Chapter I : Geophysical & Geological Data

1.1. Regional Geological Setting

1.1.1. Tectonic Setting

The Centaury PSC is located on the eastern margin of the South Sumatra Basin in a
region comprising of multiple NNE-SSW trending horst and graben features, which
were initiated in Palaeogene times.

Figure 1-1 - Centaury PSC: regional tectonic setting

In the Centaury area, the Merang and Ketaling Highs form the main horst blocks with
the Merang and Ketaling Deeps forming the intervening grabens (Figure ). These horsts
were sources of sediment into the basins until they were eventually submerged and
carbonates developed on the old highs. The area was then subjected to Mid-Miocene
transpressional and then further subsidence.
 Figure 1-2 - Centaury Block: Local tectonic setting

This transpressional phase is also associated with a regional tilt towards the
southwest and the uplift of the Sembilang High to the northeast, followed by a
considerable amount of erosion in the past few million years.

1.1.2. Stratigraphy

The stratigraphy of Centaury Block (Figure ) can be described as follow:

Pre-Tertiary Basement: metamorphic rocks such as schist and phyllite are the
dominant basement rocks in Centaury PSC area. The basement production field in
the south is mostly comes from thick granitic sections.

Mid-Late Eocene Lower Oligocene/Lahat Formation: The early syn-rift Lahat

Formation is confined to the graben areas overlain by alluvial fan deposits and
capped by thick lacustrine shales, which form major oil-prone source rocks. Its
thickness reaches more than 2000 m in the South Sumatra basin depocenters to the
south, while on intermediate horst features the unit is absent. The thickness of the
Lahat can vary rapidly in a lateral sense with thick accumulations close to faults.

Late Oligocene - Early Miocene/Talang Akar Formation (TAF): The TAF lies
uncomformably on the Lahat Formation and was deposited in an overall
backstepping, transgressive system tract with fluvial channel sands passing up into
shallow marine deltaics, which encroach onto the basement highs. Coals and shale
provide potential gas prone source rocks and the overlying Pendopo marine shale
provides a regional seal and a potential oil-prone source rock.
Early Miocene/Baturaja (BRF) and Gumai Formations (GUF): The carbonate
platform buildups of the BRF represent the continuation of the transgressive phase of
the TAF depositional system. The overlying Gumai shales represent the drowning
event and provide a regional marine shale seal over the entire area. Two
transgressive maxima are recognized within the Gumai separated by a short lived
phase of regression (NN5-NN4). This regressive phase resulted in sub-aerial
emergence of the BRF reefs and subsequent poro-perm enhancement. It also caused
widespread deposition of a basal clastics member in the Centaury area, which
probably forms thief beds to several dry holes drilled for BRF objectives (Merang 1,
Ketaling-2, etc.). In addition, these conduits provided a means for hydrocarbon
migration into overlying ABF sands.

Mid -Late Miocene/Air Benakat (ABF) and Muara Enim Formations (MEF):
The first significant influx of ABF sands is indicative of the major regional Mid
Miocene regression, which results form a large deltaic unit prograding from the
northeast. The ABF is composed mostly of marine shales and marginal marine sands,
which provide reservoirs in East Ketaling and Tempino Fields. The MEF consists
predominantly of abundant coals and sandstones, with occasional development of
tuffs, all demonstrating continuation of a major regressive cycle.
Figure 1-3 - Centaury PSC Stratigraphic Column
The appraisal wells drilled after Beta-1 were designed only to penetrate the three
main reservoirs that proved oil in the ABF sands. Hence, the three well TDed at
quite shallow depths of around 700m.

