FLUID MECHANICS

the study of fluid and the

forces on them (fluids
include gases and liquids)
 Fluid Statics
Study of fluids at rest
Fluid Dynamics
Study of fluids in motion

Branches of Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics assume that all fluids obey

1. Conservation of mass
2. Conservation of Momentum
3. Continuum hypothesis

Fluids are also assumed to be

incompressible.
 Density
Mass per unit volume
Depends upon temperature and pressure
(kg/m3)

Specific Volume
Reciprocal of Density
Vs = 1/

FLUID PROPERTIES
Specific Weight
Weight per unit volume
g=*g

Specific Gravity
Ratio of the specific weight of the substance
to the specific weight of water
S = gfluid/gwater

FLUID PROPERTIES
PROPERTY WATER AIR
Density 1000 kg/m3 1.205 kg/m3

Specific Weight 9810 N/m3 11.82 N/m3

Specific Gravity 1.0 1.2 x 10 -3

COMMON PROPERTIES OF
WATER AND AIR
A certain liquid whose
volume is 2.025 cubic
meters weighs 28250
N. Calculate its , ,Vs,
and S.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A body has a mass of 2 slugs in a
place where g = 9.81 m/s2. What
is its mass in slugs when g = 9.79
m/s2?

The mass density of fresh water

in slugs per cubic feet is _______.

SAMPLE PROBLEM
Pressure
Normal force per unit area
p = F/A
or p = gh
Where h is the pressure
head

FLUID PROPERTIES
A pressure head of 5 m is
equivalent to a pressure of
_______.

A pressure head of 3 cm mercury

is equivalent to a pressure of
______.

Sample Problem
To convert pressure head of in
meters of fluid A to pressure head
in meters of fluid B

SA
hB * hA
SB

PRESSURE HEAD
 Ten meters of oil is how
many centimeters of
glycerine?

Soil = 0.86 and Sgly = 1.26

SAMPLE PROBLEM
Shear Stress
encountered in motion of all
real fluids
Viscosity
Resisting property of a fluid to
a shearing force

FLUID PROPERTIES
VISCOSITY
Dynamic viscosity
du
*( )
dy
Kinematic Viscosity



A liquid has a viscosity of
0.005 kg/m*s and a density of
850 kg/m . Calculate the
3

kinematic viscosity in SI units.

SAMPLE PROBLEM
 Compressibility
change in volume of a
substance that is subjected to a
change in pressure on it

p
E
(V / V )

Fluid Properties
 Compressibility
Perfect gas equation
pVs RT
R 8312
M
p1

p2
1 n
2 n

Fluid Properties
 Surface Tension
surface energy per unit area of
interface (N/m)
pressure changes occur across a
curved surface due to surface
tension
p is related to the radius of
curvature R and surface tension

Fluid Properties
 Capillarity
The rise or fall of liquids in a small
diameter tube due to molecular
attraction (cohesion and adhesion)
2 cos
h
R

Fluid Properties
 If the surface tension at air-water interface
is 0.073 N/m, what is the pressure difference
between the inside and outside of an air
bubble of diameter 0.01 mm?

If the surface tension at the soap-air

interface is 0.088 N/m, calculate the
internal pressure in a soap bubble of 3 cm
diameter.

Sample Problems
 A clean tube of internal diameter 3 mm
is immersed I n a liquid with coefficient
of surface tension = 0.48 N/m. The angle
of contact of the liquid with the glass can
be assumed to be 130. The density of
the liquid is 13,600 kg/m3. What would
be the level of the liquid in the tube
relative to the free surface of the liquid
outside the tube?

