MORPHOLOGY

(DERIVATION)

A. DEFINTION OF DERIVITION
Morphological derivation is the process of forming a new word on the basis of an
existing word, e.g. happiness and unhappy from the root word happy, or
determination from determine. It often involves the addition of a morpheme in the form of
an affix, such as -ness, un-, and -ation in the preceding examples Wikipedia (2012).
Derivation may effect the change in the word class because in derivational process there is a
way in which lexemes are related to one another (or in which one lexemes is derived from
another) through processes such as affixation. Examples: The verb lexeme EDUCATE is
derivationally related to the nouns EDUCATION and EDUCATOR
Derivation stands in contrast to the process of inflection, which means the formation
of grammatical variants of the same word, as with determine / determines/ determining /
determined. derivation is used for all aspects of word-structure involving affixation that is
not inflectional.

B. LELETIONSHIP BETWEEN LEXEMES

By way of illustrating the notions more basic and grammatically conditioned
variant, let us consider the words performs, performed and performance :
1. This pianist performs in the local hall every week.
2. Mary told us that this pianist performed in the local hall every week.
3. The performance last week was particularly impressive.
All these words contain a suffix: perform-s, perform-ed, and perform-ance. However, the
suffixes -s and -ed are dependent on the grammatical context in a way that the suffix -ance is
not. performance was not one of these variants. The reason was that, whereas there are
grammatical factors that determine the choice between perform, performs and performed (in
appropriate contexts), there is no grammatical factor that requires specifically the presence of
-ance on performance. To put it another way: there are contexts where, if any verb appears, it
must carry the third person singular suffix -s, but there are no contexts where, if a noun
appears, it must carry the suffix -ance. The suffix -ance is not one of the small class of
suffixes (so-called inflectional suffixes) whose use is tightly determined by grammar. What
sort of suffix is it, then? A short answer is that, not being inflectional, it must be
derivational, since the term derivation is used for all aspects of word-structure involving
affixation that is not inflectional. The purpose of this chapter is to put flesh on the bones of
this purely negative definition, showing something of how derivation works in English. Since
performance is not a variant of the lexeme, it must belong to some other lexeme, which may
itself have more than one form. What lexeme could this be? This question is easy to answer
when we notice that, alongside performance, there is a plural form performances.
This tells us something about the relationship between perform and performance: it is
a relationship not between word forms but rather between lexemes. (Strictly, then, in terms of
our typographical convention, we should call it a relationship between PERFORM and
PERFORMANCE Thus derivational morphology is concerned with
one kind of relationship between lexemes.

C. ADJECTIVE DERIVATION
a. Adjectives Derived from Adjectives
In this category, prefixes predominate. By contrast, the prefix un- meaning not is
extremely widespread: for example, un-happy, un-sure, undiscovered. Because it is so
common, most dictionaries do not attempt to list all un- adjectives. This does not mean,
however, that un- can be prefixed to all adjectives quite freely; we do not find, for example,
ungood with the meaning bad (though George Orwell included that word in the Newspeak
vocabulary devised for Nineteen Eighty-Four).
Another negative prefix is in-, with allomorphs indicated by the variant spellings il-,
ir- and im like illegal, impossible. It is more restricted than un-, largely for historical reasons
such as will be discussed in Chapter 9. For the present, it is worth noting the existence of
pairs of more or less synonymous adjectives, one of which is negated with un- and the other
with in- or one of its
allomorphs:
eatable/uneatable edible/inedible
readable/unreadable legible/illegible
lawful/unlawful legal/illegal
touchable/untouchable tangible/intangible
b. Adjectives Derived from Members of Other Word Classes
Some of the processes that derive adjectives from verbs straddle the divide between
derivation and inflection in a way that we have not yet encountered. The suffixes -ed, -en and
-ing, and vowel change, in passive and progressive participle forms of verbs.
 a. a not very interesting book
b. The party-goers sounded very drunk.
c. The car seemed more damaged than the lamp-post.
The modifier very and the comparative construction (more than) show that
interesting, drunk and damaged are adjectives here, not forms of the verb lexemes interest,
drunk and damage. (Notice that very cannot modify verbs, so one cannot say *That book very
interested me). As for drunk, its status as belonging to a distinct lexeme here is confirmed by
its special meaning (intoxicated through drinking alcohol), not predictable from the
meaning of the verb drink (swallow liquid). Further suffixes that commonly form adjectives
from verbs, with their basic meanings, are:
-able able to be Xed: breakable, readable, reliable, watchable
-ent, -ant tending to X: repellent, expectant, conversant
-ive tending to X: repulsive, explosive, speculative

D. ADVERB DERIVETATION
Adverbs Derived from Adjectives
Adverbs are usually made from adjectives, by adding -LY. However, there are some
exceptions.
Examples:
1) By adding -ly
Adjectives Suffix Adverb
Beautiful -ly Beautifully
Bad -ly Badly
Perfect -ly Perfectly
2) Some exceptions
Adjectives Adverb
Good Well
Early Early
Fast Fast

