Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Ceramics International
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ceramint

Damage and failure of ber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites

subjected to cyclic fatigue, dwell fatigue and thermomechanical fatigue
Li Longbiao
College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No.29 Yudao St., Nanjing 210016, PR China

A R T I C L E I N F O A BS T RAC T

Keywords: In this paper, the damage and failure of ber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) subjected to cyclic
Ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) fatigue, dwell fatigue and thermomechanical fatigue at elevated temperatures have been investigated. The
Fatigue damage and failure models considering multiple fatigue damage mechanisms, including the cracking of matrix,
Damage accumulation debonding and sliding of the interface, and the oxidation and fracture of the bers have been established. The
Failure
eects of material properties, damage mechanisms, fatigue peak stress, hold-times, testing environments and
thermomechanical fatigue phase angles on the damage and failure of CMCs at elevated temperatures have been
analyzed. The damage and failure of cross-ply SiC/MAS composite under cyclic fatigue, dwell fatigue and
thermomechanical fatigue with dierent phase angles have been predicted. The eects of testing temperature,
loading frequency, loading type on the internal damage accumulation and fracture have been discussed.

1. Introduction 2. Theoretical model

Ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) are a breakthrough material 2.1. Damage model

technology for jet engines, which can withstand much higher
temperature and lower fuel burn and emissions [13]. CMCs will
play a key role in the performance of CFM's LEAP turbofan engine
for Airbus A320neo, Boeing 737max and COMAC C919 [4]. During
service, the combination of cyclic loading, hold time and testing
environment aects the damage accumulation and nal fracture in
CMCs components [5]. However, many researchers focused on the
cyclic fatigue behavior in CMCs at elevated temperature [610],
which cannot reect the operational load histories. For a more
realistic fatigue evaluation, the combined eects of cyclic loading,
long hold-times, testing environments and thermomechanical fati-
gue phase angles should be included in the fatigue damage and
failure analysis.
The objective of this paper is to investigate the damage and failure
of ber-reinforced CMCs under cyclic fatigue, dwell-fatigue, in-phase
(IP) and out-of-phase (OP) thermomechanical fatigue (TMF). The
damage and failure models considering multiple fatigue damage
mechanisms, including the cracking of matrix, debonding and sliding
of the interface, and the oxidation of the bers have been established.
The eects of material properties, damage mechanisms, peak stress,
hold-times, testing environments and TMF phase angles on the damage
and failure have been investigated. The experimental damage and
fracture in cross-ply SiC/MAS composite subjected to cyclic fatigue,
dwell fatigue and thermomechanical fatigue have been predicted.
Under combined eects of cyclic loading, hold-time, testing
environments and phase angles, the multiple damage mechanisms
existed inside of CMCs, i.e., cracking of matrix, debonding and
sliding between the ber and the matrix in the debonded zone, and
the oxidation of the bers [11,12]. The cracking of the matrix
depends upon the internal aw inside of the matrix, and the crack
spacing of the matrix (lc) can be determined using the statistical
cracking method, as shown in Eq. (1a); the debonding length of the
interface (ld) can be determined using the fracture mechanics
approach, as shown in Eq. (1b); the sliding length (lu and lr) of the
bers upon unloading/reloading can be determined based on the
sliding mechanisms, as shown in Eqs. (1c) and (1d). The material
properties, (i.e., the ber volume fraction (Vf), ber, matrix and
composite elastic modulus (Ef, Em and Ec), interface shear stress i,
f and i(N) in the debonded zone (ld), oxidation zone () and wear
zone, and the interface debonded energy d), damage mechanisms
parameters, (i.e., matrix cracking stress (mc), matrix characteristic
strength (R) and matrix thermal residual stress (th)), and the peak
stress (), aect the damage accumulation and fracture in CMCs
under combination of cyclic loading, hold time, testing temperature
and phase angle.

E-mail address: llb451@nuaa.edu.cn (L. Longbiao).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.07.130
Received 2 July 2017; Received in revised form 14 July 2017; Accepted 17 July 2017
0272-8842/ 2017 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: Longbiao, L., Ceramics International (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.07.130
L. Longbiao Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

2ld 2f 2 4f 4 (N )
unloading = + + (ld ) + i (l u ) 2
Vf Ef lc rf Ef lc rf Ef lc rf Ef lc
2 (N )
i (2lu ld )2
rf Ef lc
2 l 2rf Vm 2 2 (N )
+ fo c ld + mo + f + i (2lu ld )
Ef lc 2 Ef lc Vf rf rf
l /2 ld
1 exp c (c f )
rf (2a)

2 4f 2 2f
reloading = ld z + (2lr )2
Vf Ef lc rf Ef lc rf Ef lc
4 4 (N )
f (2lr )(ld ) + i (l u ) 2
rf Ef lc rf Ef lc
2 (N ) 2 l
i (2lu ld )2 + fo c ld
rf Ef lc Ef lc 2
2rf Vm 2f 2i(N )
+ mo (2lr ) + (2lu ld )
Ef lc Vf rf rf
l /2 ld
1 exp c (c f )
rf (2b)

The area of the fatigue hysteresis loops is dened by Eq. (3).

max
Ue =
min
[unloading( ) reloading( )]d
(3)

2.2. Lifetime prediction model

Fig. 1. The schematic of cyclic fatigue loading, dwell-fatigue, in-phase and out-of-phase
thermomechanical fatigue loading.
Under cyclic loading at elevated temperatures, bers fracture
occurred due to the gradual interface wear and interface oxidation
[1316]. The Global Load Sharing (GLS) assumption is used to
VmEm R

(mc th ) m
1
determine the stress carried by the intact and fracture bers [17].
lc = rf
1 exp
(R th ) (mc th ) 2l
Vf Ec 2i(N )
(1a)
2l
= 1 Pf 1 + f T + Pr f Tb
Vf lc lc (4)
f r V E 1 rf 2 rf VmEmEf where lf denotes the slip length over which the ber stress would decay
ld = 1 + f m m + d
i(N ) 2 Vf Eci(N ) 2 Eci2 (1b) to zero if not interrupted by the far-eld equilibrium stresses; Tb
denotes the average stress carried by the broken bers; Pf denotes the
total ber failure probability; and Pr denotes the ber failure prob-
1
ld + 1
f r V E 1 ability in the interface debonded region and interface bonded region.
lu = f m m
2 i(N )