Sample Problems
No motion of a fluid relative to adjacent
layers

In FBD, only normal forces are acting on

the surface

FLUID STATICS
 Fluid pressure at a point is the same in
all direction
Points of the same elevation have the
same pressure
Pressure increases as you go down
The linear variation of pressure with
depth below the free surface is known
as the hydrostatic pressure distribution

Pressure at a Point
 Absolute Pressure
pressure measured above the absolute pressure

Gauge (or gage) Pressure

pressure measured with respect to the local
atmospheric pressure

Absolute Pressure = local atmospheric pressure +

gauge pressure

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Mechanical Gauges
Bourdon Gauge
Liquid Gauges
Manometers
Piezoelectric Gauges
Transducers

PRESSURE MEASURING
DEVICES
Sample Problems
The change in pressure
depends only on the change
in elevation within the fluid
and the type of fluid, not in
the size or shape of the fluid
container

PASCALS PARADOX
 Horizontal Surface

Forces Due to Static Fluid

 Inclined Surface

Forces Due to Static Fluid

Forces Due to Static Fluid
Curved Surfaces
The horizontal component of force acting on a curved
surface is equal to the force acting on a vertical
projection of that surface including both magnitude and
line of action

The vertical component of force acting on a curved

surface is equal to the net weight of the column of fluid
above the
curved surface with line of action through the centroid
of that fluid volume.

Forces Due to Static Fluid

 A plane rectangular gate is submerged in water as shown in
figure (a). What is the magnitude of the reaction force at A? For
the cylindrical gate in figure (b), will the magnitude of the
reaction at A be greater than, less than, or the same as that for
the plane gate?

SAMPLE PROBLEM
 A body immersed in a fluid experiences a vertical buoyant
force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces
A floating body displaces its own weight in the fluid in
which it floats
Free liquid surface
F1
h1 F1

h2

F2

BUOYANCY
The net force due to pressure in the vertical direction is:
FB = F2- F1 = (Pbottom - Ptop) (xy)

The pressure difference is:

Pbottom Ptop = g (h2-h1) = g H
Combining:
FB = g H (xy)

Thus the buoyant force is:

FB = g V

Buoyancy
King Hero ordered a new crown to be made
from pure gold. When he received the crown
he suspected that other metals had been
used in its construction. Archimedes
discovered that the crown required a force of
4.7# to suspend it when immersed in water,
and that it displaced 18.9 in3 of water. He
concluded that the crown was not pure gold.
Do you agree?

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
An iceberg having specific
gravity equal to 0.92 floats in
sea water ( S = 1.03). If 3.08 m 3

is above the water surface,

what is the total volume of the
iceberg?

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
 Immersed Bodies

Static equilibrium requires: Fv = 0 and M = 0

M = 0 requires that the centers of gravity and buoyancy coincide, i.e., C = G and
body is neutrally stable

If C is above G, then the body is stable

If G is above C, then the body is unstable

Stability of Submerged and

Floating Bodies
 Floating Bodies

I oo
GM CG
V
Ioo= moment of inertia
of waterplane area
about centerplane axis
GM > 0 Stable
GM < 0 Unstable

Stability of Submerged and

Floating Bodies
Acceleration and Rotation

FLUIDS IN RIGID-BODY
MOTION
Acceleration

ax
tan
ay g

a
p h * 1
g

Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion

Rotation
p
a x
x

p
(a y g )
y

R
2 2

z h1
2g

Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion

As a result of a promotion, you are
transferred from your present
location.You must transport a fish
tank in the back of your minivan. The
tank is 12 in. 24 in. 12 in. How much
water can you leave in the tank and
still be reasonably sure that it will not
spill over during the trip?

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Water stands in a U-tube
as shown. If the tube is
rotated about an eccentric
axis at 8 rad/s, what are
the new heights of water in
the tube?
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
 Or

Q1 Q2
A1v1 A2 v2

CONTINUITY EQUATION
Energy (and Bernoulli) Equation
Sample Problems
Sample Problems
MOMENTUM EQUATION
Water jet is defluted 60 by a stationary
vane.
Incoming jet:
Diameter = 1 inch
Speed = 100 ft/s

Find the force exerted by jet on the vane

Sample Problem
Oil passes a 60 bend on a horizontal
plane. If the flow rate is 1cms and the
pressure at the inlet flange is 25 kPa.
Determine the components of the
resultant force transmitted to the flange.
The pipe diameter is 45 cm and the
specific gravity of soil is 0.84. Neglect all
head losses.

Sample Problem