Selection of Equivalent Steel Materials To European Steel Materials Specifications

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CM
MY
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March2015

SelectionofEquivalentSteelMaterialsto
EuropeanSteelMaterialsSpecifications
KFChung,SPChiewandHYLee
ProfessionalGuideHKCMSAP001
March2015
Jointlypublishedby

HongKongConstructionalMetalStructuresAssociation

MacauSocietyofMetalStructures

ChineseNationalEngineeringResearchCentreforSteelConstruction
Supportedby

ChineseIronandSteelAssociation

ConstructionIndustryCouncil,HongKongSAR

CivilEngineeringLaboratoryofMacau,MacauSAR

SingaporeStructuralSteelSociety,Singapore

Disclaimer
No responsibility is assumed for any injury and / or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,
negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the
materialherein.
Copyright2015reservedbytheHongKongConstructionalMetalStructuresAssociation.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyform
orbyanymeans,electronicmechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthe
publisher.
PrintedbyTheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity
ISBN:9789881640202
ii
Foreword
Among various international steel materials specifications, European steel materials

specificationshavebeenwidelyadoptedinmanycountriesallovertheworldowingtotheir
high credibility and applicability levels. However, owing to differences in technological
developments over the past 30 years, Chinese steel materials specifications have different
acceptancecriteriaandfollowdifferentqualityassuranceproceduresthanisthecasewith
European steel materials specifications. These technical differences cause practical
difficultiestomanydesignandconstructionengineersinacceptingChinesesteelmaterials
and structural products in international construction projects. The current situation,
therefore,ishighlyunfavourabletothewideadoptionoverseasofChinesesteelmaterials,
and this presents severe challenges to any substantial export growth of Chinese steel
products.
The launching of this Professional Guide on Selection of Equivalent Steel Materials to

European Steel Materials Specifications will help promote exports of high qualityChinese
steel materials. The Guide tackles the practical problems encountered by thousands of
design and construction engineers overseas in accepting Chinese steel materials as
equivalenttoEuropeansteelmaterialsspecificationsbyprovidingcomprehensivetechnical
information and theessentialconsiderationsinvolvedinassessingtheequivalenceofsteel
materials from different countries. Through the use of this document, design and
construction engineers are able to identify and readily establish equivalent Chinese steel
materials.
As one of the publishers of this document, the Chinese National Engineering Research
Centre for Steel Construction is delighted to witness the technological achievements
displayed in the document. Publication of this document will contribute positively to
continualresearchanddevelopmentonhighqualityconstructionalsteelbyboththeChina
Iron and Steel Industry and the Chinese Steel Construction Industry. Moreover, it will
definitelypromotefurtherdevelopmentsofmodernsteelconstructiontechnologyinChina
andbeyond.

Mr.ZhaoXinHOU
ChiefEngineer
ChineseNationalEngineeringResearchCentre
forSteelConstruction
GeneralSecretary
ChineseSteelconstructionSociety
Beijing,China
iii
Foreword
With the support of national policies, the Chinese Steel Construction Industry has made
rapiddevelopmentssince1990. Alargenumberofenterpriseswithhighlyskilledstructural
steelworkdesignersandfabricatorsusingadvancedengineeringtechnologieshaveemerged,
pushing forward technological advances in the steel construction industry at an
unprecedented pace. Since 2000, these enterprises have expanded out from their home
basestoparticipateinmanyconstructionprojectsoverseas,andcontributetothesuccesses
ofmanyhugeinfrastructuredevelopmentsinmanypartsoftheworld.
Owing to everincreasing internationalization in the global construction market, it is

important for Chinese steel materials to be used successfully in various foreign countries
despite the fact that these countries have their own steel materials specifications. In
recentyears,ithasbecomestrategicallyimportantforChinesesteelmaterialstobedirectly
acceptedasequivalentEuropeansteelmaterialsinmanypartsoftheworld.Thisparticular
development is generally thought to be an important breakthrough, supporting the
continualbusinessdevelopmentsoftheseenterprisesintheglobalconstructionmarket. It
isalsoadirectresponsetothecallsoftheChineseSteelConstructionIndustryforscientific
andtechnologicaldevelopments.
This Professional Guide on Selection of Equivalent Steel Materials to European Steel

MaterialsSpecificationspresentsdesignmethodologiestoestablishselectedsteelmaterials
as equivalent European steel materials. Based on the key technical requirements for
varioustypesofstructuralsteelwork,chemicalcompositionandmechanicalpropertieshave
beenexaminedsystematicallyinclassifyingwhereequivalencelies.
ThisProfessionalGuidepresentsacomprehensiveviewontheequivalenceofsteelmaterials
which is technically sound, and highly practical. It is expected that the acceptability of
Chinese steel materials overseas and the competitiveness of Chinese Steel Construction
Industry will be enhanced in securing international construction projects. Meanwhile,
more research effort should be devoted by steel construction experts, senior design and
construction engineers, and structural steel researchers in order to further promote the
internationalizationoftheChineseSteelConstructionIndustry.

Mr.BingYAO
President
ChinaConstructionMetalStructureAssociation
FormerChiefEngineer
MinistryofConstruction,PeoplesRepublicofChina
Beijing,China
iv
Foreword
In recent years, the Chinese Iron and Steel Industry has made tremendous progress
improvingthequalitiesandoutputsofsteelmaterials,reducingtheconsumptionofenergy
and the emission of greenhouse gases, and pioneering sustainable development in steel
production. Nowadays, China is the largest steel producer in the world, and its annual
production in 2013 is estimated to be 822 million metric tons*, being 54.3%* of world
production. Moreover,itiswellequippedwithmodernmanufacturingfacilitiesproducing
highqualitysteelmaterialswithrigorousqualitycontrolandtechnologicalinnovations. All
ofthesearewellrecognizedbytheironandsteelindustriesofmanycountries. Hence,the
ChineseIronandSteelIndustryhaseverincreasinginfluenceontheironandsteelindustries
worldwide.
Steel materials are essential for construction in many countries, and steel construction
standards are key engineering references for design, fabrication and construction of
structural steelwork. At present, Chinese steel materials are not only able to fulfil the
demandsofthedomesticconstructionindustryinChina,butarealsoexportedtoSoutheast
Asia, the European Community, the Americas, etc.. However, owing to the differences in
variousnationalstructuralsteelspecifications,Chinesesteelmaterialsoftenfinddifficultyin
beingacceptedoverseas. Moreover,manydesignersarenotabletospecifyChinesesteel
materials because of the lack of suitable design guidance. Hence, comparative analyses
between European and Chinese steel materials specifications and advancement of the
equivalence of high quality Chinese steel materials will not only improve the quality of
Chinese steel materials, but also encourage technological collaboration and trade
development between China and the European Community, and further facilitate the
sustainabledevelopmentoftheChineseSteelConstrictionIndustry.
Professor K.F. Chung, Professor S.P. Chiew and Mr. Y.H. Lee together with their research
teamsandengineeringstaffarecommittedinpromotingtheeffectiveuseofChinesesteel
materials in construction worldwide. Based on their many years of experience in
international engineering practice and structural engineering research in Hong Kong,
Singapore, Macau, and other Asian countries, they have examined the technical
requirements of European steel materials specifications as both explicitly and implicitly
specified in Structural Eurocodes. All of these requirements have been assessed
thoroughlyand comparedrigorouslywiththoseofChinesesteelmaterials,andtheresults
are presented systematically in this Professional Guide on Selection of Equivalent Steel
MaterialstoEuropeanSteelMaterialsSpecifications.
v
This document is well written both technically and from the practical viewpoint, providing
specificdetailsontheeffectsofvariouschemicalelementsonthestructuralperformanceof
steelmaterials.Differentmechanicalrequirementsfordifferenttypesofsteelmaterialsare
also identified. After comprehensive analyses of European and Chinese steel materials
against various structural requirements, equivalence of European and Chinese steel
materials is formulated in a rational manner. In general, this document will serve as the
definitive technical reference for design and construction engineers using Chinese steel
materialsasequivalentEuropeansteelmaterialsforconstructionpurposes. TheGuidewill
foster further research and development work on the equivalence of steel materials
manufacturedindifferentcountries.
Mr.ZhenJiangLIU
AssociationRepresentative,DeputyPresident,
andGeneralSecretary
Beijing,China

*Editorsnote: DataprovidedbyChineseIronandSteelAssociationinSeptember2014.
vi
Foreword
With the increasing use of structural steel materials in construction over the past few
decades, many emerging technologies and new steel materials have been developed to
meet the new requirements of modern construction. Meanwhile, economic activities in
manycountriesdriveinternationaltechnologicalexchangesanddevelopments. Asaresult
of globalization in construction, largescale infrastructure projects are often designed by
teams of designers and engineers from different countries who specify constructional
materials manufactured also from different countries. As a direct consequence of this
trend, it is very important for the effective use of Chinese steel materials in overseas
constructionprojectstobepromotedsothatforeigndesignandconstructionengineersare
abletospecifysteelmaterialsrationallywhilstlocalsitestaffandinspectionagentsarealso
abletoworksmoothly. Thesedevelopmentsareindeedessentialtofacilitatethesmooth
operationandprogressofconstructionprojects.

Materials Specifications directly addresses key technical aspects of the use of equivalent
steelmaterialsinconstruction. Referringtothemostwidelyacceptedcodesofpracticein
theworld,namely,theStructuralEurocodes,thisProfessionalGuidepresentsspecificrules
of equivalence for steel materials using various nonEuropean steel materials, including
Chinesesteelmaterials. Firstly,theeffectsofvariouschemicalelementsonthephysical
as well as the mechanical properties of steel materials are introduced. Secondly, specific
requirements for variousstructuralproperties ofsteel materials in different product forms
arealsoanalysed. Thirdly,technicalcriteriaandconsiderationsontheequivalenceofsteel
materials are thoroughly presented together with a large amount of tabulated data to
facilitate practical design. In general, all the technical information is presented in a
scientificanduserfriendlymannerforbothpracticalandacademicreference.
This Professional Guide presents a new technical viewpoint on the equivalence of steel
materials. Itnotonlyprovidestechnicalinformationanddatafordesignandconstruction
engineers,butalsoservesasadefinitiveindustrialreferenceontheeffectiveuseofChinese
steel materials on overseas construction projects. Hence, this Professional Guide will
unquestionably facilitate collaborative technological developments and construction
projectsintheRegion.
Dr.JoseSaiPingCHIU
President
MacauSocietyofMetalStructures
MacauSAR,China
vii
Foreword
Asameetingpoint oftheEastandthe West,HongKonghastheprivilege ofenjoyingthe

bestofboththeEastandtheWest. Moreimportantly,HongKongisalwaysabletolearn
fromitscontextsandconstraints,andthendevelopitsownpracticetostriveandsucceed.
At present, there are thousands of design offices, consultancy firms and engineering
companiesinHongKong,andmanyofthemareregionalheadquartersandstrategicoffices
of international companies in Asia. Hong Kong is truly an international city which is well
connectedtotherestoftheworldthroughflights,phonesandtheinternet.
In respect of infrastructure developments, Hong Kong has witnessed the construction of

manyfamoushighrisebuildingsandlongspanbridgesdesignedandconstructedbyworld
renowned architects and engineers over the past 30 years. Through construction of these
buildingsandbridges,HongKongconstructionprofessionalshaveworkedwiththousandsof
constructional materials from all over the world. These include structural steel materials
shippedfromtheU.K.,EuropeanCommunities,Japan,UnitedStatesofAmerica,Australiaas
wellasChina.Owingtothehighlevelsoftechnologicalattainmentandpracticalexperience
with British Standards, and more recently, Structural Eurocodes, Hong Kong design and
constructionengineershavebeenworkingonoverseasconstructionprojectssince1990.
Inrecentyears,manylargescalehotelsandresortshavebeendesignedandconstructedin
MacaubyHongKongconstructionprofessionals,andalargenumberofleadingHongKong
companies of project managers, architects, engineers, surveyors, contractors, building
materials suppliers as well as thirdparty inspection and testing agents have made
tremendouscontributionstothesuccessoftheseconstructionprojects.Itshouldbenoted
that many of these hotels and resorts were designed to American practice, but built by
Chinese contractors. Owing to the stringent specifications on building layouts, large
enclosed spaces and short construction time, many of the building structures were of
structural steelwork. Hence, Hong Kong construction professionals have successfully
acquiredfirsthandprofessionalexperienceofthelatestinternationalpracticeaswellasin
supportingtheChineseConstructionIndustry,inparticular,theChineseSteelConstruction
Industry.

Materials Specifications is published with a view to assist design and construction
engineersinselectingsuitablesteelmaterialsforstructuralsteelworkwhicharedesignedto
modern structural steel codes such as the Structural Eurocodes. After a comprehensive
reviewofthechemicalcompositionandthemechanicalpropertiesofmanyconstructional
steelmaterialsproducedinaccordancewiththesteelmaterialsspecificationsofAustralia,
viii
China,Japan,andU.S.A.,equivalentsteelmaterialshavebeenidentifiedwhichare readily
accepted on construction projects. Technically, this Professional Guide provides an
international level playing field for all high quality steel materials produced to various
national materials specifications enabling competition based purely on technical grounds.
The Guide will generate a huge amount of interest among steel producers and structural
steel designers in these countries, including China. Hong Kong design and construction
engineers will be able to specify high quality steel materials andstructuralsteelwork with
reliable supply, good fabrication and high levels of economy for construction projects in
Hong Kong and overseas. This will facilitate further development of Hong Kong as an
InternationalEngineeringDesignCentreforInfrastructureforAsiaandbeyond.
ProfessorKwokFaiCHUNG
President
HongKongConstructionalMetalStructuresAssociation
HongKongSAR,China
ix
Preface
For many years, almost all steel structures in Hong Kong were designed to the British
structuralsteeldesigncode,BS5950,andallsteelmaterialswerespecifiedcorrespondingly
to British steel materials specifications such as BS4360. However, as early as the 1990s,
nonBritishsteelmaterialsfoundtheirwaytoHongKongaswellastoSingaporeandother
neighbouring cities in Southeast Asia. Occasionally, there were projects when contractors
would use nonBritishsteel materials,such as American, Australian, Japanese and Chinese
steelmaterials.Thechangesrangedfrommerelyusingthesematerialsforsomemembersof
temporary structures to replacement of complete beamcolumn frames of building
structures. Over the years, many successful projects in Hong Kong benefited from good
qualitynonBritishsteelmaterials,timelysupplyanddeliveryaswellasimprovedstructural
economy. However, there were also a few bad examples of the use of nonBritish steel
materials with inconsistent chemical composition, inadequate mechanical properties and
lackoftraceability.
Inthe2000s,owingtolargefluctuationsinthecostsofsteelmaterialsintheglobalmarkets,
ChinesesteelmaterialsbecamepracticalalternativestoBritishsteelmaterialsinanumber
of construction projects in Asia, in particular, in Hong Kong, Macau and Singapore. During
the drafting of the Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel for the Buildings
DepartmentoftheGovernmentofHongKongSAR,i.e.HongKongSteelCodefromFebruary
2003 to August 2005, it was decided necessary to devise a means to allow, or more
accurately,toformalize,theuseofChinesesteelmaterialsasequivalentsteelmaterialsfor
structureswhichwereoriginallydesignedtoBS5950.VariouspartsofChapter3oftheHong
Kong Steel Code provided basic principles and considerations for qualifying as well as
acceptingsteelmaterialsmanufacturedtothefollowingnationalmaterialsspecifications:
Americanstandards,
Australian/NewZealandstandards,
Chinesestandards,and
Japanesestandards.
Moreover,asimpleandpracticalclassificationsystemfornonBritishsteelmaterialswasalso
introduced in the Hong Kong Steel Code in which the design strengths of these steel
materials depended on adequacy of materials specifications as well as effectiveness of
qualitycontrolduringtheirproduction.
AsimilaruseofnonBritishsteelmaterialswasalsoformallyadoptedinSingaporewiththe
issue of a technical guide entitled Design Guide on Use of Alternative Steel Materials to
BS5950in2008,andthenitsrevisedversionentitledDesignGuideonUseofAlternative
x
Structural Steel to BS5950 and Eurocode 3 in 2012 by the Building and Construction
AuthorityoftheMinistryofNationalDevelopment.TheseDesignGuidesaimedtoprovide
technical guidelines and design information on the use of nonBritish steel materials, and
the classification system on various steel materials given in the Code of Practice on the
StructuralUseofSteelwasadoptedafterminormodification.Undertheprovisionsofthese
Design Guides, alternative steel materials not manufactured to British and European steel
materialsstandardsmaybeallowedinstructuraldesignbasedontheStructuralEurocodes
forconstructionprojectsinSingapore.
ShortlyafteritsestablishmentinJuly2010,theHongKongConstructionalMetalStructures
Association collaborated closely with the Macau Society of Metal Structures to explore
various issues related to the equivalence of steel materials, and their impacts on
construction projects in both Hong Kong and Macau. With the support of the Chinese
National Engineering Research Centre for Steel Construction in Beijing, anExpert Panel on
theEffectiveUseofEquivalentSteelMaterialsinBuildingConstructionwasestablished. A
meetingof12steelexpertsfromChina,HongKongandMacauwasheldon26January2011
attheHongKongConventionandExhibitionCentreinWanChai,HongKongtoi)identifythe
needsofthelocalconstructionindustry, ii)establishpossiblesupplychainsofequivalent
steel materials, and iii) formulate recommendations for rectification. Consequently, an
Expert Task Committee was established in March 2011 to collect technical information on
both the chemical composition and mechanical properties of steel materials produced by
EuropeancountriesandtheU.K.,Australia,China,Japan,andtheUnitedStatesofAmerica
forcomparativeanalysis.
By September 2011, a number of steel materialsspecifications from various countries had

