GEOPHYSICAL WELL LOGGING DATA

INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS TO IMAGE

THE SUBSURFACE STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE
IN THE BOTABEK BASIN

Satya Permana Yoga P and M Ihsan Rusliyanto

GEOPHYSICAL ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF PLANNING AND CIVIL

ENGINEERING, INSTITUTE TECHNOLOGY OF SEPULUH NOPEMBER
(ITS) E-MAIL: satyapermanayoga@gmail.com
PHONE NUMBER : 087740810488

ABSTRACT

Indonesia is a country rich in oil, gas, coal, and others energy resources.
But Indonesia has not been able to maximize the potential of resources in his own
country. Actually Indonesia has many basins that are so potential to be good
reservoirs. But the reality there are still few basins that seriously explored in
order to get potential resevoirs as the resources of energy. Thats why, a serious
exploration of energy resources should be done and we need a specific geological
and geophysical data. The other problem of maximizing exploration of energy
resources is crude oil conditions in the world are in fluctuative state and in low
price. But, that problem shouldnt decrease the amount of serious exploration
activity because based on Indonesias oil demand, it needs 1,6 million barrels
every day and we could only produce 800 thousand barrels every day. Because of
that, finding reservoir well should be continued to obtain enough conventional and
unconventional energy reserve so Indonesia could be freed from dependency of
imported energy. With that reason, this paper presents an integrated structural and
stratigraphic study of the basin using subsurface geophysical data by interpreting a
well data in Botabek basin to determine the reservoir area. Our methods are
analyzing well log data, we find this data from oil companies such as
ConocoPhillips and then that taken from ten log method , which are : spontaneous
potential Log (SP), Gamma Ray Log (GR), Induction Log, Lateralog, Neutron
Log, Density Log, Sonic Log, Bit Size (BS), Calliper (CALI), and Photo Electric
Effect (PEF). That data will be interpreted by using a software called Interactive
Petrophysics. The interpretation will produce information about types of rock in
the reservoir, amount of gas, oil, coal, water reserve at certain depth, and analyzed
whether the well is good or not. Using this principle we can knows that many
potential wells in Botabek basin.

Key words : Exploration, well log, Botabek Basin, conventional and

unconventional energy.

1. Intoduction

Indonesia is one of the country that has wealth of natural resources in oil,
gas,coal, and other national resource. Oil and gas is one of important element in
daily life. Many engines used to simplify human activities using these resources.
With the abundance of oil and gas owned, Indonesia can reach its economy on a
high level. However, the potential oil and gas resources are not yet to be
maximized by Indonesia. The other problem is crude oil conditions in the world
are in fluctuative state and in low price. However, these problems are not going to
reduce the amount of exploration because the demand of oil is 1.6 million barrels
per day and Indonesia was only able to produce 800 thousand barrels per day
(OPEC, 2015). Because the demand is greater than the number of production, it is
necessary to do a new find reservoir wells to increase production and also reduce
import activities with other countries.

West java area is contains a lot of sandstone and conglomerate rock, and
also a minority of silt rock and gravel. Geological structures that exist in the area
is a horizontal layer with a layer which is almost flat slope. According to the
research report of surface water resources in Depok, geologists conditions
contained in Depok included into the system of geological Botabek basin. This
Botabek Basin made due to the deposition of young volcano debris and river
sediment.

The demand of oil is greater than the production, then the production must
be improved. To improve the production, a new source is needed. Botabek basin
has potential as a new reservoir, and therefore required a research to be done in
this basin area. The method used in this research is to use subsurface geophysical
data. The data will be interpreted to indicate reservoir area. Logging method that
used as the data include the Gamma Ray Log (GR), Induction Log, Lateralog,
Density Log, Sonic Log, Bit Size (BS), calliper (CALI) and also Photo Electric
Effect (PEF). Gamma Ray Log, Log Neutron, Density Log, Lateralog and
Induction Log is used to determine the lithology of rock layers.

