Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

SIG Pertambangan
(GIS for Geoscience)

Oleh :
Irvani

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Referensi :
Bonham-Carter, G.F. (1994) Geographic Information System for Geoscientists: Modelling
with GIS. Delta Printing , Ontario, 398 p.
Harris, J.R. (ed) (2006) GIS For The Earth Sciences. GAC Special Paper 44, Geological
Association of Canada, 616 p.
de By, R.A. (ed) (2000) Principles of Geographic Information Systems. ITC educational
Texbook Series, Netherlands.
Huisman, O. And de By, R.A. (2009) Principles of Geographic Information Systems. ITC
educational Texbook Series, Netherlands.
Mitchel, A. (1999) The ESRI guide to GIS Analysis. Volume 1: Geographic patterns &
Relationships, ESRI Press, 186 pp.
Kennedy, H. (ed) (2001) Dictionary of GIS terminology. ESRI Press, Redlands, 116 p.
Longley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J. and Rhind, D.W. (2001) Geographic
Information Systems and Science. John Wiley & Sons, 454 pp.
Maguire, D. J., Goodchild, M. F., and Rhind, D. W. (eds) (1991) Geographical information
systems: principles and applications, Longman.
Zeiler, M. (1999) Modeling Our World: the ESRI Guide to Geodatabase Design. ESRI Press,
Redlands, 198 p.
ESRI Homepage ( http://esri.com/index.html ) : understanding GIS, industry applications,
user conference, virtual campus, ESRI Press books

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 Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Materi/Pokok Bahasan
I Pendahuluan (P.1) VI Theory of Spatial Analysis (P.7-9)
a. Metode AHP
II Overview of GIS (P.2) b. Principle Steps
in GIS Spatial
III Map Projection and c. GIS Processing
Coordinate System (P.3-4) VII Introduction to ArcGIS or
MapInfo (P.10) (Option)
IV GIS for Geoscience (P.5)
VIII Case Studies/Latihan (P.11-14)
V GIS Database (P.6)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Geoscience Applications are Very

Difficult Tasks for GIS
1. Geoscientists require 3D modeling
2. Geo-objects are not designed but revealed by
limited samples, or by indicative data
3. Geo-objects are also highly irregular and
complex with many more parameters than
simple geometry
4. Many types of datasets involved
5. GIS is merely software application for general
spatial data
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Setijadji-slide

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Geoscience Activities in which

GIS can Contribute
Bonham-Carter (1994, 2000) stressed that there are at least
six core activities in Geoscience in which GIS can be
involved:
data organization,
data visualization,
spatial data search (query),
combining (integration) of diverse data types,
data analysis, and
prediction to support decision-making based on
multiple factors of spatial information.
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GIS Modeling Levels

3D Display (often called

2D Display 2.5D)
one z value at a single
modeling process
stack can create volume
between surface layers, but
each surface does not have
a thickness
3D Analysis (often
called true, solid 3D)
Surfaces may have
multiple z values for a
x,y location
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Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Geologic phenomena types

Gravity field Geographic Field
for every point a value can be
determined
spatial analysis: qualitative
e.g., temperature, elevation,
gravity field

Geographic Object
a geographic phenomenon that
is well distinguishable, discrete,
and sharply bounded entity
gravity low
spatial analysis: quantitative
boundary accuracy is matter of
gravity high
concern
e.g., lithology units, evidence
Gravity classes
maps (low-high gravity zones) 8

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Spatial Data Models (2D)

Field-based models (e.g. RASTER)
Continuous spatial phenomena
For every point in space a value of the field can
be determined
Object-based models (e.g. VECTOR)
Space is populated by well distinguishable,
discrete, bounded objects

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

2D and 2.5D Data Structure Types

Vector
Represents geographic features
with lines, points, and polygons
complex data storage with many
nodes, each has an x,y coordinate
value
spatial analysis: intersection, etc
e.g., coverages and shapefiles

Raster
discrete regular, usually square, cells
or Pixels
simple data storage, regular grids
with uniformly spaced; each cell is
located by its row and column position
spatial analysis: maps calculation
(binary maps, weight evidence etc)
e.g., images and grids 10