been selected for further consideration according to their mechanical properties: yield
strengths,tensiletoyieldstrengthratios,elongationlimits,toughnessandweldability. The
findings were presented to the Chinese Iron and Steel Association and the Chinese Steel
Construction Society in March 2012, and it was decided to expand the scope of the
comparative analysis to cover steel materials under various delivery conditions as well as
productforms. Moreover,ascientificandyetpracticalbasisforgaugingtheequivalenceof
steel materials should be formulated. After a number of meetings of members of the
ExpertTaskCommitteeaswellasdiscussionsandexchangeswithexperiencedengineersand
steel experts in Hong Kong, Macau and China, a draft of the Professional Guide entitled
Selection of Equivalent Steel Materials to European Steel Materials Specifications was
compiledinSeptember2013forinternationalconsultation.
DuringthePacificStructuralSteelConference2013heldinSingaporefrom9to11October
2013,manyexperiencedengineersandsteelexpertsaswellastechnicalrepresentativesof
xi
national steel construction associations were invited to join the International Advisory
CommitteeoftheProfessionalGuide. Theyprovidedvaluabletechnicalcommentsonthe
draft document as well as recommendations to the Expert Task Committee on the overall
direction for further development of the Professional Guide. After receiving many
favourable and constructive comments, the international consultation was concluded in
April 2014, and the finalized version of the Professional Guide was compiled in July 2014
afterincorporatingallcommentsasappropriate.
ThroughtheuseoftheProfessionalGuide,selectedsteelmaterialsmanufacturedtomodern
materials specifications of Australia/New Zealand, China, Japan, and the United States of
America are fully endorsed to be equivalent to those steel materials manufactured to
European steel materials specifications including EN 10025, EN 10149, EN 10210 and EN
10219. Moreover, these equivalent steel materials must achieve full compliance with the
requirementsonmaterialperformanceandqualityassurancetoEN10025asdetailedinthe
Professional Guide. Consequently, these equivalent steel materials can be readily
employed on construction projects in which structural steelwork is designed to Structural
EurocodesEN1993andEN1994. Hence,theProfessionalGuideprovidesaninternational
levelplayingfieldforChinesesteelmaterialsenablingthemtocompetedirectlywiththose
steelmaterialsfromothercountriesforoverseasconstructionprojects.
The Professional Guide is jointly published by the Hong Kong Constructional Metal
Structures Association, the Macau Society of Metal Structures and the Chinese National
Engineering Research Centre for Steel Construction. The support from the following
organizationsforthepublicationofthisdocumentisgratefullyacknowledged:
ConstructionIndustryCouncil,HongKongSAR
CivilEngineeringLaboratoryofMacau,MacauSAR
This Professional Guide has been compiled under the close supervision and general
managementofanExpertTaskCommitteeledbyProfessorK.F.Chung.Technicalcomments
on the draft document as well as recommendations on the overall development of the
Professional Guide were also received from members of the International Advisory
Committee.Variousdraftsofthedocumenthavebeenreviewedbyexperiencedengineers
andsteelexpertsinHongKong,MacauandChinaaswellasmembersoftheInternational
Advisory Committee. Contributions from members of both the International Advisory
CommitteeandtheExpertTaskCommitteearegratefullyacknowledged.
K.F.Chung,S.P.ChiewandH.Y.Lee
xii
InternationalAdvisoryCommittee
Mr.JinDongCHI
ChineseIronandSteelAssociation,Beijing,China
Mr.YiLIU
ChineseSteelConstructionSociety,Beijing,China
Mr.ZhaoXinHOU
ChineseNationalEngineeringResearchCentreforSteelConstruction,Beijing,China
ProfessorYongJiuSHI
TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing,China
ProfessorYiYiCHEN
TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China
ProfessorGuoQiangLI
TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China
ProfessorJingTaoHAN
UniversityofScienceandTechnologyBeijing,Beijing,China
Dr.ManChunTANG
T.Y.LinInternational,U.S.A.
Dr.RobinSiuHungSHAM
AECOMBridgeEngineering,U.S.A.&HongKongSAR
ProfessorReidarBJORHOVDE
AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineersandAmericanInstituteofSteelConstruction,
U.S.A.
ProfessorDavidA.NETHERCOT
ImperialCollegeLondon,London,U.K.
ProfessorR.MarkLAWSON
TheSteelConstructionInstitute,Ascots,U.K.
ProfessorEikiYAMAGUCHI
KyushuInstituteofTechnology,Kyushu,Japan
ProfessorBrianUY
NewSouthWalesUniversity,Sydney,Australia
Dr.StephenHICKS
HeavyEngineeringResearchAssociation,Auckland,NewZealand
ProfessorRiccardoZANDONINI
UniversityofTrento,Trento,Italy
xiii
InternationalAdvisoryCommittee(continued)
ProfessorRichardJatYuenLIEW
NationalUniversityofSingapore,Singapore
Mr.WanBoonHO
Mr.AnthonyKinWahTAN
Er.KaliannanTHANABAL
Mr.DavidShiuYuenNG
InstitutionofStructuralEngineersMalaysiaDivision,and
InstitutionofEngineersMalaysia,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
Dr.SaiPingCHUI
MacauSocietyofMetalStructures,MacauSAR,China
Dr.MunFongCHAN
CivilEngineeringConsultantsCo.Ltd.,MacauSAR,China
Dr.PengKongAO
CivilEngineeringLaboratoryofMacau,MacauSAR,China
IrJulianChunFaiLEE
ConstructionIndustryCouncil,HongKongSAR,China
Dr.Michael,ChiHoYAM
HongKongConstructionalMetalStructuresAssociation,HongKongSAR,China
Dr.PaulHeungFaiLAM
HongKongConstructionalMetalStructuresAssociation,HongKongSAR,China
IrKwokTungLEUNG
ArchitecturalServicesDepartment,theGovernmentofHongKongSAR,China
IrKaiSingKWAN
HongKongHousingDepartment,theGovernmentofHongKongSAR,China
IrAlanHoiNganYAU
AECOMBuildingStructures,HongKongSAR,China
Mr.KwongHungLAI
VSLHongKongLtd.,HongKongSAR,China
Dr.IrGaryShueKaiCHOU
ChunWoConstructionandEngineeringCo.Ltd.,HongKongSAR,China
xiv
ExpertTaskCommittee
ProfessorKwokFaiCHUNG
HongKongConstructionalMetalStructuresAssociation,
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,
HongKongPolytechnicUniversity,HongKongSAR,China
Dr.SingPingCHIEW
DivisionofStructuresandMechanics,SchoolofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,
NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Singapore
IrHoiYuenLEE
formerly,AECOMBuildingStructures,HongKongSAR,China
Dr.MichaelChiHoYAM
DepartmentofBuildingandRealEstate,
Mr.ZhaoXinHOU
ChineseNationalEngineeringResearchCentre,Beijing,China
ProfessorYongJiuSHI
TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing,China
Mr.DannyHonYiuCHEUNG
MacauSocietyofMetalStructures,MacauSAR,China
Dr.PaulHeungFaiLAM
DepartmentofArchitectureandCivilEngineering,
TheCityUniversityofHongKong,HongKongSAR,China
IrManKitLEUNG
ArchitecturalServicesDepartment,theGovernmentofHongKongSAR,China
Eng.KenWaiKinCHOI
StructuresandBuildingsDepartment,
CivilEngineeringLaboratoryofMacau,MacauSAR,China
Dr.HoCheungHO
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,
Dr.AugusChiChiuLAM
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering
UniversityofMacau,MacauSAR,China
xv
Technicalcommentsfromthefollowingorganizationsarealsoreceived:
ArcelorMittalCommercialSections,Luxembourg
Mr.JeanClaudeGERARDY
ContinentalSteelPTELtd.,Singapore
Mr.MelvinSOH
NanjingIron&SteelCo.,Ltd.,China
Mr.GuoQiangLIN

Moreover, support from Nanjing Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. in providing high quality steel
materials, in particular, Q690 steel plates of various thicknesses, for material tests at the
HongKongPolytechnicUniversityishighlyappreciated.
xvi
SelectionofEquivalentSteelMaterialsto
EuropeanSteelMaterialsSpecifications
K.F.Chung,S.P.ChiewandH.Y.Lee
ProfessionalGuideHKCMSAP001
ExecutiveSummary
ThisProfessionalGuidewaspreparedbyProfessorK.F.ChungoftheHongKongPolytechnic
University, Hong Kong, Dr. S.P. Chiew of the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,
and Ir H.Y. Lee of the Hong Kong Constructional Metal Structures Association, Hong Kong
with the assistance of Dr. H.C. Ho of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. It is jointly
publishedbytheHongKongConstructionalMetalStructuresAssociation,theMacauSociety
of Metal Structures and the Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Steel
Construction.
Owingtoglobalization,constructionalsteelmaterialsfindtheirwayallovertheworld. Itis
animportantpartoftheprofessionaldutiesofstructuralengineerstospecifysteelmaterials
according to various material specifications in accordance with the required material
performance.Drivenbytheneedsofimprovedcosteffectiveness,steadysupplyandquality
assuranceofstructuralsteelworkinconstructionprojects,manyengineersareconfrontedby
the need to select steel materials from different sources which are rated as equivalent to
European steel materials. Hence, it is necessary for design and construction engineers as
wellasengineersfromregulatoryauthoritiestoseektechnicalguidanceontheselectionof
equivalent steel materials. While such technical guidance is needed in many parts of the
world, it is thought to be most urgently needed in a number of highly developed Asian
countriesandcitieswhichareimplementinghugeinfrastructuredevelopmentsatpresent.
Through the use of this document, selected steel materials manufactured to the modern
materials specifications of Australia/New Zealand, China, Japan, and the United States of
AmericaarefullyendorsedasequivalenttothosesteelmaterialsmanufacturedtoEuropean
steel materials specifications, provided that all of these steel materials have been
demonstratedtobeinfullcompliancewiththerequirementsforbothmaterialperformance
andqualityassuranceofEuropeansteelmaterialsspecificationsasdetailedinthisdocument.
Consequently, these equivalent steel materials will be readily employed on construction
projectswherethestructuralsteelworkisdesignedtoEN1993andEN1994.
Itshouldbenotedthatspecificdetailsrelatingtothefollowingtwoessentialrequirements
forequivalentsteelmaterialsarepresented:
i) Materialperformance
mechanicalstrengthforstructuraladequacy,
ductilityforsustainedresistancesatlargedeformations,
toughnessintermofenergyabsorptionagainstimpact,and
chemical composition and weldability to minimize risks of crack formation in
welds.

xvii
ii) Qualityassurance
demonstratedcompliancewithacceptablesteelmaterialsspecifications,
demonstratedcompliancewithintensiveroutinetestingwithsufficientsampling
onbothchemicalcompositionandmechanicalproperties,and
effectiveimplementationofcertifiedqualityassurancesystems.
Depending on the adequacy of material performance and demonstration of quality

assuranceduringtheirproduction,steelmaterialswithyieldstrengthsrangingfrom235to
690N/mm2areclassifiedintothreedifferentclasses:
i) ClassE1SteelMaterialswithamaterialclassfactor,Mcequalto1.0,
ii) ClassE2SteelMaterialswithMcequalto1.1,and
iii) ClassE3SteelMaterialswithlimiteduse.
The material class factor Mc should be taken into account when determining the nominal
valuesofstrengthparametersoftheequivalentsteelmaterialsinstructuralcalculations.
In general, this Professional Guide presents various key aspects of the engineering
metallurgyofsteelmaterialsinordertodescribetheeffectsofbothmechanicalworkingand
heat treatments on the structural performance of steel materials. The effects of various
chemical elements on the mechanical and other types of performances of the steel
materialsarealsodiscussed. Anoverviewofanumberofgeneralcriteriawhichinfluence
thechoiceofsteelmaterialstogetherwithbasicconsiderationsonvariousproductformsis
alsogivenwhile the overall selection considerations for design andconstructionengineers
are also described. The essential requirements for establishing the equivalence of steel
materialstoEuropeansteelmaterialsspecificationsforawiderangeofproductformswith
different delivery conditions, including for those various parts of EN 10025, EN 10149, EN
10210,EN10219andothersources,aretabulatedforeasyreference.
In order to help design and construction engineers in selecting suitable equivalent steel
materials, detailed design data for these equivalent steel materials from various national
materials specifications are tabulated. Strength parameters of these equivalent steel
materials for various product forms with different steel grades and plate thicknesses are
tabulatedtoallowdirectadoptioninstructuraldesign.
A comprehensive list of acceptable steel materials with different delivery conditions and
productformsproducedbyvariouscountriesarealsoprovidedinAppendixAwhilethemost
updatedmaterialsspecificationsforstructuralsteelmaterialsarepresentedinAppendixB.
Thequalitycontrolpracticesadoptedbyregulatoryauthoritiesinanumberofcountriesand
citiesinAsiaarealsobrieflydescribedinAppendixC.
xviii
Contents
Foreword iii
Preface x
ExecutiveSummary xvii
Contents xix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 EquivalentSteelMaterials 1
1.3 WorldSupplyofSteelMaterials 2
1.4 UseofNonBritishSteelMaterialsinHongKong,MacauandSingapore 5
1.5 EssentialrequirementsforEquivalentSteelMaterials 6
1.6 Designparameters 7
1.7 Overview 8
2 EngineeringMetallurgyofSteelMaterials 9
2.1 MechanicalWorkingandHeatTreatments 9
2.2 ChemicalComposition 11
2.2.1 Effectsonmechanicalandmaterialperformance 11
2.2.2 Effectsonweldability 16
2.3 BasicMaterialPropertiesofSteelMaterials 17
2.4 DesignationofSteelGrades 17
3 EquivalenceofSteelMaterialsandTheirSelection 18
3.1 CriteriaInfluencingUseofSteelMaterials 18
3.1.1 Basicconsiderations 18
3.1.2 Overallselectionconsiderations 20
3.2 EquivalencyofSteelMaterials 21
3.2.1 Selectionprinciples 22
3.2.2 Classificationofsteelmaterials 24
3.2.3 AdditionalmaterialtestsrequiredforClassE2SteelMaterials 27
3.2.4 Steelmaterialswithyieldstrengthslargerthan690N/mm2 28
3.3 MaterialPerformanceRequirementstoEuropeanSteelMaterialsSpecifications29
3.3.1 Structuralsteels 31
3.3.1.1 Plates 31
xix
3.3.1.2 Sections 32
3.3.1.3 Hollowsections 33
3.3.1.4 Sheetpiles 34
3.3.1.5 Solidbars 35
3.3.1.6 Stripsforcoldformedopensections 36
3.3.1.7 Stripsforcoldformedprofiledsheetings 37
3.3.1.8 Studconnectors 38
3.3.1.9 Nonpreloadedboltedassemblies 39
3.3.1.10 Preloadedboltedassemblies 41
3.3.1.11 Weldingconsumables 43
3.4 QualityAssuranceRequirementstoEuropeanSteelMaterialsSpecifications 44
3.4.1 FactoryProductionControlSystem 44
3.4.1.1 RequirementsforFactoryProductionControlSystem 44
3.4.1.2 Rawmaterials 45
3.4.1.3 Equipment 45
3.4.1.4 Verificationsandtests 45
3.4.1.5 Monitoringofconformity 45
3.4.1.6 Testingwithdirectandindirectmethods 45
3.4.1.7 Testingrecords 46
3.4.1.8 Treatmentofproductswhichdonotconform 46
3.4.1.9 Recordofverificationsandtests 46
3.4.1.10 Traceability 46
4 DesignParametersforEquivalentSteelMaterials 47
4.1 ProductFormsofEquivalentSteelMaterials 47
4.2 DesignParametersforClassE1EquivalentSteelMaterials 48
4.2.1 ClassE1Structuralsteels 48
4.2.2 ClassE1Thingaugestrips 53
4.2.3 ClassE1Connectionmaterials 55
4.2.3.1 ClassE1Studconnectors 55
4.2.3.2 ClassE1Nonpreloadedboltedassemblies 55
4.2.3.3 ClassE1Preloadedboltedassemblies 57
4.2.3.4 ClassE1Weldingconsumables 59
4.3 DesignParametersforClassE2SteelMaterials 60
4.3.2 ClassE2Thingaugestrips 60
4.3.3 ClassE2Connectionmaterials 61
4.3.3.1 ClassE2Studconnectors 61
xx
4.3.3.2 ClassE2Nonpreloadedboltedassemblies 61
4.3.3.3 ClassE2Preloadedboltedassemblies 62
4.3.3.4 ClassE2Weldingconsumables 62
4.4 DesignParametersonClassE3SteelMaterials 63
References 64
xxi
Listoftables
Table1.1 Annualcrudesteelproduction(mmt)ofvariouscountriesofinterest 3
since1980
Table1.2 Majorsteelproducingcountriesin2013 4
Table2.1 Typicalfunctionsofchemicalelementsinstructuralcarbonsteels 15
Table3.1 Classificationsystemofvariousclassesforsteelmaterials 26
Table3.2 Additionalmaterialtestsrequiredfordemonstrationofconformity 27
Table3.3 Productforms 29

TableMR1 Materialrequirementsforplates 31
TableMR2 Materialrequirementsforsections 32
TableMR3 Materialrequirementsforhollowsections 33
TableMR4 Materialrequirementsforsheetpiles 34
TableMR5 Materialrequirementsforsolidbars 35
TableMR6 Materialrequirementsforcoldformedopensections 36
TableMR7 Materialrequirementsforcoldformedprofiledsheetings 37
TableMR8 Materialrequirementsforstudconnectors 38
TableMR9 Materialrequirementsfornonpreloadedboltedassemblies 39
TableMR10 Materialrequirementsforpreloadedboltedassemblies 41
TableMR11 Materialrequirementsforweldingconsumables 43

Table4.1 Productformsofvariousclassesofequivalentsteelmaterials 47
Table4.2a DesignparametersofStructuralsteelstoEuropean(EN)specifications 48
Table4.2b DesignparametersofClassE1StructuralsteelstoAmerican(ASTMand 49
API)specifications
Table4.2c DesignparametersofClassE1StructuralsteelstoJapanese(JIS) 50
specifications
Table4.2d DesignparametersofClassE1StructuralsteelstoAustralian/New 51
Zealand(AS/NZS)specifications
Table4.2e DesignparametersofClassE1StructuralsteelstoChinese(GB) 52
specifications
Table4.3a DesignparametersofThingaugestripstoEuropean(EN)specifications 53
Table4.3b DesignparametersofClassE1ThingaugestripstoAmerican(ASTM) 53
specifications
Table4.3c DesignparametersofClassE1ThingaugestripstoJapanese(JIS) 53
specifications
Table4.3d DesignparametersofClassE1ThingaugestripstoAustralian/New 54
Zealand(AS/NZS)specifications
xxii
Table4.3e DesignparametersofClassE1ThingaugestripstoChinese(GB) 54
specifications
Table4.4 DesignparametersClassE1StudconnectorstoEuropean(EN),American 55
(AWS),Japanese(JIS),Australian/NewZealand(AS/NZS)andChinese
(GB)specifications
Table4.5a DesignparametersofnonpreloadedboltstoEuropean(EN) 55
specifications
Table4.5b DesignparametersofClassE1nonpreloadedboltstoAmerican(ASTM) 56
specifications
Table4.5c DesignparametersofClassE1nonpreloadedboltstoJapanese(JIS) 56
specifications
Table4.5d DesignparametersofClassE1nonpreloadedboltstoAustralian/New 56
Zealand(AS)specifications
Table4.5e DesignparametersofClassE1nonpreloadedboltstoChinese(GB) 56
specifications
Table4.6a DesignparametersofpreloadedboltstoEuropean(EN)specifications 57
Table4.6b DesignparametersofClassE1preloadedboltstoAmerican(ASTM) 57
specifications
Table4.6c DesignparametersofClassE1preloadedboltstoJapanese(JIS) 57
specifications
Table4.6d DesignparametersofClassE1preloadedboltstoAustralian/New 58
Zealand(AS)specifications
Table4.6e DesignparametersofClassE1preloadedboltstoChinese(GB) 58
specifications
Table4.7a DesignparametersofweldsmadeofEuropean(EN)welding 59
consumables
Table4.7b DesignparametersofClassE1weldsmadeofAmerican(AWS)welding 59
consumables
Table4.7c DesignparametersofClassE1weldsmadeofJapanese(JIS)welding 59
consumables
Table4.7d DesignparametersofClassE1weldsmadeofAustralian/NewZealand 59
(AS)weldingconsumables
Table4.7e DesignparametersofClassE1welds madeofChinese(GB)welding 59
consumables
Table4.8 DesignparametersofClassE2Structuralsteels 60
Table4.9 DesignparametersofClassE3Structuralsteels 63

xxiii
Listoffigures
Figure1.1 Annualcrudesteelproductionproportionsoffivecountriesofinterestin 4
2013
Figure2.1 Comparisonbetweenvariousdeliveryconditions 10
Figure2.2 DesignationofsteelgradeaccordingtoEN10027 17

xxiv
Appendices
A Listofacceptablesteelmaterials A2
A.1 AcceptableBritish/Europeansteelmaterials A3
A.2 AcceptableAmericansteelmaterials A22
A.3 AcceptableJapanesesteelmaterials A25
A.4 AcceptableAustralian/NewZealandsteelmaterials A29
A.5 AcceptableChinesesteelmaterials A32
B Listofreferencestandards B2
B.1 British/Europeanspecifications B2
B.2 Americanspecifications B8
B.3 Japanesespecifications B12
B.4 Australian/NewZealandspecifications B14
B.5 Chinesespecifications B16
C Practiceofqualitycontrolbyregulatoryauthorities C2
C.1 QualitycontrolinAustraliaandNewZealand C3
C.2 QualitycontrolinHongKong C5
C.3 QualitycontrolinMacau C7
C.4 QualitycontrolinMalaysia C8
C.5 QualitycontrolinSingapore C9

xxv

xxvi
Section1 Introduction
1.1 Scope

Thisdocumentpresents essentialtechnicalguidancetodesignandconstructionengineers
as well as engineers from regulatory authorities on the selection of equivalent steel
materialsconformingtoEuropeansteelmaterialsspecifications.
Italsogivesessentialrequirementsfortheequivalenceofsteelmaterialsinrespectofboth
material performance and quality assurance for all steel materials which are intended to
accordwithEuropeanstructuralsteeldesigncodes.
1.2 EquivalentSteelMaterials
EquivalentsteelmaterialsaresteelmaterialsnotmanufacturedtoEuropeansteelmaterials
specifications,andthereforenotcoveredinEN1993andEN1994bydefault.
Owingtoglobalization,constructionalsteelmaterialsfindtheirwayallovertheworld. Itis
animportantpartoftheprofessionaldutiesofstructuralengineerstospecifysteelmaterials
according to various material specifications in accordance with the required material
performancelevelsexplicitlyaswellasthoseimplicitlyassumedindesigncodes. Drivenby
improved cost effectiveness, steady supply of structural steelwork, and assured material
qualityinconstructionprojects,manyengineersareoftenconfrontedbytheneedtoselect
steel materials from different sources which are equivalent to European steel materials.
Hence, it is necessary for design and construction engineers as well as engineers from
regulatory authorities to seek technical guidance on the selection of equivalent steel
materials. While such technical guidance is needed in many parts of the world, it is
consideredtobemosturgentlyneededinanumberofhighlydevelopedAsiancountriesand
citieswhichareimplementinghugeinfrastructuredevelopmentsatpresent.
WhilethebasicprinciplesofequivalencearepresentedChapter3,itshouldbenotedthat
owing to many differences and discrepancies in both the chemical composition and the
materialperformanceofsteelmaterials,theequivalenceofsteelmaterialsmanufacturedto
different national materials specifications should not be taken for granted. Nevertheless,
this document covers many of the steel materials manufactured by the following four
countriesofinterest:

a) Australia/NewZealand
b) China,
c) Japan,and
d) UnitedStatesofAmerica.
Theseequivalentsteelmaterialscanbereadilyemployedonconstructionprojectsinwhich
thestructuralsteelworkisdesignedtoEN1993andEN1994.