Gamma Ray Log measuring natural radioactivity contained in rock

formations, clean sandstone and carbonate rocks provide low gamma ray signal,
since the value of the gamma ray depends on the amount of content on a shale
rock formations (Ruckebusch, 1982). Elements Th, U, and K will emit gamma
rays which will be read in accordance with the energy spectrum (Ruckebusch,
1986; Murray et al, 1987). Induction Log and Lateralog used to determine the
fluid content in a rock formation. Induction Log and Lateralog depending on the
structure, texture and content of clay in the rock (Ellis and Singer, 2007). Density
logs are used to determine the porosity and when combined with neutron logs can
be used to determine the type of fluid contained. From many method, we
interpretated the data using Interactive Petrophysics software.

2. Theory

Reservoir

A reservoir is a storage space for fluids. These fluids may be water,

hydrocarbons or gas. A reservoir rock is a place that oil migrates to and is held
underground. A sandstone has plenty of room inside itself to trap oil, just like a
sponge has room inside of itself to soak up spills in your kitchen. It is for this
reason that sandstones are the most common reservoir rocks and limestone ,
dolomite is another reservoir rock.

Porosity

Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void spaces in a material, and

is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a
percentage between 0 and 100%. Strictly speaking, some tests measure the
"accessible void", the total amount of void space accessible from the surface, A
value for porosity can alternatively be calculated from the bulk density, fluid
density ,and particle density Porosity is a fraction between 0 and 1

Well log

Well log tools do not usually measure the formation properties, they are
always implied measurements based on one or a combination of electrical,
acoustic,nuclear, electro-magnetic and magnetic devices. This paper introduces
nuclear well logging, which contains neutron, density, neutron spectroscopy,
Natural Gamma ray and other measurements (Sina, 2015). The description and
functions of the various log is:

Gamma ray log (GR)

Gamma ray log used herein were analysed mainly to distinguish shale and
non-shales (or sandy) compositions. Conventionally, gamma ray (GR) log is
primarily used to detect the presence of radioactive materials that make up clay
particles in shales. As such, gamma ray (GR) log is commonly referred to as the
shale log (Kenneth and Alan, 2003; Ellis and Singer, 2007). shale volume value
lower than that from the linear equation.

Resistivity log (LLD, LLF, and MSFL)

Resistivity logs measure electrical properties of rock formations and are

usually correlated with gamma ray logs for lithological investigation due to their
distinguishing behaviours in sand and shale formations.

Neutron porosity log (NPHI)

the tools counted gamma rays emitted when hydrogen and chlorine capture
thermal neutrons. Because hydrogen has by far the greatest effect on neutron
transport, the borehole effects on such a tool are large. The now-standard
compensated neutron-porosity logging (CNL) tool. From this log we can measure
is the NPHI high so hydrogen is high and than this reservoir is oil or gas that have
a high hydrogen different from water that have a little hydrogen.

Bulk density log (RHOB)

A density-logging tool sends gamma rays into a formation and detects

those that are scattered back. The average electron density in the volume of
formation probed by the tool controls the scattered gamma ray count rates at the
detectors. As we saw, average electron density, in turn, correlates strongly (but
not perfectly) with bulk density. From this log we can know density from rock
layers so we can measure what its in front of the reservoir. In the standard
sequential interpretation process, the analyst determines porosity directly from the
density log.

Photoelectric effect (PEF)

A gamma ray interaction in which the gamma ray is fully absorbed by a

bound electron. If the energy transferred exceeds the binding energy to the atom,
the electron will be ejected. Normally, the ejected electron will be replaced within
the material and a characteristic X-ray will be emitted with an energy that is
dependent on the atomic number of the material. The photoelectric effect is the
principle behind the PEF log, which identifies lithology. if the value of PEF
approach 5.084 is calcite, 3.142 is dolomite, 1.745 is sandstone.

Caliper log (CALI) and Bit Size (BS)

The Caliper Log is a tool for measuring the diameter and shape of a
borehole. The caliper logs are plotted with the drilling bit size for comparison.
When caliper larger than bit size causes formation soluble in drilling mud and
formations weak and cave in and than when caliper smaller than bit size is a good
well because formations swell and flow into borehole and development of
mudcake for porous and permeable formations.

