CANADIAN APPALACHIANS and NEW ENGLAND STATES
L. M . CUMMING
ABSTRACT
Belts of Devonian granitic rocks, having radiometric ages of
405 - 360 m.y., occupy the central core of the entire region. This
Acadian orogeny was the major event in the structural develop-
ment of the eastern part of the Appalachian fold system.
Lower Devonian volcanic rocks (chiefly rhyolite flows, welded
tuffs and associated sediments) are widespread throughout the
central granitic terrain. The Kineo volcanic sequence of Maine
and west-central New Brunswick is Emsian in age (between Onon-
daga and Oriskany). This volcanic facies changes to a Lower
Devonian carbonate facies which characterizes the Gaspe-Con-
necticut synclinorium. Sedimentary iron formations with a
Rhenish faunal facies (Torbrook Formation, Nova Scotia) and
carbonates with interbeds of fine-grained pyroclastics (Cape Bon
Ami Formation host rock for copper sulphides at Murdock-
ville, Quebec) reflect stability of the Lower Devonian sedimentary
environment both north and south of the Lower Devonian volcanic
activity.
The first pulse of the Acadian orogeny, dated as pre-Early
Givetian, is bracketed locally in Maine between the Chapman and
Mapleton sandstones. Continued Lower and Middle Devonian
subsidence and sedimentation allowed flysch (e.g. Fortin Forma-
tion) and molasse (e.g. Gaspe Sandstone Group) to accumulate
in successor basins along the northern flank of the central gran-
itic terrain.
Post-orogenic Upper Devonian clastic sediments blanketed the
Acadian folded zone. Remnants of these clastics are now pre-
served in several widely separated regions, e.g., south-central
Newfoundland (Terrenceville Formation), southern New Bruns-
wick (Perry Formation), and southern Gaspe Peninsula (Escumi-
nac and Fleurant Formations).
(1967) Intl. Symposium of the Devonian system: Papers, Volume I
2010 by the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists
Palaeontologically the region is classic ground for study of
Devonian plants (Psilophyton from Gaspe) and Devonian fish
(Bothriolepis from Chaleur Bay). Brachiopod, ostracod and plant-
microspore zones have recently been established in New Bruns-
wick and Gaspe. Fossiliferous limestone blocks, remnants of
platform carbonates deposited near the northwestward limit of
the Lower Devonian marine transgression, occur as subsidence
breccia-blocks in the Cretaceous intrusive at lie Ste. Helene, in
the St. Lawrence River at Montreal.
INTRODUCTION
Devonian granitic, metamorphic, volcanic and sedimen-
tary rocks of the northeast margin of the North American
continent are extensively distributed in Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and in the Gaspe and Eastern
Township sectors of the Province of Quebec, as well as in
the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu-
setts (Fig. 1). Schists and gneisses only recently recogniz-
ed as probably Devonian in age, occur in Connecticut
(Zartman et al, 1965) and Rhode Island. There is little
subsurface control for Devonian rocks within this entire
region, except for the few deep wells (Fig. 2) drilled on
Gaspe Peninsula (McGerrigle, 1950). Devonian rocks pro-
bably also occur extensively beneath the Carboniferous
cover of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and adjoining regions
(Howie and Cumming, 1963; Kinney, 1967).

Fig. 1. Distribution of Devonian Rocks, C a n a d i a n
The region was one of the first parts of North America
to be settled, and extensive early observations of Devonian
rocks in the region were made by A. Gesner, C. T. Jackson,
E. Hichcock, W. E. Logan, and J. W. Dawson before 1850.
Only recently, however, have the complex details of this
geosynclinal suite of rocks been mapped in sufficient detail
to allow modern district maps to be compiled (Billings 1955;
Doll, 1961; Goldsmith, 1964; Doyle, 1966; and Williams,
1967).
Belts of Devonian granitic rocks, see Figure 1, hav-
ing radiometric ages of 405-360 m.y., are widespread in
this region. These rocks were intruded during the Acadian
orogeny which was the major event in the tectonic develop-
ment of the eastern part of the Appalachian fold system.
Lower Devonian (Gedinnan-Emsian) volcanic rocks
(chiefly rhyolite flows, welded tuffs and associated edi-
ments) are widespread throughout parts of the central
granitic terrane. This volcanic facies changes to a Lower
L E G E N D
Appalachians and New England States. Radiometric dates are in millions of years.
Devonian carbonate facies which characterizes the Connec-
ticut River-Gaspe Synclinorium. Sedimentary iron form-
ations with a Rhenish faunal facies at Torbrook, Nova
Scotia, and carbonates with interbeds of fine-grained pyro-
clastics (host rock for copper sulphides at Murdockville,
Quebec) reflect stability of the Early Devonian sedimentary
environment both north and south of the Early Devonian
volcantic activity. Continued Early and Middle Devonian
subsidence and sedimentation allowed flysch (e.g. Fortin
Fm.) and molasse (e.g. Gaspe Sandstone Gp.) to accumu-
late in basins along the northern flank of the central gran-
itic terrane (Table I; Fig. 2).
Post-orogenic Upper Devonian clastic sediments blanket-
ed parts of the Acadian folded zone. Remnants of these
clastics are now preserved in such several widely separated
regions as: south-central Newfoundland (Terrenceville),
southern New Brunswick and Maine (near Perry), and
southern Gaspe Peninsula (Escuminac and Fleurant Fms.).
 SILURIAN

Based on map by W.VP. McGerrigle, IQttb

PRE-SILURIAN

IGNEOUS AND
VOLCANIC ROCKS Scale of Miles
...?