1
1.3 WorldSupplyofSteelMaterials

Steel materials are international commodities which are commonly shipped thousands of
milesfromwheretheyweremanufacturedtowhereverthereisamarket.TheWorldSteel
Association(www.worldsteel.org)isoneofthelargestindustryassociationsintheworld.It
represents approximately 170 steel producers including 17 of the world's 20 largest steel
companies, national and regional steel industry associations as well as steel research
institutes.BasedonthestatisticsarchiveoftheWorldSteelAssociation,Table1.1presents
the annual crude steel production of Australia, China, Japan, the United Kingdom and the
UnitedStatesofAmericafrom1980to2013togetherwithtotalworldproduction.
ItisshownthatAustralia,Japan,theU.K.andtheU.S.A.tendtomaintaintheirannualcrude
steelproductiontonnagesatabroadlyconstantlevelwithminimalgrowthasawhole.
However,owingtotherapiddevelopmentoftheironandsteelindustryinChinasincethe
1980s,thesteelproductioncapacityincreasedmarkedlyoverthelast30years.Itshouldbe
notedthatasalargenumberofsteelmillsinmanypartsofChinaupgradedtheirproduction
facilities and commissioned new production plants, the annual crude steel production of
Chinaincreasedsteadilyfrom37.1mmt(millionmetrictons)in1980to637.4mmtin2010,
i.e.anannualincreaseofapproximately17.2overaperiodof30years. Itsannualcrude
steelproductionexceeded100mmtin1996,200mmtin2003,andthen500mmtin2008.
Over45%ofthesteelmaterialsintheworldhavebeenproducedinChinasince2010.
According to recent statistical data of the World Steel Association, the major
steelproducing countries in the world in 2013 are presented in Table1.2. It should be
notedthattheannualsteelproductionofChinareached779.0mmt,accountingfor49.2%
ofworldproduction.Hence,itisimportantfordesignandconstructionengineersinAsiato
beabletotakeadvantagesofthehugesupplyofChinesesteelmaterials.

2
Table1.1 Annualcrudesteelproduction(mmt)ofvariouscountriesofinterestsince
1980
World
Year Australia China Japan U.K. U.S.A.
production
1980 7.6 37.1 111.4 11.3 101.5 568.5
1981 7.6 35.6 101.7 15.6 109.6 558.7
1982 6.4 37.2 99.5 13.7 67.7 498.4
1983 5.7 40.0 97.2 15.0 76.8 511.2
1984 6.3 43.5 105.6 15.1 83.9 556.0
1985 6.6 46.8 105.3 15.7 80.1 564.2
1986 6.7 52.2 98.3 14.7 74.0 553.4
1987 6.1 56.3 98.5 17.4 80.9 573.6
1988 6.4 59.0 105.7 19.0 90.7 617.1
1989 6.7 61.6 108.0 18.7 88.9 625.8
1990 6.7 66.4 110.3 17.8 89.7 616.0
1991 6.1 71.0 109.6 16.5 79.7 600.8
1992 6.8 80.9 98.1 16.2 84.3 719.8
1993 7.9 89.6 99.6 16.6 88.8 727.6
1994 8.4 92.6 98.3 17.3 91.2 725.1
1995 8.5 95.4 101.6 17.6 95.2 752.3
1996 8.4 101.2 98.8 18.0 95.5 750.1
1997 8.8 108.9 104.5 18.5 98.5 799.0
1998 8.9 114.6 93.5 17.3 98.7 777.3
1999 8.2 124.0 94.2 16.3 97.4 789.0
2000 7.1 128.5 106.4 15.2 101.8 848.9
2001 7.0 151.6 102.9 13.5 90.1 851.1
2002 7.5 182.2 107.7 11.7 91.6 904.1
2003 7.5 222.3 110.5 13.3 93.7 969.9
2004 7.4 272.8 112.7 13.8 99.7 1061.2
2005 7.8 355.8 112.5 13.2 94.9 1146.6
2006 7.9 421.0 116.2 13.9 98.6 1249.0
2007 7.9 489.7 120.2 14.3 98.1 1347.0
2008 7.6 512.3 118.7 13.5 91.4 1341.2
2009 5.2 577.1 87.5 10.1 58.2 1235.8
2010 7.3 637.4 109.6 9.7 80.5 1428.7
2011 6.4 683.3 107.6 9.5 86.2 1536.2
2012 4.9 716.5 107.2 9.8 88.6 1546.8
2013 4.6 779.0 110.6 11.9 87.0 1582.5
Note:mmtdenotesmillionmetrictons.

3
Table1.2 Majorsteelproducingcountriesin2013
Ranking Country AnnualcrudesteelProduction Proportion

(mmt) (%)
1 China 779.0 49.2
2 Japan 110.6 7.0
3 U.S.A. 87.0 5.5
4 India 81.2 5.1
5 Russia 69.4 4.4
84.5
6 SouthKorea 66.0 4.2
7 Germany 42.6 2.7
8 Turkey 34.7 2.2
9 Brazil 34.2 2.2
10 Ukraine 32.8 2.2
Totalproductionintheworld 1582.5
Moreover,Figure1.1illustratestheproportionsoftheannualsteelproductionofthefivecountries
ofinterestin2013.
China
Others 49.2%
37.2%
U.S.A.
5.5%
Australia Japan U.K.
0.3% 7.0% 0.8%

Totalworldproductionis1582.5mmt

Figure1.1 Annualcrudesteelproductionproportionsoffivecountries
ofinterestin2013

4
1.4 UseofNonBritishSteelMaterialsinHongKong,MacauandSingapore
For many years, almost all steel structures in Hong Kong were designed to the British
structural steel design code, BS5950, and all the steel materials were specified
correspondinglytotheBritishsteelmaterialsspecificationssuchasBS4360. However,as
earlyasthe1990s,nonBritishsteelmaterialsfoundtheirwaytoHongKongaswellas to
neighbouring cities in Southeast Asia. Occasionally, there were projects on which
contractorswouldliketousenonBritishsteelmaterials,suchasJapanese,Australian and
Chinesesteelmaterials. Theproposedchangesrangedfrommerelyadoptingthese steel
materials for some members of temporary structures, to the replacement of complete
beamcolumn frames of building structures. Over the years, many successful projects
werereportedinHongKongwhichbenefitedfromgoodqualitynonBritishsteelmaterials,
timely supply and delivery as wellas improvedstructural economy. However, afew bad
examples of using nonBritish steel materials also occurred with inconsistent chemical
composition,inadequatemechanicalpropertiesandalackoftraceability.
ChinesesteelmaterialsbecamepracticalalternativestoBritishsteelmaterialsonanumber
ofconstructionprojectsinAsia,inparticular,inHongKong,MacauandSingapore. During
Department of the Government of Hong Kong SAR, i.e. Hong Kong Steel Code, from
February 2003 to August 2005, it was decided necessary to devise a means to allow, or
more accurately, to formalize the use of Chinese steel materials as equivalent steel
materials for structures which were originally designed to BS5950. Various parts of
Chapter3 of the Hong Kong Steel Code provide basic principles and considerations for
qualifying and accepting steel materials manufactured to the following national materials
specifications:
Americanstandards,
Japanesestandards.
As endorsed by the Buildings Department of the Government of Hong Kong SAR, the
following classification system for nonBritish steel materials was introduced in the Hong
KongSteelCodeinwhichthedesignstrengthsofthesenonBritishsteelmaterialsdepend
onamaterialfactor,,whichistakentobe:
a) 1.0 when the steel materials are demonstrated to i) comply with one of the
reference materials specifications listed in the Hong Kong Steel Code, ii) satisfy
various material requirements, and iii) be produced by a manufacturer with an
acceptable Quality Assurance system; this is a Class 1 steel material and no
additionalmaterialtestsarerequiredbeforeuse.

b) 1.1 whenthesteelmaterialsaredemonstratedtobenotmanufacturedtooneofthe
reference materials specifications listed in the Hong Kong Steel Code, but are

5
producedbyamanufacturerwithanacceptableQualityAssurancesystem;these
areClass2steelmaterials.Itshouldbenotedthatthesesteelmaterialsshould
betestedsystematicallyaccordingtospecificsamplingratesbeforeuseinorder
todemonstratecompliancewiththerelevantreferencematerialsspecifications.

The Hong Kong Steel Code became mandatory in August 2005, and the material
classification system of nonBritish steel materials became widely adopted in Hong Kong,
Macau and other Asian countries. The Code was revised in 2011 to cover more product
forms.
In 2008, the local regulatory agent in Singapore, namely, the Building and Construction
Authority of the Ministry of National Development, published a technical guide entitled
DesignGuideonUseofAlternativeSteelMaterialstoBS5950.ThisDesignGuideaimedto
providetechnicalguidelinesanddesigninformationontheuseofnonBritishsteelmaterials,
andtheclassificationsystemforvarioussteelmaterialsgivenintheHongKongSteelCode
wasadoptedaftermodification.UndertheprovisionsofthisDesignGuide,alternativesteel
materials not manufacturedspecifically to British Standards may be allowed for structural
designbasedonBS5950forconstructionprojectsinSingapore.
Moreover,inordertoestablishqualitycontrol,thisDesignGuideoutlinesboththematerial
performanceandthequalityassurancerequirementstobeimposedonallsteelmaterials,
including those manufactured to British Standards, which are proposed for use in
accordance with BS5950 in the context of Singapore. Design strengths of various
acceptable nonBritish steel materials were tabulated for practical design. It should be
noted that in 2012, the document was revised and retitled as Design Guide on Use of
AlternativeStructuralSteeltoBS5950andEurocode3.
Itisconsiderednecessarytoprovidecomprehensiveguidanceontheuseofequivalentsteel
materials to design and construction engineers as well as engineers in regulatory bodies
worldwide. This facilitates equivalent steel materials to be readily employed on
constructionprojectsinwhichthestructuralsteelworkisdesignedtoEN1993andEN1994.
1.5 EssentialRequirementsforEquivalentSteelMaterials
The use of equivalent steel materials depends solely on their classification which is
determined in accordance with their demonstrated compliance to the essential
requirementsonbothmaterialperformanceandqualityassurance:
a) Materialperformance
Meeting material performance requirements of relevant European steel materials

specifications is essential with respect to the dimensional, mechanical, physical and
otherrelevantpropertiesofequivalentsteelmaterialstoensuretheiradequacyforuse
withstructuraldesignbasedonEN1993andEN1994.

6
b) Qualityassurancerequirements
It is also essential for manufacturers of equivalent steel materials to demonstrate

effective implementation of appropriate quality assuranceduring their manufacturing
processasstipulatedinrelevantEuropeansteelmaterialsspecificationstoensuretheir
reliabilityforusewithstructuraldesignbasedonEN1993andEN1994.
1.6 DesignParameters
Allthekeyparametersinthisdocumentaredefinedasfollows:
ReH Minimumyieldstrength
Rp0.2 0.2%proofstrength
inaccordancewithEN100251
Rm Tensilestrength
A Minimumelongationatfracture
fy Nominalvalueofyieldstrength
inaccordancewithEN199311
fu Nominalvalueofultimatetensilestrength
MC Materialclassfactor
u Ultimatestraincorrespondingtofu
f Strainatfracture(whichistakenasthesamevalueoftheminimumelongation,A,
shownabove)
ItshouldbenotedthatinEN199311,thefollowingdefinitionsofkeyparametersare
adopted:
Nominalvalueofyieldstrength,fy
fy = ReH (Clause3.2.1)

Nominalvalueofultimatetensilestrength,fu
fu = Rm (Clause3.2.1)

Designstrength = fy/M

where M isthepartialfactorofsafety,anditsvaluedependsonthetypeof
failureunderconsiderationaccordingtoClause6.1.
Itshouldbenotedthatthereisnosymbolfordesignstrength,andfy/Misusedinstead.
With the introduction of the material class factor, MC , for the use of equivalent steel
materialsasfullyillustratedinSection3.2ofthisdocument,thefollowingequationsshould
beadopted:

7
Nominalvalueofyieldstrength,fy
fy = ReH/MC

Nominalvalueofultimatetensilestrength,fu
fu = Rm/MC

Designstrength = fy/M

where M isthepartialfactorofsafety,anditsvaluedependsonthetypeof
failureunderconsiderationaccordingtoClause6.1ofEN199311.
1.7 Overview
Anoverviewofthechaptersofthisdocumentisasfollows:
Chapter 2 presents various key aspects of theengineering metallurgyof steel materials in

order to describe the effects of both mechanical working and heat treatments on the
structuralperformanceofsteelmaterials.Theeffectsofvariouschemicalelementsonthe
mechanicalandothertypesofperformanceofthesteelmaterialsarealsodiscussed.
Chapter 3 discusses a number of general criteria which influence the choice of steel
materials together with basic considerations on various product forms, and the overall
selection considerations for design and construction engineers are also described. The
essentialconsiderationsbehindtheselectionprinciplesforestablishingequivalenceofsteel
materialstoEuropeansteelmaterialsspecificationsforawiderangeofproductformswith
different delivery conditions are also presented. Depending on the adequacy of material
performance and demonstration of quality assurance during manufacturing processes,
equivalentsteelmaterialsareclassifiedintothreedifferentmaterialclasses,namely,Classes
E1,E2andE3Steelmaterials.Moreover,materialsrequirementsgiveninvariouspartsofEN
10025, EN 10149, EN 10210 and EN10219 as well as in other sources are summarized in
tabulatedformat,andthesearepresentedsystematicallyinTablesMR1toMR11foreasy
reference.DetailsofaqualityassurancesystemgiveninEN10025arealsodiscussed.
Chapter4describestheclassificationofequivalentsteelmaterials,andpresentsdesigndata
forthosesteelmaterialswhichhavebeendemonstratedtomeettheessentialrequirements
on material performance and quality assurance for equivalence of steel materials as
detailed in Chapter 3. Design parameters of these equivalent steel materials of various
productformswithdifferentsteelgradesandplatethicknessesarealsotabulatedinTables
4.2to4.11toallowdirectadoptionforthedesignofstructuralsteelworkinaccordancewith
Europeansteelmaterialsspecifications.
A comprehensive list of acceptable steel materials with different delivery conditions and
product forms produced by various countries are also provided in Appendix A while the
most updated materials specifications for structural steel materials are presented in
AppendixB. Thequalitycontrolpracticesadoptedbyregulatoryauthoritiesinanumberof
countriesandcitiesinAsiaarealsobrieflydescribedinAppendixC.

8
Section2 EngineeringMetallurgyofSteelMaterials
ThisChapterpresentsvariouskeyaspectsoftheengineeringmetallurgyofsteelmaterialsin
ordertodescribeandrelatetheeffectsofbothmechanicalworkingandheattreatmentson
thestructuralperformanceofsteelmaterials.
Itshouldbenotedthatthemechanicalpropertiesofsteelmaterialsdependprimarilyonthe
following:
Mechanicalworkingandheattreatments
Mechanicalworkingandheattreatmentsinvolveacontrolledheatingandcoolingof
steel materials under mechanical rolling in order to effect changes in their
mechanicalproperties.Itiswellknownthatmechanicalpropertiesofsteelmaterials
are strongly dependent on their microstructures obtained after heat treatment,
which are so formed as to achieve good hardened steel materials with high yield
strengthsandhighductility.
Chemicalcompositions

Structural steels are a mixture of iron and carbon with varying amounts of
Manganese, Phosphorus, Sulphur and Silicon. These and many other elements are
eitherunavoidablypresentorintentionallyaddedinvariouscombinationstoachieve
specific characteristics and properties of the finished products. It should be noted
thatthechemicalcompositionofsteelmaterialsisfundamentaltotheirmechanical
properties. The effects of various chemical elements on the mechanical as well as
thematerialperformanceofthesteelmaterialsaresummarizedbelow.
Furtherdetailsontheseimportanttopicsarepresentedinthefollowingsections.
2.1 MechanicalWorkingandHeatTreatments
The mechanical working of steel materials is commonly achieved through rolling which
readilyincreasestheyieldstrengthsofthesteelmaterials.Thiseffectisapparentinmany
materials specifications, which specify several levels of strength reduction with increasing
materialthickness.However,whilerollingincreasesthestrengthsofthesteelmaterials,it
alsoreducestheirductilityatthesametime.
The effect of heat treatments is perhaps best explained by reference to the following
productionprocessesorrollingregimesthatarewidelyemployedinsteelmanufacturing:
Asrolledsteel AR
NormalisedsteelandNormalisedrolledsteel: N
Thermomechanicallyrolledsteel: MorTMCP
Quenchedandtemperedsteel: Q
9
AsshowninFigure2.1,itshouldbenotedthat:
a) Duringthemanufactureofasteelmaterial,steelcoolsasitisrolled.Thetypicalrolling
finishtemperatureis750oC,andsuchsteelistermedAsrolledorAR.However,itis
usuallynecessarytoprovidesomesortofheattreatmentduringrollingsoastoachieve
therequiredmechanicalproperties.
b) In general, the process of Normalising is widely adopted in which an asrolled steel

material is heated up to approximately 900oC, and held at that temperature for a
specifictime,beforebeingallowedtocoolnaturally.Thisprocessrefinesthegrainsize
andimprovesthemechanicalpropertiesofthesteelmaterial,specificallyitstoughness.
It also renders the mechanical properties of the steel material more consistent, and
removesresidualrollingstrains.
Normalisedrolled is a process whereby the rolling finish temperature is above 900oC,
and the steel material is allowed to cool naturally. This has a similar effect on the
properties as normalising, but it eliminates one process. Normalised and normalized
rolledsteelmaterialsaredenotedwithN.
c) Thermomechanically rolled steel utilises a different chemistry in the steel material,

whichpermitsarollingfinishtemperaturebelow700oC,beforethesteelmaterialcools
naturally.Itshouldbenotedthatgreaterforceisoftenrequiredtorollthesteelmaterial
atthesetemperatures,andthatthemechanicalpropertiesareretainedunlessthesteel
material is reheated above 650oC. Thermomechanically rolled steel is denoted M or
TMCP.
d) The process of quenching and then tempering during the manufacturing of the steel
materialrequiresanormalisedsteelmaterialheatedupto900 oC.Thesteelmaterialis
rapidlycooledorquenchedtoproducesteelwithhighstrengthandhardness,butlow
toughness. The toughness is then restored by reheating it to 600oC, maintaining the
temperatureforaspecifictime,andthenallowingittocoolnaturally,ortempering.
QuenchedandtemperedsteelmaterialsaredenotedwithQorQT.