The following lithological summary describes the formations encountered in the wells
as described in cuttings and samples analyses:

Kasai / Muara Enim Fm : Kasai and/or Muara Enim usually encountered above
ABF. These formations encountered from surface to around 100m at each well, co-
incident with an unconformity on the seismic line. The lithologies are predominantly
composed of claystones with blocky sandstones of varying thicknesses from 1m up to
11m. The claystones in this formation appear as light grey-yellowish grey in colour
and are generally amorphous, quite sticky, with traces of pyrite and carbonaceous
specks. The sandstones in the Kasai are composed of clear-translucent quartz grains,
which are loose to occasionally consolidated with moderate-well sorting. Grains are
fine to medium and are generally quite rounded, with traces of black carbonaceous
material. The sands have been observed as very fine grained in parts and locally
grade to silt.

Air Benakat Fm : Air Benakat formation consist of claystones, sandstones and

siltstones.

The claystones were light grey to light olive grey in colour, generally very soft and
amorphous, with accessory minerals such as pyrite, carbonaceous material appearing
as both specks and micro-laminae. They were generally quite micaceous with rare
pale bluish green chlorite flakes observed in some beds. Microfossils were present in
the formation and the most recognizable were foraminifera.

The sandstones were predominantly identified as argillaceous sandstone, which

consisted of clear to translucent quartz grains, with some rare off-white quartz
grains, packed into a poor to moderately sorted clast supported structure. The pore
spaces between the grains appeared to contain argillaceous material with some
additional degree of visible porosity. Grains were generally very fine to medium, with
some rare thin beds of coarser grained sands. These coarser grains, most commonly
appeared as loose particles having being washed free when drilled. The grains were
predominantly sub-angular to sub-rounded and mostly sub-rounded in shape. Sorting
was generally poor to moderate, with occasional well sorted very fine sandstones
appearing in thinly laminated beds. Trace minerals of glauconite, fossil fragments
and debris were also observed.

Siltstones are generally blocky to sub-blocky, friable, soft to firm and occasionally
quite sticky when hydrated. They display poor visible porosity but good inferred
porosity due to water retention. Siltstones also occur as thinly laminated beds within
the shales and claystones, and can sometimes be quite calcareous. Rare thin coal
beds were identified in Beta-2, appearing as black to dark brownish black in colour
with an earthy luster. They were firm and quite brittle, having a woody texture and a
sub blocky to blocky shape, occasionally splintering into sub-fissile fragments.
Beta-4 Beta-1 Beta-2 Beta-3

300 300 300 300

Beta-4 Beta-1 Beta-2 Beta-3
GR AO90 GR AO90 GR AO90 GR AO90

R14

R13

400
400 400 400 Z380

R10

Z450

500 500 500 500

R7
Z550

600 600 600 600

R6

R5

R4

700 700 700 700 R3

Z650

R1

Figure 1-4 - Beta Field stratigraphic cross section through well logs
1.1.3. Depositional Environment

The depositional facies of Beta Field (Air Benakat Formation) was interpreted by
utilizing conventional core data, cutting samples, log curve pattern and borehole
image log interpretation. To begin, lithofacies were examined to determine the
depositional facies. The lithofacies was classified into six facies based on rock
textures, mineral composition, sedimentary structures and bioturbation intensity
(Figure ).
Calcite-cemented Sandstone

Figure 1-5 Lithofacies Classification, example from Beta-4

Based on facies association, Beta Field is interpreted as shallow marine to offshore

deposit. Details of the interpreted depositional facies are described in the Figure .

1. Lower Shoreface, Intensively bioturbated very fine grained heterolithic sandstone

facies are interpreted as being deposited in a lower shoreface environment. A
mixed association of vertical and horizontal trace fossils are indicative of a
medium to low energy marine environment.

The presence of medium-grained sandstone (particularly at the top of Z-380) is

interpreted as the result of a transgressive ravinement that reworked the upper
part of the sand, which improved the reservoir quality.