Fig. 2. Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec; showing distribution of Devonian strata and p o s i t i o n of oil s e e p a g e s a n d wells drilled.

TABLE I.
Representative Devonian formations New England and Canadian Appalachians
Series

Southern Nova Scotia Northern Gaspe

Stage

New Brunswick Newfoundland

New England New England
-Eifelian and Frasnian and

Escuminac Terrenceville
Famennian
UPPER

Perry Formation Perry Formation

. Formation Fleurant Formation Great Bay de L'Eau
Formation Formation
MIDDLE

Givetian

Upper Part of
Mapleton "Gaspe
Sandstone Sandstone"

boomook Fm. FortiiiFm^-'*"" "in

Cfl

OT

o| upper part|
Edmunds Hill/' [ Battery Point
Gedinnian and

Andesite/^ V Formation
in H
x York River Fm. ca
Dockendorff
LOWER

Emsian

Littleton
Bay du Nord
Group

Formation Knoydart, xOiapman y Grande Greve P

Group
Torbrook / Sandstone / Formation ampbellton Fm.
McAdam Lake Dalhousie Fm. Clam Bank
River John Hedgehog Formation
Formation Cape Bon Ami Fm
|
REGIONAL S T R U C T U R A L SETTING Lower and Middle Devonian flysch and molasse were
The Canadian Appalachian and New England States deposited.
Region represents the northeastern part of a geosynclinal Deposition upon the Acadian orogen began in Late Dev-
belt, with a history of development extending from late onian nonmarine intermontane troughs. Mainly during the
Proterozoic to Permian. Devonian rocks within this region Carboniferous, a broad tectonically active zone developed
are exposed along a length of 1,100 miles and across a width
of up to 350 miles (Fig. 1). The structural setting of the
Devonian rocks of this region is that of the middle tectonic
phase (Fig. 3) characteristically developed in geosynclinal
regions (Neale et al, 1961).
Throughout its evolution, the geosyncline was bounded
on the northwest by Precambrian crystalline basement
(Grenville) upon which was deposited platform-type sedi-
ments of Cambrian to Devonian age. Initial deposition
within the Appalachian geosyncline consisted of an upper-
most Proterozoic and Cambrian clastics with few volcanics, L A T E A N D F I N A L ( P O S T - O R O G E N 1 C ) S T A G E S : ( U P P E R D E V O N I A N T O TR1ASSIC)

now present on the exposed flanks of the geosyncline. In

Early and Middle Ordovician, largely impure clastics with CaetUerite-Quartz

generally abundant volcanics were deposited mainly on the Chalcopyrite-Galena-Sphalerite Vclni

Bathurst N. B.
Beryllium, Uthiui

axial sides of the earlier clastic zones and within the axial Molybdenite-Schcclitc Velni

parts of the geosyncline. Ultramafic-mafic intrusions were : in limestone and Dolomite

first emplaced in Early Ordovician volcanic belts along parts

of the flanks of the Geosyncline.
In late Ordovician, some belts of the Appalachian Geo-
syncline were deformed and uplifted as geanticlines (Taconic
orogeny) while sedimentation continued elsewhere. Ordo-
vician granites intruded some developing geanticlines. Cha I copy rite, Pyrite or Pyrrhotite, locally with MlUerlte.
t.ieiman Belt, Que.
Oolitic Fe Beds. Wabana, Nfld.
Manganiferous Carbonate Shale Beds. Soulht-aet N f l d \

Accumulation of volcanics and associated sediments of iiic-Chatc<4>yrite in Marble.

Silurian and Lower Devonian age varied from belt to belt Ac I on and in part SQUon be its, Que

across the geosyncline, possibly controlled in part by the

positions of late Ordovician geanticlines.
In Newfoundland, however, Silurian rocks are largely
continental and probably reflect contemporaneous deform-
ation within the geosynclinal belt. These rocks were de- INITIAL A N D E A R L Y TECTONIC STAGES: (ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN)

formed, metamorphosed, and intruded, probably in mid-

Devonian (Poole, 1966).
Limestone [!!-} Creywacke-Slate

jwvj
j- ; [ Sandstone Granite

m Conglomerate
SS Slauj

[ j
Felaic Volcanics H ^ H llltramafic Rocks and Gabbros

During the Middle and Late Devonian orogeny (Acadian), S3 Greywacke Sandslone-Slale v v
v Mafic Volcanics Mineral Deposit