3. Method

Location and Time Research

Petrophysics Laboratory Department of Geophysics Faculty of Civil and

Environmental Engineering (FTSP). Research Botabek basin well was conducted
for 2 weeks

Collecting and Processing Data

In the author's data collection request assistance data from one oil
company and is also a lecturer for requesting the well data and geological
conditions in the Botabek basin. in addition the authors also collect data through
existing journals. Furthermore, from the data we get, then interpreted using
software that is Interactive Petrophysics. In data processing author have taken the
well at a depth of 1525-1640 m, since author initial assumption at that depth is a
potential for further processing.
Data analysis

The data that have been collected will be pooled , made curva, and give
the zone. then analyzed and interpreted by descriptive and comprehensive. Data
obtained in the form of Gamma Ray Log (GR), Induction Log, Lateralog, Neutron
Log, Density Log, Sonic Log, Bit Size (BS), calliper (CALI), and Photo Electric
Effect (PEF), Microresistivity (MSFL). All log in on an important role in the
interpretation of the well.

4. Results

Well analysis

Analysis caliper and bit size is very important as well a reference if it's
good or not. According to the results of both log shading between the caliper and
bitsize for wells from a depth of 1525-1640 m is a good well (Fig. 2) as the
difference between caliper and bitsize nothing to the nearest 2.5 except at a depth
of 1560-1570 m (Fig. 2) the area was the difference in caliper and bits size began
to move away which makes the formation of soluble drilling mud and could also
include a cave on formation as can already described in the theory section above,
while the depth of another good well because of the condition of the caliper is in
before bitsize therefore the formation expands and flows into borehole so that it
can be done on the development of mudcake for formation of porous and
permeable.

Reservoir analysis

Based on data from gamma ray by using a scale of 1-300 degrees API.
Based on Figure 2 below so we can know the depth of the reservoir and can
determine how well impermeable layer is dependent on the value of gamma ray
degrees API such as has been described in the theory section. Because if the
gamma ray values higher then on that layer there are many radioactive and usually
that area is impermeable zone (shale) and otherwise when the value of the degree
API low gamma ray is a reservoir.

(a) (b)

Fig. 2. (a). Curve Gamma Ray (GR), Caliper (CALI), and Bit Size (BS) at a depth
of 1525-1580 m. (b). Curve Gamma Ray (GR), Caliper (CALI), and Bit Size (BS)
at a depth of 1525-1640 m.
From the above data we can know at a depth of 1525-1550 m value of degrees
API at high gamma ray indicating this area there are many radioactive, it can be
said is the estimated regional immpermeable shale layers (Fig. 2). At a depth of
1550-1575 m lower the degree of gamma ray, it can be said that area is an area of
the reservoir because there are only slightly radioactive by using the same way we
can get the reservoir at 1595-1610 m and 1635-1640 m. In these well it is clear
that a whole lot of potential areas as a reservoir, and therefore arguably it is the
well which is good.

Resistivity analysis

Resistivity log is used to acquire data along the borehole with drilling mud
filtration aid. The reading of resistivity logs associated with gamma ray logs. The
reading of resistivity log is divided into two zones, a zone of high resistivity and
low resistivity zone. For low resistivity zone, if the value of gamma ray log is
high and there is no separation between the three types of resistivity (deep-
shallow-medium) indicates that the area is impermeable and fluid filling is shale /
clay bound water. If the gamma ray log value is low and there is a separation
between the three types of resistivity, it indicates that the area permeable and fluid
saturated brine. While in high resistivity zone, if the value of gamma ray showed
that suddenly humble and there is no separation in resistivity then that area is the
area of coal. And if the value of gamma ray logs are low and there is a separation
between the three types of resistivity such an area is permeable and saturated
hydrocarbon. At a depth of 1525-1550 m (Fig. 3), the value of gamma ray showed
a high value and there is a separation between the three resistivity such an area is
impermeable and the fluid fill it is the brine fluid. At a depth of 1550-1575 m
(Fig.3), gamma ray values are low and there is a separation in resistivity, this area
is permeable and the area filled by saturated hydrocarbons. And at a depth 1595-
1640 m (Fig. 3), gamma ray is relatively low and there is a separation in
resistivity, then this area is permeable also filled by saturated hydrocarbon
Fig. 3. Curve Micro Resistivity (MSFL), Deep Resistivity (LLD), and Shallow
Resistivity (LLS).