2. Offshore Transition, Zoophycos ichnofacies observed in this lithofacies is indicative

of a low energy marine environment. Therefore, part of the bioturbated mudstone
and laminated shale is thought to have formed in an offshore transition
environment.
3. Offshore, The massive shale facies is interpreted as being deposited in an offshore
environment. Very few storm event deposits and Zoophycos ichnofacies are indicative
of a constant sedimentation rate in a low energy marine environment.
 Partly
Lower
Offshore Bioturbated
Shoreface
Heterolithics
Transition

to

Figure 1-6 - Interpreted sequence of surrounding Beta Field

From the image log interpretation, the overall deposition setting is considered
to be a shallow marine low angle clastic ramp, probably sloping to the south
based on bidirectional N-S tidal currents interpreted from minor cross bedding
found on the FMI log. The sediment provenance is interpreted from the north
based on the study of other wells in the area. The facies belts moved up and
down this ramp in response to eustacy, with very little if any tectonic control,
as indicated by the very uniform and highly correlatable nature of the
sedimentary packages, which also tends to indicate that the main sands are
continuous sheets throughout the field.

1.1.4. Petroleum System

Source and Migration : Regional studies indicate that hydrocarbons are

derived from several different source rocks, Figure notably: the lacustrine
shales of the Lahat Formation (oil-generating), nearshore coals and coaly
shales of the TAF (gas-generating), and nearshore TAF marine shales (oil-
generating). At the basin centre, TAF can exceed up to 600m at Merang deep.
Geochem study at Beta-1 well indicate that the TAF section has a TOC of
between 1-2%.

Charging and migration of this reservoir was proven by the Beta-1 discovery
well. Lateral migration is interpreted to be from the north to northwest area.
Some local vertical migration would have occurred through the faults
associated with the Beta Structure. The thickness of the source rock varies
depending on the position at the basin.

Reservoir : The main reservoir in the Beta area is the Air Benakat Fm
(Figure ).

Reservoirs comprise stacked nearshore marine sands, which have been

intersected in almost all wells drilled in Beta area. There are five main Air
Benakat reservoir at Beta prospect (known as Z-380, R-10, Z-450, Z-550 and
Z-650). Reservoir continuity is widespread at the Beta structure. Excellent
correlation of the reservoirs occurs between all four wells drilled in the Beta
structure (Figure ).
Trap : The trap component of the Beta Structure is a 3-way dip, closed
anticline that is bounded by NW-SE faults on the southern part of the
structure, and also divided by some smaller NE-SW extensional faults. The
trap formed during Pliocene-Pleistocene compression. A free water level has
established the minimum trapping configuration.

Containment/Seal : Containment in the Beta Structure was first proven in

the Beta-1 well, where the intra Air Benakat shales were found to be good
top seals for the ABF reservoirs.
Figure 1-7 - Air Benakat Palaeogeography
 1.1.5. Play Concept

The ABF play comprises of stacked nearshore marine sands in late compressional
faulted anticlines, sourced vertically from underlying Lahat (minimally present in
Beta) and TAF shales and coals. All wells drilled in the Centaury PSC have
encountered oil shows within the ABF. Specifically in Beta the ABF sands have
demonstrated commercially productive volumes on the structural highs of the sand
formations. Additionally, the West Berau, East Ketaling and Tempino Fields have
proven oil in place within their ABF sands.

Figure 1-8 - Centaury PSC schematic play types

1.2. Geophisical Interpretation
This Plan of Development benefits from the regional work detailed in the section on
the History of the Centaury PSC, together with the analysis of well and seismic data
from within the PSC. The predominant source of data originates in the Beta discovery
and appraisal wells.

1.2.1. Seismic Database

Several legacy vintages of 2D seismic cross the Beta Field. While these provide a
gross structural trend, quality is generally poor. There are also major concerns
related to the static solution for these lines. The 2005 vintage seismic data acquired
by Omega Carigali gives a regional Centaury PSC coverage with good quality of
seismic data, but it is only 9 lines (approx. 2-3 kms line spacing) over Beta structure
that gives limited interpretation. At late 2010 Omega Carigali. was acquired another
140 kms of 2D Seismic lines which about 7 lines were infill at Beta area. These are
the grey and red lines shown in Figure . Older vintages are shown in pink.