2 Vf Ec i(N )
Pf = [Pfa + (1 )Pfb] + Pfc + Pfd (5)

r 2
f + f m m f2 d
rV E E Pr = Pfc + Pfd (6)
2 Ec[i(N )]
(1c) where Pfa, Pfb, Pfc and Pfd denote the ber failure probability of
oxidized bers in the oxidation region, unoxidized bers in the
oxidation region, bers in the interface debonded region and interface
i(N )

1 f r V E 1 bonded region, respectively; denotes the oxidation bers fraction in
lr = lu ld + 1 f m m
f 2 i(N )

2 Vf Ec i(N ) the oxidized region; and denotes the fraction of oxidation in the

multiple matrix cracks.

r 2 l T m f
f + f m m f2 d
rV E E

2 Ec[i(N )] Pfa = 1 exp 2 t

l0 0(t )

(1d) (7)

The unloading and reloading stressstrain relationships of CMCs l T m f

can be determined by Eq. (2), corresponding to the partially debonding Pfb = 1 exp 2 t
l0 0

in the debonded zone. (8)

2
L. Longbiao Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

Fig. 2. (a) The fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy versus cycle number curves; (b) the interface debonded length 2ld/lc versus cycle number curves; (c) the interface oxidation length /
ld versus cycle number curves; and (d) the interface counter-slip length y/ld versus cycle number curves corresponding to dierent ber volume fraction of Vf = 35% and 45% under max
= 240 MPa with the hold time of 10 s and oxidation temperature of Tem = 800 C.

m f +1 o(N ) = o[1 p1(log N ) p2 ] (12)

rf T m f +1
Pfc = 1 exp 1 1 ld(N )
l0(0(N ))m f i(N )(m f + 1) l ( N )

f (9) 1
(i s )/(0 s ) = (1 + b0 )(1 + b0N j ) (13)

2rf T mf where mf denotes the ber Weibull modulus; KIC denotes the critical
Pfd = 1 exp
l0(0(N )) f (m f + 1)1 fo ld(N )
m stress intensity factor; Y is a geometric parameter; k is the parabolic
T ls(N )
rate constant; b0 is a coecient; j is an exponent which determines the
rate at which interface shear stress drops with the number of cycle N;
l (N ) l (N ) l (N )
m f +1
1 ld(N ) 1 Tfo ld(N ) dr and p1 and p2 are ber strength degradation parameter.
f f f
With increasing of the cycle number, the interface shear stress and
bers strength decrease due to the interface wear and interface
ld(N ) lc
m f +1
1
l d (N )
1
fo

oxidation [5]. The bers failure probability in the interface oxidation
l f (N ) T l f (N ) 2rf

(10)
region, interface debonded region and interface bonded region can be
obtained by combining the interface wear model, interface oxidation
where model and ber strength degradation model with Eqs. (4)(6). The
evolution of bers failure probability versus cycle number curves can be

1 KIC
4
, t obtained. When the bers broken fraction approaches to the critical

0 k Y0 value, the composite fatigue fractures. The fatigue limit stress is
0(t ) = calculated when the fracture applied cycles approach to the maximum
KIC 1K
4
Y 4 kt , t > k YIC cycle number.
0 (11)

3
L. Longbiao Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

Fig. 3. (a) The fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy versus cycle number curves; (b) the interface debonded length 2ld/lc versus cycle number curves; (c) the interface oxidation length /
ld versus cycle number curves; and (d) the interface counter-slip length lu/ld versus cycle number curves corresponding to dierent matrix crack spacing of lc = 250 and 300 m under
max = 200 MPa with stress-rupture time of t = 10 s and oxidation temperature of Tem = 800 C.

3. Results and discussions tion of max = 240 MPa, hold-time of t = 10 s, and oxidation
temperature of Tem = 800 C is illustrated in Fig. 2.
Under cyclic loading at elevated temperatures, there are four types When Vf = 35%, Ue increases from 16.3 kJ/m3 at the rst cycle to
of loading sequences considered as shown in Fig. 1, including: 36.5 kJ/m3 at the 253th cycle, i.e., A1B1 part in Fig. 2(a), correspond-
ing to 2ld/lc < 1 and A1B1 part in Fig. 3(b), /ld < 1 and AB1 part in
(1) Case 1: cyclic fatigue. Fig. 2(c), and lu/ld < 1 and AB1 part in Fig. 2(d); and increases to
(2) Case 2: dwell-fatigue. 56.7 kJ/m3 at the 2370th cycle, and decreases to 46.7 kJ/m3 at the
(3) Case 3: in-phase thermomechanical fatigue (TMF, = 0). 4130th cycle, i.e., B1C1 part in Fig. 2(a), corresponding to 2ld/lc = 1
(4) Case 4: out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue (TMF, = ). and B1C part in Fig. 2(b), /ld < 1 and B1C part in Fig. 2(c), and lu/
ld < 1 and B1C1 part in Fig. 2(d); and remains constant of 46.7 kJ/
The eects of material properties, damage mechanism, peak stress, m3, i.e., C1D1 part in Fig. 2(a), corresponding to 2ld/lc = 1 and B1C
hold-times, testing environments and TMF phase angles on the damage part in Fig. 2(b), /ld = 1 and CD part in Fig. 2(c), and lu/ld = 1 and
and failure of cross-ply SiC/MAS composite have been investigated. C1D part in Fig. 2(d).
The material properties are given by: Vf = 40%, rf = 7.5 m, Ef = When Vf = 45%, Ue increases from 6.5 kJ/m3 at the rst cycle to
200 GPa, Em = 138 GPa, f = 4 106/C, m = 2.4 106/C, i = 22 kJ/m3 at the 1372th cycle, i.e., A2B2 part in Fig. 2(a), correspond-
20 MPa, f = 5 MPa, and d = 0.1 J/m2. ing to 2ld/lc < 1 and A2B2 part in Fig. 2(b), /ld < 1 and AB2 part in
Fig. 2(c), and lu/ld < 1 and AB2 part in Fig. 2(d); and increases to
3.1. Eect of material properties 41.3 kJ/m3 at the 3559th cycle, and decreases to 40.5 kJ/m3 at the
4127th cycle, i.e., B2C2 part in Fig. 2(a), corresponding to 2ld/lc = 1
The eect of ber volume fraction (Vf = 35% and 45%) on the and B2C part in Fig. 2(b), /ld < 1 and B2C part in Fig. 2(c), and lu/
damage and failure of cross-ply SiC/MAS composite under combina- ld < 1 and B2C2 part in Fig. 2(d); and remains constant of 40.5 kJ/