almost the entire geosyncline was deformed, and intruded

by granites. In response to the rising Acadian geanticline
to the south, a northern trough developed in which late Fig. 3. Cross-sections showing a n idealized metallogenic model of the C a n a d i a n
Appalachians, depicting some known types of mineral occurrences in relation to
their tectonic setting (by W . D. M c C a r t n e y , 1965).
upon the Acadian orogen. Within the zone local linear belts
were intermittently intruded and raised in part on bounding
faults, while intervening troughs received fluviatile and
lacustrine clastics. Continental conditions continued until
early Permian, when tectonic activity all but ceased and
clastics spread widely across the former active zone and
bordering platforms.
In late Triassic, fault-troughs developed along and across
the older Carboniferous active zone, with deposition of con-
tinental clastics and basalt. Finally, Mesozoic alkaline plugs
intruded the stabilized geosynclinal belt in parts of Quebec
and New Hampshire.
STRATIGRAPHY
The complex regional structure and occurrence of abund-
ant granite batholiths have resulted in a patch work distri-
bution of the Devonian sediments; a lack of continuous cor-
rectable successions; and the recognition of numerous local
Devonian rock units. Correlation between many of these
Devonian rock units has not yet been established and few
of the Devonian faunas of the region have been thoroughly
studied.
The stratigraphic position of some representative sedi-
mentary and volcanic formations of the New England
States and Canadian Appalachians is shown on Table I.
Brief discussion of these and other related formations fol-
low in alphabetic order: Typical Devonian sedimentary con-
tacts, with older and younger rocks of the region, are listed
on Table II.
The eastern Gaspe Battery Point Formation (McGerrigle,
1946), is a part of the upper, non-marine facies of the Gaspe
Sandstone Group. The formation is up to 7,000 feet thick,
consisting of greenish-grey, coarse feldspathic sandstone,
pebble conglomerates and shale, with red beds towards the
top.
The Bay du Nord Group (Southwest Newfoundland) con-
sists of shale, sandstone, conglomerate, metaquartzite and
slate. It is about 10,000-15,000 feet thick and contains
Drepanophycus spinaeformis of Coblenzian age (Dorf and
Cooper, 1943).
The Campbellton Formation (Northern New Brunswick),
Ami (1900), consists of conglomerates and associated non-
marine sediments which contain fish and plant remains.
The occurrence of Drepanophycus indicates a Coblenzian
age. The formation overlies the Dalhousie Formation of
Becraft age.
The Cape Bon Ami Formation (Gaspe) is composed of
marine shale and limestone approximately 1,585 feet thick
(Cumming, 1961). It is made up of 4 members. The oldest,
the Petit Portage member, contains Monograptus aequabilis
and is of Lower Gedinnian (or slightly younger) age. (H.
Jaeger, written communication 1967).
The Chapman Sandstone (Aroostook County, Maine) is a
greenish-brown slightly calcareous and argillaceous sand-
stone, with minor beds and lenses of brown mudstone, the
fauna of which has been described by Williams and Breger
(1916), and J. M. Clarke. The formation is about 8,000
feet thick and its sandstones of chloritized volcanic particles
interfinger with the Edmunds Hill Andesite (Boucot et al,
1964).
The Clam Bank Formation (Southwest Newfoundland),
about 1,500 feet thick, is mainly brick-red (green-mottled)
sandstone and mudstone. Some beds are calcareous and
grade into fossiliferous lime-siltstones and lime-sandstones
containing Camarocrinus (Rodgers, 1965). The basal 150
feet of the formation is unfossiliferous red shale, of possible
Silurian age.
The Dalhousie Formation (Northern New Brunswick)
overlies the Silurian Chaleur Bay Group with apparent dis-
conformity. The lower member consists largely of greenish
and reddish boulder conglomerate, greenish mudstone, sand-
stone, limestone, and a variety of volcanics. The upper
member lies with angular unconformity on the lower mem-
ber and consists mainly of diverse volcanic rocks and lesser
amounts of sediments. The volcanics include andesite and
basalt flows, dykes, and sills, volcanic breccias and agglom-
erates, and felsite. The sediments are tuffs, black shales,
silty limestones, siltstones, and limestones. The formation
has been intruded by coarse-grained dioritic and gabbroic
masses which may be Devonian volcanic fissures and necks.
The Dockendorff Group (Maine) includes the oldest Dev-
onian rocks of northeast Maine. These are exposed in the
Chapman syncline where the basal unit, the Hedgehog For-
mation, is composed of volcanies with interlayers of sedi-
ments. Above this formation are three laterally intergrad-
ing units - The Edmunds Hill Andesite, the Chapman Sand-
stone and the Swanback Formation (argillite, shale, quart-
zite). All four units of the group are Late Gedinnian (New
Scotland) age (Pavlides et al, 1964).
The Escuminac Formation (Gaspe) consists of a rapid
alternation of grey sandstones and sandy shales. A char-
acteristic feature of the formation is the presence of num-
erous concretions, some of which are three feet in diameter.
This formation contains well preserved Upper Devonian
plant and fish remains (McGregor, 1959; Dineley, 1967).
The Famine Formation (Eastern Townships, Quebec) is
an isolated limestone outlier of probable Onondaga age. It
contains the corals Siphonophrentis and Heliophyllum.