Figure2.1Comparisonbetweenvariousdeliveryconditions
10
2.2 ChemicalComposition
Ingeneral,thechemicalcompositionisthemostimportantfactoraffectingthemechanical
properties of steel materials. Adding chemical elements such as Carbon, Manganese,
Niobium and Vanadium either during tapping or secondary steel making will increase the
strengths of the steel materials. However, these additions not only add to the cost of the
steel materials, but also adversely affect other mechanical properties such as ductility,
toughness, and weldability. For example, the Sulphur level should be kept low for good
ductility while toughness may be readily improved with the addition of Nickel.
Consequently, the chemical composition for each steel material has to be carefully
consideredtoachievetherequiredproperties.
2.2.1 Effectsonmechanicalandmaterialperformance
The effects of some commonly used chemical elements on the mechanical and material
performance of steel materials are summarized in Table 2.1 while their effects on the
propertiesofhotrolledandheattreatedcarbonandalloysteelsaredescribedasfollows:
a) Iron(Fe)
Ironisthesinglemostimportantelementinasteelmaterial,comprisingroughly95%of
thesteelmaterial.Anysteelmaterialwithapercentageofironlowerthan95%willnot
beclassifiedas"structural".
b) Carbon(C)
Carbon is the second most important chemical element in the steel material. It is
commonly regarded as the principal strengthening (hardening) element where each
additional increment increases hardness as well as both yield and tensile strengths of
thesteelmaterial.However,increasedamountsofcarboncauseadecreaseinductility,
toughness and weldability. Typical Carbon contents in modern steel materials range
from0.05to0.25%.
c) Manganese(Mn)
An important element, Manganese also increases strength and hardness of the steel
material, but to a lesser degree than Carbon. Increasing the Manganese content also
decreases ductility and weldability, but again, to a lesser extent than Carbon.
Manganese has a strong effect on the hardenability of the steel material, and is
beneficial to surface quality. Typical Manganese contents in modern steel materials
rangefrom0.50to1.70%.
ItshouldbenotedthatManganesecombineswithsulphurtoformmanganesesulfides
which are globular, nonmetallic inclusions in the matrix of the steel material, thus
minimizing the harmful effects of sulphur. The amount of such inclusions and the
degreetowhichtheyhavebeendeformedduringthehotrollingprocesshavesignificant
effects on the throughthickness properties of steel. This also affects the welded
fabricationofsteelsections.
11
d) Sulphur(S)
Sulphur has detrimental effects on strength, transverse ductility, toughness as well as

theweldabilityofsteelmaterials.Italsopromotessegregationinthematrixofthesteel
material.Forthesereasons,itisgenerallyconsideredanundesirableelement,andthe
contentofSulphuristhusrestrictedtonomorethan0.04to0.05%.Itshouldbenoted
thatcurrentcontinuouscaststeelsections,whichareoftensiliconkilled,generallyhave
an actual sulphur content of around 0.02 to 0.03 %, and this is well within the
specificationlimits.
Itisgenerallyconsideredthatthroughthickness(TT)propertiesforingotbasedproducts
can be improved by lowering the Sulphide content. This is because throughthickness
strength and ductility are tied to nonmetallic inclusions in the form of Manganese
Sulfides(MnS).Hence,loweringthemagnitudeandnumberofsuchinclusionsimproves
the TT response of the steel material. For lamellar tearing resistant plate steels, the
maximumsulphurcontentistypicallyfoundtobe0.01%.
e) Phosphorus(P)
As for Sulphur, Phosphorus promotes segregation in the matrix of the steel material.
Increasing the Phosphorus contents increases strength and hardness, but reduces
ductility and toughness in the asrolled condition. Such a reduction in ductility and
toughnessisfoundtobemorepronouncedinquenchedandtemperedhighcabonsteel
materials.
f) Chromium(Cr)
Chromium is primarily used to increase the corrosion resistance of a steel material. It

also increases hardenability, strengths at high temperatures and improves abrasion
resistance.DifferenttypesofweatheringsteelhavevariousChromiumcontentsranging
from0.1to0.9%.

g) Copper(Cu)
Copper is the other primary corrosionresistant element used in a steel material. It is

typically at not less than 0.2 % for steel materials manufactured with the use of an
electric arc furnace (EAF), and about 0.02 to 0.03 % for steel materials manufactured
withtheuseofabasicoxygenfurnace(BOF).
h) Silicon(Si)
Siliconisoneofthetwomostimportantsteelmaterialdeoxidizers,andthismeansthat
it is very effective in removing oxygen from the steel material during the pouring and
solidificationprocess.TypicalSiliconcontentofasteelmaterialislessthan0.4%,butit
mustbeatleast0.1%ifthesteelmaterialistobeconsideredfullykilled.Theremovalof
OxygentothepointthatCarbonMonoxide(CO)doesnotdevelopduringsolidificationis
referredtoasakillingcondition,andthisleadstotheuseofthosetermssuchaskilled
orsemikilledsteelmaterials.Steelmaterialsproducedwithlittleornooxygenremoval
arecalledrimmedorcawedsteels.Itshouldbenotedthatkilledsteelsgenerallyhavea
12
moreuniform,finergrainedcrystallinestructure,andhence,theirstrength,ductilityand
toughnessaresignificantlybetterthanthoseofthesemikilledandrimmedsteels.
Because of the nature of this form of steel production, ingotbased steel products are
generally classified as killed, semikilled or rimmed steel materials. In the past, most
small and mediumsize rolled sections were delivered as rimmed sections, unless the
purchaser specifically ordered semikilled or killed rolled sections. Nowadays,
production of sections in many steel mills is entirely based on continuous casting,and
hence,allofthesesectionsarefullykilledduetothenatureoftheprocess.Itshouldbe
noted that while Silicon is the primary killing agent for sections, both Aluminum and
Siliconareusedforplates.
i) Aluminum(Al)
Aluminumistheotherprimarykillingagentforsteelmaterials,anditissometimesused
incombinationwithSilicon.Inmodernsteelmills,Aluminumisusedinplatesforgrain
refinement.
j) Columbium(Cb)
ColumbiumwhichisalsoreferredtoasNiobium(Nb)isusedtoenhancethestrengthof
asteelmaterial,andisoneofthekeyelementsinthevarioushighstrengthlowalloys
steelmaterials.IthaseffectssimilartothoseofManganeseandVanadium,andisoften
used in combination with Vanadium. Due to weldability requirements, Columbium is
usedinanamountlessthan0.05%inhighstrengthsteelmaterials.
k) Molybdenum(Mo)
Molybdenum has effects similar to those of Manganese and Vanadium, and is often
usedincombinationwithoneortheother.Thiselementincreasesreadilythestrength
ofthesteelmaterialatelevatedtemperaturesaswellasthecorrosionresistance.
l) Nickel(Ni)
Nickel is a powerful anticorrosion agent, and it is also one of the most important
elements in improving toughness of a steel material. In combination with Chromium,
Nickel improves hardenability, impact strength, and fatigue resistance of the steel
material.TheNickelcontentsgenerallyvarybetween0.25and1.5%.
m) Vanadium(V)
VanadiumhaseffectssimilartothoseofManganese,ColumbiumandMolybdenum.In
particular,itaidsinthedevelopmentofatough,finegrainedsteelstructure.Vanadium
isanimportantalloyingelementinHSLAsteelmaterials.
n) Boron(B)
Boronisusefulasanalloyingelementinthesteelbecauseofitseffectonhardenability
enhancement. Boron is added to unalloyed and low alloyed steels to enhance the
hardness level through enhancement hardenability. Boron added to highspeedcut
steelscouldenhancetheircuttingperformance,butwouldreducetheirforgingqualities.
13
Addition of boron in quantities of up to 0.01% to austenitic steels also improves their
hightemperature strength. Boron steels are used as highquality, heattreatable
constructionalsteels,steelsforcarburizationandcoldformingsteelssuchassteelsfor
screws. However, high Boron content would lead to a risk of hydrogen induced cold
cracking following welding. Thus, it is important to monitor the Boron content during
tappingandthesteelmakingprocess.

Otherchemicalelements:Someofthestructuralsteels,especiallytheHSLAtypes,usesmall
amountsofelementssuchasBoron(B)andTitanium(Ti).Boronenhancesstrength;italso
improvesthehardenabilityofquenchedandtemperedstructuralsteels.Titaniumimproves
toughness. Nitrogen (N) will be present as well; in combination with some elements, it
enhancesthestrengthofthesteelmaterial.However,freenitrogenisanimportantfactorin
thestrainagingthatmayoccurincertainsteelmaterialsundercertainconditions;thisisnot
consideredacriticalissueforstructuralsteelmaterials.
Itshouldbenotedthatduetothechangesinsteelmakingpracticeoverthepastdecade,the
useofscrapasasourceforthefurnaces,socalledresidualelements(orsimplyresiduals)
mayplayaroleinthedevelopmentofsteelmaterialswithdesirableproperties.
14
Table2.1 Typicalfunctionsofchemicalelementsinstructuralcarbonsteels
Elements Typical Strength Ductility Toughness Hardness Weldability Corrosion Remarks

content resistance
(%)
Aluminum(Al) 0~
0.015
Boron(B) 0~0.005 Usesonlyinaluminumkilledsteels,andmost
effectiveinlowcarbonsteel.
Calcium(Ca) 0~ Minimizesreheatcracking
0.015 Preventslamellartearinginlarge
restrainedweldedstructures
Carbon(C) 0.05~ Moderatetendencytosegregate
0.25
Chromium(Cr) 0.10~
0.90
Copper(Cu) 0.20~
0.60
Manganese(Mn) 0.50~ ControlsharmfuleffectofSulfur
1.70
Molybdenum(Mo) <0.30 Increasestheyieldstrengthatelevated
temperatures,aswellasthecreepstrength.
Columbium(Nb/Cb) <0.05 Columbium(Cb)referredtoasniobium(Nb)in
Europeisoneofthekeyelementsinthe
variousHSLAgrades.
Nitrogen(N) 0~
0.004
Nickel(Ni) 0.25~
1.50
Phosphorus(P) <0.05

Sulphur(S) <0.05

Silicon(Si) 0.10~ Gooddeoxidizersofsteel
0.40
Titanium(Ti) Increasescreepandrupturestrength
Vanadium(V) <0.20
15
2.2.2Effectsonweldability
Itisessentialthatasteelmaterialhasachemicalcompositionthatpromotesfusionofthe
basemetalandtheweldelectrode(filler)metal,withouttheformationofcracksandsimilar
imperfectionsduringwelding.Thischaracteristicisreferredtoastheweldabilityofthesteel
material. In general, all currently available steel materials are weldable although the
requirementsforsomehighstrengthsteelmaterialsareconsiderablymorerestrictivethan
thosefornormalstrengthsteelmaterials.
Themostcommonmeasureofweldabilityisthecarbonequivalentvalue,CEV,whichisused
toassessthecombinedeffect ofcarbonandtheotherchemicalelementsonthecracking
susceptibilityof thesteelmaterials.Basedontesting ofthesteelmaterials within certain
rangesofchemicalcompositions,variousempiricalformulasfordeterminationoftheCEVof
steelmaterialsareavailable:
CEV =C+(Mn+Si)/6+(Cr+Mo+Cb+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15 (Eq.A)
=C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15 (Eq.B)

=C+Si/30+(Mn+CU+Cr)/20+Ni/60+Mo/15+V/10+5B(Eq.C)
Thenumbersthatareenteredarethechemicalelementcontentsinpercent.Itshouldbe
notedthat:
a) For the CEV from Eq. A, weldability is deemed acceptable if the CEV is less than
approximately0.50.
b) Eq. B is probably the most commonly used, and it is the formula proposed by the
InternationalInstituteofWelding(IIW).AcarbonequivalentbasedonEq.Bisknownto
be a good measure ofthe hardenability of the steel, and the weldability isgood if the
CEVislessthan0.43formostcommonlyadoptedstructuralsteelwork.
c) TheCEVfromEq.CiscommonlyreferredtoasPcm,thecompositionparameter.Itisa
carbonequivalentformulathatwasdevelopedonthebasisofalargenumberoftestsof
thecrackingsusceptibilityofHSLAsteels.TheacceptabilitylevelfortheCEVfromEq.Cis
approximately0.23.
It should be noted that Eq. B is referred to in subsequent sections of this document. A

numberofmanual,semiautomaticandautomaticweldingprocessesarecurrentlyavailable.
Certaintypesaregenerallypreferredforstructuralshopwelding,whileothersarepreferred
for field welding. The American Welding Society's (AWS) "Welding Handbook" offers
detaileddescriptionsofallsuchprocesses,alongwiththeiradvantagesanddisadvantages.
16
2.3 BasicMaterialPropertiesofSteelMaterials
Thebasicmaterialpropertiesofsteelmaterialsare:
Modulusofelasticity,E =210.0kN/mm2

Shearmodulus, G =80.0kN/mm2

Poissonsratio, =0.3

Coefficientoflinearthermalexpansion =12x106/oC
2.4 DesignationofSteelGrades
The designation of steel grades is defined in the product standard for hot rolled products
andstructuralsteelsinEN100271(2005),andtheclassificationofsteelgradesisbasedon
the minimum specified yield strength at ambient temperature together with various
parametersforothermechanicalpropertiesanddeliveryconditionsasfollows:
Principalsymbol

Sdenotesstructuralsteel

Mechanicalproperties

355denotesaminimumyieldstrengthinN/mm 2

Jdenotesaminimumtoughnessat27J
Kdenotesaminimumtoughnessat40J

Rdenotesatesttemperatureat+20 o
C
o

0denotesatesttemperatureat0 C
o
2denotesatesttemperatureat20
C

Deliverconditions
S355J2Z15+M +N
+M
+AR

Specialrequirements onthroughthicknessproperty

Z15denotesaminimum15%reductionofcrosssectionalarea
Z25denotesaminimum25%reductionofarea

Z35denotesaminimum35%reductionofarea

Figure2.2DesignationofsteelgradeaccordingtoEN100271
Forguidanceonthechoiceofthroughthicknessproperties,refertoEN1993110(2005).

17
Section3 EquivalenceofSteelMaterialsandTheirSelection
InthisChapter,anumberofgeneralcriteriawhichinfluencetheuseofsteelmaterialsare
presentedtogetherwithbasicconsiderationsontheuseofvarioussteelproductforms.The
overallselectionconsiderationsfordesignandconstructionengineersarealsodescribed.
As the main theme of this Chapter is equivalence of steel materials, the essential
requirements for establishing equivalent steel materials to European steel materials
specificationsarefullydescribed.Materialperformancerequirementsgiveninvariousparts
ofEN10025,EN10149,EN10210andEN10219aswellasothersourcesaresummarizedin
a tabulated format, and these are presented systematically in Tables MR 1 to 11 for easy
reference. Quality assurance requirements recommended in various European steel
materialsspecificationsarealsobrieflypresented,andkeyfeaturesofaFactoryProduction
ControlsystemgiveninAppendixB.4ofEN100251isdescribed.
3.1 CriteriaInfluencingUseofSteelMaterials
In a steel structure, the steel materials are primarily subject to axial (tensile and
compressive)forces,shearforcesandbendingmoments. Theyrespondlinearlytoapplied
stressesuptoayieldpoint,andthereafterexhibitasignificantcapacityforplasticstraining
after first yield. Alternatively, especially for high strength steel materials, they respond
nonlinearlytoappliedstresses,andtheproofstrengthisconsideredtobeachievedwhena
proof strain at 0.2 % is attained. At large deformations, i.e. strains larger than 2 %,
postyieldingstrengthsaresignificantlylargerthanyieldstrengthsbecauseoftheeffectof
strainhardening,uptotensilestrengths,typically,15to25%inexcessoftheyieldvalues.
Thesteelmaterialsfractureeventuallyatatypicalelongationwithastrainlimitof15to25%.
Itshouldbenotedthatthismechanicalbehaviourisfullyutilisedtoadvantageinstructural
steelworkthroughrationaldesignforstructuraladequacyandeconomy.
3.1.1 Basicconsiderations
Steelmaterialsaresuppliedintwoproductforms:
i) flatproductsincluding
steelplateswiththicknesseslargerthan3.0mmandupto150mm,and
steelstripswiththicknessessmallerthanorequalto3.0mm,
and

ii) longproductsincluding
hot rolled sections such as universal beams, universal columns, joists, channels,
anglesandtees,
hotrolledorcoldformedbearingpiles,
hotfinishedhollowsectionssuchasrectangular,squareandcircularhollowsections,
and
coldformedhollowsections.
18
For structural applications, these products are inevitably cut to size and shape, and
components are connected to one another through either bolts or welding in fabrication
shopsoronsite.
Thebasicrequirementinthechoiceofaparticularsteelmaterialisthatitshouldbefitfor
theintendedapplicationandthedesignconditionsrequired. Themechanicalpropertiesof
particularimportancetoasteeldesignerinclude:
strength,
ductility,
toughness,
throughthicknessproperties,
weldability,and
strength,stiffnessandthermalexpansionatelevatedtemperatures.
Inaddition,thesteelmaterialsshouldhavearequiredservicelifewhichsuitstheexpected
environmentalconditions,andhence,corrosionresistanceisalsoimportant.
Where the steel material is to be fabricated into components or structures, its ability to
retain the required properties during fabrication should be clearly established. One of the
most important factors is the weldability of the steel material, and in this respect, the
chemicalcompositionofthesteelmaterialshouldbecontrolledwithintightlimits,andthe
welding processes and procedures adopted should be compatible with the steel material
chosen.
In practice, both corrosion resistance and fire resistance of the steel material may be
importantfactorsinsomestructuralapplications. Acleardecisionhastobetakenatthe
design stage as to whether corrosion resistance and fire resistance are to be achieved
through the use of additional protection systems, or inherently through the chemical
compositionofthesteelmaterialitself.
Increasedstrengthofsteelscanbeobtainedusingvariousprocesses,includinganincreased
alloyingcontent,mechanicalrollingandheattreatment,orcoldworking. Ingeneral,asthe
strengthincreasessodoesthecost,andtheremaybelittleadvantageinusinghighstrength
steel materials in situations where either fatigue or buckling are likely to be the critical
modesoffailure.
Certain product forms are available only in certain types and grades of steel materials. It
maynotbepossibletousehighstrengthsteelmaterialsforsomeproductshapesandretain
theirdimensionaltolerancesthroughthevariousstagesofheattreatmentswhendistortion
becomessignificant.
19
3.1.2 Overallselectionconsiderations
Among various discussions on chemical composition, mechanical working and heat