4
L. Longbiao Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

Fig. 4. (a) The fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy versus cycle number curves; (b) the interface debonded length 2ld/lc versus cycle number curves; (c) the interface oxidation length /
ld versus cycle number curves; and (d) the interface counter-slip length y/ld versus cycle number curves under fatigue peak stresses of max = 180 and 240 MPa with the hold time of t =
10 s and oxidation temperature of Tem = 800 C.

m3, i.e., C2D2 part in Fig. 2(a), corresponding to 2ld/lc = 1 and B2C
part in Fig. 2(b), /ld = 1 and CD part in Fig. 2(c), and lu/ld = 1 and
C2D part in Fig. 2(d).
3.2. Eect of damage mechanism
The eect of matrix crack spacing (lc = 250 and 300 m) on the
damage and failure of cross-ply SiC/MAS composite under combina-
tion of max = 200 MPa, the hold-time of t = 10 s and oxidation
temperature of Tem = 800 C is illustrated in Fig. 3.
When lc = 250 m, Ue increases from 8 kJ/m3 at the rst cycle to
19.2 kJ/m3 at the 382th cycle, i.e., the A1B1 part in Fig. 3(a),
corresponding to 2ld/lc < 1 and A1B1 part in Fig. 3(b), /ld < 1
and AB1 part in Fig. 3(c), and lu/ld < 1 and AB1 part in Fig. 3(d);
and increases to 31.5 kJ/m3 at the 2012th cycle, and decreases to
27.8 kJ/m3 at the 3032th cycle, i.e., the B1C1 part in Fig. 3(a),
corresponding to 2ld/lc = 1 and B1C part in Fig. 3(b), /ld < 1 and
B1C1 part in Fig. 3(c), and lu/ld < 1 and B1C1 part in Fig. 3(d); and
remains constant of 27.8 kJ/m3, i.e., the C1D1 part in Fig. 3(a),
corresponding to 2ld/lc = 1 and B1C part in Fig. 3(b), /ld = 1 and C1
D part in Fig. 3(c), and y/ld = 1 and C1D part in Fig. 3(d).
When lc = 300 m, Ue increases from 6.7 kJ/m3 at the rst cycle
to 18.6 kJ/m3 at the 827th applied cycle, i.e., A2B2 part in Fig. 3(a),
corresponding to 2ld/lc < 1 and A2B2 part in Fig. 3(b), /ld < 1
and AB2 part in Fig. 3(c), and lu/ld < 1 and AB2 part in Fig. 3(d);
and increases to 33.4 kJ/m3 at the 2809th cycle, and decreases to
31.5 kJ/m3 at the 3641th cycle, i.e., B2C2 part in Fig. 3(a),
corresponding to 2ld/lc = 1 and B2C part in Fig. 3(b), /ld < 1
and B2C2 part in Fig. 3(c), and y/ld < 1 and B2C2 part in
Fig. 3(d); and remains constant of 31.5 kJ/m3, i.e., the C2D2 part in
Fig. 3(a), corresponding to 2ld/lc = 1 and B2C part in Fig. 3(b), /ld
= 1 and C2D part in Fig. 3(c), and y/ld = 1 and C2D part in
Fig. 3(d).
3.3. Eect of peak stress
The eect of peak stress (max = 180 and 240 MPa) on the damage
and failure of cross-ply SiC/MAS composite under the hold-time of t =
10 s and oxidation temperature of Tem = 800 C is illustrated in Fig. 4.
When max = 180 MPa, Ue increases from 4.3 kJ/m3 at the rst
cycle to 16 kJ/m3 at the 1550th cycle, i.e., A1B1 part in Fig. 4(a),
corresponding to 2ld/lc < 1 and A1B1 part in Fig. 4(b), /ld < 1 and
AB1 part in Fig. 4(c), and lu/ld < 1 and AB1 part in Fig. 4(d); and
increases to 30 kJ/m3 at the 3695th cycle, and decreases to 29.7 kJ/m3

5
L. Longbiao Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

Fig. 5. (a) The fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy versus cycle number curves; (b) the interface debonded length 2ld/lc versus cycle number curves; (c) the interface oxidation length /
ld versus cycle number curves; and (d) the interface counter-slip length lu/ld versus cycle number curves under max = 200 MPa corresponding to dierent hold time t = 1, 5 and 10 s.

at the 4130th cycle, i.e., B1C1 part in Fig. 4(a), corresponding to 2ld/lc
= 1 and B1C part in Fig. 4(b), /ld < 1 and B1C part in Fig. 4(c), and
lu/ld < 1 and B1C1 part in Fig. 4(d); and remains constant of 29.7 kJ/
m3, i.e., C1D1 part in Fig. 4(a), corresponding to 2ld/lc = 1 and B1C
part in Fig. 4(b), /ld = 1 and CD part in Fig. 4(c), and lu/ld = 1 and
C1D part in Fig. 4(d).
When max = 240 MPa, Ue increases from 10.2 kJ/m3 at the rst
cycle to 27 kJ/m3 at the 751th cycle, i.e., A2B2 part in Fig. 4(a),
corresponding to 2ld/lc < 1 and A2B2 part in Fig. 4(b), /ld < 1 and
AB2 part in Fig. 4(c), and lu/ld < 1 and AB2 part in Fig. 4(d); and
increases to 47.2 kJ/m3 at the 3029th cycle, and decreases to 43.7 kJ/
m3 at the 4130th cycle, i.e., B2C2 part in Fig. 4(a), corresponding to
2ld/lc = 1 and B2C part in Fig. 4(b), /ld < 1 and B2C part in
Fig. 4(c), and lu/ld < 1 and B2C2 part in Fig. 4(d); and remains
constant of 43.7 kJ/m3, i.e., C2D2 part in Fig. 4(a), corresponding to
2ld/lc = 1 and B2C part in Fig. 4(b), /ld = 1 and CD part in Fig. 4(c),
and lu/ld = 1 and C2D part in Fig. 4(d).
3.4. Eect of hold-time
The eect of hold-time (t = 1, 5 and 10 s) on the damage and failure
of cross-ply SiC/MAS composite under combination of max = 200 MPa
and oxidation temperature of Tem = 800 C is illustrated in Fig. 5.
When the hold-time is t = 1 s, Ue increases from 5.9 kJ/m3 at the
rst cycle to 19 kJ/m3 at the 7546th cycle, i.e., AB1 part in Fig. 5(a),
corresponding to 2ld/lc < 1 and AB1 part in Fig. 5(b), /ld < 1 and
AB1 part in Fig. 5(c), and lu/ld < 1 and AB1 part in Fig. 5(d); and
increases to 35.4 kJ/m3 at the 33,206th cycle, and decreases to
34.2 kJ/m3 at the 41,291th cycle, i.e., B1C1 part in Fig. 5(a),
corresponding to 2ld/lc = 1 and B1C part in Fig. 5(b), /ld < 1 and
B1C1 part in Fig. 5(c), and lu/ld < 1 and B1C1 part in Fig. 5(d); and
remains constant of 34.2 kJ/m3, i.e., C1D1 part in Fig. 5(a), corre-
sponding to 2ld/lc = 1 and B1C part in Fig. 5(b), /ld = 1 and C1D1
part in Fig. 5(c), and lu/ld = 1 and C1D1 part in Fig. 5(d).
When the hold-time is t = 5 s, Ue increases from 5.9 kJ/m3 at the
rst cycle to 18.8 kJ/m3 at the 2188th cycle, i.e., AB2 part in Fig. 5(a),
corresponding to 2ld/lc < 1 and AB2 part in Fig. 5(b), /ld < 1 and
AB2 part in Fig. 5(c), and lu/ld < 1 and AB2 part in Fig. 5(d); and
increases to 35.3 kJ/m3 at the 6841th cycle, and decreases to 34.2 kJ/
m3 at the 8259th cycle, i.e., B2C2 part in Fig. 5(a), corresponding to
2ld/lc = 1 and B2C part in Fig. 5(b), /ld < 1 and B2C2 part in
Fig. 5(c), and lu/ld < 1 and B2C2 part in Fig. 5(d); and remains
constant of 34.2 kJ/m3, i.e., C2D2 part in Fig. 5(a), corresponding to
2ld/lc = 1 and B2C part in Fig. 5(b), /ld = 1 and C2D2 part in