The Fortin Group (Gaspe) consists of poorly sorted sand-
stone, conglomerate, and sandy limestones with slaty mud-
stone. It appears to grade laterally into the Cape Bon Ami
and Grande Greve Formations (McGerrigle, 1946). Marine
shells indicate a Becraft-Oriskany age for part of the group;
carbonaceous plant fragments are common in many places.
The group is interpreted as flysch facies equivalent in part
to the Seboomook Formation of Maine.
The Grande Greve Formation (Gaspe) is composed of
calcareous shales, limestone and siliceous limestone with
chert nodules. The formation is 885 feet thick at its type
section and increases to 3,000-4,000 feet in central Gaspe.
The formation has a rich and well-preserved Lower Devon-
ian fauna, divided into three faunal zones (Clarke, 1908).
Bentonites interbedded with fossiliferous beds of the lower
or Shiphead member have yielded K-Ar dates of 385
15 m.y. (Cumming, 1961).
The Gaspe Sandstone Group (Quebec) (Fig. 2) is widely
distributed in central Gaspe and consists of four units
(Dresser and Denis, 1944). At the base and of variable
thickness (0-5,000 feet) is the York Lake Formation of
greenish grey feldspathic sandstone and shale. This for-
mation appears to grade laterally into the Grande Greve
Formation. The York Lake Formation is overlain by the
York River Formation (4,500-6,000 feet thick) which is
in turn overlain by the Battery Point Formation (5,000-
7,000 feet thick). Both of these latter formations consist
largely of feldspathic sandstone and are the molasse sedi-
ments associated with the Acadian orogeny. The upper-
most unit of the group is the Malbaie Formation which is
characterized by conglomerate beds 2,000 feet thick and is
restricted in distribution to coastal regions of eastern Gaspe.
The York River Formation has yielded the great majority
of the "Gaspe Sandstone" marine fossils of Early Devonian
age described by Clarke (1908). The upper units of the
group are probably of Middle Devonian age.
The Hedgehog Formation (Maine) is an interlensing vol-
canic (trachyte) and sedimentary unit. It is overlain con-
formably by the Edmunds Hill Andesite and the Chapman
Sandstone of late Gedinnian (Helderberg) age (Williams
and Gregory, 1900).
The Knoydart Formation (Nova Scotia) consists of red
shales, sandstones, and calcareous bands containing pteras-
pids, ostracoderms and eurypterids, and is of Early Helder-
berg age probably. It overlies Silurian strata conformably
and underlies with angular unconformity the basal Lower
Carboniferous strata (Ami, 1900). The formation is the
equivalent of the coarse conglomerates of the River John
Formation of the Cobequid Mountains to the west.
The Littleton Formation (New Hampshire and adjacent
region) in the central synclinorium of New Hampshire was
originally composed of argillaceous and arenaceous sedi-
ments, with minor amounts of volcanics, quartzites and im-
pure dolomites, now showing a great range of metamorphic
grade (Billings, 1956). Amphigenia and Eodevonaria
(Boucot and Arndt, 1960) are preserved in certain chlorite-
grade rocks.
The Mapleton Sandstone (northeastern Maine) is a re-
latively undeformed and poorly indurated formation which
rests unconformably on both Upper Silurian and Lower
Devonian strata. Fossiliferous cobbles of the Lower Dev-
onian Chapman Sandstone have been found in this formation
(Williams and Gregory, 1900). Spores of probable Givetian
(Middle Devonian) age occur in the Mapleton Sandstone
(Pavlides et al, 1964; Schopf, 1964).
The McAdam Lake Formation (Cape Breton Island, N.S.)
consists of freshwater conglomerate, arkose, shale, tuff and
volcanic breccia. The formation may be of Early and Mid-
dle Devonian age and contains Drepanophycus spinaeforrnis,
and a Arthrostigma-Psilophyton
flora (Weeks, 1957).
The Perry Formation (southeast Maine and southwest
New Brunswick) is a post-orogenic red sandstone, conglom-
erate and shale unit which underlies much of Passama-
quoddy Bay and adjoining shore areas (Cumming, 1967).
The formation rests unconformably on Silurian strata and
has yielded an Upper Devonian flora (Smith and White,
1905). Conglomerate beds contain boulders derived from
the Devonian St. George granitic intrusions. Basaltic flows
are interbedded with the red sediments and locally the beds
are cut by basic dykes.
The Seboomook Formation (Maine) consists of blue-grey
slate with minor interbeds of hard sandstone. This unit is
a flysch deposit and shows cyclic layering of quartzite to
slate and graded bedding. The age of the formation through
most of northern Maine is mainly Siegenian (Becraft to
Oriskany), see Pavlides et al, (1964).
These Devonian formations are often in unconformable
contact with pre-Devonian, Devonian or post-Devonian
rocks (see Table I I ) . Deposition, largely non-marine, upon
the Acadian fold zone or orogen began in late Devonian in
isolated intermontaine troughs.
PALAEONTOLOGY
Palaeontologically, the region is classic ground for study
of Devonian plants (e.g. Psilophyton
from Gaspe) and Dev-
onian fish (e.g. Bothriolepis
from Chaleur Bay). Brachio-
pod, ostracod and plant-microspore zones have recently been
established in New Brunswick and Gaspe.
Some of the index fossils of mega-plant, fish, ostracod,
brachiopod and plant microspore remains of use in the east-
ern Appalachians are arranged stratigraphically in Table
III. Illustrations of these forms will appear in the forth-
TABLE III. Devonian Index FossilsCanadian Appalachians and
New England
FAMENNIAN