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Vector and Raster representations of points,

lines and areas
Vector data model
y y y code

code

code

x x x
Point Line Area
Raster data model
Row

Row
Row

Column Column Column

Key for the vector models: intemediate point
node

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polygon 1

Vertices polygon 1

polygon 2 Arc 1
Additional vertices polygon 2 Arc 2
Nodes Arc 3

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Common Data Formats
Vector Formats
Geography Markup Language (GML) - XML based open standard
(by OpenGIS) for GIS data exchange
Keyhole Markup Language (KML) - XML based open standard (by
OpenGIS) for GIS data exchange
AutoCAD DXF - Contour elevation plots in AutoCAD DXF format
Shapefile - Esri's open, hybrid vector data format using SHP, SHX
and DBF files
Simple Features - Open Geospatial Consortium specification for
Raster formats
vector data
MapInfo TAB format - MapInfo's vector data format using TAB,
DAT, ID and MAP files
National Transfer Format (NTF) - National Transfer Format
(mostly used by the UK Ordnance Survey)
TIGER - Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and
Referencing
Cartesian coordinate system (XYZ) - Simple point cloud
Vector Product Format - National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
(NGA)'s format of vectored data for large geographic databases.
GeoMedia - Intergraph's Microsoft Access based format for
spatial vector storage.
ISFC - Intergraph's MicroStation based CAD solution attaching
vector elements to a relational Microsoft Access database
Personal Geodatabase - Esri's closed, integrated vector data
storage strategy using Microsoft's Access MDB format
File Geodatabase - Esri's file-based geodatabase format, stored
as folders in a file system. Esri also has an enterprise
Geodatabase format for use in an RDBMS.
Coverage - Esri's closed, hybrid vector data storage strategy.
Legacy ArcGIS Workstation / ArcInfo format with reduced support
in ArcGIS Desktop lineup
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3D Data Structure Types
Volume rendering
Equal to raster in 2D
volume elements (voxels)
Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
Spatial Data File - Autodesk's high-performance geodatabase format,
native to MapGuide
GeoJSON - a lightweight format based on JSON, used by many open
source GIS packages
SOSI_Standard - a spatial data format used for all public exchange of
spatial data in Norway
Digital Line Graph (DLG) - a USGS format for vector data
ADRG - National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)'s ARC Digitized
Raster Graphics
BIL - Band Interleaved by Line (image format linked with satellite derived
imagery)
CADRG - National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)'s Compressed ARC
Digitised Raster Graphics (nominal compression of 55:1 over ADRG)
ECRG - National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)'s Enhanced
Compressed ARC Raster Graphics (Better resolution than CADRG and no
color loss)
CIB - National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)'s Controlled Image
Base (type of Raster Product Format)
Digital raster graphic (DRG) - digital scan of a paper USGS topographic map
ECW - Enhanced Compressed Wavelet (from ERDAS). A compressed
wavelet format, often lossy.
Esri grid - proprietary binary and metadataless ASCII raster formats used by
Esri
GeoTIFF - TIFF variant enriched with GIS relevant metadata
IMG - ERDAS IMAGINE image file format
JPEG2000 - Open-source raster format. A compressed format, allows both
lossy and lossless compression.
MrSID - Multi-Resolution Seamless Image Database (by Lizardtech). A
compressed wavelet format, often lossy.
netCDF-CF - netCDF file format with CF medata conventions for earth
science data. Binary storage in open format with optional compression.
Allows for direct web-access of subsets/aggregations of maps through
OPeNDAP protocol.
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Surface rendering
Equal to vector in 2D
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Point Interpolation for surface creation and

contouring
Point data

Triangulation Gridding

Contour
Map 16

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Comparison Gridding and Triangulation Methods

Gridding (raster) method
Focus Modeling continuous
phenomena
Amount of data Few, sparsely distributed
point data
Interpolation Applied
techniques
Geostatistics Applied
Honoring the original No
data and position
Contouring method Detecting a contour line
crossing into or intersecting
the edge of a given grid-
square and drawing the line
through that grid-square.
Geographic analysis Spatial coincidence
Proximity
Surface analysis
Dispersion
Triangulation method
Efficient representation of a
surface
Dense, relatively evenly
distributed data
Not applied
Not applied
Yes
Interpolating values on each
triangular face, and joining
straight-line contours across
triangles
Elevation, slope, aspect
calculation
Volume calculations
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Example TIN vs Gridding

Regional heatflow point data of Sundaland, SE Asia

TIN or
Gridding ?