Fluid interpretation in reservoir

Based on data from the density and neutron logs we can find out the
reservoir. Like the area in the shading (yellow) at a depth of 1530-1535 m area
that we interpret the reservoir water area (Fig. 4) because the value of the area of
high density and low neutron which means in that area there is little hydrogen.
 (a) (b)

Fig. 4. (a). Curve density log and neutron log at a depth of 1525-1580 m. (B)
Curve density log and neutron log at a depth of 1525-1640 m.

At a depth of 1557-1565 m in this area we interpret as oil because the lower-

density area due to its own log lower density and neutron logs high that causes in
this region there are a lot of hydrogen, as we know that hydrogen is more
prevalent in oil the appeal of hydrogen contained in water. By the same analysis at
a depth of 1595-1625 m area of our interpretation as a reservoir of gas (Fig. 3). As
for the case at a depth of 1580-1585 m between neutron and density logs are not
experiencing intercept and value are both low, and therefore we can interpret it as
a coal area (Fig. 4).
Reservoir rock analysis

PEF is a measure of the rock matrix, PEF could measure the fluid but fluid
has a low atomic number and little influence. Sandstone have very low PEF, while
dolomite and limestone have high PEF.

(a) (b)

Fig. 5. (a). Curve Photo Electric Effect (PEF) and Density Correction (DRHO) at
a depth of 1525-1580 m. (B) Curve Photo Electric Effect (PEF) and Density
Correction (DRHO) at a depth of 1525-1640 m.

Clays, and heavy mineral are have a high PEF too. And PEF is very useful
for determining mineralogy. From the data above, we could know that the PEF
number in depth 1530-1535 m is relatively high, by using the data for the actual
number of PEF that are explain in theory we could know that is limestone(Fig. 5).
At depth 1610-1630, the data showing that the rock formation in this layer is
sandstone because the PEF in this layer is relatively low(Fig. 5).

D Matrix
E
P find:
T
ma, f Coal
H

(a) (b)

Fig. 6. (a) Curve fluid in the reservoir depth 1525-1600 m. (b) Curve in the
reservoir rock types depth 1525-1600 m.
 D
E
Matrix
P find:
T Coal
H
ma, f

(a) (b)

Fig. 7. (a) Curve fluid in the reservoir depth 1600-1675 m. (b) Curve in the
reservoir rock types depth 1600-1675 m.

Final interpretation (analysis reservoir rock, fluid, porosity, and volume)

From the above analysis they are all combined so that we would get a
maximum overview of the well and we plot five zone that is zone 1(purple), zone
2(blue), zone 3(pink), zone 4(green),and zone 5(brown) (Fig. 6). From this zone
we can know the depth of any amount reservoir, fluid content in the reservoir, as
well as any type of rock that is in the reservoir. From the first zone occupied many
of its shale area then it could be called impermeable zone, but there are also
reservoirs of this area, the hidrocarbon in the reservoir is a gas and the type of
reservoir rock is limestone. Zone 2 is a good reservoir because there are a lot of
gas and the type of reservoir rock is dolomite. Zone 3 There are also a lot of gas
but not as much as zone 2 and this type of reservoir rock is sandstone, in this zone
any another energy resources that is a coal. In zone 4, the hidrocarbon is gas ,
reservoir rock type is dolomite in this zone there are many coal. Zone 5, the
hidrocarbon is oil, and the reservoir rock is dolomite and no coal here.