treatmentsofsteelmaterialsaswellaskeyissuesofstructuraldesignandfabrication,the
following considerations are recommended when selecting steel materials for a particular
structure:
i) Typeofstructure,structuralform,supportingconditions
i) Loadingrequirements,serviceconditions,dynamicorcyclicloads
ii) Materialstrength,ductility,toughness,throughthicknessproperties,weldability,and
chemicalcomposition
iii) Serviceenvironment,atmosphericcorrosionandfireprotection
iv) Structuralmembertypes,sizesandlengthsaswellasconnectionmethods:weldedor
boltedconnections
v) Connectionconfigurationsbetweenmembers:beamtocolumnconnections,
beamtobeamconnections,compressionandtensionsplices
vi) Fabricationmethods,includingjoiningtechniques,cutting,grinding,shopwelding,and
sitewelding
vii) Constructionsequenceandrequirements,includingsitewelding
viii) Qualificationsandexperienceofdesign,fabricationandconstructionpersonnel
ix) Equipmentrequiredforshopfabricationandsiteerection
x) InspectionmethodsandthequalificationsandQualityAssuranceproceduresofthe
inspectionpersonnel
xi) Specialconsiderations:
complicatedconnectionswithheavyboltedandweldedconnections;
largeweldmentinatriaxialstateofstress,strainandrestraint;
weldcontractionrestraintandassociateddeformations;
directionalityofmaterialproperties;
occurrenceandconsequencesofcracksduring(a)fabrication,(b)erection,and
(c)service;
fatiguedetails,crackinitiationandpropagation;
brittlefractureconditions;and
corrosionandstresscorrosion.
Althoughtherearemanymaterialrequirementsandteststhatmaybeconducted,manyof
them are only applicable to certain types of structures. For example, a bridge structure,
which is exposed to the natural environment and subject to high cycle fatigue conditions,
needs to have steel materials with toughness properties that are commensurate with the
anticipatedserviceconditions.Clearly,itwillbeneitherrealisticnoreconomicaltospecify
similarcriteriaforastaticallyloaded,enclosedbuildingstructure.
20
3.2 EquivalenceofSteelMaterials
ChinesesteelmaterialsbecamepracticalalternativestoBritishsteelmaterialsonanumber
of construction projects in Asia, in particular, in Hong Kong, Macau and Singapore. During
Department of the Government of Hong Kong SAR from February 2003 to August 2005, it
wasdecidednecessarytodeviseameanstoallow,ormoreaccurately,toformalize,theuse
ofChinesesteelmaterialsasequivalentsteelmaterialsforstructureswhichwereoriginally
designedtoBS5950.VariouspartsofChapter3oftheHongKongSteelCodedoesprovide
basic principles and considerations for qualifying, as well as accepting, steel materials
manufacturedtothefollowingnationalmaterialsspecifications:
Americanstandards,
Japanesestandards.
AsimpleandpracticalclassificationsystemfornonBritishsteelmaterialsisalsoincludedin
theHongKongSteelCodebywhichthedesignstrengthsofthesesteelmaterialsdependon
the adequacy of materials specifications as well as effectiveness of the quality control
proceduresfollowedduringtheirproduction.
AsimilaruseofnonBritishsteelmaterialswasalsoformallyadoptedinSingaporewiththe
issue of a technical guide entitled Design Guide on Use of Alternative Steel Materials to
BS5950in2008,andthenitsrevisedversionentitledDesignGuideonUseofAlternative
Structural Steel to BS5950 and Eurocode 3 in 2012 by the Building and Construction
Authority of the Ministry of National Development. These Design Guides aim to provide
technical guidelines and design information on the use of nonBritish steel materials, and
theclassificationsystemforvarioussteelmaterialsgivenintheHongKongSteelCodewas
adoptedafterminormodification.UndertheprovisionsoftheseDesignGuides,alternative
steel materials, not manufactured to European steel materials specifications, may be
allowedinstructuraldesignbasedontheStructuralEurocodesforconstructionprojectsin
Singapore.
Itshouldbenotedthatthefollowingproductformsarecovered:
1) Structuralsteels
plates
sections
hollowsections
sheetpiles
solidbars
stripsforcoldformedopensections
2) Thingaugestrips
stripsforcoldformedprofiledsheetings
21
3) Connectionmaterials
studconnectors
nonpreloadedboltedassemblies
preloadedboltedassemblies
weldingconsumables
3.2.1 Selectionprinciples
BasedontheexperiencesoftheconstructionindustryinHongKongandSingaporeoverthe
past30yearsaswellastheuseofboththeCodeofPracticefortheStructuralUseofSteel
in Hong Kong and theDesign Guide on Use of Alternative Structural Steelto BS5950 and
Eurocode 3 in Singapore over the past 8 to 10 years, the selection principles for
equivalenceofsteelmaterialshavebeenestablished. Bothminimumacceptablestandards
ofmaterialperformanceandqualityassuranceareconsideredtobeessentialrequirements
for steel materials to be accepted as equivalent. After due consideration, key selection
principleshavebeenidentifiedasfollows:
Materialperformance
a) mechanicalstrengthsforstructuraladequacy,
b) ductilityforsustainedresistancesatlargedeformations,
c) toughnessintermsofenergyabsorptionagainstimpact,and
d) chemicalcompositionsandweldabilityforminimizedrisksofcrackformationin
welds.
Thus,itisessentialforthemanufacturerofanyproposedequivalentsteelmaterial
to demonstrate full compliance with the material performance requirements on
dimensional accuracy,mechanicalproperties,and chemical composition during the
manufacturing processes to ensure the material adequacy for use in structural
designaccordingtoEN1993andEN1994.
Qualityassurancesystems
a) demonstratedcompliancewithacceptablereferencestandards,
b) demonstrated compliance with material tests with sufficient sampling on both
chemicalcompositionandmechanicalproperties,and
c) effectiveimplementationofcertificatedqualityassurancesystems.
Itisalsoessentialforthemanufacturerofanyproposedequivalentsteelmaterialto
demonstrate full compliance with the quality assurance requirements during the
manufacturingprocesstoensureitsadequacyforuseinstructuraldesignaccording
toEN1993andEN1994.
In order to demonstrate compliance with the material performance and the quality
assurancerequirementstoEuropeansteelmaterialsspecifications,intensiveroutinetesting
should be conducted according to the relevant materials specifications whilst the
manufacturing process should be demonstrated as operating effectively under a Certified
Quality Assurance System. A good example is a Certified Factory Production Control
system to Appendix B.4 of EN 100251 which should have been effectively implemented,
successfully certified and regularly monitored by an independent qualified Certification
Body.
22
When performing rational selection of equivalent steel materials, the following

considerationsonmechanicalpropertiesandchemicalcompositionshouldbetakenaccount
of:
a) Materialstrengthsforstructuraladequacy
Boththeminimumyieldstrength,Reh,andtheultimatetensilestrength,Rm,ofthe
proposed steel materials should be directly adopted from their national materials
specifications.Itshouldbenotedthatthevaluesofthesetwostrengthparameters
dependheavilyonboththedimensionsofthecouponsandthetestingprocedures.
According to most European steel materials specifications, the values of both the
minimum yield and the ultimate tensile strengths are gradually reduced when the
platethicknessincreases.
Owingtothedifferentsystemsofstrengthgradesusedbyvariousnationalmaterials
specifications, the values of both the minimum yield and the ultimate tensile
strengthsareoftendifferenttothoseofthecorrespondingEuropeansteelmaterials
specifications. Inthesecases,redesignofstructuralsteelworkisnecessary.

b) Ductilityforsustainedresistancesatlargedeformations:
Ductilityofsteelmaterialscorrelatesapproximatelywiththeirelongationlimits,that
is,theelongationsofsteelcouponsatfractureinstandardcoupontests.Thevalues
oftheelongationlimitsdependheavilyonthedimensionsofthesteelcouponsand
thetestingproceduresaswellastheproductformsoftheproposedsteelmaterials
andthesteelcouponsamplingmethods.

Ifa proposedsteelmaterialdoesnotpossesssufficientductility asrequiredbythe
relevantsteeldesigncodes,thentheproposedsteelmaterialwillnotbeacceptedas
anequivalentsteelmaterial.

c) Toughnessintermsofenergyabsorptionagainstimpact
Toughness is an important mechanical property of steel materials, which is the

resistance against brittle fracture, and is quantified as the amount of dissipated
energy obtained from standard Charpy Vnotch impact tests at various design
temperatures. In general, if a proposedsteel material does not possesssufficient
toughness as required in the relevant European steel materials specifications, then
theproposedsteelmaterialwillnotbeacceptedasanequivalentsteelmaterial.

Nevertheless,thethresholdvaluesofthisquantity arefoundtoberelated to both
thestresslevelsandthethicknessesofthesteelplates,andhence,thesevaluesare
readilyreducedforactualapplicationsofthesteelmaterialsusingcodifiedrules. In
general,thesevaluesareoftenreducedsignificantlywhenthinplatesareused,and
inthesecircumstances,thesteelmaterialsarelikelytobeconsideredacceptable.
23
d) Chemicalcompositionsandweldabilitytominimizerisksofcrackformationinwelds

AsdiscussedinChapter2,thecontentsofanumberofchemicalsshouldbekeptto
anoptimallimit,suchasCarbon,SulphurandPhosphorusastheirpresencetendto
reduce ductility, toughness and weldability as well as promote segregation at the
sametime. Asasimpleruleforhotrolledstructuralsteelsections,themaximum
Carbon content should not exceed 0.25 % while the maximum Sulphur content
should not exceed 0.05 %. Moreover, the maximum Phosphorus content should
not exceed 0.05 %, which is further limited to 0.01 % when a through thickness
quality,i.e.Zquality,isspecified.

The weldability of steel materials depends on the carbon equivalent value, CEV,
which represents the combined effects of Carbon and other chemical elements on
thecrackingsusceptibilityofthesteelmaterials.

Hence, if any one of the contents of these nonbeneficial chemicals present in a
proposed steel material exceeds the corresponding limit given in the relevant
European materials specifications, then the proposed steel material will not be
automaticallyacceptedasanequivalentsteelmaterial. Moreover,iftheCEVvalue
oftheproposedsteelmaterialexceedsthecorrespondinglimit,then,theproposed
steelmaterialshouldbeusedwithcaution. Detailsoftheweldingprocedures,such
as interpass temperatures, should be modified according to the thicknesses of the
steel materials. Furthermore, welding consumables shall match the steel types,
otherwise,testingfornonqualifyingweldingconsumablesshouldbeundertaken.
3.2.2 ClassificationofSteelMaterials
Given a satisfactory demonstration of both the material performance and the quality
assurance during their manufacturing processes, steel materials with yield strengths from
235to690N/mm2areclassifiedasfollows:
ClassE1SteelMaterials

Steelmaterialswhichare
i) manufacturedinaccordancewithoneoftheAcceptableMaterialsSpecifications
listed in Appendix A with a fully demonstrated compliance on their material
performance,and

ii) manufacturedinaccordancewithanAcceptableQualityAssuranceSystemwith
afullydemonstrationofitseffectiveimplementation.

Thus,compliancewithallthematerialrequirementshasbeendemonstratedthrough
intensive routine testing conducted during the effective implementation of a
certificatedFactoryProductionControlsystemaccordingtoEuropeansteelmaterials
specifications. The Factory Production Control System should be certified by an
independentqualifiedcertificationbody.
24

Steelmaterialswhichare

i) manufacturedinaccordancewithoneoftheAcceptableMaterialsSpecifications
listed in Appendix A with a fully demonstrated compliance on their material
performance,and

ii) manufacturedinaccordancewithaneffectivelyimplementedqualityassurance
systemwhichisdifferenttoaFactoryControlProductionSystem.

Thus, the steel materials are manufactured in accordance with all the material
requirements given in one of the Acceptable Materials Specifications, but without a
certified Factory Production Control System in accordance with European steel
materials specifications. In general, many steel manufacturers will have already
establishedaformofqualityassuranceduringthemanufacturingprocesses,however,
ahighlevelofconsistencyinthematerialperformanceofthesteelmaterialsrequired
in European steel materials specifications cannot be verified in the absence of a
certified Factory Production Control System. Hence, a demonstration of the
conformityofthesteelmaterialsisrequired,additionalmaterialtestswithsufficient
sampling should be conducted for various batches of supply to demonstrate full
compliance with both the material performance and the quality assurance
requirements. RefertoSection3.2.3fordetailsofadditionalmaterialstests.

Steelmaterialsforwhichitcannotbedemonstratedtheywere

i) manufacturedinaccordancewithanyoftheAcceptableMaterialsSpecifications
listedinAppendixA;nor

ii) manufacturedinaccordancewithanAcceptableQualityAssuranceSystem.

Hence, anysteel material which cannot be demonstratedto beeither ClassE1 Steel
MaterialorClassE2SteelMaterialwillbeclassifiedasClassE3SteelMaterial,andthe
nominal value of yield strength of the steel material is limited to 170 N/mm2 for
structural design; no additional material test is needed in general. However, the
designyieldstrengthofthesteelmaterialmaybeincreasedifadditionalmaterialtests
with sufficient sampling have been conducted for various batches of supply before
use.
Table 3.1 summarizes the classification system applying to the various classes of steel
materials. Itshouldbenotedthatanewlydefinedfactor,namely,thematerialclassfactor,
MC,isadoptedasaresultoftheclassification,andhence,thenominalvaluesoftheyield
strengthandoftheultimatetensilestrengthoftheequivalentsteelmaterialsaregivenas
follows:
25
Nominalvalueofyieldstrength
fy = ReH /MC (Equation3.1)

Nominalvalueofultimatetensilestrength
fu = Rm/MC (Equation3.2)
where ReH istheminimumyieldstrengthtoproductstandards;

Rm istheultimatetensilestrengthtoproductstandards;and
MC isthematerialclassfactorgiveninTable3.1.
Itshouldbenotedthat
a) PlasticanalysisanddesignispermittedforClassesE1andE2SteelMaterialsassuming
yieldstrengthsnotlargerthan460N/mm2.
b) ForClassesE1andE2SteelMaterialswithyieldstrengthslargerthan460N/mm2but
smaller than or equal to 690 N/mm2, design rules given in EN 1993112 should be
used.
c) OnlyelasticanalysisanddesignshouldbeusedforClassE3SteelMaterials.
Table3.1 Classificationsystemforvariousclassesofsteelmaterials
Materialclassfactor,MC
Nominal Class Compliance Compliance Additional for
yield with with material minimum ultimate
strength material quality tests yield tensile
performance assurance strength, strength,
(N/mm2) requirements requirements ReH Rm
E1 Y Y N 1.0 1.0
235
and
E2 Y N Y 1.1 1.1
690

E3 N N N

26
3.2.3 AdditionalmaterialtestsrequiredforClassE2SteelMaterials
Table 3.2 summarizes all the additional material tests required for demonstration of
conformity of a proposed equivalent steel material in order to achieve classification as a
ClassE2SteelMaterial.
Table3.2 Additionalmaterialtestsrequiredfordemonstrationofconformity
Materialtests Productforms Parameterstesteda ReferenceStandards

Tensiletests Plates Yieldstrength BSENISO68921:2009
Sections Tensilestrength
Hollowsections Elongationat
Sheetpiles fracture
Solidbars
Stripsforcoldformed
opensections
Stripsforcoldformed
profiledsheets
Studconnectors
Bolts
Charpy Plates Impactenergy BSENISO1481:2010
impacttests Sections
Hollowsections
Hardness Bolts Brinellhardness BSENISO65061:2005
Tests Nuts Vickershardness BSENISO65071:2005
Washers Rockwellhardness BSENISO65081:2005
Proofload Nuts Proofloadstress BSEN208982:1994
Tests
Allweld Weldingconsumables Yieldstrength BSENISO157921:2008
metaltests Tensilestrength
Elongationat
fracture
Impactenergy
Chemical Plates Carboncontentb, BSENISO14284:2002
Analysis Sections CarbonEquivalent
Hollowsections Valueb,
Sheetpiles Sulphurcontentb,
Solidbars Phosphorous
Stripsforcoldformed contentb,
opensections andothersc
Stripsforcoldformed
profiledsheets
Bolts
Itshouldbenotedthat
a. All the parameters tested should be in compliance with the material

performance requirements given in the relevant acceptable materials
specifications.
27
b. When compared with the limits specified for ladle analysis, limits for product
analysisshallbe:
0.03%higherforcarboncontent;
0.04%higherforcarbonequivalentvalue;
0.01%higherforeachofsulphurandphosphorouscontents.
c. The contents of the following elements should also be determined and

recorded:

Silicon(Si),Manganese(Mn),Copper(Cu),Chromium(Cr),Molybdenum
(Mo),Nickel(Ni),Aluminium(Al),Niobium(Nb),Titanium(Ti),Vanadium(V),
Nitrogen(N)andanyotherelementintentionallyadded.
As the inspection frequencies, the sampling sizes and the number of tests for each
parameterdependonmanyfactors,suchasdeliveryconditionsandsupply,thestructural
applications of the steel materials as well as quality assurance requirements and relevant
local regulations on the use of equivalent steel materials, it is not practical to provide
general recommendations on the programme of material testing. Nevertheless, the
practice of quality control on the use of equivalent steel materials adopted by regulatory
authorities in a number of countries and cities in Asia is provided in Appendix C for easy
reference. It is advisable to seek recommendations from these regulatory authorities for
specificadditionalmaterialtestsrequirements.
3.2.4 Steelmaterialswithyieldstrengthslargerthan690N/mm2
High strength steel materials with yield strengths larger than 690 N/mm2 are classified as
Class UH Steel Materials provided that full compliance with all the material performance
andthequalityassurancerequirementstorelevantEuropeansteelmaterialsspecifications
isdemonstratedduringtheirmanufacturingprocesses. Intensiveroutinetestingshouldbe
conducted accordingtorelevant materials specifications whilst the manufacturing process
should be demonstrated as operating effectively under a Certified Factory Control
Productionscheme.
Ingeneral,highstrengthsteelmaterialsoftenofferstructuraladvantagesforheavilyloaded
structures, especially in the case of ultimate limit state design, but there can only be a
limited improvement in its resistance to member buckling. Their use makes no
improvementtotheabilitytomeetserviceabilitylimitstatessuchasdeflection,fatigueetc..
It should be noted that the design provisions in EN 1993 on the use of Class UH Steel
Materials are rather limited in extent. Hence, their use in steel construction should be
undertaken with caution, and approval from regulatory authorities should be sought. In
general,thesesteelmaterialsareusedinboltedmembersundertensionintheformoftie
rodsorbars,etc..Inthesecases,theresponsibleengineershouldprovidefulljustification
for the proposed use to the regulatory authority, and also provide a demonstration of
compliancewithallmaterialperformanceandqualityassurancerequirements.
28
3.3 MaterialPerformanceRequirementstoEuropeanSteelMaterialsSpecifications
The essential material performance requirements for a wide range of product forms are
giveninthissection,andTable3.3presentsalltheproductformscoveredinthissection.
Table3.3 Productforms
Material Material Product Description

type requirements form
Structural TableMR1 Plates Hotrolleduncoatedsteelplateswitha

steels minimumthicknessof3mm,suppliedflat
orprecurvedinanyshapeasrequired
TableMR2 Sections Hotrolledopensectionsincluding
universalbeams,columns,joists,channels,
anglesandteesaswellasbearingpiles
TableMR3 Hollowsections Hotfinishedandcoldformedhollow
sectionsofcircular,squareorrectangular
forms
TableMR4 Sheetpiles Hotrolledandcoldformedsheetpiles,and

interlockingpipepiles

TableMR5 Solidbars Hotrolledflat,squareandcircularsteel
barswithsolidcrosssections

TableMR6 Stripsforcold Hotrolleduncoatedorgalvanizedstrips
formedopen withathicknessintherangeof1to8mm
sections formanufacturingofcoldformedopen
sections
Thingauge TableMR7 Stripsforcold Hotrolledgalvanizedstripswitha
strips formedprofiled thicknessintherangeof0.43to1.5mm
sheetings formanufacturingofcoldformedprofiled
sheetings
Connection TableMR8 Stud Studconnectorsfortransferringshear
materials connectors resistancesatthesteelconcreteinterfaces
ofcompositestructures
TableMR9 Nonpreloaded ISOmetrichexagonbolts,nutsand
bolted washersfornonpreloaded(orbearing)
assemblies boltedconnections
TableMR10 Preloaded ISOmetrichexagonbolts,nutsand
bolted washersforpreloaded(ornonslip)bolted
assemblies connections
TableMR11 Welding Electrodes,wires,rodsandfluxes
consumables

29
Compliance with these material performance requirements is one of the two essential
selectionprinciplesontheequivalenceofthosesteelmaterialswhicharenotmanufactured
toEuropeansteelmaterialsspecifications.However,itshouldbenotedthatequivalentsteel
materialsshouldbemanufactured,inthefirstplace,toanationalstandard,andpreferably
oneofthefollowingnationalstandards:
a) Australian/NewZealandstandards
b) Chinesestandards,
c) Japanesestandards,and
d) Americanstandards.
Atthesametime,theyshouldalsomeettherelevantmaterialperformancerequirementsof
theEuropeansteelmaterialsspecificationsassummarizedinTablesMR1to11giveninthis
section.
30
3.3.1 Structuralsteels
Equivalent steel materials for structural steels as specified in EN 19931 should be

manufactured to a national standard. Meanwhile, they should also meet the relevant
materialrequirementsasspecifiedinSections3.3.1.1to3.3.1.11.
3.3.1.1 Plates
This section covers hot rolled uncoated steel plates with a minimum thickness of 3 mm
whicharesuppliedeitherflatorprecurvedasrequired.Steelforcoldformedsectionsand
sheetings is not within the scope of this section. References for material performance
requirements in this section include, in alphanumerical order, BS EN 199311, BS EN
1993110,BSEN1993112,BSEN100251,BSEN100252,BSEN100253,BSEN100254,
BSEN100255,BSEN100256,BSEN10029andBSEN10051andBSEN10164.
TableMR1 Materialrequirementsforplates
a) Geometricalspecificationsforplates
Dimension 8t150mm
Deviationinthickness: 2mmorwithinatoleranceof15%forthinsteel
plates.
3
Mass 7850kg/m ,limitedbydimensionaltolerance.
b) Mechanicalspecificationsforplates
Strength(N/mm2) 235ReH690
300Rm1000
Ductility f15%andRm/ReH1.10 for ReH460;
f10%andRm/ReH1.05 for 460<ReH690

