Trng hp 3 : knh truyn c nhiu, multipath, c lng dng khi (gii thut MMSE)
125
Chng 6 : M phng
126
Chng 6 : M phng
127
Chng 6 : M phng
Trng hp 3: knh truyn c nhiu, multipath, c lng dng khi (gii thut LS)
Trng hp 4 : knh truyn c nhiu, multipath, v = 0 (km/h) c lng dng khi (LS)
128
Nhn xt:
Trng hp 1 : tng t nh truyn file vn bn.
Trng hp 2 : knh truyn c nhiu AWGN, multipath, v = 10 (km/h), Fd =46,3 Hz v
Chng 6 : M phng
129
Trong hnh trn ta xt h thng ch c nhiu trng, d dng nhn thy rng nhiu trng s lm cho
tn hiu b nhe ti v tr ng ca n, nhng t lm xoay pha tn hiu, nhiu trng c th
loi b bng cch tng t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR). Khi m phng
ta
thy rng cc gii thut cn bng v c lng ch hot ng hiu qu vi hin tng multipath
Chng 6 : M phng
130
Chng 6 : M phng
Thng s m phng :
131
Chng 6 : M phng
132
Chng 6 : M phng
133
Hnh 6.11 : th BER vi s sng mang con mang d liu khc nhau.
Nhn xt :
S sng mang con mang d liu cng ln th t l li bit cng tng, iu ny ph hp vi l
thuyt. Tuy nhin, nu s dng s sng mang t so vi s im FFT th s gim hiu sut truyn.
6.8.4 Xem xt cc gii thut c lng trong cc mi trng
Chng trnh m phng theo thng s ang nghin cu ca IEEE 802.16e, xem xt h thng c
nh v di ng trong OFDM (256 im FFT).
Thng s m phng :
134
iu ch : 16-QAM.
Khong bo v : G = 26.
(ns), vn tc dch chuyn cc i vmax = 3 (km/h). Vn tc m phng v = 3 (km/h). Suy ra, fdmax
7.2 (Hz).
Hnh 6.12 : th BER theo SNR vi cc gii thut c lng khc nhau trong mi
trng Indoor.
Mi trng Pedestrian : Xt knh truyn B trong bng 2 phn ph lc, tri tr cc i Tmax =
3.7 (ps), vn tc dch chuyn cc i vmax = 30 (km/h). Vn tc m phng v = 30 (km/h). Suy ra,
fdmax 72.2 (Hz).
135
Chng 6 : M phng
Hnh 6.13 : th BER theo SNR vi cc gii thut c lng khc nhau trong mi
trng Pedestrian.
Mi trng Vehicular : Xt knh truyn B trong bng 3 phn ph lc, tri tr cc i Tmax =
5.2 (^s), vn tc dch chuyn cc i vmax = 250 (km/h). Vn tc m phng v = 100 (km/h). Suy
ra, fdmax 240.7 (Hz).
136
Chng 6 : M phng
Hnh 6.14 : th BER theo SNR vi cc gii thut c lng khc nhau trong mi
trng Vehicular.
Nhn xt :
Trong 3 trng hp trn, nu bn thu s dng c lng knh truyn s cho kt qu tt hn
nhiu so vi khng c lng. Bao gm 2 phng php c lng c m phng : dng khi
v dng lc.
Dng khi : gm 2 gii thut : LS v MMSE. Kt qu cho thy t s BER ca gii
thut MMSE thp hn.
Ni suy spline cubic so vi ni suy linear v second order, trong mi trng pedestrian v
vehicular, spline cubic cho kt qu ni suy tt hn. Tuy nhin, trong mi trng indoor, n cho
kt qu ni suy km hn. V : mi trng indoor c p ng knh truyn thay i chm theo thi
gian (so vi pedestrian v vehicular), nn i vi ni suy spline cubic (ni suy smooth gia hai
im) s gy ra li nhiu hn.
137
Chng 6 : M phng
138
Nh vy, ty theo tng ng dng (nh WLAN, truyn hnh s, pht thanh s, di ng . . .),
mi trng (nhiu, fading nhanh hay chm) c th s c nhng phng php, nhng thng s
(nh khong bo v, s im FFT, s sng mang con, nguyn l iu ch . . .) v gii thut c
lng ph hp gip cho cht lng thu chp nhn c m vn m bo s ng dng trong
Chng 6 : M phng
thc tin.
139
Chng 7 : Kt lun v hng pht trin ti
Chng 7
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI
7.1 Kt lun
hng qua ton b cun lun vn ny, chng em trnh by vn tt lch s pht trin, u v
nhc im chnh, l thuyt c bn ca k thut iu ch OFDM, bn cnh l m hnh knh
truyn trong thng tin v tuyn v nhng nh hng m n gy ra cho nhng tn hiu truyn qua.
ng thi trong phn chnh ca lun vn chng em trnh by cc phng php c lng
knh truyn da vo cc kiu sp xp Pilot khc nhau v phng php cn bng thch nghi cho
knh truyn OFDM dng gii thut LMS v RLS. Trong phn m phng, chng em tin hnh
truyn cc dng tn hiu nh hnh nh, vn bn qua tng mi trng knh truyn Indoor,
Pedestrian v Vehicular sau pha thu s ln lt dng tng phng php c lng v cn
bng khi phc li knh truyn, cn bng tn hiu thu c. Cui cng rt ra nhn xt v tin
hnh so snh hiu qu cc phng php ny vi nhau.
7.2 Hn ch ca ti
Trong phn l thuyt c th cn mt s ni dung trnh by cha r rng, hp l. Trong phn m
phng, i vi phng php cn bng thch nghi, chng em ch mi thc hin cn bng 1-tap
cho tng gii thut LMS v RLS. Cn khi nng ln cn bng bng nhiu tap th chng
trnh vn cha cho c kt qu hp l. Bn cnh phn m
phng vn cha thc hin c khi m ha v xo trn d liu c th ci thin c th
BER pha thu.
7.3 Hng pht trin ca ti
Tin hnh khc phc nhng hn ch m trong khun kh cun lun vn ny cha thc hin
c. ng thi c th i su vo nghin cu b cn bng ng dng cho mt s h thng thc t
s dng k thut OFDM: H thng truyn hnh s mt t DVB-T, WiMax...
Tm li, vi nhng c im ni tri nh tit kim bng thng, kh nng chng nhiu ISI, dch
tn s, truyn d liu tc cao ... OFDM v ang chng t c nhng u im ca mnh
trong cc h thng vin thng trn thc t, c bit l trong pht thanh, truyn hnh s v c trong
thng tin di ng.
140
141
[13] T Hng H. Tm hiu k thut ghp knh theo tn s trc giao. n mn hc 1. Khoa
in-in T, i hc Bch khoa Tp.H Ch Minh.
http://www-mtl.mit.edu/~perrott
http://www.skydsp.com/publications
http://www.matworks.com
Ti liu tham kho
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