Volume of shale rock is at a depth of 1550 m zone 1 figure 6b, at that

point in software petrophysics like figure 6, GRcn show number 44 and GRsh
show number 112 and also GRlog shows the number 87 base on the gamma ray
theory above and Fig 2 we can obtained the volume. Example calculation :
From that data zone 1,

From the calculation shale volume in zone 2 is amounted to 0,6323. In zone 2, at a

depth of 1565m figure 6b, GR clean at 14, GRlog by 16, and GRsh at 110. After
calculation in get shale volume amounted to 0.0208. In zone 3, at a depth of
1599m figure 6b, the data obtained GRcn by 11, GRlog at 14, GRsh at 99, and
produce shale volume amounted to 0.034. In zone 4 figure 6b, at a depth of 1629
data in get is GRcn by 11, GRlog by 16, and GRsh by 88, from the data
generating shale volume amounted to 0,065.

Porosity is a measure of the space between the material. In zone 1, at a

depth of 1542,9m obtained data 2.91 and 0.2, and also obtained a value
of 2.419. With these data and equation in theory we can make a calculation,
example:

From zone 1 obtained porosity values 0.181 and also obtained the value of
effective porosity of 0.0439. In the second zone at a depth of 1561.5m, obtained
2.81, 0.2, and the amount of 2,095, the data generated to 0.273
porosity and effective porosity is 0.26. In the third zone at a depth of 1591.4m
obtained the data 2.73, 0.2, and amounted to 2.291 and generate
0.173 porosity and effective porosity is 0.158. In zone 4, at a depth of 1633.3m
obtained values 2.51, 0.2 and amounted to 2.119. Data generated
porosity in zone 4 was at 0.169 and the effective porosity is 0.0521. In zone 5 at
depth 1661.8m obtained ma of 2.69, f of 0.77, and b amounted to 2,201. The
result of porosity in zone 5 was 0.254 and the effective porosity is 0.243. From the
above data, it was found that the second zone has an average porosity value at
high, it indicates the fluid contained in zone 2 has a lot of quantity.
5. Conclusions

Well log methods to see the reservoir is very useful because with this
method we can see statigraphy as a whole would be useful to determine the
reservoir fluid type, reservoir rocks and reservoir location. The following is
specically concluded:

1. Well log method is a powerful geophysical method that can be used for the
hydrocarbon exploration.

2. Botabek basin area including wells relatively nice because there are bit of an
underground cave.

3. Type of hidrokarbon and rock in reservoir from interpretation Botabek basin

- Zone 1 reservoir of gas, rock is limestone.

- Zone 2 reservoir of gas, rock type is dolomite.

- Zone 3 reservoir of gas, rock type is sandstone, in this zone any another energy
resources that is a coal.

- Zone 4 reservoir of gas, rock type is dolomite in this zone there are many coal.

- Zone 5 reservoir of oil, rock type is sandstone and no coal here

Botabek basin area especially those wells Ui-1 contained a lot more gas reservoir
types. Reservoir types of basins Botabek include sandstone, dolomite and calcite.

4. Volume of shale

- Zone 1 volume shale at 0.628. Because the high volume of shale this zone the
reservoir is not good
- Zone 2 volume shale at 0.0254. Good reservoir because the volume shale is
small.

- Zone 3 volume shale at 0.0306. Good reservoir because the volume shale is
small.

- Zone 4 volume shale at 0.0306. Good reservoir because the volume shale is
small.

- Zone 5 volume shale at 0,062. Good reservoir because the volume shale is small.

Almost all is a good reservoir because the impermeable zone just a small.

5. Porosity of the reservoir

- Zone 1 the porosity values of 0.198 and effective porosity is 0.0439.

- Zone 2 the porosity values of 0.33 and effective porosity is 0.28.

- Zone 3 the porosity values of 0.235 and effective porosity is 0.162.

- Zone 4 the porosity values of 0.216 and the effective porosity of 0.0521.

- Zone 5 the porosity values of 0.29 and the effective porosity is 0.283.

From the above data, it was found that the second zone has an average
value of porosity value is high, it indicates the fluid contained in zone 2 has a lot
of quantity.

6. Suggestions

1. Needs to be further research on the wells in various basins in Indonesia.

2. The government should not be the only important part of production but
exploration should also be maximized, because many areas basin that has energy
sources uncharted maximally.
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