Impacttoughness 27Jatspecifictemperatures.
Throughthickness TobespecifiedtoBSEN1993110andBSEN10164,ifrequired.
properties
c) Chemicalspecificationsforplatesbasedonladleanalysis
Nominalvalueofyield Maximumcontent(%bymass)
strength(N/mm2) C P* S CEV
235 0.26 0.045 0.050 0.40
275 0.26 0.045 0.050 0.44
355 0.26 0.045 0.050 0.49
420 0.26 0.040 0.050 0.52
460 0.26 0.040 0.050 0.55
460** 0.26 0.040 0.040 0.50
550** 0.26 0.030 0.020 0.83
690** 0.26 0.030 0.020 0.83
* Forcertainweatheringsteel,themaximumphosphorouscontentshallbeallowedupto0.15%.
** Forquenchedandtemperedsteelonly.
31
3.3.1.2 Sections
This section covers hot rolled open sections including universal beams, columns, joists,
channels, angles and tees as well as bearing piles. References to material performance
requirements in this section include, in alphanumerical order, BS EN 199311, BS EN
1993110,BSEN10024,BSEN100251,BSEN100252,BSEN100253,BSEN100254,BS
EN100255,BSEN10034,BSEN10055,BSEN100562,BSEN10164andBSEN10279.
TableMR2 Materialrequirementsforsections
a) Geometricalspecificationsforsections
Dimension 8t60mm
Deviationinsectionsize: 4mmorwithinatoleranceof3%.
Deviationinthickness: 2mmorwithinatoleranceof15%for
thinsteelplate.
Mass 7850kg/m3,ingeneral,themassofabatchorpieceshallbewithin4%of
thecalculatedmass.
Forsectiondepthofchannels125,6%.
Forsectiondepthofchannels>125,4%.
b) Mechanicalspecificationsforsections
300Rm 750

Ductility f15%;
Rm/ReH1.10
Throughthickness Nil.
properties
c) Chemicalspecificationsforsectionsbasedonladleanalysis
2
strength(N/mm ) C P* S CEV
235 0.26 0.045 0.045 0.40
275 0.26 0.045 0.045 0.44
355 0.26 0.045 0.045 0.49
420 0.26 0.040 0.040 0.52
460 0.26 0.040 0.040 0.55
* Forcertainweatheringsteel,themaximumphosphorouscontentshallbeallowedupto
0.15%.
32
3.3.1.3 Hollowsections
This section covers hot finished and cold formed hollow sections of circular, square and
rectangularforms.Referencestomaterialperformancerequirementsinthissectioninclude,
inalphanumericalorder,BS7668,BSEN199311,BSEN1993110,BSEN102101,BSEN
102102,BSEN102191andBSEN102192.
TableMR3 Materialrequirementsforhollowsections
a) Geometricalspecificationsforhollowsections
Dimension 8t40mm
Deviationinsectionsize: 2%.
Deviationinthickness: 2mmorwithinatoleranceof15%forthin
steelplate.
Mass 7850kg/m3,6%
b) Mechanicalspecificationsforhollowsections
300Rm750
Ductility f15%;
Rm/ReH1.10
Throughthicknessproperties Nil.
c) Chemicalspecificationsforhotfinishedhollowsectionsbasedonladleanalysis
Nominalvalueof Maximumcontent(%bymass)
yieldstrength C P* S CEV
(N/mm2)
235 0.24 0.040 0.040 0.41
275 0.24 0.040 0.040 0.45
355 0.24 0.035 0.035 0.50
420 0.24 0.035 0.035 0.52
460 0.24 0.035 0.035 0.55
0.15%.
d) Chemicalspecificationsforcoldformedhollowsectionsbasedonladleanalysis
Nominalvalueof Maximumcontent(%bymass)
yieldstrength C P* S CEV
(N/mm2)
235 0.24 0.040 0.040 0.37
275 0.24 0.040 0.040 0.40
355 0.24 0.035 0.035 0.48**
420 0.24 0.035 0.035 0.50**
460 0.24 0.035 0.035 0.53**
0.15%.
** Ifthermomechanicalrollingisused,themaximumCEVallowedshallbereducedby10%.
33
3.3.1.4 Sheetpiles
This section covers hot rolled and cold formed sheet piles, and interlocking pipe piles.
Referencestomaterialperformancerequirementsinthissectioninclude,inalphanumerical
order,BSEN100252,BSEN101492,BSEN101493,BSEN10051,BSEN102481,BSEN
102482,BSEN102491andBSEN102492.
TableMR4 Materialrequirementsforsheetpiles
a) Geometricalspecificationsforsheetpiles
Dimension t25mm
Deviationincrosssectionaldimension:
0.5mmorwithatoleranceof10%forthinsteelplateswitht5mm.
Mass 7850kg/m3,3%
b) Mechanicalspecificationsforsheetpiles
235ReH460
Strength(N/mm2)
300Rm750
f15%;
Ductility
Rm/ReH1.10
Impacttoughness Nil.
Throughthickness
Nil.
properties
c) Chemicalspecificationsforsheetpilesbasedonladleanalysis
strength(N/mm2) C P* S CEV
235~460 0.25 0.05 0.05 0.48
>460 0.25 0.12 0.05 0.48

0.15%.
34
3.3.1.5 Solidbars
This section covers hot rolled flat, square and circular steel bars with solid crosssections.
Referencestomaterialperformancerequirementsinthissectioninclude,inalphanumerical
order,BSEN199311,BSEN1993110,BSEN1993112,BSEN100251,BSEN100252,
BSEN100253,BSEN100254,BSEN100255,BSEN100256,BSEN10058,BSEN10059
andBSEN10060.
TableMR5 Materialrequirementsforsolidbars
a) Geometricalspecificationsforsolidbars
Dimension 150mmindimensionsforsolidbarswithsquareandrectangular
crosssections

250mmindiameterforsolidbarswithcircularcrosssections

Deviationincrosssectionaldimension: 0.5mmorwithatoleranceof
10%forsmallcrosssections.
Mass 7850kg/m3;3%
b) Mechanicalspecificationsforsolidbars
Strength 235ReH690
(N/mm2) 300Rm1000

properties

c) Chemicalspecificationsforsolidbarsbasedonladleanalysis
strength(N/mm2) P* S CEV
235 0.045 0.050 0.40
275 0.045 0.050 0.44
355 0.045 0.050 0.49
420 0.040 0.050 0.52
460 0.040 0.050 0.55
460** 0.040 0.040 0.50
550** 0.030 0.020 0.83
690** 0.030 0.020 0.83
0.15%.
** Forquenchedandtemperedsteelonly.
35
3.3.1.6 Stripsforcoldformedopensections
Thissectioncovershotrolleduncoatedorgalvanizedstripswithamaximumthicknessof8
mmformanufacturingofcoldformedopensections,suchasplainorlippedchannelsand
zeds for building envelopes. References for material performance requirements in this
sectioninclude,inalphanumericalorder,BSEN199313,BSEN1993112,BSEN100252,
BSEN100253,BSEN100254,BSEN10268,BSEN10346,BSEN101492,BSEN101493,
BSEN10051,andBSEN10143.
TableMR6 Materialrequirementsforcoldformedopensections
a) Geometricalspecificationsforstripsforcoldformedopensections
1.5t8mm
Dimension Deviationinactualthickness: 0.3mmorwithatoleranceof15%for
thinstrips.
Mass 7850kg/m3,limitedbydimensionaltolerance.
b) Mechanicalspecificationsforstripsforcoldformedopensections
Strength 200ReH700
(N/mm2) 250Rm750

properties

c) Chemicalspecificationsforstripsforcoldformedopensectionsbasedonladleanalysis
strength(N/mm2) C P S CEV
200~550 0.25 0.05 0.05 0.48
Dependingontheproductthicknessorvariationinmetallurgicalprocessandintendeduse,the
requirementsforchemicalcompositionmightvaryandshouldbereferredtoBSEN100252,BS
EN100253,BSEN100254,BSEN101492,BSEN101493,BSEN10268andBSEN10346.
36
3.3.1.7 Stripsforcoldformedprofiledsheetings
Thissectioncovershotrolledgalvanizedstripswiththicknessesrangingfrom0.43to1.5mm
for the manufacture of cold formed profiled sheetings in metal roof and composite slab
construction. Referencestomaterialperformancerequirementsinthissectioninclude,in
alphanumericalorder,BSEN199313,BSEN1993112,BSEN100252,BSEN100253,BS
EN100254,BSEN10268,BSEN10346,BSEN101492,BSEN101493,BSEN10051andBS
EN10143.
TableMR7 Materialrequirementsforcoldformedprofiledsheetings
a) Geometricalspecificationsforstripsforcoldformedprofiledsheetings
Dimensions 0.43t1.5mm
Deviationinactualthickness: 0.1mmorwithatoleranceof15%
forthinstrips.
Mass 7850kg/m3,limitedbydimensionaltolerance.
b) Mechanicalspecificationsforstripsforcoldformedprofiledsheetings
Strength 200ReH700
(N/mm2) 250Rm750
Ductility f15%;Rm/ReH1.10andu15y for ReH<460;
f10%;Rm/ReH1.05andu15y for 460ReH700

properties
* Note: When the yield point is not pronounced, the value of Re should be taken as the 0.2%
proofstrength,Rp0.2.Iftheyieldstrengthispronounced,thevalueofReshouldbetaken
astheloweryieldstrengthReLaccordingtotheproductstandard.
c) Chemicalspecificationsforstripsforcoldformedprofiledsheetingsbasedonladle
analysis
strength(N/mm2) C P S
200~550 0.25 0.05 0.05
Dependingontheproductthicknessorvariationinmetallurgicalprocessandintendeduse,the
requirementsforchemicalcompositionmightvaryandshouldbereferredtoBSEN100252,BSEN
100253,BSEN100254,BSEN101492,BSEN101493,BSEN10268andBSEN10346.
37
3.3.1.8 Studconnectors
Thissectioncoversstudconnectorswhichareusedtotransfershearresistancesacrossthe
steelconcrete interfaces of composite members. References to material performance
requirementsinthissectioninclude,inalphanumericalorder,BSEN199411,BSEN13918,
andBSENISO898.
TableMR8 Materialrequirementsforstudconnectors
a) Geometricalspecificationsforstudconnectors
Shankdiameter 10to25mm
Dimensional
Inaccordancewiththecorrespondingstandards.
tolerance
Theheaddiametershouldbeatleast1.5timestheshankdiameterwhereastheheaddepth
shouldbealeast0.4timestheshankdiameter.
b) Mechanicalspecificationsforstudconnectors
Nominalvalueof 240Re*1100
yieldstrength Rm400
(N/mm2)
Ductility f14%
38
3.3.1.9 Nonpreloadedboltedassemblies
This section covers nonpreloaded bolts and the recommended combinations of matching
componentsinnonpreloadedboltedassemblies. ItcoversISOmetrichexagonbolts,nuts
and washers for nonpreloaded (or bearing) bolted connections with bolts, plain washers
with or without chamfers. References to material performance requirements in this
sectioninclude,inalphanumericalorder,BS4190,BS4320,BS7419,BSEN199318,BSEN
208982(ISO8982),BSENISO8981,BSENISO4014,BSENISO4016,BSENISO4017,BS
ENISO4018,BSENISO4032,BSENISO4033,BSENISO4034andBSENISO7091.
TableMR9 Materialrequirementsfornonpreloadedboltedassemblies
a) Geometricalspecificationsfornonpreloadedboltedassemblies
Threadsize 5~68mm
Dimensions Inaccordancewiththecorrespondingstandards.
b) Mechanicalspecificationsfornonpreloadedbolts
Strength Gradeofbolts Rm Re*

(N/mm2) 4.6 400 240
8.8 800 640
10.9 1000 900
Ductility f8%
Reductioninareaafterfracture,A35%
c) Hardnessrequirementsfornonpreloadedbolts
Rangeofhardness
Gradeofbolts Vickershardness Brinell hardness Rockwellhardness
(HV) (HB) (HRBorHRC)
4.6 120220 114 209 6795(HRB)
8.8 250335 238318 2234(HRC)
10.9 320380 304361 3239(HRC)
d) Chemicalspecificationsfornonpreloadedboltsbasedonproductanalysis
Maximumcontent(%bymass)
Gradeofbolts
P S
4.6* 0.050 0.060
8.8and10.9** 0.050 0.060
* Freecuttingsteelmaybeallowedforthesegradeswiththefollowingmaximumcontents:
Sulphur0.34%,Phosphorous0.11%andLead0.35%.
** Incaseofplaincarbonboronsteelwithacarboncontentbelow0.25%(castanalysis),the
minimummanganesecontentshouldbe0.6%forpropertyclass8.8,and0.7%forpropertyclass
10.9.
39
e) Recommendedgradesofnutsinnonpreloadedassemblies
Gradeofnuts Proofloadstress Compatibleboltgrades
(N/mm2)
4 400 4.8
8 800 8.8
10 1000 10.9
f) Hardnessrequirementsfornutsinnonpreloadedassemblies
Rangeofhardness
Gradeofnuts VickersHardness Brinellhardness Rockwellhardness
8 353 336 36
10 353 336 36
12 353 336 36
g) Chemicalspecificationsfornutsinnonpreloadedassembliesbasedonproduct
analysis
Gradeofnuts
C P S
6* 0.58 0.060 0.150
8 0.58 0.060 0.150
10and12 0.58 0.048 0.058
Sulphur0.34%,Phosphurus0.11%,andLead0.35%.
40
3.3.1.10 Preloadedboltedassemblies
This section covers preloaded bolts and the recommended combinations of matching
components in preloaded bolted assemblies. It covers ISO metric hexagon bolts, nuts and
washers for preloaded (or nonslip) bolted connections. References to material
performance requirements in this section include, in alphanumerical order, BS 43951, BS
43952,BS46041,BS46042,BS76441,BS76442,BSEN199318,BSEN143991,BSEN
143992, BS EN 143993, BS EN 143994, BS EN 143995, BS EN 143996, BS EN 208982
(ISO8982)andBSENISO8981.
TableMR10 Materialrequirementsforpreloadedboltedassemblies
a) Geometricalspecificationsforpreloadedboltedassemblies
Threadsize 12to36mm
Dimensions Inaccordancewiththecorrespondingstandards.
Bolts with threadsizesshould be in therange of 12 to 36 mm with plain washers with or

withoutchamfers,andtensionindicatingwashers.
b) Mechanicalspecificationsforpreloadedbolts
Strength Gradeofbolts Rm Re*

(N/mm2) 8.8 800 640
10.9 1000 900
Ductility f 8%
Impacttoughness 27Jat20oC.
c) Hardnessrequirementsforpreloadedbolts
Rangeofhardness
Gradeofbolts Vickershardness Brinell hardness Rockwellhardness
(HV) (HB) (HRC)
8.8 250335 238 318 2234
10.9 320380 304361 3239
d) Chemicalspecificationsforpreloadedboltsbasedonproductanalysis
Gradeofbolts
P S
4.6* 0.050 0.060
8.8and10.9** 0.050 0.060
Sulphur0.34%,Phosphorous0.11%andLead0.35%.
** Incaseofplaincarbonboronsteelwithacarboncontentbelow0.25%(castanalysis),the
minimummanganesecontentshouldbe0.6%forpropertyclass8.8,and0.7%forproperty
class10.9.
41
e) Recommendedgradesofnutsinpreloadedassemblies
Gradeofnuts Proofloadstress Compatibleboltgrades
(N/mm2)
8 800 8.8
10 1000 10.9
f) Hardnessrequirementsfornutsinpreloadedassemblies
Rangeofhardness
Gradeofnuts VickersHardness Brinellhardness Rockwellhardness
8 353 336 36
10 353 336 36
12 353 336 36
g) Chemicalspecificationsfornutsinpreloadedassembliesbasedonproductanalysis
Gradeofnuts
C P S
8 0.58 0.06 0.15
10and12 0.58 0.05 0.06
42
3.3.1.11 Weldingconsumables
This section covers welding consumables including electrodes, wires, rods and fluxes. The
design parameters of welds corresponding to different welding consumable grades are
given in Table MR11. References to material performance requirements in this section
include,inalphanumericalorder,BSEN760,BSEN199318,BSENISO636,BSEN1668,BS
ENISO2560,BSENISO15792,BSENISO14171,BSENISO16834,BSENISO17632,BSEN
ISO17633,BSENISO17634,BSENISO18274,BSENISO21952,BSENISO24373,BSENISO
24598andBSENISO26304.
TableMR11Materialrequirementsforweldingconsumables
a) Materialperformancerequirementsforweldingconsumables
Material Inaccordancewiththecorrespondingstandards.
performance
requirements
b) Mechanicalspecificationsforweldingconsumables
Strength 250 Re* 890

(N/mm2) 430 Rm 1180

Ductility f15%


43
3.4 QualityAssuranceRequirementstoEuropeanSteelMaterialsSpecifications
Ingeneral,asteelmanufacturerwill havealreadyestablishedaformofqualityassurance.
However,inordertodemonstratecompliancewiththequalityassurancerequirementsfor
steel materials equivalent to European steel materials specifications, a steel manufacturer
should further establish a Factory Production Control (FPC) System which is essential for
demonstratingconformityofthesteelmaterialperformanceswithEuropeansteelmaterials
specifications. Moreover, in order to demonstrate effective implementation, the FPC
System must be certified by an independent qualified certification body. For further
informationonaFPCScheme,refertoAppendixB.4ofEN100251.
3.4.1 FactoryProductionControlSystem
A steel manufacturer should establish, document and maintain a FPC System to ensure
conformity of his steel products with relevant materials specifications. In addition to a
quality management system as well as an inspection system, he should carry out regular
monitoring at least once a year as well as continuous surveillance. More importantly, he
should perform material tests regularly in order to demonstrate full conformity of the
proposedsteelmaterialwiththerelevantEuropeanmaterialsspecifications.Allthematerial
tests should be performed in accordance with the material testing standards listed in
Section3.2.3orotherrelevantstandards.
3.4.1.1 RequirementsforFactoryProductionControlSystem
Thesteelmanufacturerisfullyresponsibleforadministratingtheeffectiveimplementation
ofaFPCSystemduringthemanufacturingprocessofthesteelmaterial.Heshoulddrawup
detailed technical specifications as well as effective quality assurance schemes which are
appropriate to the steel material and the manufacturing process. He should also clearly
definespecifictasksandassociatedresponsibilitiesofthetasksamongvariousparties,and
keepuptodatedocumentsdefiningtheFPCSystem.KeytasksintheFPCSysteminclude:
to identify procedures to demonstrate conformity of the material performances of

thesteelmaterialatappropriatestages;
toidentifyandrecordanyincidentofnonconformity;and
toidentifyprocedurestocorrectincidentsofnonconformity.
TheFPCSystemshouldachieveanappropriatelevelofconfidenceintheconformityofthe
materialperformanceofthesteelmaterial,andthisinvolves:

