Major Types of Intermolecular Forces _____________________________________
(from weakest to strongest) :
1. VAN DER WAALS FORCES or _____________________________________ LONDON DISPERSION FORCES _____________________________________ 2. DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES _____________________________________ 3. HYDROGEN BONDING FORCES _____________________________________ _____________________________________
London dispersion forces _____________________________________
> operate in all molecular substances. _____________________________________ > account for nearly all the forces of _____________________________________ attraction between atomic substances, _____________________________________ e.g noble gases, and between non- _____________________________________ polar molecules, such as H2, Cl2, CH4, and CO2. _____________________________________ > weak attractive forces that arise from _____________________________________ momentary fluctuations in electron _____________________________________ densities within the atom or molecule. _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ How do the strength of London dispersion forces vary in different molecules? Halogen Molecular Physical State Melting Boiling Mass at room Point,oC Point,oC temperature F2 38 gas -223 -188 Cl2 70.9 gas -103 -34.6 Br2 159.8 liquid -7.2 58.8 I2 253.8 solid 113.7 184.3
Strength with molar mass
Dipole-dipole forces _____________________________________ > exist between polar molecules > the positively-charged end of each _____________________________________ molecule is attracted to the negatively _____________________________________ charged end of a neighboring molecule. _____________________________________ > add to the London Dispersion forces ______________________________________ present between the molecules. _____________________________________ Substance Molecular Mass Boiling Point, 0C _____________________________________ Oxygen, O2 (non-polar) 32.0 -183 _____________________________________ Nitric oxide, NO (polar) 30.0 -152 _____________________________________ Krypton, Kr (non-polar) 83.8 -152 Hydrogen bromide, 80.9 -67 _____________________________________ HBr(polar) _____________________________________ Bromine. Br2 (non- 159.8 59 polar) 162.4 97 _____________________________________ Iodine Chloride, ICl (polar) _____________________________________ The polar substance will always exhibit _____________________________________ the higher boiling point due to the stronger dipole-dipole forces that hold the molecules together When is a covalent compound polar or ______________________________________ non-polar? For Diatomic Particles _____________________________________ If identical -> non-polar _____________________________________ ex. H2, N2, O2 _____________________________________ If atoms are not identical -> polar _____________________________________ ex. HCl, HBr, NO For Polyatomic Particles _____________________________________ Consider the ff. _____________________________________ Polarity of bonds _____________________________________ Oriientation of bonds _____________________________________ Polarity of Covalent Molecule ______________________________________ Diatomic: _____________________________________ Polar if bonds are polar always true for _____________________________________ binary covalent compounds ex. HF _____________________________________ Non-polar if bonds are non-polar always _____________________________________ true for covalent compounds of _____________________________________ identical elements exs. H2, F2 _____________________________________ Polyatomic: Polarity of bonds _____________________________________ Orientation of bonds _____________________________________ Non-Polar: _____________________________________ When individual bonds are non-polar. ______________________________________ When individual polar bonds cancel off because of symmetry. _____________________________________ Polar: _____________________________________ When you have a net dipole moment. _____________________________________
polarity depends on molecular shape. _____________________________________ Shape of a molecule - determined by the _____________________________________ arrangement of atoms in space around _____________________________________ the central atom of a molecule. ______________________________________ determined by the arrangement of electron pairs. _____________________________________ The best arrangement of electron _____________________________________ pairs is the one where there is minimum _____________________________________ repulsion among electron pairs. For _____________________________________ minimum repulsion, electron pairs stay as far apart as possible. ______________________________________ Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion ____________________________________ or VSEPR Theory _____________________________________ Electron pairs tend to arrange themselves as far away from each _____________________________________ other to minimize repulsions. _____________________________________ Electron Groups _____________________________________ * a single bond ______________________________________ * a double bond bonding pairs * a triple bond ____________________________________ * a lone pair _____________________________________ * a single nonbonding e- _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Strength of Repulsion Non-bonding pair (NBP) _____________________________________ Bonding Pair (BP) ______________________________________ ___________________________________ Between NBP-NBP > Between NBP-BP> Between BP-BP _____________________________________ Application of VSEPR Theory _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ ___________________________________ ______________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ ___________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ ___________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ __________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ ___________________________________
> the relatively strong dipole-dipole attractive force that exists between _____________________________________ the hydrogen atom in a polar bond _____________________________________ (particularly an H-F, H-O, or H-N bond) _____________________________________ and an unshared electron pair on a ______________________________________ ion or atom usually an F, O, or N atom on another molecule ___________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ __________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________