DEVONIAN
The Torbrook Formation (Nova Scotia) consists of dark

UPPER
grey to reddish shale and shaly siltstone and quartzitic iron-
formation. The formation is intruded by Devonian mafic FRASNIAN Archaeopteris gaspensis
and granitic rocks (Smitheringale, 1960). Hematite is the Bothriolepis canadensis
most abundant iron mineral but magnetite predominates
where the section has been more highly metamorphosed.
Some beds of the iron formation are highly fossiliferous. GIVETIAN Cala mophyton sp.
Pleurodictyum problematicus Pseu dosporochnus ? sp. and
micr ospores from the upper part

DEVONIAN
The formation contains and

MIDDLE
several brachiopod genera are similar to those of the EIFELIAN of th e Gaspe Sandstone Group.
Rhenish facies (Boucot, 1960). <a

The Terrenceville Formation (Fortune Bay, Newfound- ta

land) consists of brown to grey conglomerate and sand-

o Drepanophycus spinaeforrnis
ja
O
EMSIAN
ft. Amphigenia and Etymothyris
stone with minor amounts of grey-green shale and red mud-
LOWER DEVONIAN

stone. The formation is 1,000 feet thick and only occupies

an area of one square mile. It is the youngest stratified T Drepanophycus
Rensselaeria
rock in the area and post-dates the regional metamorphism SIEGENIAN Costispirifer arenosus
and contains plant fragments including Lepidodendron o Psilophyton princeps
sattelesZalessky (Bradley, 1962). It is correlated with the S Meristella
Upper Devonian Great Bay de l'Eau conglomerate of the Howellella and Podolella
Hermitage Peninsula to the west, which contains Protolepi- GEDINNIAN Traquairaspis
dendron and Eospermatopteris. Zygobeyrichia dalhousiensis
coming edition of "Geology and Economic Minerals of Can-
ada", edited by R. J. W. Douglas. Other Devonian faunas Devonian fm. Locality Age
of the New England-Canadian Appalachian region have been
illustrated by Boucot et al, (1958), Clarke (1908), Copeland
(1962), Denison (1955, 1958), Dineley (1964, 1967), Harper Littleton New Hampshire L. Dev.
(1963), Oliver (1960), and Williams and Berger (1916). Presque Isle,
Lower Devonian marine fossils of several distinct facies Dockendorff Maine L. Dev.
are widely distributed in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Dorchester Co.,
Brunswick, Quebec and Maine. Famine Quebec M. (?) Dev.
A Gedinnian marine faunule, associated with quartzites Matapedia,
and sedimentary iron formation and characterized by the "Heppel" Quebec L. Dev.
brachiopods Howellella and Podolella occurs in the Nictaux-
Torbrook region of Nova Scotia, is similar to the European Gaspe Central Gasp6
Rhenish facies. An Old Red Sandstone facies, terrestrial in Sandstone Peninsula L. and M. Dev.
origin and containing Traquairaspis occurs in the Arisaig
region, 175 miles to the east. Dalhousie Chaleur Bay L. Dev.
In central Gaspe peninsula of Quebec, a marine marginal- unnamed Nepisiquit Lakes
basin limestone facies characterized by the zonal brachio- sandstones N.B. L. Dev.
pods Meristella, Rensselaeria, Etymothyris, and Amphigenia
of Siegenian and Emsian age occurs in the Gaspe Limestone Passamaquoddy
and lower calcareous part of the overlying Gaspe Sandstone. Perry Bay U. Dev.
Ostracods (e.g. Tubulibardia and Zygobeyrichia, and corals
characterize the limy marine Dalhousie Shale of New Brun- Knoydart Arisaig N.S. L. Dev.
swick.
Also in Gaspe, a transitional facies, characterized by Torbrook SW Nova Scotia L. Dev.
Globithyris and Rhenorennselaeria is laterally associated
with a plant-eurypterid-fish-bearing sandstone with Psilo-
phyton, Drepanophycus and Prototaxites. Marine faunas of Middle River Cape Breton Sil.-Dev. (?)
Middle and Late Devonian ages are poorly known. Middle
Devonian plant material is probably present in the upper McAdam Lake Cape Breton L. or M. Dev.
part of the Gaspe Sandstone and in other terrestrial deposits
e.g. Mapleton Sandstone of Maine. Clam Bank W. Newfoundland L. Dev. + ? Sil.
Between Fleurant Point and Miguasha, Quebec, on the
north shore of the head of Chaleur Bay is one of the most Bay du Nord La Poile, Nfld. L. Dev.
prolific and important collecting grounds for Devonian fossil
fishes in North America. There the Escuminac Formation Great Bay de
l'Eau
Fortune Bay,
Nfld. U. Dev.
comprises 400 feet of grey sandstone and shale. The upper
part of this fresh-water lake deposit contains cephalaspids, Terrenceville S. Newfoundland U. Dev.
anaspids, acanthodians, arthrodires, antiarchs (Bothriolep-
is) and osteichthyes, lung fishes (dipnions) and lobefins
(crossopterygians). Associated are Upper Devonian plants TABLE II. Devonian
 Interpretation Interpretation
Underlying fm. Age of contact Overlying fm. Age of contact Reference
conformity a few remnants angular
Albee, Fitch, etc. Ord. + Sil. with overlap only. unconformity Billings, 1956