Geophysics well control was limited to the Beta-1 discovery well and the three
appraisal wells (Beta-2, 3 & 4). The West Berau well (1937) is situated to the
southwest on the same structure but no data is available for this well. A
comprehensive logging suite exists for each of the Beta wells. However, significant
washouts compromise the quality of acoustic logs and hence the seismic-well tie. A
zero-offset VSP was acquired in both Beta-1 and Beta-3 while the other Beta wells
have adequate checkshot coverage.
Ricker 40Hz (Min)
 Seismic Vintage :
2010 Seismic Lines
2 km 2005 Seismic Lines
Older Lines

Figure 1-9 - Beta Field Location Map and Database

1.3. Beta Field Seismic Interpretation

1.3.1. Well Ties

Well ties were established for the four Beta-wells using the electric log and well
seismic (check shot & VSP) data. Spectral analysis was done for Beta-1, 2 and 3
(Figure ) and then simplified to a Ricker 40 Hz minimum phase (peak onset
corresponds to an increase in acoustic impedance - Reverse SEG) wavelet. This
Ricker wavelet was used in the generation of synthetic seismograms for the Beta
wells.
 Beta-2

Beta-2

Beta-2
Ricker 40Hz (Min)

Figure 1-10 - Wavelet extraction - Beta-2

Due to areas of severe washout raw acoustic logs were unsuitable for synthetic
generation. Fortunately, corrected logs were generated as part of a borehole stability
study. These were used to generate zero-offset synthetics for each well.
The Beta-1 exploration well was drilled near the crest of the structure. While a VSP
was run in this well, a poor tie is achieved. The synthetic seismogram was derived
using Ricker wavelet, with a limited "stretch and squeeze", a reasonable good match
with the seismic is achieved.
 Beta-2 was drilled downdip some 500m to the south of the structural crest, and was
found to be 5m deep to prognosis. A checkshot survey was acquired in the well. A
22ms bulk shift is required to achieve a good tie. The bulk shift suggests that there
are issues with the static solution for the seismic in this area.
Beta-4 was drilled prior to Beta-3. The main objective was to core the oil reservoirs
encountered in Beta-1. The well came in 10 m updip to prognosis (~5m higher than
Beta-1 instead of 5m deeper). Using the 40 Hz Ricker wavelet, the synthetic
seismogram ties well with the seismic (05PAL015, Figure ).
Beta-4
BUDIBeta-2-2 BUDI-4

Zoom out 2005PAL015

A A

R1
R-10
R14

Z-380

Z-450

Z-550
Z-550

Z-650
R14
R1

Figure 1-11 Line 05PAL015 : Beta 2/4 Seismic Well Tie

Beta-3 was drilled to test the sealing capacity of a NNE-SSW fault that divides the
structure. It intersected the reservoir levels some 5m deep to prognosis and only
encountered oil at the Z-450 level. Notwithstanding the sporadic poor hole condition,
a good tie was achieved with VSP and seismic line 05PAL064 (Figure ).
 Beta-3
BUDI-3
Zoom out 2005PAL064

B B

Unconformity

R14
R-10

Z-380

R1
Z-450

Z-550

Z-550 Z-650
R1

R14

Figure 1-12 - Line 05PAL064 : Beta-3 Seismic Well Tie

A tuning thickness calculation has been done for the dataset; for the dominant
frequency of 40Hz and a velocity of 2200m/s gives a wavelength of 56m and a
tuning thickness ( /4) of 14m. This mean that the seismic only can differentiate beds
with minimum thickness of 14m.
1.3.2. Time Interpretation
Based on a review of the acoustic response at the wells and the 2005 seismic data,
three major seismic markers were chosen for field-wide mapping. These correspond
to the R14 (Top Intra ABF), Z-550 (tight sand) and R1 (Base ABF). These three
seismic markers represent the most reliable markers close to the major reservoir
units (Z-380, Z-450 and Z-650, Figure ) and being regionally extensive in both the
wells and within the seismic control.
Reservoir levels were not picked directly as a consistent seismic character could not
be established within the existing well control.
 Beta-2 Beta-4 Beta-1 Beta-3