6
L. Longbiao Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

Fig. 6. (a) The fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy versus cycle number curves; (b) the interface debonded length 2ld/lc versus cycle number curves; (c) the interface oxidation length /
ld versus cycle number curves; and (d) the interface counter-slip length lu/ld versus cycle number curves corresponding to dierent testing temperature of Tem = 700 C and 900 C.

Fig. 5(c), and lu/ld = 1 and C2D2 part in Fig. 5(d).
When the hold time is t = 10 s, Ue increases from 5.9 kJ/m3 at the
rst cycle to 18.8 kJ/m3 at the 1256th cycle, i.e., AB3 part in Fig. 5(a),
corresponding to 2ld/lc < 1 and AB3 part in Fig. 5(b), /ld < 1 and
AB3 part in Fig. 5(c), and lu/ld < 1 and AB3 part in Fig. 5(d); and
increases to 35.2 kJ/m3 at the 3468th cycle, and decreases to 34.2 kJ/
m3 at the 4130th cycle, i.e., B3C3 part in Fig. 5(a), corresponding to
2ld/lc = 1 and B3C part in Fig. 5(b), /ld < 1 and B3C3 part in
Fig. 5(c), and y/ld < 1 and B3C3 part in Fig. 5(d); and remains
constant of 34.2 kJ/m3, i.e., the C3D3 part in Fig. 5(a), corresponding
to 2ld/lc = 1 and B3C part in Fig. 5(b), /ld = 1 and C3D3 part in
Fig. 5(c), and lu/ld = 1 and C3D3 part in Fig. 5(d).
3.5. Eect of testing temperature
The eect of testing temperature (Tem = 700 C and 900 C) on
the damage and failure of cross-ply SiC/MAS composite under
combination of max = 240 MPa and the hold-time of t = 10 s is
illustrated in Fig. 6.
When Tem = 700 C, Ue increases from 10.2 kJ/m3 at the rst cycle
to 27.7 kJ/m3 at the 1287th cycle, i.e., AB1 part in Fig. 6(a),
corresponding to 2ld/lc < 1 and AB1 part in Fig. 6(b), /ld < 1 and
AB1 part in Fig. 6(c), and lu/ld < 1 and AB1 part in Fig. 6(d); and
increases to 47.5 kJ/m3 at the 6839th cycle, and decreases to 43.6 kJ/
m3 at the 9618th cycle, i.e., B1C1 part in Fig. 6(a), corresponding to
2ld/lc = 1 and B1C part in Fig. 6(b), /ld < 1 and B1C1 part in
Fig. 6(c), and lu/ld < 1 and B1C1 part in Fig. 6(d); and remains
constant of 43.6 kJ/m3, i.e., the C1D part in Fig. 6(a), corresponding
to 2ld/lc = 1 and B1C part in Fig. 6(b), /ld = 1 and C1D part in
Fig. 6(c), and lu/ld = 1 and C1D part in Fig. 6(d).
When Tem = 900 C, Ue increases from 10.2 kJ/m3 at the rst cycle
to 26.6 kJ/m3 at the 463th cycle, i.e., AB2 part in Fig. 6(a), corre-
sponding to 2ld/lc < 1 and AB2 part in Fig. 6(b), /ld < 1 and AB2
part in Fig. 6(c), and lu/ld < 1 and AB2 part in Fig. 6(d); and increases
to 46.9 kJ/m3 at the 1545th cycle, and decreases to 43.6 kJ/m3 at the
2054th cycle, i.e., B2C2 part in Fig. 6(a), corresponding to 2ld/lc = 1
and B2C part in Fig. 6(b), /ld < 1 and B2C2 part in Fig. 6(c), and lu/
ld < 1 and B2C2 part in Fig. 6(d); and remains constant of 43.6 kJ/
m3, i.e., the C2D part in Fig. 6(a), corresponding to 2ld/lc = 1 and B2
C part in Fig. 6(b), /ld = 1 and C2D part in Fig. 6(c), and y/ld = 1 and
C2D part in Fig. 6(d).
3.6. Eect of TMF phase angle
The eect of TMF phase angle ( = 0 and ) on the damage and
failure of cross-ply SiC/MAS composite under max = 100 MPa at the