documentation of procedures according to various requirements given in relevant
technicalspecifications;
effectiveimplementationoftheseprocedures;
recordingdetailsoftheseproceduresinoperationandtheirresults;
useoftheseresultstocorrectanydeviation,repaireffectsofsuchdeviation,correct
anyincidentofnonconformity,andifnecessary,revisetheFPCSystemtorectifythe
causeofnonconformity.
ItshouldalsobenotedthatFPCproceduresincludesomeorallofthefollowing:
44
tospecifyandverifyrawmaterialsandconstituentsofthesteelmaterial;
toconductmaterialtestsonthesteelmaterialduringmanufacturingaccordingtoa
predeterminedfrequency;
toconductverificationtestsonfinishedproductsofthesteelmaterialaccordingtoa
frequencywhichmaybepredeterminedintechnicalspecifications,andadaptedto
theproductanditsconditionsofmanufacturing.
3.4.1.2 Rawmaterials
The steel manufacturer should ensure that both the specifications of all incoming raw
materials and the inspection scheme related to these raw materials are properly
documentedtoensuretheirconformity.
3.4.1.3 Equipment
Thesteel manufacturer should calibrate regularly and inspect all weighing, measuringand
testing equipment according to established practice as to procedures, criteria and
frequencies.Heshouldalsoinspectandmaintainallmanufacturingequipmentregularlyto
ensure that use, wear or failure does not result in product inconsistency in the
manufacturing process. Inspection and maintenance should be performed in accordance
with the manufacturers written procedures, and records of inspection and maintenance
shouldberetainedfortheperioddefinedinthemanufacturersFPCprocedures.
3.4.1.4 Verificationsandtests
Thesteelmanufacturershouldhavesuitableinstallations,equipmentandpersonnelwhich
enablehimtoconductallnecessaryverificationsandtests. Hemustcalibrate,verifyand
maintainallmeasuringandtestingequipmentingoodoperatingconditiontoenablehimto
demonstrateconformityofthesteelmaterialperformancewithitstechnicalspecification.
3.4.1.5 Monitoringofconformity
The steel manufacturer should monitor conformity of the steel material at various
intermediate as well as the main stages of the manufacturing process. This monitoring of
conformity focuses on the product throughout the manufacturing process so that only
productswhichhavepassedthescheduledintermediatecontrolsandtestsaredispatched.
3.4.1.6 Testingwithdirectandindirectmethods
The steel manufacturer should conduct tests in accordance with the test plan, and all of
these tests should be carried out in accordance with the methods described in relevant
technicalspecifications.Ingeneral,thesemethodsshouldbedirectmethods.
However,itispossibleinthecaseofcertaincharacteristicsthattheprescribedspecification
allows for a possibility of using indirect test methods if a definite relationship can be
established. In such case, indirect test methods may be retained when available and
appropriate.
45
3.4.1.7 Testrecords
The steel manufacturer should keep test records which provide evidence that the steel
material product has been thoroughly tested. These test records should show clearly
whethertheproducthassatisfiedallthesteelmaterialperformancerequirements.Where
the product fails to satisfy any particular requirement, provisions for nonconforming
productsshouldapplyasinSection3.4.1.8.
3.4.1.8 Treatmentofproductswhichdonotconform
If test results show that the product of the steel material does not meet a particular
requirement, for example, if the statistical variation of test results exceeds the limits
allowed by the technical specification, appropriate corrective action should be taken
immediately. Moreover, products or batches of products not conforming should be
isolatedandproperlyidentified.Oncethefaulthasbeencorrected,verificationagainstthat
requirement should be repeated. If products have been delivered before the results are
available,aprocedurefornotifyingcustomersshouldbeestablishedandrecorded.
3.4.1.9 Recordofverificationsandtests
ThesteelmanufacturershouldproperlyrecordthecontrolresultsoftheFPCSystem:
i) productdescription,
ii) dateofmanufacture,
iii) testmethodadopted,
iv) testresultsandacceptancecriteria.
All of these results should be properly recorded. With regard to any result not meeting a
requirement of the technical specification, any corrective measure taken to rectify the
situationshouldbeclearlydocumented.
3.4.1.10 Traceability
Thesteelmanufacturershouldkeepfullrecordsofindividualproductsorproductbatchesof
thesteelmaterial,includingmanufacturingdetailsandcharacteristics,andkeeprecordsof
clients. Individual products or batches of products and the related manufacturing details
should be completely identifiable and retraceable. However, it should be noted that in
certaincases,forexampleforbulkproducts,arigoroustraceabilityisnotpossible.
Hence, the requirement in the relevant technical specifications should be realistically

adaptedkeepinginviewthattraceabilityshouldbeascompleteaspossible.
46
Section4 DesignParametersforEquivalentSteelMaterials
ThisChapterpresentsdesigndataforthosesteelmaterialswhichhavedemonstratedthey
meet the material performance and the quality assurance requirements representing the
equivalenceofsteelmaterialsasdetailedinChapter3.Designparametersoftheequivalent
steel materials for various product forms arealso tabulated in Tables4.2 to 4.11 to allow
direct adoption when designing structural steelwork in accordance with EN 1993 and EN
1994.Itshouldbenotedthatadetailedtechnicalexaminationofalargenumberofmaterial
specifications of the five countries of interest had been conducted. Acceptable steel
materialsspecificationsandsteelgradesaregivenintheCodeofPracticefortheStructural
UseofSteel(2005&2011)oftheBuildingsDepartmentoftheGovernmentofHongKong
SAR, and in the Design Guide on Use of Alternative Structural Steel to BS5950 and
Eurocode 3 (2008 & 2012) of the Building and Construction Authority of the Ministry of
NationalDevelopmentinSingapore. Afulllistofacceptablesteelmaterialsmanufactured
to the national materials specifications of the four countries of interest is provided in
AppendixAforeasyreference.
4.1 ProductFormsofEquivalentSteelMaterials
Table4.1presentsalltheproductformsofvariousclassesofequivalentsteelmaterialsfor
easyreference.
Table4.1 Productformsofvariousclassesofequivalentsteelmaterials
Class SteelMaterials Productforms Crossreferencing

Structuralsteels Plates,sections,hollowsections,sheet 4.2.1
piles,solidbars, Table4.2
stripsforcoldformedsections
Thingaugestrips stripsforcoldformedsheeting 4.2.2,Table4.3
E1
Connectionmaterials studconnectors, 4.2.3
nonpreloadedboltedassemblies, Tables4.4to4.7
preloadedboltedassemblies,
weldingconsumables
Structuralsteels plates,sections,hollowsections, 4.3.1
sheetpiles,solidbars, Table4.8
Thingaugestrips stripsforcoldformedsheeting 4.3.2
E2
Connectionmaterials studconnectors 4.3.3
nonpreloadedboltedassemblies Tables4.9to4.10
preloadedboltedassemblies
weldingconsumables
Structuralsteels Plates,sections,hollowsections, 4.4.1
E3 sheetpiles,solidbars, Table4.11
Refer to Section 3.2.2 for the definitions of the classification of steel materials, and
Equations3.1and3.2forthenominalvaluesofyieldandultimatetensilestrengthsofthe
equivalentsteelmaterialstobeusedinstructuralcalculations.
47
4.2 DesignParametersforClassE1EquivalentSteelMaterials
ThissectionpresentsthedesignguidanceonClassE1Steelmaterialsforwhichcompliance
with all the material requirements has been demonstrated through intensive routine
testingconductedduringtheeffectiveimplementationofacertificatedFactoryProduction
Control system according to European steel materials specifications. The corresponding
materialclassfactorMCshouldbetakenas1.0.
4.2.1 ClassE1Structuralsteels
ThissectioncoversthedesignparametersofClassE1Structuralsteelsincluding
i) hotrolledplates,sections,hollowsections,sheetpiles,solidbars,
ii) hotrolledstripsforcoldformedsections.
ThedesignparametersofClassE1Structuralsteelscorrespondingtodifferentsteelgrades
ofvariousnationalsteelmaterialsspecificationsaregiveninTable4.2.
Table4.2a DesignparametersofStructuralsteelstoEuropean(EN)specifications

MinimumyieldstrengthReH(N/mm2)
for
Grade thickness(mm)lessthanorequalto
16 40 63 80 100 150
S235 235 225 215 215 215 195
S275 275 265 255 245 235 225
S355 355 345 335 325 315 295
S420 420 400 390 370 360 340
S460 460 440 430 410 400 380
S500 500 500 480 480 480 440
S550 550 550 530 530 530 490
S620 620 620 580 580 580 560
S690 690 690 650 650 650 630
TensilestrengthRm(N/mm2)
for
16 40 63 80 100 150
S235 360~510 350~500
S275 350~560 350~540
S355 440~630 450~600
S420 520~680 500~650
S460 540~720 500~710
S500 590~770 540~720
S550 640~820 590~770
S620 700~890 650~830
S690 760~940 710~900
48
Table4.2b DesignparametersofClassE1Structuralsteelsto
American(ASTMandAPI)specifications

for
32 50 65 80 100
ASTMstructuralsteels
36[250] 250 240 230 220
42[290] 290 280 270 260 250
50[345] 345 335 325 315 305
55[380] 380 370 360 350 340
60[415] 415 405 395 385 375
65[450] 450 440 430 420 410
70[485] 485 475 465 455 445
100[690] 690 680 670 660 650
APIlinepipes
B[L245] 245 235
X42[L290] 290 280
X46[L320] 320 310
X52[L360] 360 350
X56[L390] 390 380
X60[L415] 415 405
X65[L450] 450 440
for
32 50 65 80 100
ASTMstructuralsteels
36[250] 400~550
42[290] 415
50[345] 435~620
55[380] 485
60[415] 520
65[450] 540~690
70[485] 585~760
100[690] 760~895 690~895
APIlinepipes
B[L245] 414
X42[L290] 414
X46[L320] 434
X52[L360] 455
X56[L390] 490
X60[L415] 517
X65[L450] 531
49
Table4.2c DesignparametersofClassE1Structuralsteelsto
Japanese(JIS)specifications
for
16 40 75 100 160 200
400 245 235 215 215 205 195
490 325 315 295 295 295 275
490Y 365 355 335 325
520 365 355 335 325
570 460 450 430 420
for
16 40 75 100 160 200
400 400~540
490 490~610
490Y 490~640
520 520~640
570 570~720
50
Table4.2d DesignparametersofClassE1Structuralsteelsto
Australian/NewZealand(AS/NZS)specifications
for
12 20 32 50 80 150
250 250 250 250 250 240 230
300 300 300 300 280 270 260
350 350 350 350 340 340 330
400 400 400 400 360 360
450 450 450 420 400
CA220 210
CA260 250
CA350 350
CA500 500
PT430 300 280 280 270 270 250
PT460 305 295 295 275 275 265
PT490 360 340 340 330 330 320
PT540 450 450 420 400
for
12 20 32 50 80 150
250 350
300 400
350 430
400 460
450 540~670
CA220 340
CA260 350
CA350 430
CA500 510
PT430 430~550
PT460 460~580
PT490 490~610
PT540 540~670
51
Table4.2e DesignparametersofClassE1Structuralsteelsto
Chinese(GB)specifications
for
16 35 50 100 150
Q235 235 225 215 215 195
Q275 275 265 255 245 225
Q295 295 275 255 235
Q345 345 325 295 275
Q355 355 345 335 325
Q390 390 370 350 330
Q420 420 400 380 360
Q460 460 440 420 400
Q500 500 480 470 440
Q550 550 530 520 490
Q620 620 600 590
Q690 690 670 660
for
16 35 50 100 150
Q235 370~500
Q275 410~540
Q295 430~560
Q345 470~630
Q355 490~630
Q390 490~650
Q420 520~680
Q460 550~720
Q500 610~770 600~760 540~730
Q550 670~830 620~810 590~780
Q620 710~880 670~880
Q690 770~940 730~920
52
4.2.2 ClassE1Thingaugestrips
The design parameters of Class E1 Thin gauge strips (hot rolled strips) for cold formed
profiledsheetingscorrespondingtodifferentsteelgradesofvariousnationalsteelmaterials
specificationsaregiveninTable4.3.
Table4.3a DesignparametersofThingaugestripstoEuropean(EN)specifications
Minimumyieldstrength Tensilestrength
Grade
Re Rm
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
S220GD 220 300
S250GD 250 330
S280GD 280 360
S320GD 320 390
S350GD 350 420
S550GD 550 560

Table4.3b DesignparametersofClassE1Thingaugestripsto
American(ASTM)specifications
Grade
Re Rm
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
230 230 310
255 255 360
275 280 360
340 340 450
380 380 480
410 410 480
480 480 550
550 550 570
Table4.3c DesignparametersofClassE1Thingaugestripsto

Grade Re Rm
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)

340 245 340
400 295 400

440 335 440
490 360 490
540 400 540

53
Table4.3d DesignstrengthsofClassE1Thingaugestripsto
Grade Re Rm
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
250 250 320
300 300 340
350 350 420
450 450 480
500 500 520
550 550 550
Table4.3e DesignparametersofClassE1Thingaugestripsto

Grade Re Rm
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
220 220 300
250 250 330
280 280 360
320 320 390
350 350 420
400 400 470
500 500 530
550 550 560
54
4.2.3 ClassE1Connectionmaterials
ThissectioncoversthedesignparametersofClassE1Connectionmaterialsincluding
i) Studconnectors
ii) Nonpreloadedboltedassemblies
iii) Preloadedboltedassemblies
iv) Weldingconsumables.
4.2.3.1 ClassE1Studconnectors
ThedesignparametersforClassE1Studconnectorscorrespondingtovariousnationalsteel
materialsspecificationsaregiveninTable4.4.
Table4.4 DesignparametersofClassE1StudconnectorstoEuropean(EN),American
(AWS),Japanese(JIS),Australian/NewZealand(AS/NZS)andChinese(GB)
specifications

Ultimatetensilestrength,
Materialspecifications
Rm(N/mm2)
BSENISO13918 400~800
AWSD1.1(TypeB) 450
JISB1198 400
AS/NZS1554.2 410
GB/T10433 400
4.2.3.2 ClassE1Nonpreloadedboltedassemblies
This section covers the design parameters for Class E1 Nonpreloaded bolts and the
recommendedcombinationsofmatchingcomponentsinnonpreloadedboltedassemblies.
ItcoversISOmetrichexagonbolts,nutsandwashersfornonpreloaded(orbearing)bolted
connectionswithbolts,plainwasherswithorwithoutchamfers.
The design parameters for Class E1 Nonpreloaded bolts corresponding to different bolt
gradesofvariousnationalsteelmaterialsspecificationsaregiveninTable4.5.
Table4.5a DesignparametersofnonpreloadedboltstoEuropean(EN)specifications

Grade
Re Rm
(Boltmarking)
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
4.6 240 400
8.8 640 800
10.9 900 1000
55
Table4.5b DesignparametersofClassE1nonpreloadedboltsto

Grade
Re Rm
(Boltmarking)
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
307B 240 400
A325 560 725
A449 640 800
A490 900 1000

Table4.5c DesignparametersofClassE1nonpreloadedboltsto

Grade
Re Rm
(Boltmarking)
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
4.6 240 400
8.8 560 725
10.9 640 800

Table4.5d DesignparametersofClassE1nonpreloadedboltsto
Australian/NewZealand(AS/NZ)specifications

Grade
Re Rm
(Boltmarking)
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
4.6 240 400
8.8 560 725
10.9 640 800
Table4.5e DesignparametersofClassE1nonpreloadedboltsto

Grade
Re Rm
(Boltmarking)
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
4.6 190 320
8.8 450 560
10.9 630 700
56
4.2.3.3 ClassE1Preloadedboltedassemblies
This section covers the design parameters for Class E1 Preloaded bolts and the
ItcoversISOmetrichexagonbolts,nutsandwashersforpreloadedboltedconnectionswith
bolts,plainwasherswithorwithoutchamfers.
ThedesignparametersofClassE1Preloadedboltscorrespondingtodifferentboltgradesof
variousnationalsteelmaterialsspecificationsaregiveninTable4.6.
Table4.6a DesignparametersofpreloadedboltstoEuropean(EN)specifications

Grade
Re Rm
(Boltmarking)
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
8.8 640 800
10.9 900 1000
Table4.6b DesignparametersofClassE1Preloadedboltsto
Grade
Re Rm
(Boltmarking)
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
A325 560 725
A354BC 680 790
A354BD 790 960
A490 900 1000

Table4.6c DesignparametersofClassE1Preloadedboltsto
Grade
Re Rm
(Boltmarking)
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
F8T 640 800
F10T 900 1000
F11T 950 1100
S10T 900 1000
57
Table4.6d DesignparametersofClassE1Preloadedboltsto
Grade
Re Rm
(Boltmarking)
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
8.8 640 800
10.9 900 1000
12.9 1080 1200
Table4.6e DesignparametersofClassE1Preloadedboltsto
Grade
Re Rm
(Boltmarking)
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
8.8 450 560
10.9 630 700
58
4.2.3.4 ClassE1Weldingconsumables
For design to EN 1993, the specified strengths, ductility and impact toughness of welding
consumables should be at least equivalent to those specified for the parent metal. The
design parameters corresponding to different weld grades of various national materials
specificationsaregiveninTable4.7.
Table4.7a DesignparametersofweldsmadeofEuropean(EN)weldingconsumables

Grade
Re (N/mm2) Rm (N/mm2)
35 355 440
38 380 470
42 420 500
46 460 530
50 500 560
Table4.7b DesignparametersofClassE1Weldsmadeof
American(AWS)weldingconsumables

Grade
E43xx 330 430
E49xx 400 490
Table4.7c DesignparametersofClassE1Weldsmadeof
Japanese(JIS)weldingconsumables

Grade
E43xx 330 430
E49xx 400 490
E55xx 460 550
E57xx 490 570
Table4.7d DesignparametersofClassE1Weldsmadeof
Australian/NewZealand(AS/NZ)weldingconsumables

Grade
E41xx 400 490
D48xx 430 500
Table4.7e DesignparametersofClassE1Weldsmadeof
Chinese(GB)weldingconsumables

Grade
E43xx 330 430
E50xx 400 490
E55xx 460 550
E57xx 490 570
59
4.3 DesignParametersforClassE2SteelMaterials
This section presents the design guidance on Class E2 Steel materials which are
manufactured in accordance with all the material requirements given in one of the
Acceptable Materials Specifications, but without a certified Factory Production Control
System according to European steel materials specifications. The corresponding material
classfactorMCshouldbetakenas1.1.
ThissectioncoversthedesignparametersforClassE2Structuralsteelsincluding
i) hotrolledplates,sections,hollowsections,sheetpiles,solidbars,
The design parameters for a proposed Class E2 Structural steel corresponding to different
steel thicknesses given in a product standard are given in Table 4.8. It should be noted
thatReHoistheminimumyieldstrengthaccordingtotherelevantproductstandard.
Table4.8 DesignparametersofClassE2Structuralsteels

Forthickness(mm)lessthanorequalto
16 40 63 80 100 150
Minimum
yield
ReHo 0.95ReHo 0.92ReHo 0.90ReHo 0.85 ReHo 0.80ReHo
strengthReH
(N/mm2)
Tensile
strengthRm Rmo 0.95Rmo 0.92Rmo 0.90Rmo 0.86 Rmo 0.80Rmo
(N/mm2)
* Forrolledsections,usedthespecifiedthicknessof thethickestelementofthecrosssection.
Notes: ReHo istheminimumyieldstrengthaccordingtotheproductstandard,and
Rmo istheultimatetensilestrengthaccordingtotheproductstandard.
4.3.2 ClassE2Thingaugestrips
The design parameters for Class E2 Thin gauge strips (hot rolled strips) for cold formed
profiled sheeting given in a product standard (which is a national steel materials
specification)shouldbecomputedusingthefollowingequations.
Minimumyieldstrength
Re= ReHo 550N/mm2
Tensilestrength
Rm= Rmo 600N/mm2
where ReHo istheminimumyieldstrengthaccordingtotheproductstandard,and
Rmo istheultimatetensilestrengthaccordingtotheproductstandard.
60
4.3.3 ClassE2Connectionmaterials
ThissectioncoversthedesignparametersforClassE2Connectionmaterialsincluding
i) Studconnectors
ii) Nonpreloadedboltedassemblies
i) Preloadedboltedassemblies
ii) Weldingconsumables.
4.3.3.1 ClassE2Studconnectors
Thedesignparametersfora proposedClassE2Studconnectorshouldbecomputedusing
thefollowingequations.
Re= Reo 275N/mm2
Tensilestrength
Rm= Rmo 450N/mm2
where Reo istheminimumyieldstrengthaccordingtotherelevantproduct

standard,and
Rmo istheultimatetensilestrengthaccordingtotherelevantproduct
standard.
4.3.3.2 ClassE2Nonpreloadedboltedassemblies
This section covers the design parameters for Class E2 Nonpreloaded bolts and the
ItcoversISOmetrichexagonbolts,nutsandwashersfornonpreloaded(orbearing)bolted
connectionswithbolts,plainwasherswithorwithoutchamfers.
The design parameters for a proposed Class E2 Nonpreloaded bolt should be computed
usingthefollowingequations:
Re= 0.77Reo
Tensilestrength
Rm= 0.77Rmo
where Reo istheminimumyieldstrengthaccordingtotherelevantproduct

standard,and
Rmo istheultimatetensilestrengthaccordingtotherelevantproduct
standard.
61
4.3.3.3 ClassE2Preloadedboltedassemblies
This section covers the design parameters for Class E2 Preloaded bolts and the
recommended combinations of matching componentsin preloaded bolted assemblies. It
coversISO metrichexagonbolts, nutsandwashersfor preloaded boltedconnectionswith
bolts,plainwasherswithorwithoutchamfers.
The design parameters for a proposed Class E2 Preloaded bolt should be computed using
thefollowingequations:
Re= 0.77Reo
Tensilestrength
Rm= 0.77Rmo

where Reo istheminimumyieldstrengthaccordingtotheproductstandardof
theproposedbolt,and
Rmo isthetensilestrengthaccordingtotheproductstandardofthe
proposedbolt.
4.3.3.4 ClassE2Weldingconsumables
ThedesignparametersforaproposedClassE2Weldingconsumableshouldbecomputedas
follows:
Re= 0.80Reo
Tensilestrength
Rm= 0.80Rmo
where Reo istheminimumyieldstrengthaccordingtotheproductstandardof

theproposedweldconsumable,and
Rmo isthetensilestrengthaccordingtotheproductstandardofthe
proposedweldconsumable.
Moreover,itshouldbenotedthat
i) thespecifiedstrengthsoftheweldingconsumablesshouldbeatleastequalto1.2times
ofthatspecifiedfortheparentmetal,and
ii) thespecifiedductilityandimpacttoughnessoftheweldingconsumablesshallbeatleast
equaltothatspecifiedfortheparentmetal.
62
4.4 DesignParametersforClassE3SteelMaterials
ThissectioncoverstheuseofClassE3steelmaterialswhicharenotincompliancewiththe
requirements on neither material performance nor quality assurance. Hence, any steel
materialwhichcannotbedemonstratedtobeeitherClassE1SteelMaterialorClassE2Steel
MaterialwillbeclassifiedasClassE3SteelMaterial;noadditionalmaterialtestisneededin
general.
It should be noted that there are no Class 3 steel materials for thin gauge strips nor for
connectionmaterials.
ThissectioncoversthedesignstrengthsofClassE3Structuralsteelsincluding
i) hotrolledplates,sections,hollowsections,sheetpiles,solidbars,and
Instead of giving the minimum yield strengths and tensile strengths of Class 3 Structural
steels, the nominal values of yield strengths and of ultimate tensile strengths are given in
Table4.11.
Table4.10 DesignparametersofClassE3Structuralsteels
Nominalvalueofyieldstrength,fy(N/mm2)
for
thicknessa(mm)lessthanorequalto
16 40 63 80 100 150
170 160 155 150 145 135
a) Forrolledsections,usethespecifiedthicknessofthethickestelementofthe
crosssections.
It should be noted that the nominal values of ultimate tensile strength fu should be
computedusingthefollowingequation:
fu = 1.1fy
where
fyisthenominalvalueofyieldstrengthgiveninTable4.11.
63
References
BSEN199311,Eurocode3:Designofsteelstructures. Generalrulesandrulesforbuildings.
BritishStandardsInstitution,2005.
BSEN199411,Eurocode4:Designofcompositesteelandconcretestructures. General
rulesandrulesforbuildings.BritishStandardsInstitution,2004.
Chabrolin, B. Partial safety factors for resistances of steel elements to EC3 and EC4
Calibration for various steel products and failure criteria, Luxembourg Office for Official
PublicationoftheEuropeanCommunities2002,ISBN:9289436964.
ConstructionalSteelDesign:WorldDevelopments.Dowling,P.J.,HardingJ.E.,BjorhovdeR.
andF.MartinezRomero.ElsevierSciencePublishersLtd.,1992.
Chung, K.F., Harmonized member buckling design in Structural Eurocodes. Innovation in