Perham, etc. angular Pavlides et al.,

Sil. and older unconformity ? Mapleton M. Dev. unconformity 1964.
G.S.C. Mem.
Lower Famham Ord. unconformity None in contact 127.
probable G.S.C. Mem.
St. Leon Sil. conformity None in contact 183.

Gaspe Limestone L. Dev. conformity None in contact Cumming, 1959.

G.S.C. Mem.
Chaleur Bay Gp. Sil. disconformity Bonaventure Carb. unconformity 183.
unnamed G.S.C. Map
volcanic rocks L. Dev. conformity None in contact 37-1962.
angular
Mascarene Gp. Sil. unconformity None in contact Cumming, 1967.
disconformity angular G.S.C. Mem.
Stonehouse Sil. (?) McAras Carb. unconformity 60.
Smitheringale,
Kentville Sil. conformity None in contact Intruded by granites dated at 380 m.y. 1960.
G.S.C. Mem.
unnamed -e and Pre-e unconformity None in contact 277.
Pre- granite and
Lv. sediments Palaeozoic unconformity Grantmire Carb. unconformity Weeks, 1957.
Long Point Ord. disconformity None in contact Rodgers, 1965.
unnamed
igneous rocks Dolman gneiss Dev. unconformity Gillis, 1965.
Long Harbour angular A local ? Carboniferous G.S.C. Map
volcanics Ord. unconformity None in contact granite intrusive contact 8-1965.
none in contact Southern Hills Pre- thrust Bradley, 1962.

