Power System Distribution

B.K. Mak

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Chapter 1

Overview Of Power Generation and

Transmission

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How much do you know about the
electricity that you are using daily ?

What is its voltage magnitude ?

Is it A.C. or D.C. ?

If it is A.C., what is the supply

frequency and whether it is a single-
phase or three-phase supply ?
 The electricity that we are using daily
is A.C. with the following technical
particulars :
LV Supply For Customers
Sinusoidal
Voltage : 380V (3 phase) , voltage
220V (1 phase) VR
waveform
Frequency: 50Hz

HV Supply For Customers

Voltage : 11kV (3 phase),
22kV (3 phase) 1200
1200
Frequency: 50Hz
N
1200
VB VY

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Frequency Deviation

EMSD Electricity Supply Codes : 50Hz +/-2%

HEC/CLPP Supply Rules : 50Hz +/-2%

Voltage Regulation

EMSD Electricity Supply Codes : LV +/- 6%;

HV +10/-2.5%
HEC/CLPP Supply Rules : LV +/- 6%;
HV +10/-2.5%

Power Factor

Not less than 0.85 lagging V

i.e. cos 0.85
I

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How is electricity generated and
distributed to customers ?
Lets have a brief review on the power
generation, transmission and
distribution process and also the
essential elements involved.

Power
Stations
Customers
Distributing (domestic,
Electricity industrial or
commercial)

Transmitting
Electricity

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Electricity generated at power station(s) is stepped up to 400kV,
275kV or 132kV before feeding to the transmission network
(composing of overhead lines and underground cables) for
delivering to major load centres.
Electricity is then stepped down at various load centres to 22kV
or 11kV for distributing to various buildings for further stepping
down to 380V/220V for supplying individual customers
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 Zone-substations

Switching
stations

Power station

SIMPLIFIED GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION NETWORK 10

 11kV/380v
transformer

380V

132kV/11kV
zone-transformer
v/11kV

TYPICAL 11kV OPEN-RING DISTRIBUTION NETWORK 11

 12
TYPICAL 22kV CLOSE-RING DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Let us now have a closer look of the
three sub-processes in power
distribution industry :

a. Power generation
b. Power transmission
c. Power distribution

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Generating
Electricity

Electricity
Received By
Distributing Customers
Electricity (domestic,
industrial or
commercial)
Transmitting
Electricity

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Power Generation

Generator Turbine Unit

A Typical 250 MW Coal/Oil Dual Fired Synchronous Generator

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 Prime Mover/ Synchronous Electricity
Turbine Unit Generator

Super-heated The generator is rotating at a

steam at speed of N rev. per minutes
569oC and at
a pressure of N = 120f/p rev. per minute
170Kg/cm2
where f = frequency,
Natural gas, p = no. of poles
Coal, When f = rated frequency = 50Hz,
Oil, then N = NS = synchronous speed
Nuclear, = 3000 rpm if p = 2
Hydro power*

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy

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 Generator rotor
Emechanical Eelectrical

NS
Ns = 120f/p rev. per minute
where f = rated frequency,
p = no. of poles

Emechanical = Eelectrical + Kinetic energy stored in generator rotor

= Eelectrical + (1/2) x I x 2

where = rotor speed in radians per second

thus N = x 60 /(2 x (pi))
= Ns when the rotor is running at synchronous speed,
I = Moment of inertia of the generator rotor

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The generator output voltage is usually
in the range of 12.5 to 20kV which is
considered too low, and hence by no
means cost-effective for transmitting to
various load centres.
As such, a step-up
transformer is
usually adopted
for raising the
voltage to 132kV,
275kV or 400kV
for minimising
losses in the
transmission
process. 18
Usually more than one
generators are running
synchronously on bar G1
(i.e. all running at the
same speed NS) for G2
supplying electricity at
the same frequency to G3
customers.
Ns = 120f/p rev. per minute
where f = rated frequency,
p = no. of poles
Gx

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Generating
Electricity

Electricity
Received By
Distributing Customers
Electricity (domestic,
industrial or
commercial)
Transmitting
Electricity

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Power Transmission
Essential elements for transmission Of
electricity to major load centres include :
a. Overhead lines (132kV, 400kV)
b. Submarine and underground cables (400kV,
275kV, 132kV)
c. Switchgear (400kV, 275kV, 132kV SF6 insulated)
forming various types of busbar arrangements
at switching stations
d. Transformers (400/132kV, 275/132kV oil or SF6
insulated) at switching stations
e. Transformers (275/11kV, 132/11kV, 275/22kV,
132/22kV oil or SF6 insulated)
at zone-substations
f. Capacitors (22kV, 11KV)
at zone-substations

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Transmission overhead lines rated
at 400kV and 132kV are widely used
in the New Territories and southern
parts of Hong Kong island

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For avoidance of supply interruption and voltage
dip, lightning arrestors are installed at strategic
locations of transmission overhead lines.

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Underground transmission cables rated at
400kV, 275kV and 132kV are extensively
used in urban areas of Hong Kong, Kowloon
and the New Territories 24
Most of these underground transmission cables
are oil-insulated, and thus continuous monitoring
of the hydraulic pressure of these cables are
required in order to ensure electrical integrity.
Non-oil-insulated transmission cables using XLPE
are also used at 132kV and below level. However,
these cable are usually far bigger in size than
their oil-insulated counter-parts and are therefore
not extensively used in Hong Kong where under-
ground space is precious and very limited. 25
Both overhead lines and underground
cables could be used for transmission
and distribution of electricity to various
load centres.