7
L. Longbiao
Fig. 7. (a) The fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy versus cycle number curves; (b) the fatigue peak strain versus cycle number curves; (c) the interface debonded length 2ld/lc versus
cycle number curves; and (d) the interface counter-slip length 2lu/lc versus cycle number curves corresponding to phase angle of = 0 and .
elevated temperature between 100 C and 1000 C is illustrated in
Fig. 7.
When the TMF angle is = 0, Ue increases from 6.1 kJ/m3 at the
rst cycle to 14.6 kJ/m3 at the 20th cycle, i.e., A1B1 part in
Fig. 7(a), the peak strain increases from 0.116% at the rst cycle
to 0.182% at the 20th applied cycle, i.e., A1B1 part in Fig. 7(b),
corresponding to 2ld/lc < 1 and A1B1 part in Fig. 7(c), and 2lu/lc <
1 and A1B1 part in Fig. 7(d); and Ue increases to 22.3 kJ/m3 at the
517th cycle, i.e., B1C1 part in Fig. 7(a), the peak strain increases to
0.207% at the 517th cycle, i.e., B1C1 part in Fig. 7(b), correspond-
ing to 2ld/lc = 1 and B1C part in Fig. 7(c), and 2lu/lc < 1 and B1C1
part in Fig. 7(d); and Ue increases to 23.7 kJ/m3 at the 10,000th
cycle, i.e., C1D1 part in Fig. 7(a), the peak strain increases to 0.21%
at the 10,000th cycle, i.e., C1D1 part in Fig. 7(b), corresponding to
2ld/lc = 1 and B1C part in Fig. 7(c), and 2lu/lc = 1 and C1D part in
Fig. 7(d).
When the TMF angle is = , Ue increases from 6.7 kJ/m3 at the
rst cycle to 15.5 kJ/m3 at the 11th cycle, i.e., A2B2 part in Fig. 7(a),
the peak strain increases from 0.119% at the rst cycle to 0.182% at the
11th cycle, i.e., A2B2 part in Fig. 7(b), corresponding to 2ld/lc < 1 and
A2B2 part in Fig. 7(c), and 2lu/lc < 1 and A2B2 part in Fig. 7(d); and
Ue increases to 26.9 kJ/m3 at the 94th cycle, i.e., B2C2 part in
Fig. 7(a), the peak strain increases to 0.21% at the 94th cycle, i.e.,
8
Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx
B2C2 part in Fig. 7(b), corresponding to 2ld/lc = 1 and B2C part in
Fig. 7(c), and 2lu/lc < 1 and B2C2 part in Fig. 7(d); and Ue increases
to 31 kJ/m3 at the 10,000th cycle, i.e., C2D2 part in Fig. 7(a), the peak
strain increases to 0.221% at the 10,000th cycle, i.e., C2D2 part in
Fig. 7(b), corresponding to 2ld/lc = 1 and B2C part in Fig. 7(c), and
2lu/lc = 1 and C2D part in Fig. 7(d).
4. Experimental comparisons
The damage and failure of cross-ply SiC/MAS composite under
cyclic fatigue, dwell-fatigue and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) at
elevated temperatures have been predicted.
4.1. Cyclic fatigue
The damage and failure of cross-ply SiC/MAS composite under
cyclic fatigue loading at max = 103 MPa at elevated temperatures of
566 C and 1093 C with the dierent loading frequencies of 1.0 and
10 Hz are illustrated in Figs. 8 and 9.
At 566 C and the loading frequency of 1.0 Hz, Ue decreases from
3.0 kJ/m3 at the frist cycle to 2.3 kJ/m3 at the 1000th cycle; the fatigue
hysteresis modulus decreases to 0.88 at the 600,000th cycle; the peak
strain increases from 0.26% at the rst cycle to 0.28% at the 8000th
L. Longbiao Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

Fig. 8. (a) The experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy versus cycle number curves; (b) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis
modulus versus cycle number curves; (c) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue peak strain versus cycle number curves; (d) the theoretical predicted broken bers fraction
versus cycle number curves; (e) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue life SN curves at the loading frequency of 1.0 Hz; and (f) the experimental and theoretical predicted
fatigue life SN curves at the loading frequency of 10 Hz for cross-ply SiC/MAS composite at 566 C in air.

cycle; the bers broken fraction increases from 2.3% at the rst cycle to
49.2% at the 114,537th cycle; and the fatigue limit stress approaches to
10% of the tensile strength.
At 566 C and the loading frequency of 10 Hz, Ue decreases from
1.5 kJ/m3 at the frist cycle to 0.8 kJ/m3 at the 1000th cycle; the fatigue
hysteresis modulus decreases to 0.89 at the 500,000th cycle; the peak
strain increases from 0.2% at the rst cycle to 0.21% at the 600,000th
cycle; the bers broken fraction increases from 2.4% at the rst cycle to
50% at the 244,079th cycle; and the fatigue limit stress approaches to
30% of the tensile strength.
At 1093 C and the loading frequency of 1.0 Hz, Ue decreases from
28.8 kJ/m3 at the frist cycle to 5.5 kJ/m3 at the 11,000th cycle; the

9
L. Longbiao Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

Fig. 9. (a) The experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy versus cycle number curves; (b) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis
modulus versus cycle number curves; (c) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue peak strain versus cycle number curves; (d) the theoretical predicted broken bers fraction
versus cycle number curves; (e) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue life SN curves at the loading frequency of 1.0 Hz; and (f) the experimental and theoretical predicted
fatigue life SN curves at the loading frequency of 10 Hz for cross-ply SiC/MAS composite at 1093 C in air.

fatigue hysteresis modulus decreases to 0.63 at the 20,000th cycle; the
peak strain increases from 0.44% at the rst cycle to 0.55% at the
100,000th cycle; the bers broken fraction increases from 8.3% at the
rst cycle to 50% at the 14,887th cycle; and the fatigue limit stress
approaches to 39% of the tensile strength.
At 1093 C and the loading frequency of 10 Hz, Ue decreases from
14.6 kJ/m3 at the frist cycle to 5 kJ/m3 at the 10,000th cycle; the
fatigue hysteresis modulus decreases to 0.71 at the 100,000th cycle; the
peak strain increases from 0.45% at the rst cycle to 0.5% at the
200,000th cycle; the bers broken fraction increases from 8% at the

10
L. Longbiao Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

Fig. 10. (a) The experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy versus cycle number curves; (b) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis
modulus versus cycle number curves; (c) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue peak strain versus cycle number curves; (d) the theoretical predicted broken bers fraction
versus cycle number curves; and (e) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue life SN curves with the hold-times of t = 1, 10 and 100 s for cross-ply SiC/MAS composite at
566 C in air.