Sedimentary Contacts
such as Archaeopteris, Lepidostrobus, Platyphyllum and
Sternbergia.
The Upper Devonian flora of the Perry Formation con-
tains Archaeopteris, Barrandeina, Rachiopteris, Sphenop-
teris and Barinophyton described by Smith and White
(1905), and Helmstaedt (1966).
Marine faunas in platform facies limestone blocks of the
lie. Ste. Helene breccia, Montreal are of two ages (Williams,
1910). The older, a Helderbergian Gypidula Pseudogaleata
fauna, contains an assemblage typical of the Becraft lime-
stone of New York. A younger Costispirifer arenosus fauna
of Oriskany age is found in other limestone blocks. This
younger assemblage is similar to that of the lower part of
the Grande Greve Formation of Gaspe and Moose River
and Chapman sandstones of Maine.
IGNEOUS A C T I V I T Y A N D M E T A M O R P H I S M
The Devonian System of the eastern Appalachians repre-
sents a time of climactic orogeny: emplacement of exten-
sive granitic batholiths (see Fig. 1), and extensive metamor-
phism. Several stages of granite intrusion may be recogniz-
ed; pre-, syn-, and post-Acadian calk-alkalic granites occur
in New England (Goldsmith, 1964).
Devonian intrusive rocks of Newfoundland have features
in common with those of central New Hampshire. The
Oliverian Magma series in New Hampshire was intruded
after deposition of the Lower Devonian Littleton Formation
and before the main pulse of the Devonian Acadian orogeny
(Billings, 1956). In Newfoundland examples of "pre-fold-
ing" intrusive bodies, analogous with the Oliverian domes,
are the Dolman gneiss and associated pink granulite and
quartz porphyry of the La Poile area (Cooper, 1954).
The Dolman gneiss is interpreted as a deep seated concor-
dant intrusion emplaced as a flat-lying lenticular mass, which
domed the rock above it and was later tilted. Granoblastic
textures, gradational contacts and assimilation of inclusions
are features characteristic of both the Dolman gneiss and
the Oliverian series (Cooper, 1954).
Correlatives of the New Hampshire Magma series in New-
foundland typically comprise a sub-alkaline series. These
Newfoundland Devonian intrusives comprise two cycles of
basic to acidic rocks. The major part of both cycles is con-
temporaneous with the Devonian folding. In addition, post-
folding porphyitic biotite granite form large batholithic
bodies (Cooper, 1954).
The Devonian sedimentary rocks in New Hampshire have
been regionally metamorphosed. The grade of metamor-
phism differs considerably, from the chlorite zone at one
extreme to the sillimanite zone at the other.
The metamorphism caused by Devonian intrusives is over-
printed in part of Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine by
metamorphism caused by Carboniferous and Mesozoic in-
trusions. The northeastern limit of this younger metamor-
phism probably does not extend beyond southwestern
Maine (Faul et al, 1963). An example of regional metamor-
phism associated only with Devonian intrusives is that of
southwestern Nova Scotia. There the intrusion of Devon-
ian granitic rocks produced a zone of contact metamorphism
(hornblende-hornfels facies) that was superimposed upon
a regional green schist facies (Taylor and Schiller, 1966)
caused by the Acadian orogenic process.
Generally, all major intrusive bodies in the region exhibit
a distinct thermal, contact metamorphic aureole. Espen-
shade and Boudette (1964) described biotite, and andalusite-
amphibole and sillimanite-cordierite zones around the gran-
odiorite-monzonite bodies in Maine, Contact metamorphism
around bodies of Devonian quartz monzonite in southern
Maine is usually limited to an aureole less than three-quart-
ers of a mile wide. These auroles are marked by an increase
in magnetite and biotite ELS well as traces of chalcopyrite and
pyrrhotite (Larrabee et al, 1965). Sillimanite and locally
cordierite occur near the contacts of the New Hampshire
Magma series in the northern part of Vermont.
R A D I O M E T R I C AGE D E T E R M I N A T I O N S
Radiometric dating has played an important role in the
interpretation of Devonian rocks of the region (Faul et al,
1963 and Zartman et al, 1965).
The base of the Devonian system is dated at about 395
m.y. and the top of the system 345 m.y. (Friend and
House, 1964). The New England-Canadian Appalachian
Region has provided the following critical dates for the
Lower Devonian part of the time scale.
Calais granite, Lower Gedinnian
eastern Maine or older 404 8 m.y.
Grand Greve bentonite,
eastern Gaspe Siegenian 385 15 m.y.
Jackman monzonite, Emsian
northern Maine to Frasnian 360 5 m.y.
Kineo volcanics,
northern Maine
1
Emsian 350 10 m.y.
Rhyolite-andesite from the Hedgehog Formation, Maine
has provided a Rb-Sr whole-rock date of 413 10 m.y.
(Bottino and Fullagar, 1966), for the Silurian-Devonian
boundary of the central volcanic belt of the geosyncline.
In the Canadian Appalachian Region crystalline rocks
dated as Devonian in age are closely associated with three
other sets of intrusive or metamorphic rock: Precambrian
(Grenville); Ordovician (Taconic); and Cretaceous (Mon-
teregian) Poole et al, 1964).
Numerous Devonian K-Ar and Rb-Sr ages, in the range
350-390 m.y., obtained on granitic and metamorphic rocks
from widely separated localities throughout the New Eng-
land and Canadian Appalachian region (see Fig. 1) have
given strong support to the view that the Devonian orogeny
was the climactic event affecting this geosynclinal region.
Radiometric dates on the granitic rocks of New Brun-
swick provide K-Ar ages in the range 365-395 m.y. Most
of the Acadian granites in Nova Scotia have provided a
range of 350-370 m.y. In general, the New Brunswick dates
are consistently 20 to 40 m.y. older than those to the south
in Nova Scotia (Poole et al, 1964). A similar pattern has
been recognized in the New England States (Faul et al,
1963). It is possible that the New Brunswick Devonian
granites were intruded and cooled earlier than those of Nova
Scotia or possibly the intrusions were synchronous but that
the larger Nova Scotian batholiths took longer to solidify.
An upper limit on the Devonian System has been deter-
mined by a Rb-Sr date of 349 15 m.y. (Cormier and