But are overhead lines better than

underground cables for transmission of
electricity ?

Lets see the advantages and short-

comings of these in the next slide.

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 Overhead lines Underground cables
1. Visually undesirable Invisible to general public and
customers except during
installation or R&M
2. Relatively cheap installation Expensive installation and
and R&M costs R&M costs as excavation
works are often required
3. For rural or less densely- Suitable for busy districts and
populated districts metropolitan cities
4. Supply reliability and power Supply reliability and PQ are
quality (PQ) are affected by unaffected by inclement
adverse weather conditions weather but susceptible to
damage by third partys
excavation works
5. Could have EMI problems on Little EMI problem as the
nearby residents cable conductors are
sheathed and the metallic
cable sheaths are earthed
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Concluding Remarks :

We should use underground cables for

transmission and distribution of
electricity in urban areas, like Hong Kong
island and Kowloon peninsular.

Overhead lines can be used for

transmission and distribution of
electricity in rural and less built-up areas,
like most parts of the New Territories.

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SF6 fully metal-clad GIS

SF6 metal-clad switchgear (with various busbar

configurations to suit different applications or
different reliability requirements) are adopted at
400kV, 275kV and 132kV switching stations 29
Properties of SF6 which make it ideal for being
used in switchgear and transformers for power
transmission and distribution, particularly for
densely populated cities like Hong Kong :

- Non-inflammable, colourless, odourless

- Not poisonous and not harmful
- An inert neutral gas
- 5.1 times heavier than air
- Excellent dielectric strength (reaches that of
conventional insulating oil at a pressure of
only 3 bar)
- Superior arc quenching properties
- SF6 GIS are far compact in size (roughly one
sixth the space requirement of conventional
switchgear)
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 Zone-substations

Switching
stations of different
busbar arrangements

SIMPLIFIED GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION NETWORK 31

Lets walk through the various busbar
arrangements at switching stations and
zone-substations, and compare their
merits and short-comings in the
following slides.

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 Busbar

Isolators

Circuit
breakers

Single busbar arrangement with no bus-section

--- Simple in design and operation
--- Relatively cheap
--- Not often used as a single busbar fault will
result in loss of all circuits

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 Bus-section

Single busbar arrangement with a bus-section

--- Simple in design and operation
--- Still quite cheap
--- A single busbar fault will result in loss of half
of the circuits
--- Better than single busbar with no bus-section

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Double busbar arrangement with double bus-sections and bus-
couplers
--- Quite expensive
--- Operationally very flexible
--- Quite commonly adopted in 400kV/275kV/132kV switching
stations
--- A single busbar fault will result in loss of 25% of the circuits
bus-couplers
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Breaker-and-a-half busbar arrangement
--- Very expensive
--- Operationally the best because of flexibility
--- Often adopted in 400kV/275kV/132kV switching stations
where reliability requirements are stringently high
--- A single busbar fault will not result in loss of any circuit

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 Zone-substations
(usually single busbar
with bus-section)

Switching stations
(usually breaker-and-a-half
or double busbar with bus-
sections and bus-couplers)

SIMPLIFIED GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION NETWORK 37

SF6 or oil-insulated
power transformers

Transformers are used for interconnecting

transmission networks of different voltage levels
e.g. 400/132kV, 275/132kV inter-bus transformers
They are also used for stepping down transmission
voltage for feeding 22kV or 11kV distribution
networks e.g. 275/11kV, 132/11kV, 275/22kV,
132/22kV zone-transformers
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 Zone-transformers

Interbus transformers

SIMPLIFIED GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION NETWORK 39

 Magnetic flux Iron core

Ip Is

Np Ns
Vp turns turns Vs

Vp/Vs = Np/Ns
VpIp = VsIs
Transformer Theory
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 Transformer primary winding
Transformer secondary winding

Iload
Vp Vs
Vp Vs

Vp = Vs + ZIload
where Vp = Vp x (Np/Ns)
is the primary voltage
referred to secondary side
Thus, for a fixed Vp , VS is equal to the rated secondary
voltage only when Iload is zero.
When Iload increases, the transformer ratio needs to be
adjusted accordingly so as to maintain a reasonably steady V
41S
.
 Main
primary 132/11kV 40MVA transformer
winding
a. Nominal transformation ratio :
Secondary 132kV step down to 11kV (i.e.
winding 12 to 1)
b. On-load tap changing range :
+25% to -5% in 18 steps

132kV 11kV

Tap winding with multi taps

for on-load tap changing so as
to vary the transformer ratio
for maintaining a reasonably
steady secondary voltage as
the load changes

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Capacitors are installed at 22kV or 11kV zone-
substations for power factor correction

I
IC

V
IResultant
11kV capacitors at
a zone-substation I

Switching in of capacitors when the load is

heavy and power factor is poor can greatly
improve the power factor (i.e. cos ).
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 IC

IResultant V

Since , thus cos cos .

Also, it is evident from the vector diagrams that
Iresultant I ,

Thus, the swiching in of capacitors when the load is

heavy and power factor is poor can result in far more
effective utilisation of the capacity of switchgear,
transformers, cables and overhead lines.

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