Kin thc cn nh

P Q P PQ PQ PQ PQ
Ph nh Hi ca P Tuyn ca P P ko theo P tng
ca P v Q v Q Q ng Q
1 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 1
 BI TP MNH

Bi 1. S dng bng chn tr chng minh

1. P 1 P .
2. P 0 P .
3. P 0 0 .
4. P 1 1 .
5. P P P .
6. P P P .
Bi 2. S dng bng chn tr chng minh
1. P P (ph nh ca ph nh).
2. P Q Q P (lut giao hon ca php tuyn).
3. P Q Q P (lut giao hon ca php hi).
4. P Q R P Q R (lut kt hp ca php tuyn).
5. P Q R P Q R (lut kt hp ca php hi).
6. P Q R P Q P R (lut phn phi ).
7. P Q R P Q P R .
8. P Q P Q (Quy tc De Morgan).
9. P Q P Q .

Bi 3. Chng minh rng

1. P Q R khng tng ng P Q R .
2. P Q R S khng tng ng P R Q S .
3. P Q R khng tng ng P R Q R .
Bi 4. Chng minh cc mnh sau l hng ng bng hai cch

1. P Q P .
2. P P Q .
3. P P Q.
4. P Q P Q .
5. P Q P Q .
6. P Q Q .
Bi 5. Chng minh cc mnh sau l hng ng bng hai cch

1. P P Q P .
2. P Q Q R P R .
3. P P Q Q .
4. P Q P R Q R R .
5. P Q Q R P R .

6. P Q P R Q R .

Bi 6. Chng minh cc tng ng mnh sau

1. P Q P Q .
2. P Q P Q Q P .
3. P Q Q P .
4. P Q P Q .
5. P Q P Q .
6. P Q P R P Q R .
7. P R Q R P Q R .
8. P Q P R P Q R .
9. P R Q R P Q R .
10. P Q R Q P R .

i ngu ca mt mnh ch cha cc php ton , , ph nh l mt mnh c

c bng cch t mnh cho thay th bng , bng , 1 bng 0, 0 bng 1.
i ngu ca mnh S c k hiu bng S*.

Bi 7. Ch ra cc lut ca cc php ton mnh (tr lut ph nh ca ph nh) theo

tng cp i ngu vi nhau.

Bi 8. Chng minh (S*)*=S.

Bi 9. Vit i ngu ca cc dng mnh sau

1. P Q . 4. P Q R .
2. P Q R 1 . 5. P Q R S .
3. P Q Q 0 . 6. P 0 Q 1
 MNH CHA BIN

1. Vit mnh ph nh ca cc mnh sau

x X , P x Q x
x X , P x Q x
x X , P x Q x
x X , P x x X , Q x
x X , P x x X , Q x
2. Chng minh (hai mnh tng ng)

x X , P x Q x x X , P x x X , Q x
x X , P x Q x x X , P x x X , Q x

3. Chng minh hai mnh sau khng tng ng

x X , P x Q x v x X , P x x X , Q x
x X , P x Q x v x X , P x x X , Q x
x X , P x Q x v x X , P x x X , Q x
x X , P x Q x v x X , P x x X , Q x
 P DNG MNH VO SUY LUN TON HC

Chng minh bng phng php trc tip, phng php phn chng

1. Chng minh rng mi s l u l hiu ca hai s chnh phng.

2. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n, 1 1 2n 1 chia ht cho 4. Ngc
n

li, bi ca 4 cng lun biu din di dng 1 1 2n 1 vi n l s t nhin.

n

3. Chng minh rng

a) Vi mi s thc x, y , x 2 y 2 chn khi v ch khi x y chn.
b) Vi mi s thc x, y , x 2 y 2 chia ht cho 3 khi v ch khi c x v y chia ht
cho 3.
c) Vi mi s thc x, y, z , nu x 3 y 3 z 3 chia ht cho 9 th c t nht mt trong
ba s x, y, z chia ht cho 3.
d) Vi mi s nguyn x , nu x2 6 x 5 chn th x l.
4. Chng minh rng: (Nguyn l Dirichlet) Nu c mt n chim b cu n con bay
vo n 1 ngn chung th t nht trong mt ngn c nhiu hn mt con chim.
5. Chng minh c t nht mt trong n s a1 , a2 ,..., an ln hn hoc bng trung bnh
cng ca chng.
6. Chng minh rng
a) Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n , n chn khi v ch khi n 2 chn.
b) Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n , n chia ht cho 3 khi v ch khi n 2
chia ht cho 3.
c) Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n , n chia ht cho p khi v ch khi n 2
chia ht cho p vi p l s nguyn t.
7. Chng minh rng
a) 2 l s v t. d) 1 2 l s v t.
b) 3 l s v t. e) 2 3 l s v t.
c) 6 l s v t.
8. Chng minh cc mnh sau tng ng
a) x l s v t. x c) 3x 1 l s v t.
b) l s v t.
2
Chng minh bng phng php quy np ton hc
1. Chng minh cc mnh sau ng vi mi n l nguyn dng bng phng php
quy np ton hc
n n 1
a) 1 2 3 ... n
2
n 3n 1
b) 1 4 7 ... (3n 2)
2
r 1
n
c) 1 r r 2 ... r n1
r 1
 n 2n 1 2n 3
d) 1 22 32 ... 2n
2

3
n n 1
2

e) 1 23 33 ... n3
2
n n 1 n 2
f) 1.2 2.3 3.4 ... n n 1
3
n n 1 n 2 n 3
g) 1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 ... n n 1 n 2
4
n 4n 2 6n 1
h) 1.3 3.5 5.7 ... 2n 1 2n 1
3
i) 1.2 2.2 3.2 ... n.2 n 1 2
2 3 n n 1
2
1 1 1 1 1
j) ... n 1 n
2 4 8 2 2
1 1 1 1 n
k) ...
1.4 4.7 7.10 3n 2 3n 1 3n 1
1 1 1 1 n n 3
l) ...
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 n n 1 n 2 4 n 1 n 2
3 5 7 2n 1
m) 1 1 1 ...1 2 n 1
2

1 4 9 n
n) 1.1! 2.2! 3.3! ... n.n! n 1! 1

2. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau vi n l s nguyn dng

1 3 5 2n 1 1
a) . . ...
2 4 6 2n 3n 1

b) 2 n 1 1 1
1
2

1
3
...
1
n
2 n

c) nn n 1
n1
,n 2
4n 2n !
d) ,n 2
n 1 n!2

a n bn a b
n

e) , a, b 0
2 2
f) a 2 n b 2 n c 2 n , n 1 , vi a, b l di hai cnh gc vung, c l di cnh
huyn ca mt tam gic vung.
3. Chng minh rng
a) 11n1 122 n1 chia ht cho 133 vi mi s nguyn dng n.
b) 4n 15n 1 chia ht cho 9 vi mi s nguyn dng n.
c) 7.22n2 32n1 chia ht cho 5 vi mi s nguyn dng n.
 TP HP
n n
1. t Ai 1;2;...; i , i * . Xc nh tp hp Ai , Ai .
i 1 i 1
n n
2. t Ai ...; 2; 1;1;2;...; i, i * . Xc nh tp hp Ai , Ai .
i 1 i 1

3. Chng minh rng A \ B B \ A A B.

A \ B B \ A
4. A A \ B
A B A \ A \ B

A B A B A B A B
A C B D A B C D
A B C A B C D
5. A B C A B C D
A B A B
A B A B