Z-380
R-10

R14 Z-450

Z-650

Z-550

R1
Figure 1-13 - Beta Well Correlation (with synthetic track)
 The shallowest marker picked over the field is the Top Air Benakat Formation. It is
mapped as an angular unconformity within the first 100 ms of the data. The pick is
compromised by low fold at this depth.
Generally the three seismic markers were laterally continuous peaks. The seismic in
crestal area is of slightly lower frequency than the flanks and in some parts of the
survey the surface seismic is degraded by near surface statics issues. The Z-550 tight
sand reflection is higher amplitude and is laterally more continuous than the other
events and formed the basis for the structural interpretation. R14 (top Intra ABF)
and R1 (base ABF) have continuous peak seismic reflectance, but are not as clear as
the Z-550 tight sand. These events are less consistent in their seismic response but a
pick has been established for all. Areas of lowest confidence include the area to the
north of the Beta-1/4 wells (line 05PAL-015) and the crestal area of line 05PAL-013.
Due to the steep dips and commensurate poor migration of the 2D data, significant
miss-ties are present in the dataset. A pragmatic approach to these has been
adopted: absolute values of dip lines are always honored above the values on the
strike data where a discrepancy occurs.

1.3.3. Attribute Analysis

Although as mention above the calculated tuning thickness is 14m which is some of
the reservoir are below the tuning thickness, the seismic attribute still can be
generate to control the lateral distribution - Appendix 1 static modeling (properties
distribution).
The Gamma ray log was chosen due to the log can show the sand package which is
characterized by negative amplitude. Further is the seismic attributes i.e, amplitude,
frequency and phase were crossplotting with GR log and founded the dominant
frequency is the most appropriate attribute to guide the spread laterally.

Figure 1-14 Cross Correlation Well Log (GR) and Seismic Attribute (Dominant
Frequency)
 Figure 1-15 - Dominant Frequency Seismic Attribute Map
1.3.4. Time Structure Interpretation
The Beta structure is a NNW-SSE trending compressional anticline. The anticline
forms in the hanging wall of a large reverse fault to the SW. This fault trend
continues to the SE to the Kali Berau Field. The reverse fault is limited to the west by
a NE-SW fault. A number of NNE-SSW trending extensional faults splay off the
reverse fault in what appears to be a complex response to dextral transgression and
clockwise rotation, associated with the NW -SE thrust fault. The extensional faults
divide the anticline into a series of rotated blocks, each of which sets up a small,
fault dependent closure (Figure). The Beta Field occupies an elevated graben within
this trend and a west-hading fault separates the main part of the field from Beta-3
(although pressure data suggests that communication between the fault blocks
occurs). There is significant uncertainty as to whether some or all of the faults on the
structure leak, but free water levels established during the appraisal program confirm
that the structural closure is substantially larger than the closure based on the
hydrocarbons encountered.
These extensional faults are debated to be seal or leak, from the juxtoposition it is
possible to be seal. Beta-3 compartment most likely to be a leaking fault due to
known from pressure data the FWL sits at similar depth. West Berau compartment
most likely to be a sealing fault die to WB-1 well is lies under Beta FWL and still
producing oil.
 Figure 1-16 - Fault Pattern around the Beta Field
The time interpretation generated structure framework that consist of time structure
maps of three seismic markers and fault plane that used for further stage. One
example of time structure maps are seen below (Figure ).