rst cycle to 50% at the 75,600th cycle; and the fatigue limit stress
approaches to 40% of the tensile strength.
4.2. Dwell fatigue
The damage and failure of cross-ply SiC/MAS composite under
dwell-fatigue loading at max = 137 and 103 MPa at elevated tempera-
tures of 566 C and 1093 C with the hold-times of t = 1, 10 and 100 s
are illustrated in Figs. 10 and 11.
At 566 C under max = 137 MPa and hold-time of t = 1 s, Ue
decreases from 20.9 kJ/m3 at the rst cycle to 10.2 kJ/m3 at the
1195th cycle; the fatigue hysteresis modulus decreases to 61.7% at the

11
L. Longbiao Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

Fig. 11. (a) The experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy versus cycle number curves; (b) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis
modulus versus cycle number curves; (c) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue peak strain versus cycle number curves; (d) the theoretical predicted broken bers fraction
versus cycle number curves; and (e) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue life SN curves with the hold-times of t = 1, 10 and 100 s for cross-ply SiC/MAS composite at
1093 C in air.

1195th cycle; the peak strain increases from 0.37% at the rst cycle to
0.48% at the 1195th cycle; the bers broken fraction increases from
5.4% at the rst cycle to 49.9% at the 1075th cycle; and the fatigue limit
stress approaches to 33% of the tensile strength. When the hold-time is
t = 10 s, Ue decreases from 11.9 kJ/m3 at the rst cycle to 8.2 kJ/m3 at
the 300th cycle; the fatigue hysteresis modulus decreases to 56.5% at
the 300th cycle; the peak strain increases from 0.34% at the rst cycle
to 0.45% at the 265th cycle; the bers broken fraction increases from
5.5% at the rst cycle to 49.8% at the 335th cycle; and the fatigue limit
stress approaches to 30% of the tensile strength. When the hold-time is

12
L. Longbiao Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

Fig. 12. (a) The experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis loops; (b) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy versus cycle number
curves; (c) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis modulus versus cycle number curves; (d) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue peak strain versus
cycle number curves; (e) the theoretical predicted broken bers fraction versus cycle number curves; and (f) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue life SN curves for cross-
ply SiC/MAS composite under in-phase thermomechanical fatigue loading at the temperature range of 566 C and 1093 C in air.

t = 100 s, Ue decreases from 13 kJ/m3 at the rst cycle to 4.8 kJ/m3 at
the 100th cycle; the fatigue hysteresis modulus decreases to 53.4% at
the 30th cycle; the peak strain increases from 0.3% at the rst cycle to
0.448% at the 14th cycle; the bers broken fraction increases from
7.1% at the rst cycle to 45.5% at the 10th cycle; and the fatigue limit
stress approaches to 28% of the tensile strength.
At 1093 C under max = 103 MPa and hold-time of t = 1 s, Ue
decreases from 16.7 kJ/m3 at the rst cycle to 6.9 kJ/m3 at the 6017th
cycle; the fatigue hysteresis modulus decreases to 73.6% at the 601th
cycle; the peak strain increases from 0.48% at the rst cycle to 0.55% at

13
L. Longbiao Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

Fig. 13. (a) The experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis loops; (b) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy versus cycle number
curves; (c) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis modulus versus cycle number curves; (d) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue peak strain versus
cycle number curves; (e) the theoretical predicted broken bers fraction versus cycle number curves; and (f) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue life SN curves for cross-
ply SiC/MAS composite under out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue loading at the temperature range of 566 C and 1093 C in air.

the 6017th cycle; the bers broken fraction increases from 8.6% at the
rst cycle to 50% at the 4707th cycle; and the fatigue limit stress
approaches to 32% of the tensile strength. When the hold-time is t =
10 s, Ue decreases from 12.4 kJ/m3 at the rst cycle to 5.4 kJ/m3 at the
216th cycle; the fatigue hysteresis modulus decreases to 52.6% at the
316th cycle; the peak strain increases from 0.45% at the rst cycle to
0.53% at the 216th cycle; the bers broken fraction increases from
9.2% at the rst cycle to 49.9% at the 348th cycle; and the fatigue limit
stress approaches to 15% of the tensile strength. When the hold-time is
t = 100 s, the bers broken fraction increases from 6.4% at the rst
cycle to 49.5% at the 9th cycle; and the fatigue limit stress approaches
to 10% of the tensile strength.

14
L. Longbiao
Fig. 14. (a) The experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy versus cycle number curves; (b) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis
modulus versus cycle number curves; (c) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue peak strain versus cycle number curves; and (d) the experimental fatigue life SN curves of
cross-ply SiC/MAS composite at 566 C and 1093 C and dierent loading frequencies.
4.3. Thermomechanical fatigue
The damage and failure of cross-ply SiC/MAS composite under in-
phase (IP) and out-of-phase (OP) thermomechanical fatigue (TMF)
loading at elevated temperature range of 566 C and 1093 C in air are
illustrated in Figs. 12 and 13.
Under in-phase thermomechanical fatigue loading, the fatigue
hysteresis loops under max = 120 MPa corresponding to N = 1, 10,
30 and 70 are illustrated in Fig. 12(a). The shape of the hysteresis loops
changes with applied stress and temperature during loading or
unloading, and the hysteresis energy increases from 18.1 kJ/m3 at
the rst cycle to 36.3 kJ/m3 at the 100th cycle, as shown in Fig. 12(b).
The fatigue hysteresis modulus decreases with cycle number, and the
modulus reductions are 19% at the 100th cycle when max = 85 MPa,
26% at the 100th cycle when max = 105 MPa, and 43% at the 100th
cycle when max = 120 MPa, respectively, as shown in Fig. 12(c). The
peak strain increases with cycle number, from 0.15% at the rst cycle to
0.21% at the 326th cycle when max = 85 MPa; from 0.2% at the rst
cycle to 0.26% at the 50th cycle when max = 105 MPa; and from 0.3%
at the rst cycle to 0.9% at the 3660th cycle when max = 120 MPa, as
shown in Fig. 12(d). The broken bers fraction increases from 0.036%
15
Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx
at the rst cycle to 33% at the 729th cycle when max = 80 MPa, and
from 0.018% at the rst cycle to 33% at the 1809th cycle when max =
70 MPa, as shown in Fig. 12(e). The fatigue limit stress approaches to
30% of the tensile strength when the maximum cycle number is dened
to be 1000, as shown in Fig. 12(f).
Under out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue loading, the experi-
mental and predicted fatigue hysteresis loops under max = 90 MPa at
the cycle number of N = 1 are illustrated in Fig. 13(a). The shape of the
hysteresis loops is dierent from that under in-phase thermomechani-
cal fatigue loading due to the combination of thermal and mechanical
cycle. The fatigue hysteresis modulus decreases with cycle number, and
the modulus reductions are 10% at the 3000th cycle when max =
60 MPa, 24% at the 30th cycle when max = 83 MPa, and 50% at the
30th cycle when max = 91 MPa, respectively, as shown in Fig. 13(b).
The peak strain increases with cycle number, from 0.16% at the rst
cycle to 0.18% at the 326th cycle when max = 83 MPa; from 0.2% at
the rst cycle to 0.22% at the 5th cycle when max = 110 MPa, as shown
in Fig. 13(c). The broken bers fraction increases from 0.036% at the
rst cycle to 33% at the 81th cycle when max = 80 MPa, and from
0.018% at the rst cycle to 33% at the 148th cycle when max = 70 MPa,
as shown in Fig. 13(d). The fatigue limit stress approaches to 15% of
L. Longbiao Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