E. NOUN DERIVETION
a. Nouns Derived from Nouns
 This derivational process doesnt change the word class. Nouns can be formed by
nouns with yield nouns with meaning such as small X, female X, inhabitant of X, state
of being X, and devotee of or expert on X.
Examples:
small X : -let; -ette; -ie
Droplet; cigarette; doggie; booklet
female X : -ess; -ine
Waitress; princess; heroine
inhabitant of X : -er; -(i)an
Londoner; New Yorker; Indonesian
state of being X : -ship; -hood
Childhood; motherhood; friendship
devotee of or expert on X : -ist; -ian
Pianist; musician; librarian
b. Nouns Derived from Members of other Word Classes
1) Nouns derived from verb
We can form nouns from verbs with suffixes. Basically, these suffixes have the same
function for forming abstract noun and meaning activity or result of Xing.
Examples:
-ance; -ence : performance; reference
-ment : assignment; agreement; development
-ing : reading; writing; brushing
-ion : commission; organization; confusion
-al : arrival; refusal; referral
-er : printer; seller; teacher
2) Nouns derived from adjectives
We can use suffixes to form nouns from adjectives. These suffixes mean basically
property of being X, where X is the base adjectives.
Examples:
-ity : purity; equality; stability; creativity
-ness : goodness; kindness; happiness; sadness
-ism : naturalism; radicalism; mutualism
F. VERB DERIVATION
a. Verbs Derived from Verbs
1) With prefixes
Examples:
re- : repaint; replay
un- : untie; untangle
de- : decompose; desensitize
dis- : disbelieve; disagree
2) With change intransitive verb to transitive verb
Intransitive Transitive
Fall Fell
Lie Lay
Rise Raise
b. Verbs Derived from Members of other Word Classes
1) Verb derived from nouns
We can use suffixes and prefixes to form verbs from nouns.
Examples:
de- : debug; deforest; delouse
-ise : organize; tortoise
-ify : beautify; petrify
2) Verb derived by replacing final voiceless consonant of a noun with a voiced one.
Examples:
Nouns Verbs
Bath Bathe
Breath Breathe
Wreath Wreathe
3) Verbs derived from adjectives
We can use suffixes and prefixes to form verbs from adjectives.
Examples:
en- : enslave; enrage; enfeeble
-en : shorten; brighten
G. DEFEFERNCES BETWEEN INFLECTION AND DERIVATION
The basic difference between inflection and derivation is in inflection does not change
the word class, in derivation often change the word class.
The differences between inflection and derivation can be seen in this table based on Oliez
(2009):

Inflectional operations Derivational operations

Lexical Do not change the lexical category of Often change the lexical category of
category the word. the word

Location Tend to occur outside derivational Tend to occur next to the root
affixes.

Type of Contribute syntactically conditioned Contribute lexical meaning

meaning information, such as number, gender, or
aspect.

Affixes Occur with all or most members of a Are restricted to some, but not all
used class of stems. members of a class of stems

Productivity May be used to coin new words of the May eventually lose their meaning and
same type. usually cannot be used to coin new
terms

Grounding Create forms that are fully-grounded Create forms that are not necessarily
and able to be integrated into discourse. fully grounded and may require
inflectional operations before they can
be integrated into discourse

H. WORD CLASSES AND CONVERSION

a. Word Classes
All words belong to categories called word classes (or parts of speech) according to
the part they play in a sentence. The main word classes in English are Noun, Verb,
Adjective, Adverb, Pronoun, Preposition, Conjunction, Determiner, Exclamation.
Closed classes include prepositions, pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, modal
verbs, and primary verbs.
Open classes include nouns, full verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
 Word is The smallest unit of grammar which can stand alone. This definition is a
good starting point, but if we look closer, it becomes more difficult to define what a word is.
There are different tests, and they do not always give the same results.
For example: tree is a word, trees is a word, -s is not a word.
b. Conversion
Zero derivation is the derivation of one lexeme from another by means of
phonologically empty, or zero affix. It changes the function of the word without changes its
form. Conversion is the derivation of one lexeme from another which changes the word
class, but without change the word shape.

Zero derivation and conversion are the same because each of these dont change the
word shape but change the word class.

Examples:

The verb CLEAN from the adjective CLEAN

The verb FATHER from the noun FATHER
 CONCLUTION

Derivation in English, one might have expected that many of the processes involved
would have been sufficiently predictable in both their application and their meaning so that
the lexemes thus derived would not count as lexical items. However, only four of the affixes
that we have discussed yield large numbers of lexemes that one would not expect to find
listed in a dictionary, namely adverb-forming -ly, negative adjectival un- and nominal -ness
and -ing. It is as if, despite the fact that lexemes are not necessarily lexical items, there is a
deep-seated readiness to allow them to become lexical items that is, to treat the products of
all derivational processes, even the most general and semantically predictable ones, as
potentially quirky.
 REFERENCES

Carstair & McCarthy. 2002. An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their
Structure. Edinburgh University Press.

SIL Internasional. 2004. Comparison of Inflection and Derivation. Available in

http://www01.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/ComparisonOfInflection
AndDeriv.htm. Accessed on October 28th 2015.

Wikipedia. 2012.Morphologycal Derivation. Available on

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_derivation. Accessed on October 29th
2015

Oliez. 2009. Derivation Morphology. Available on http://oliez-

getitnow.blogspot.co.id/2009/05/derivation-morphology_01.html. Accessed on
October 29th 2015.
 THE ASEGNMENT OF MORPHOLOGY
ABOUT THE DERIVATION

COMPILED BY :

NAMES : 1. DESTI WULANDARI (2113036)

2. PURNAMA SARI (2113018)
3. SRI WIDIATI (2113033)

LECTURER : DEWI SYAFITRI, M.Pd.

SUBJECT : MORPHOLOGY

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION DEPARTEMENT
INSTITUTROF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
TEACHERS ASSOSIATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
(STKIP-PGRI) LUBUKLINGGAU
2014/2015