Kelly, 1964) from the spore-bearing Fisset Brook Form-
ation (earliest Mississippian) of Cape Breton (Kelley and
Mackasey, 1965).
ECONOMIC MINERALS
This geosynclinal region with its numerous granitic in-
trusions, varied tectonic settings and rapid facies changes is
an area with a great variety of mineral deposits. A syn-
thesis of the occurrence of some of these deposits (see Fig.
3) has been made by McCartney (1965) and McCartney
and Potter (1962). Similar metallogenic relationships may
be inferred for the New England area.
In Figure 3, the orogenic or middle tectonic stage was
caused by the Acadian orogeny during Devonian time. Ele-
ments such as tin, tungsten and molybdenum appear to form
discrete deposits for the first time in the geosyncline's his-
tory. These deposits may be a function of the first appear-
ance in the geosyncline of anatectic granites and could result
from a concentration of elements such as tin in the pre-
orogenic sediments and subsequent down-buckling of the
sedimentary pile.
The principal deposits associated with this middle tectonic
stage include:
1. Molybdenite-quartz veins associated with granitic
rocks. An example in the Eastern Townships of Quebec con-
tains molybdenite and minor stannite and scheelite in a
gangue of quartz, lesser feldspar and minor muscovite gan-
gue. Selected muscovite samples yielded an age of 360
m.y. and the nearby stock had been dated as 362 m.y.
2. Gold-arsenopyrite-quartz veins occur in Ordovician
sediments near Devonian granites in southern Nova Scotia.
3. Cassiterite is known at New Ross, Nova Scotia in
granite.
4. Wolframite in quartz veins with associated molybdenite
occur at Burnt Hill and Square Lake, New Brunswick asso-
ciated with a late facies of a large Devonian granite body.
5. Pegmatite deposits, including beryllium and lithium-
bearing varieties, are known in southern Nova Scotia.
6. Fluorite veins, accompanied by silicification of their
Devonian granite wall rock, are mined at St. Lawrence,
Newfoundland.
In addition are the important chalcopyrite-molybdenite
skarn deposits at Murdochville, Quebec. Biotite-feldspar-
porphyry associated with this mineralization has been dated
as 390 m.y. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, molybdenite and native
bismuth are found in the skarn zone and in sericitized
quartz-feldspar porphyry dykes. The stratigraphic position
of the Murdochville ore bodies is shown in Table IV.
In central Gaspe development work has been done on oc-
currences of zinc and lead, but no production has yet been
attempted. This mineralized area lies near the headwaters
of Cascapedia River. The rocks of the mineralized belt are
Lower Devonian shales and sandstone overlain by basic vol-
TABLE IV. Formations in the Murdockville District, Quebec,
Showing the Stratigraphic Position of the Major Ore Bodies
(after J. J. Brummer, 1966).
Dykes cut Cape Bon Ami and
Diabase Grande Greve Formations
Intrusive Biotite Stock, dykes and sills into formations
rock granite and listed below. Metamorphism, min-
quartz-feldspar eralization, folding and faulting of
porphyry the sediments probably contempor-
aneous with the intrusives.
York River Green-gray, feldspathic sandstone;
Formation green-gray shale; black, calcareous
1,600 feet + siltstone.
York Lake
Formation
Green-gray and white felspathic sand-
stone; green and black shale; gray,
1,800 feet calcareous siltstone.
Lower Grande Greve Dark gray, hard, carcareous siltstone;
Devonian Formation fragmental tuffs. Contains Aiguille
1,900-2,200 feet mountain "A" orebody and Copper
Mountain orebody.
Cape Bon Ami Black, well-bedded siltstone; calcar-
Formation eous siltstone; impure limestone;
3,000-4,000 feet shale; minor fragmental tuff. Con-
tains Aiguille mountain "B" and
"C" orebodies.
Devonian including the Greenish gray and brown shale and
and St. Alban siltstone; dark gray, silty limestone
Silurian Formation and light gray, calcareous siltstone.
6,600 feet +
canic flows. The volcanic rocks, in turn, are succeeded by
the Gaspe Sandstones. The Lower Devonian sediments are
folded, faulted, and intruded by dykes and stocks of granite,
syenite, diorite, and porphyry. The deposits are veins and
mineralized breccia zones carrying sphalerite and galena and,
in places, chalcopyrite; the gangue is quartz and carbonate.
All these Gaspe deposits form part of a very extensive
lead-zinc-copper-silver-gold Appalachian metallogenic prov-
ince which extends from New England to the Atlantic Prov-
inces. The deposits are considered to be genetically related
to discordant Devonian granites (e.g. the McGerrigle bath-
olith) intruded during the Acadian orogeny (Beland et al,
1962; Brummer, 1966). To the south, in the Bathurst Min-
ing Camp, similar granites appear to have played an im-
portant role in moving the metals to their present structural
positions, since the Brunswick No. 6 and No. 12 deposits
show a spatial relationship to the Bathurst granite.
UNDIFFERENTIATED STRATA OF SILURIAN-DEVONIAN
AGE
Throughout the region there is a problem of separating
Silurian from Devonian strata. In several areas, especially
in Maine and adjacent parts of the Connecticut Valley-
Gaspe Synclinorium a continuum of subsidence and sedi-
mentation crossed the theoretical Silurian-Devonian time
boundary. In Maine, for example, beneath the Seboomook
Formation a number of rock units are difficult to assign to
either a Silurian or Devonian age. Many of these units
e.g. Hobbstown Formation, Capens Formation and Whisky
quartzite (Boucot, 1961) are of limited extent and thick-
ness.
Assumed Devonian ages of Intrusions: Although it is still
generally assumed that the bulk of the Palaezoic granites
in this eastern Appalachian region are of Devonian age,
caution must be exercised for some Palaezoic granitic
rocks in this area have recently been found to be other than
mid-Devonian in age.
Regional studies and geological mapping being carried out
by Geological Surveys, private industry and universities are
contributing greatly to the overall knowledge of the Devon-
ian System in the New England States and Canadian Appa-
lachians.
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