KKSB 2122

Struktur II (Structure II)

Chapter 2: Analysis of Statically Determinate
Structures
Hibbeler, R. C. 2006. Structural Analysis. 6th SI Edition.
New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

2-2 Principle of Superposition

The total disp. or internal loadings (stress) at
a point in a structure subjected to several
external loadings can be determined by
adding together the displacements or internal
loadings (stress) caused by each of the
external loads acting separately
Linear relationship exist among loads,
stresses & displacements

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 2-2 Principle of Superposition
2 requirements for the principle to apply:
Material must behave in a linear-elastic
manner, Hookes Law is valid
The geometry of the structure must not
undergo significant change when the loads
are applied, small displacement theory

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2-3 Eqns of Equilibrium

For equilibrium:
Fx 0 Fy 0 Fz 0
M x 0 M y 0 M z 0 eqn 2.1

For most structures, it can be reduced to:

Fx 0
Fy 0
M o 0 eqn 2.2

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 2-3 Determinacy & Stability
Determinacy
Equilibrium eqns provide sufficient
conditions for equilibrium
All forces can be determined strictly from
these eqns
No. of unknown forces > equilibrium eqn
=> statically indeterminate
This can be determined using a free body
diagram

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2-3 Determinacy & Stability

Determinacy
For a coplanar structure

r 3n, statically determinate } eqn 2.3

r 3n, statically indeterminate }

The additional eqns needed to solve for the

unknown eqns are referred to as
compatibility eqns

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 Example 2.3
Classify each of the beams shown in Fig
2.18a through 2.18d as statically determinate
or statically indeterminate
If statically indeterminate, report the no. of
degree of indeterminacy
The beams are subjected to external loadings
that are assumed to be known & can act
anywhere on the beams

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Example 2.3 - solution

The free body diagram of each member are
shown
Applying r = 3n or r > 3n
Fig 2.18

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 Example 2.3 - solution
Fig 2.18

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Example 2.4
Classify each of the pin-connected structures
as shown in Fig 2.19a through 2.19d as
statically determinate or statically
indeterminate
If statically indeterminate, report the no. of
degree of indeterminacy
The structures are subjected to arbitrary
external loadings that are assumed to be
known & can act anywhere on the structures

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 Example 2.4 - solution
The free body diagram of each member are
shown
Applying r = 3n or r > 3n Fig 2.19

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Example 2.4 - solution

Fig 2.19

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 2-3 Determinacy & Stability
Stability
To ensure equilibrium of a structure or its
members:
Must satisfy eqns of equilibrium

Members must be properly held or

constrained by their supports

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2-3 Determinacy & Stability

Partial constraints
Fewer reactive forces than eqn of
equilibrium
Consider Fig 2.21

Fx 0 will not be satisfied

Member will be unstable

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 2-3 Determinacy & Stability
Fig 2.21

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2-3 Determinacy & Stability

Improper constraints
In some cases, unknown forces may
equal eqn of equilibrium
However, instability or movement of
structure could still occur if support
reactions are concurrent at a point
Consider Fig 2.22

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 2-3 Determinacy & Stability
Fig 2.22

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2-3 Determinacy & Stability

Improper constraints
Pd 0
Rotation about O will take place
Similarly instability can occur if all
reactive forces are parallel
This is shown in Fig 2.23

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 2-3 Determinacy & Stability
Fig 2.23

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Example 2.6
Classify each of the structure in Fig 2.24a
through 2.24e as stable or unstable
The structures are subjected to arbitrary
external loads that are assumed to be known

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 Example 2.6 - solution
Fig 2.24

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Example 2.6 - solution

Fig 2.24

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 2-5 Applications of the Equations
of Equilibrium
Consider the 3-member frame as shown in
Fig 2.25(a)
Subjecting to loads P1 & P2
The free-body diagrams of each member are
shown in in Fig 2.25(b)
There are 9 unknowns in total
However, 9 eqns of equilibrium can be
written, 3 for each member
It is statically determinate

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2-5 Applications of the Equations

of Equilibrium
Fig 2.25(a), (b), (c)

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 2-5 Applications of the Equations
of Equilibrium
The free-body diagram of the entire frame is
shown in Fig 2.25(c)
One could determine the 3 reactions Ax, Ay &
Cx on this system
By analyzing the any of the 2 members, the
other 6 unknowns can be solved
The answers can be checked by applying for
the third member

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2-5 Applications of the Equations

of Equilibrium
Consider the 2-member frame as shown in
Fig 2.26(a)
The free-body diagram reveals that there are
6 unknowns
Fig 2.26(b) shows that 6 equilibrium eqns can
be written
Therefore, all 6 unknowns can be determined
by applying the 3 equilibrium eqns to the
entire frame (Fig 2.26(c)) & also to one of its
member
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 2-5 Applications of the Equations
of Equilibrium

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2-5 Applications of the Equations

of Equilibrium
The previous 2 e.g.s illustrate that if a
structure is properly supported & contains no
more support members than are necessary to
prevent collapse, the frame becomes
statically determinate
The unknowns can be determined from
equilibrium eqns

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 Example 2.7
Determine the reactions on the beam shown
in Fig 2.27(a)
Fig 2.27

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Example 2.7 - solution

As shown in Fig 2.27(b), the 30kN force is
resolved into x & y components
Furthermore, the 2.1m dimension line is not
needed since a couple moment is a free
vector & can therefore act anywhere on the
beam

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 Example 2.7 - solution
Applying eqn 2.2 in a sequence, using
previously calculated results, we have:
Fx 0; Ax 270 cos 60 0 0
Ax 135kN
With anti - clockwise in the direction,
M A 0; 270 sin 60 (3) 270 cos 60 (0.3) B y (4.2) 6.8 0
0 0

B y 159kN
Fy 0; 270 sin 600 159 Ay 0
Ay 74.8kN

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Example 2.10
The compound beam in Fig 2.30(a) is fixed at
A
Determine the reactions at A, B & C
Assume the connections at B is a pin & C a
roller
Fig 2.30

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 Example 2.10 - solution
The free-body diagram of each segment is
shown in Fig 2.30(b)
There are 6 unknowns, applying the 6 eqns of
equilibrium, we have:
Segment BC :
With anti - clockwise in the direction,
M c 0; 8 B y (4.5) 0 B y 1.78kN
Fy 0; 1.78 C y 0 C y 1.78kN
Fx 0; Bx 0
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Example 2.10 - solution

Segment AB :
With anti - clockwise in the direction,
M A 0; M A 36(3) (1.78)(6) 0
M A 97.3kN .m
Fy 0; Ay 36 1.78 0
Ay 34.2kN
Fx 0; Ax 0

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