Beta-4

Beta-1
Beta-2

Beta-3

Figure 1-17 - Top Intra ABF (R14) Time Structure Map

 1.3.5. Depth Conversion
Two (2) methods were hired to convert the time to depth structure map. First is the
simplest method use a trend line (equation) from wells that penetrated. The second
method is trending line calculated use Krigging External Drift Model (KED). Regarding
all Beta wells were located at the crestal area, both techniques gives similar depth
conversion at the crestal area, the differences appears on the uncontrolled area -
flank area.
The first method; use average velocity data from the wells (Figure ) to generate the
trend for the depth conversion away from the wells.

Beta Time
Budi Time DepthCharts

Time (s)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0

100

200

300
MD (m)

400

500

y = 392.26x2 + 891.05x + 17.157

R2 = 0.9999
600

700 Beta-1
Budi-1 TWT(s)
Beta-2
Budi-2 TWT(s)
Beta-3
Budi-3 TWT(s)
Beta-4
800 Budi-4 TWT(s)

Figure 1-18 - Time vs. Depth for the Beta wells

The second method is calculating the regression line using Krigging External
Drift (KED) methods.
 Figure 1-19 - KED Interpolation : Z-550 Time vs Depth

The main differences of two depth structure output from both techniques are located
at flank area, which is no well control. At the crestal area where the oil accumulation
the depth resulted similar.

Beta-4

Beta-3

Figure 1-20 - Z-650 Depth Differences between Equation and KED methods
Hence the final depth structure maps were calculating the average depth from both
methods.

1.3.6. Beta Field Depth Structures

Understanding the layering of Beta structure and thin reservoir, to create structure
maps at reservoir level the depth converted seismic markers and fault information
(polygons) were imported into modelling package and a 3D structural model was
generated. By calibrating the seismic markers with the well data a set of stratigraphic
surfaces including all the main reservoir levels could be generated. It is important to
note that the resulting maps are only valid if the stratigraphy is conformable.
Final depth structure map, as shown Figure to Figure below respectively,

Beta-1

Beta-3

Figure 1-21 - Z-380 Depth Structure Map with latest FWL

 Beta-1
Beta-2

Beta-3

Figure 1-22 - R-10 Depth Structure Map with latest FWL

Beta-4
Beta-1
Beta-2

Beta-3

Figure 1-23 - Z450 Depth Structure Map with latest FWL

 Beta-4

Beta-1
Beta-2

Beta-3

Figure 1-24 - Z550 Depth Structure Map with latest FWL

Beta-4
Beta-1

Beta-2

Beta-3

Figure 1-25 - Z650 Depth Structure Map with latest FWL

1.4. Well Drilling Result

1.4.1. Beta-1
Beta-1 was spudded on 4 March 2007 and reached a TD of 2300 m KB (2286m
TVDSS) on 24 March 2007 in PreTertiary Fractured Basement. The well discovered
hydrocarbons with CO2 rich dry gas in a thin 6 meter basal sand overlying basement
and shallow light oil of the Air Benakat Formation (ABF) clastics. The ABF oil was
identified as the primary reservoir in a forward sense
The sedimentological interpretation of the ABF section and Gumai section of Beta-1
represents two main progradational sequences with flooding event (parasequence
set boundary) at 650m. The sands are arranged as a series of stacked
parasequences within the progradational sequences. Individual parasequences range
in thickness from 25 m to 75 m. Each sequence comprises offshore muds prograding
to low energy sandy shoreface from 1281m 650m and 650 468 m. The
progradation corresponds to a facies change from highly laminated offshore muds to
the shaly and bioturbated sand facies. Sands are interpreted as mixed lower and
middle shoreface, while heterolithics associated with laminated sand facies are
interpreted as tidal sand flats.
Palaeocurrent analysis indicates that within the shoreface deposits of the ABF in both
the wells the azimuth of sand beds and cross-bedding of the shoreface deposits gives
an overall south easterly to southerly direction indicating the palaeoshoreline to be
NE-SW varying to ENE-WSW.
ABF sands porosity varies from 16 to 23 %. Water saturation is 60 to 75% for oil
reservoir.