Fig. 15. (a) The experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy versus cycle number curves; (b) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis
modulus versus cycle number curves; (c) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue peak strain versus cycle number curves; and (d) the experimental fatigue life SN curves of
cross-ply SiC/MAS composite at 566 C corresponding to the hold-times of t = 0 and 100 s.

the tensile strength when the maximum cycle number is dened to be
1000, as shown in Fig. 13(e).
5. Damage and failure analysis
The comparison analysis of damage and failure in cross-ply SiC/
MAS composite subjected to cyclic fatigue, dwell-fatigue, in-phase (IP)
and out-of-phase (OP) thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) have been
investigated. The eects of testing temperature, loading frequency,
loading type on the internal damage accumulation have been discussed.
5.1. Eect of testing temperature and loading frequency
The eect of testing temperature (566 C and 1093 C) and loading
frequency (0.0056 Hz, 1 Hz, 10 Hz, and 900 Hz) on the damage and
failure of cross-ply SiC/MAS composite is illustrated in Fig. 14.
At 1093 C under the same peak stress of max = 103 MPa, the
hysteresis energy and peak strain are both higher than those at 566 C,
due to the low interface shear stress; and the degradation/increasing
rate of the hysteresis energy and peak strain are also higher than those
at 566 C, due to the oxidation of the interphase and bers; the
hysteresis modulus degrades greatly at the initial cycle caused by
matrix multicracking, and the degradation rate of the hysteresis
modulus is much higher than that at 566 C, due to the oxidation of
the interphase and bers. The fatigue limit stress is aected by the
testing temperature. At room temperature, the fatigue limit stress is
approximately 50% tensile strength at the loading frequency of 10 Hz;
at 566 C in air, the fatigue limit stress is approximately 10% and 30%
tensile strength corresponding to the loading frequency of 1 and 10 Hz;
and at 1093 C in air, the fatigue limit stress is approximately 39% and
40% tensile strength corresponding to the loading frequency of 1 and
10 Hz.
The loading frequency also aects the fatigue damage and failure
for cross-ply SiC/MAS composite. With increasing of the loading
frequency, the hysteresis energy and the degradation rate of the
hysteresis energy decrease; the hysteresis modulus increases, and the
degradation rate of the hysteresis modulus decreases; the peak strain
and the increasing rate of the peak strain decrease. The fatigue limit
stress increases with decreasing loading frequency at room tempera-
ture, i.e., 50% tensile strength at the loading frequency of 10 Hz, and
28% tensile strength at the loading frequency of 900 Hz, due to internal
frictional heating and oxidation caused by high loading frequency.

16
L. Longbiao
Fig. 16. (a) The experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy versus cycle number curves; (b) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis
modulus versus cycle number curves; (c) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue peak strain versus cycle number curves; and (d) the experimental fatigue life SN curves of
cross-ply SiC/MAS composite at 1093 C corresponding to the hold-times of t = 0 and 100 s.
However, at elevated temperatures of 566 C and 1093 C in air, the
fatigue limit stress decreases with decreasing loading frequency,
corresponding to the lowest fatigue limit stress at the loading frequency
of 0.0056 Hz.
5.2. Cyclic fatigue versus dwell fatigue
The comparison analysis of damage and failure in cross-ply SiC/
MAS composite under cyclic fatigue (t = 0 s) and dwell fatigue (t =
100 s) at elevated temperatures of 566 C and 1093 C are illustrated in
Figs. 15 and 16.
For cross-ply SiC/MAS, the damage accumulation is much more
serious under dwell fatigue than that under cyclic fatigue. Under dwell
fatigue at 566 C and 1093 C, the degradation rate of hysteresis energy
and hysteresis modulus, and the increasing rate of the peak strain are
higher than those under cyclic loading, due to the interphase and bers
oxdiation. The fatigue limit stress also decreases with increasing of
hold-time. At 1093 C, the fatigue limit stress is approximately 39% of
the tensile strength when the hold-time is t = 0 s; however, the fatigue
limit stress decreases to 10% of the tensile strength when the hold-time
17
Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx
is t = 100 s.
5.3. In-phase versus out-of-phase TMF
The comparison analysis of damage and failure in cross-ply SiC/
MAS composite under in-phase (IP) and out-of-phase (OP) thermo-
mechanical fatigue loading (TMF) at the temperature range between
566 C and 1093 C in air are illustrated in Fig. 17.
For cross-ply SiC/MAS, the damage accumulation inside of the
composite is much more serious under out-of-phase TMF than that
under in-phase TMF. Under out-of-phase TMF, the degradation rate of
hysteresis modulus and increasing rate of the peak strain are both
higher than those under in-phase TMF. The fatigue limit stress is
approximately 30% tensile strength under in-phae TMF, and 15%
tensile strength under out-of-phase TMF.
5.4. TMF versus isothermal fatigue
The comparison analysis of damage and failure in cross-ply SiC/
MAS composite under isothermal fatigue (IF) and in-phase (IP) and
L. Longbiao
Fig. 17. (a) The experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis modulus versus cycle number curves; (b) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue peak strain versus
cycle number curves; and (c) the experimental fatigue life SN curves of cross-ply SiC/MAS composite under in-phase and out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue loading.
out-of-phase (OP) thermomechanical fatigue loading (TMF) at elevated
temperatures of 566 C and 1093 C in air are illustrated in Fig. 18.
Compared with cyclic fatigue and dwell-fatigue, the damage accu-
mulation under in-phase and out-of-phase TMF is much more serious.
The degradation rate of the hysteresis modulus and increasing rate of
the peak strain are much higher under in-phase and out-of-phase
thermomechanical fatigue than those under cyclic fatigue and dwell
fatigue, even under lower peak stress. The fatigue limit stress is the
lowest for out-of-phase thermomechanincal fatigue, i.e., approximately
15% of the tensile strength.
6. Conclusions
The damage and failure of ber-reinforced CMCs under cyclic
fatigue, dwell fatigue, in-phase and out-of-phase thermomechanical
fatigue have been investigated. The damage and failure models
considering multiple fatigue damage mechanisms, including the
cracking of matrix, debonding and sliding of the interface, and the
oxidation and fracture of the bers have been established. The
eects of material properties, damage mechanisms, fatigue peak
stress, hold-times, testing environments and thermomechanical
18
Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx
fatigue phase angles on the damage and failure of CMCs at elevated
temperatures have been analyzed. The damage and failure of cross-
ply SiC/MAS composite under cyclic fatigue, dwell fatigue and
thermomechanical fatigue with dierent phase angles have been
predicted. The eects of testing temperature, loading frequency,
loading type on the internal damage accumulation have been
discussed.
(1) With increasing of the hold-times, peak stress and testing tem-
perature, the interface slip lengths increase with applied cycles due
to the interface oxidation, leading to the increase of the fatigue
hysteresis dissipated energy.
(2) With increasing of matrix crack spacing and ber volume fraction,
the interface slip lengths decreases, leading to the decrease of
fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy.
(3) Compared with cyclic fatigue and dwell-fatigue, the damage
accumulation under in-phase and out-of-phase TMF is much more
serious. The fatigue limit stress is the lowest for out-of-phase
thermomechanincal fatigue, i.e., approximately 15% of the tensile
strength.
L. Longbiao Ceramics International xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