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Example TIN vs Gridding

Regional heatflow map of Sundaland, SE Asia

Such very limited, sparse point data for a regional study is

better modeled using gridding (right picture) than triangulation
(middle picture) 19

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Interpolation methods
Inversed Distance Weighted (IDW)
Natural Neighbors (NN)
Moving Average
Spline
Trend Surface
Kriging (Geostatistics)

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3D Data Structure Types

Volume rendering Surface rendering
Equal to raster in 2D Equal to vector in 2D
volume elements (voxels)

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Several ArcGIS Extensions for Geoscience

1. ArcPad for field data capture
2. Survey Analyst
3. Geostatistical Analyst
4. Spatial Analyst
5. 3D Analyst

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Geostatistical Analyst : advanced surface

modeling tools

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Spatial Analyst : raster-based map algebra

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3D Analyst : building surfaces and 3D

visualizations (2.5D Analysis)

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But, several applications that are related with

Geoscience are not available with GIS such as
1. Remote sensing processing
2. Solid 3D modeling
3. Geophysical processing
4. Geological cross-section

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Summary
Current GIS is capable to fulfill most of
Geoscientists desires, but several applications
are not yet supported by GIS.

At this moment, the most effective way is by

using specialized software already available and
finding a way to integrate those applications to
our GIS

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Implementation Strategy of
Deployment of Full-Scale GIS
System for Geoscience

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For the best benefits for Geoscience applications,

we need to combine GIS and several specialized
systems (according to the needs) as follows
1. GIS is used as the core system (integrator), in
which it is fundamentals for:
a. Data capture
b. Data management
c. Query, spatial analysis
d. Visualization and map generation

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2. Specialized Non-GIS systems (remote sensing,

geophysical, 3D modeling) are linked to GIS
as :
a. Extensions to GIS
b. Different system but share common data
formats

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Examples of integration ways between GIS

and specialized software
Application Company/ Name of Way of integration
developer package to GIS

Environmental Earthsoft EQuIS An extension to

analysis ArcView and ArcGIS

Geologic modeling Rockware Inc. RockWare suite Shapefile and interface

of applications through EQuIS

Geologic, chemistry, CTech Development EVS Shapefile and

and geotechnical Corp. extension to ArcView
modeling and ArcGIS

Geosoft Inc. Oasis Montaj GeoTIFF image format

Geophysical images Earth Resource ER Mapper
Mapping Inc.
Remote sensing Leica Geosystems ERDAS GeoTIFF and Image
images Analysis for ArcGIS
extension 31

ArcExplorer GIS Desktops

Clients
The Best System
Java Viewer
for Geoscience
ArcReader
HTML Viewer ArcGIS
Extensions
Mobile/Wireless
ArcGIS 3D Analyst
ArcPad ArcInfo Geostatistical Analyst
ArcEditor Spatial Analyst
Mobile Network ArcView
Devices TCP/IP, HTTP, XML
Developer Tools Business Partners
Solutions
ArcObjects
Specialized
ArcSDE ArcIMS
MapObjects Modules

GIS Servers Remote sensing

Vectors (geologic map, Geophysics
Geodatabase culture, leases) Cross section
Data model, topology Solid 3D
Surveys
Mine-pit design
(seismic, gravity, borehole)
Groundwater
Networks
Imagery (geophysics, gridded Geochemistry
surfaces, remote sensing) Environment
Production data, geochemistry, pipelines
CAD
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Example of the implementation of an integrated

system for Geoscience
The integration of satellite image, subsurface geology, facilities, borehole datasets,
and subsurface geochemical datasets. Developed by integration of ArcGIS and
EQuIS from EarthSoft. Animation is created using ArcScene 3D Analyst

Animation

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Terima Kasih

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