1.4.2. Beta-2
Beta-2 was drilled as a downflank appraisal well to establish the oil-water contacts of
the three oil bearing sands production tested in the Beta-1 well.
Beta-2 intersected the ABF sandstone reservoirs approximately 23m downdip of the
original Beta-1 discovery well. The top of Z-380 and Z-450 were approximately 22m
downdip from Beta-1 while the Z-650 was approximately 29m downdip showing the
southern flank is steeper than predicted. An excellent correlation exists between the
Beta-1 and the Beta-2 appraisal well and, as such, reservoir continuity has been
established. Sand porosities range from 15 to 23 %.

1.4.3. Beta-4
Beta-4 was drilled as a crestal well some 175m NW of Beta-1 well. The main
objectives were to obtain whole core and FMI image logs for calibration and to
complete the well as a potential producer. The well came in some 10m shallow to
prognosis (~5m higher than Beta-1 instead of 5m deeper).
An excellent correlation exists between the Beta-4 to Beta-1 discovery well together
with Beta-2.
An coring program within 3 main oil interval was done for :
372.5 384.5 mMD with 58% recovery
384.5 392 mMD no recovery of hydrocarbon sand.
436.5 466 mMD zero recovery
628.5 637.5 mMD no recovery of hydrocarbon
sand. 643.3 649 mMD with 97% recovery
The main reason for this poor recovery is due to failed mechanical core catcher. Also,
the formation is too soft and washed out from the core chamber while drilling.
There are no other significant obastacles while drilling the Beta wells. All wells were
shallow, and no overpressure or significance temperature gradient change was
 observed. The only problem occured while drilling the wells is the presence of
Gumbo as the intra shale facies of Air Benakat. That swelling clay slower the drilling
operation of Beta appraisal wells, hence it is suggest to improve the mud system use
for future drilling will help resolve the problem.

1.4.4. Beta-3
Beta-3 was drilled to test the sealing capacity of a NNE-SSW fault that divides the
structure. The result of the drilling show that the compartment between Beta-3 area
(Central) and Beta-1,2,4 (West) has a pressure connection for the reservoirs. It is
tested using the MDT and resulted that the water gradient line up in the same trend
between this 2 compartment.
The Beta-3 well intersected the sandstone reservoirs approximately 20m downdip of
the original Beta-1 discovery well. The top of Z-380 and Z-450 were approximately
14-18m downdip from Beta-1 while the Z-650 was approximately 33m downdip. Of
the three major reservoirs, only Z-450 resides above the FWL at depth 445m TVDSS.
An excellent correlation exists between the Beta-1 discovery well and the Beta-2, 4
and 3 appraisal wells as such that reservoir continuity has been established. Sand
porosities range from 17 to 23 %.

1.5. Core Description & Analysis

1.5.1. Side Wall Core

The sidewall cores have been taken at Beta-1, Beta-2, Beta-3 and Beta-4. In Beta-1,
total of 30 sidewall cores (SWCs) were attempted in the 8 hole over the interval
from 1305.5 m 2135 m. Of the 30 SWCs shot, 27 were recovered with three lost
bullets. The samples were taken for reservoir information, biostratigraphic control
and source rock determination. The age of rocks ranged from Late Oligocene
Talangakar to Early Miocene Gumai Formations. Most of the samples were composed
of shale and siltstone, with a few described as sandstone. Based on routine core
analysis, porosities ranged from less than 5% in shales to about 23% in sandstone.
Most of the SWCs had no show indications. There were poor shows over the interval
1305.5m 1528.5 m and one sample at 1958.5 m.
In Beta-2, the MSCT tool was run only in the 8 hole. There were 21 cores
attempted. Unfortunately, some of the corepoints selected occurred in washed out
areas. Of the 21 cores that were drilled, only 6 were recovered. Most of these being
partial recoveries with only 1 fully recovered core. It is believed that the formation
had become too soft and physically uncoreable in the invaded zone. Consequently no
further cores in the 8 hole section were attempted. For the next operation it is
recommended that a different technique of sidewall coring be considered to improve
recovery in the ABF. The percussion SWC might be more suitable in this thinly
laminated shaly-sand.
In Beta-3, the MSCT tool run was very disappointing, in which once again the
recovery from the tool was very poor as had been the case on every well on the Beta
campaign thus far. This was despite efforts to change the mud system to a more
saline fluid to help reduce water invasion into the formation. Nevertheless the cores
still drilled too quickly indicating soft formation which meant the formation had been
affected by the fluid invasion despite higher salinities. In total only two partial cores
were recovered from the run which those samples are not the formation rocks.
In Beta-4, the MSCT tool was run only in the 8-1/2 hole. The MSCT program called
for two runs whereby the first run would attempt to core the firm formations with the
second run attempting what were believed to be softer formation in the Z450 sands.
Unfortunately the recovery on surface was very poor with only one fully recovered
core and 9 partial fragmented cores obtained. The second MSCT run was cancelled.