Fig. 18. (a) The experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue hysteresis modulus versus cycle number curves; (b) the experimental and theoretical predicted fatigue peak strain versus
cycle number curves; and (c) the experimental fatigue life SN curves of cross-ply SiC/MAS composite under cyclic fatigue, dwell-fatigue, in-phase and out-of-phase thermomechanical
fatigue.

Acknowledgements
[7]
The work reported here is supported by the Natural Science Fund of
Jiangsu Province (Grant no. BK20140813), and the Fundamental [8]
Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant no. NS2016070).
The author would also thank the anonymous reviewer and the editor
for their valuable comments on an earlier version of the paper. [9]
[10]
References
[11]
[1] S.A. Grant, Fatigue Behavior of a Cross-ply Ceramic Matrix Composite Subjected to
[12]
Tension-tension Cycling with Hold Time (Master Thesis), Air Force Institute of
technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA, 1994.
[13]
[2] D.G. Allen, S. Mall, Thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior of cross-ply ceramic
matrix composite under tension-tension loading, Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc. 18 (1997)
(1997) 763770.
[14]
[3] L.P. Zawada, S.S. Lee, The eects of hold times on the fatigue behavior of an oxide/
oxide ceramic matrix composites, ASTP STP 1309, in: Michael G. Jenkins, Stephen
T. Gonczy, Edgar Lara-Curzio, Noel E. Ashbaugh, Larry P. Zawada (Eds.), Thermal
[15]
and Mechanical Test Methods and Behavior of Continuous-Fiber Ceramic
Composites, American Society for Testing and Materials, Cocoa Beach, Florida,
USA, 1997.
[16]
[4] L.B. Li, Synergistic eects of stress-rupture and cyclic loading on strain response of
ber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites at elevated temperature in oxidizing
atmosphere, Materials 10 (2017) 182.
[17]
[5] A.G. Evans, Design and life prediction issues for high-temperature engineering
ceramics and their composites, Acta Mater. 45 (1997) 2340.
[6] M.B. Ruggles-Wrenn, D.T. Christensen, A.L. Chamberlain, J.E. Lane, T.S. Cook,
Eect of frequency and environment on fatigue behavior of a CVI SiC/SiC ceramic
matrix composite at 1200 C, Compos. Sci. Technol. 71 (2011) 190196.
L.B. Li, Fatigue hysteresis behavior of cross-ply C/SiC ceramic matrix composites at
room and elevated temperatures, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 586 (2013) 160170.
E. Maillet, N. Godin, M. RMili, P. Reynaud, G. Fantozzi, J. Lamon, Real-time
evaluation of energy attenuation: a novel approach to acoustic emission analysis for
damage monitoring of ceramic matrix composites, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 34 (2014)
16731679.
L.B. Li, Fatigue hysteresis behavior of unidirectional C/SiC ceramic-matrix
composite at room and elevated temperatures, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 625 (2015) 118.
Z. Luo, H. Cao, H. Ren, X.G. Zhou, Tension-tension fatigue behavior of a PIP SiC/
SiC composite at elevated temperature in air, Ceram. Int. 42 (2016) 32503260.
B. Budiansky, J.W. Hutchinson, A.G. Evans, Matrix fracture in ber-reinforced
ceramics, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 34 (1986) 167189.
W.A. Curtin, Multiple matrix cracking in brittle matrix composites, Acta Metall.
Mater. 41 (1993) 13691377.
F. Lamouroux, G. Camus, J. Thebault, Kinetics and mechanisms of oxidation of 2D
woven C/SiC composites: I, experimental approach, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 77 (1994)
20492057.
M.C. Halbig, J.D. McGun-Cawley, A.J. Eckel, D.N. Brewer, Oxidation kinetics and
stress eects for the oxidation of continuous carbon bers within a microcracked C/
SiC ceramic matrix composite, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 91 (2008) 519526.
E. Lara-Curzio, Analysis of oxidation-assisted stress-rupture of continuous ber-
reinforced ceramic matrix composites at intermediate temperatures, Compos. Part
A 30 (1999) 549554.
L. Casas, J.M. Martinez-Esnaola, Modelling the eect of oxidation on the creep
behavior of ber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites, Acta Mater. 51 (2003)
37453757.
W.A. Curtin, B.K. Ahn, N. Takeda, Modeling brittle and tough stress-strain
behavior in unidirectional ceramic matrix composites, Acta Mater. 46 (1998)
34093420.

19