1.5.2. Conventional Core

The core description was conducted by PT Corelab Indonesia and the result was
incorporated with the other analysis to support the overall interpretation of facies,
sedimentology and depositional environment.
637.0 649.3 meters
Description: This interval is composed of very fine- to fine-grained sandstone that is
mainly bioturbated and burrowed. Identified burrows include Ophiomorpha, and
possibly Rosselia, Teichichnus, and Zoophycus. Planar beds and ripples are locally
preserved. Contacts between depositional units are scoured. The sandstone is tightly
cemented with calcite between 644.7 and 645.33 meters. Bioclasts are mainly
pelecypods.
Average porosity is 24.59% (range = 8.03 29.83%) and average air Klinkenberg
permeability (Kinf) is 12.2 md (range = 0.003 104 md; median = 5.65 md).
Average grain density is 2.66 g/cc (range 2.63 2.69 g/cc).
628.5 637.0 meters
Description: Core recovery was very poor in this interval. Recovered material is clay-
rich, unlithified, and contains no visible sedimentary structures or burrows. It does
not resemble any other portion of the described cores.
376.52 378.98 meters
Description: This interval is composed mainly of thinly interlaminated shale and very
fine- to fine-grained sandstone. Medium-grained sandstone between 377.2 and
377.35 meters is less common. Gradational to scoured contacts separate depositional
units. Interlaminated sandstone and shale are rippled, with clay drapes, to heavily
bioturbated. Bioclasts include pelecypods and benthic foraminifera. The medium-
grained sandstone bed is oil-stained, bioturbated to cross bedded, with scattered
bioclasts and shale rip-up clasts.
Average porosity is 25.33% (range = 20.48 35.27%) and average air Klinkenberg
permeability (Kinf) is 395 md (range = 6.33 4956 md; median = 45.2 md). Average
grain density is 2.64 g/cc (range 2.59 2.69 g/cc).
375.65 376.52 meters
Description: This thin interval is composed medium-grained sandstone that is oil stained.
Unoriented shale rip-up clasts indicate that the sandstone has been bioturbated. Skeletal
fragments include pelecypods. The sandstone is weakly to moderately lithified,
calcareous, and has a scoured basal contact with underlying sediments.
Average porosity is 30.16% (range = 21.01 34.50%) and average air Klinkenberg
permeability (Kinf) is 561 md (range = 0.548 1351 md; median = 634 md).
Average grain density is 2.68 g/cc (range 2.65 2.70 g/cc).
372.5 375.65 meters
Description: This interval is comprised of argillaceous sandstone that is bioturbated to
rippled, with millimeter-thick sandy laminae and clay drapes. These sediments are
relatively uniform in this interval.
Average porosity is 19.93% (range = 16.78 20.23%) and average air Klinkenberg
permeability (Kinf) is 0.143 md (range = 0.005 0.572 md; median = 0.140 md).
Average grain density is 2.62 g/cc (range 2.61 2.64 g/cc).