Construction,ResearchJournal2014,ConstructionIndustryCouncil,HongKong,2014.
CodeofPracticeforStructuralUseofSteel,BuildingsDepartment,GovernmentofHongKong
SAR,HongKong,2005&2011.
Design Guide on Use of Alternative Steel Materials to BS 5950 (BC1: 2008). Building and
ConstructionAuthority,Singapore,2008.
DesignGuideonUseofAlternativeStructuralSteeltoBS5950andEurocode3(BC1:2012).
BuildingandConstructionAuthority,Singapore,2012.
SteelDesignersManual.7thEdition.BuickDavidson&GrahamW.Owens.SteelConstruction
Institute,WileyBlackwell,2012.
Structural Steel Selection Considerations: A Guide for Students, Educators, Designers, and
Builders.AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers,2000.
WillmsR.Highstrengthsteelsinsteelconstruction:Applicationandprocessing.Proceedings
ofthe5thEuropeanConferenceonSteelandCompositeStructures,EUROSTEEL2008,Graz,
Page10831088.
64
AppendixA Listsofacceptablesteelmaterials
A.1 AcceptableBritish/Europeansteelmaterials
A.2 AcceptableAmericansteelmaterials
A.3 AcceptableJapanesesteelmaterials
A.4 AcceptableAustralian/NewZealandsteelmaterials
A.5 AcceptableChinesesteelmaterials
A1
AppendixA Listsofacceptablesteelmaterials
This Appendix only covers acceptable steel materials manufactured to selected material
standardsasfollows:
British/Europeanstandards(BSEN),
Americanstandards(API,ASTMandAWS),
Japanesestandards(JIS),
Australian/NewZealandstandards(AS/NZSandAS),and
Chinesestandards(GB).
Itshouldbenotedthatreferenceshouldbemadetothelastversionofthematerialstandards.
NOTE Depending on the quality assurance provided by the manufacturer, materials in this appendix can be either Class 1
or Class 3.
A2
A.1 AcceptableBritish/Europeansteelmaterials
A.1.1 AcceptableBritish/Europeanstructuralsteel:plates
Anycombinationofsteelgradesmanufacturedto:
BSEN100252:2004NonalloyStructuralSteel(Asrolled)
Chemicalcomposition(%) Impact
Thickness Max. ReH Rm f
Grade toughness
(mm) CEV (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
Cmax Pmax Smax (J)
S235JR 0.20 0.035 0.035 0.38 22 27J@20oC
S235J0 0.17 0.030 0.030 0.38 195~235 350~510 22 27J@0oC
S235J2 8t150 0.17 0.025 0.025 0.38 22 27J@20oC
S275JR 0.22 0.035 0.035 0.42 19 27J@20oC
with
S275J0 0.18 0.030 0.030 0.42 225~275 400~560 19 27J@0oC
tolerance
S275J2 0.18 0.025 0.025 0.42 19 27J@20oC
in
S355JR
accordance
0.24 0.035 0.035 0.47 18 27J@20oC
S355J0 with 0.22 0.030 0.030 0.47 18 27J@0oC
295~355 450~630
S355J2 EN10029 0.22 0.025 0.025 0.47 18 27J@20oC
S355K2 0.22 0.025 0.025 0.47 18 40J@20oC
S450J0 0.22 0.030 0.030 0.49 380~450 530~720 17 27J@0oC
BSEN100253:2004NormalizedRolledWeldableFineGrainStructuralSteels
Grade toughness
(mm) CEV (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
Cmax Pmax Smax (J)
S275N 0.18 0.030 0.025 0.42 23 40J@20oC
225~275 350~510
S275NL 8t150 0.16 0.025 0.020 0.42 23 27J@50oC

S355N 0.20 0.030 0.025 0.45 21 40J@20oC
with 295~355 450~630
S355NL tolerance 0.18 0.025 0.020 0.45 21 27J@50oC
S420N in 0.030 0.025 0.52 18 40J@20oC
accordance 0.20 340~420 500~680
S420NL 0.025 0.020 0.52 18 27J@50oC
with
S460N EN10029 0.030 0.025 0.55 17 40J@20oC
0.20 380~460 530~720
S460NL 0.025 0.020 0.55 17 27J@50oC

BSEN100254:2004ThermomechanicalRolledWeldableFineGrainStructuralSteels
Grade toughness
(mm) CEV (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
Cmax Pmax Smax (J)
S275M 0.030 0.025 0.38 24 40J@20oC
0.13 240~275 350~530
S275ML 8t120 0.025 0.020 0.38 24 27J@50oC

S355M 0.030 0.025 0.45 22 40J@20oC
with 0.14 320~355 430~630
S355ML tolerance 0.025 0.020 0.45 22 27J@50oC
S420M in 0.030 0.025 0.47 19 40J@20oC
accordance 0.16 365~420 460~680
S420ML 0.025 0.020 0.47 19 27J@50oC
with
S460M EN10029 0.030 0.025 0.48 17 40J@20oC
0.16 385~460 490~720
S460ML 0.025 0.020 0.48 17 27J@50oC
A3
BSEN100255:2004StructuralSteelswithImprovedAtmosphericCorrosionResistance
Chemicalcomposition Impact
Thickness (%) Max. ReH Rm f
Grade toughness
(mm) CEV (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
Cmax Pmax Smax (J)
S235J0W 0.035 0.44* 22 27J@0oC
8t150 0.13 0.035 195~235 350~510
S235J2W 0.030 0.44* 22 27J@20oC
S355J0WP with 0.035 0.52* 22 27J@0oC
tolerance 0.12 0.150^ 345~355 470~630
S355J2WP 0.030 0.52* 20 27J@20oC
in
S355J0W accordance 0.035 0.035 0.52* 18 27J@0oC
S355J2W with 0.16 0.030 0.030 0.52* 295~355 450~630 18 27J@20oC
EN10029 40J@20oC
S355K2W 0.030 0.030 0.52* 18
^MaterialtestshouldbeconductedtoverifythePhosphoruscontenttobesmallerthan0.045%.
*MaterialtestshouldbeconductedtoverifytheCEVvaluetobesmallerthan0.40%forClass1steelmaterial,or
adequatepreheatingtemperaturesbeforeandduringweldingshouldbeengaged.
BSEN100256:2004HighStrengthSteelswithQuenchedandTemperedConditions
Grade toughness
(mm) CEV (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
Cmax Pmax Smax (J)
S460Q 0.025 0.015 0.50 17 30J@20oC
S460QL 0.20 0.020 0.010 0.50 400~460 500~720 17 30J@40oC
S460QL1 0.020 0.010 0.50 17 30J@60oC
S500Q 0.025 0.015 0.70* 17 30J@20oC
S500QL 0.20 0.020 0.010 0.70* 440~500 540~770 17 30J@40oC
8t150
S500QL1 0.020 0.010 0.70* 17 30J@60oC
S550Q with 0.025 0.015 0.83* 16 30J@20oC
tolerance 30J@40oC
S550QL 0.20 0.020 0.010 0.83* 490~550 590~820 16
in
S550QL1 accordance 0.020 0.010 0.83* 16 30J@60oC
S620Q with 0.025 0.015 0.83* 15 30J@20oC
EN10029 30J@40oC
S620QL 0.20 0.020 0.010 0.83* 560~620 650~890 15
S620QL1 0.020 0.010 0.83* 15 30J@60oC
S690Q 0.025 0.015 0.83* 14 30J@20oC
S690QL 0.20 0.020 0.010 0.83* 630~690 710~940 14 30J@40oC
S690QL1 0.020 0.010 0.83* 14 30J@60oC

A4
ETA10/0156:2010Thermomechanicallyhotrolledlongsteelproducts
Chemicalcomposition(%) Max. Impact
Thickness ReH Rm f
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
S355M 8t125 0.120 0.035 0.030 0.39 355 470~630 22 40J@20oC

S355ML with 0.120 0.030 0.025 0.43* 355 470~630 22 27J@60oC
tolerance
in
S460M accordance 0.120 0.035 0.030 0.39 450~460 540~720 17 40J@20oC
withEN
S460ML 10029 0.120 0.030 0.025 0.43* 450~460 540~720 17 27J@60oC
*Adequatepreheatingtemperaturesbeforeandduringweldingshouldbeengaged.
withdimensionaland/ormasstolerancesinaccordancewith:
BSEN10029:2010ToleranceondimensionsandshapeforHotrolledsteelplatesover3mm
Nominal Toleranceonthenominalthickness
thickness ClassA ClassB ClassC ClassD
t Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper
3t<5 0.3 +0.7 0.3 +0.7 0 +1.0 0.5 +0.5
5t<8 0.4 +0.8 0.3 +0.9 0 +1.2 0.6 +0.6
8t<15 0.5 +0.9 0.3 +1.1 0 +1.4 0.7 +0.7
15t<25 0.6 +1.0 0.3 +1.3 0 +1.6 0.8 +0.8
25t<40 0.7 +1.3 0.3 +1.7 0 +2.0 1.0 +1.0
40t<80 0.9 +1.7 0.3 +2.3 0 +2.6 1.3 +1.3
80t<150 1.1 +2.1 0.3 +2.9 0 +3.2 1.6 +1.6

BSEN10029:2010Toleranceforcontinuouslyhotrolledstripandsheet/platecutfromwide
stripofnonalloyandalloysteels
Nominal Minimumyield Tolerancesforanominalwidthw

thickness strength
w1200 1200<w1500 1500<w1800 w>1800
t(mm) Re(N/mm2)
8.0t10.0 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.40
10.0<t12.5 Re300 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.43
12.5<t15.0 (CategoryA) 0.37 0.38 0.40 0.46
15.0<t25.0 0.40 0.42 0.47 0.50
8.0t10.0 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.46
10.0<t12.5 300Re360 0.40 0.41 0.43 0.49
12.5<t15.0 (CategoryB) 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.53
15.0<t25.0 0.46 0.48 0.52 0.58
8.0t10.0 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.52
10.0<t12.5 360Re420 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.56
12.5<t15.0 (CategoryC) 0.48 0.49 0.52 0.60
15.0<t25.0 0.52 0.55 0.59 0.65
A5
A.1.2 AcceptableBritish/Europeanstructuralsteel:sections
Grade toughness
(mm) Cmax Pmax Smax CEV (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
(J)
S235JR 0.20 0.035 0.035 0.38 25 27J@20oC
S235J0 8t60 0.17 0.030 0.030 0.38 215~235 360~510 25 27J@0oC
S235J2 0.17 0.025 0.025 0.38 23 27J@20oC
S275JR with 0.22 0.035 0.035 0.42 22 27J@20oC
tolerance
S275J0 0.18 0.030 0.030 0.42 255~275 410~560 22 27J@0oC
in
S275J2 0.18 0.025 0.025 0.42 20 27J@20oC
accordance
S355JR withthe 0.24 0.035 0.035 0.47 21 27J@20oC
S355J0 relevantEN 0.20 0.030 0.030 0.47 21 27J@0oC
335~355 470~630
S355J2 standards** 0.20 0.025 0.025 0.47 21 27J@20oC
S355K2 0.20 0.025 0.025 0.47 19 40J@20oC
**withdimensionaland/ormasstolerancesinaccordancewith:
BSEN10024:1995,BSEN10034:1993,BSEN10055:1996,BSEN100562:1993orBSEN10279:2000

Grade toughness
(mm) CEV (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
Cmax Pmax Smax (J)
S275N 0.18 0.030 0.025 0.40 24 40J@20oC
8t60 255~275 370~510
S275NL 0.16 0.025 0.020 0.40 24 27J@50oC
S355N with 0.20 0.030 0.025 0.43* 22 40J@20oC
tolerance 335~355 470~630
S355NL 0.18 0.025 0.020 0.43* 22 27J@50oC
in
S420N 0.20 0.030 0.025 0.48* 19 40J@20oC
accordance 390~420 520~680
S420NL withthe 0.20 0.025 0.020 0.48* 19 27J@50oC
S460N relevantEN 0.20 0.030 0.025 0.53* 17 40J@20oC
standards** 430~460 540~720
S460NL 0.20 0.025 0.020 0.53* 17 27J@50oC

Grade toughness
(mm) CEV (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
Cmax Pmax Smax (J)
S275M 8t60 0.030 0.025 0.35 24 40J@20oC
0.13 255~275 360~530
S275ML 0.025 0.020 0.35 24 27J@50oC
with
S355M 0.030 0.025 0.40 22 40J@20oC
tolerance 0.14 335~355 450~630
S355ML in 0.025 0.020 0.40 22 27J@50oC
S420M accordance 0.030 0.025 0.46 19 40J@20oC
withthe 0.16 390~420 500~680
S420ML 0.025 0.020 0.46 19 27J@50oC
relevant
S460M EN 0.030 0.025 0.47 17 40J@20oC
0.16 430~460 530~720
S460ML standards** 0.025 0.020 0.47 17 27J@50oC
A6
Grade toughness
(mm) CEV (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
Cmax Pmax Smax (J)
S235J0W 8t60 0.035 25 27J@0oC

0.13 0.035 0.44* 215~235 360~510
S235J2W 0.030 23 27J@20oC
with
S355J0WP tolerance 0.035 22 27J@0oC
in 0.12 0.150^ 0.52* 345~355 470~630
S355J2WP 0.030 20 27J@20oC
accordance
S355J0W withthe 0.035 0.035 21 27J@0oC
relevant
S355J2W 0.16 0.52* 335~355 470~630 21 27J@20oC
EN 0.030 0.030
S355K2W standards** 19 40J@20oC
A7
A.1.3 AcceptableBritish/Europeanstructuralsteel:hollowsections
BS7668:2004WeldablestructuralsteelsHotfinishedstructuralhollowsectionsinweather
resistantsteelsSpecification
Grade toughness
(mm) CEV (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
Cmax Pmax Smax (J)
8t40

S345J0WH 0.19 0.040 0.050 0.54 345 480 21 27J@0oC
with
tolerance
in
accordance
withthe
S345GWH 0.22 0.040 0.050 0.54 345 480 21 27J@15oC
relevantEN
standards**
BSEN102102:2006
BSEN102101:2006Hotfinishednonalloyandfinegrainsteels
Thickness** (%) Max. ReH Rm f
Grade toughness
(mm) CEV (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
Cmax Pmax Smax (J)
S235JRH 0.17 0.040 0.040 0.39* 225~235 360~510 26 27J@20oC

8t40
S275J0H

0.20 0.035 0.035 0.43* 265~275 410~560 23 27J@0oC
S275J2H 0.20 0.030 0.030 0.43* 265~275 410~560 23 27J@20oC
S275NH 0.20 0.035 0.030 0.40 265~275 370~510 22 40J@20oC
8t40
S275NLH 0.20 0.030 0.025 0.40 265~275 370~510 22 27J@50oC
S355J0H 0.22 0.035 0.035 0.47* 345~355 470~630 22 27J@0oC
S355J2H 8t40 0.22 0.030 0.030 0.47* 345~355 470~630 22 27J@20oC
S355K2H 0.22 0.030 0.030 0.47* 345~355 470~630 22 40J@20oC
S355NH 0.20 0.035 0.030 0.45 345~355 470~630 20 40J@20oC
8t40
S355NLH 0.18 0.030 0.025 0.45 345~355 470~630 20 27J@50oC
S420NH 0.22 0.035 0.030 0.52* 400~420 520~680 17 40J@20oC
8t40
S420NLH 0.22 0.030 0.025 0.52* 400~420 520~680 17 27J@50oC
S460NH 0.22 0.035 0.030 0.55* 440~460 540~720 15 40J@20oC
8t40
S460NLH 0.22 0.030 0.025 0.55* 440~460 540~720 15 27J@50oC
BSEN102102:2006
A8
BSEN102191:2006Hotfinishednonalloyandfinegrainsteels
Chemicalcomposition
Max. Impact
Thickness** (%) ReH Rm f
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
S235JRH 0.17 0.040 0.040 0.35 225~235 360~510 24 27J@20oC

S275J0H 0.20 0.035 0.035 0.40 265~275 410~560 20 27J@0oC
S275J2H 0.20 0.030 0.030 0.40 265~275 410~560 20 27J@20oC
S275MH 8t40 0.13 0.035 0.030 0.34 265~275 360~510 24 40J@20oC
S275MLH 0.13 0.030 0.025 0.34 265~275 360~510 24 27J@50oC
S275NH 0.20 0.035 0.030 0.40 265~275 370~510 24 40J@20oC
S275NLH 0.20 0.030 0.025 0.40 265~275 370~510 24 27J@50oC
S355J0H 0.22 0.035 0.035 0.45* 345~355 470~630 20 27J@0oC
S355J2H 0.22 0.030 0.030 0.45* 345~355 470~630 20 27J@20oC
S355K2H 0.22 0.030 0.030 0.45* 345~355 470~630 20 40J@20oC
S355MH 8t40 0.14 0.035 0.030 0.39 345~355 450~610 22 40J@20oC
S355MLH 0.14 0.030 0.025 0.39 345~355 450~610 22 27J@50oC
S355NH 0.20 0.035 0.030 0.43* 345~355 470~630 22 40J@20oC
S355NLH 0.18 0.030 0.025 0.43* 345~355 470~630 22 27J@50oC
S420MH 0.16 0.035 0.030 0.43* 400~420 500~660 19 40J@20oC

8t40
S420MLH 0.16 0.030 0.025 0.43* 400~420 500~660 19 27J@50oC
S460MH 0.16 0.035 0.030 0.46* 440~460 530~720 17 40J@20oC
S460MLH 0.16 0.030 0.025 0.46* 440~460 530~720 17 27J@50oC

8t40
S460NH 0.20 0.035 0.030 0.53* 400~460 540~720 17 40J@20oC
S460NLH 0.20 0.030 0.025 0.53* 400~460 540~720 17 27J@50oC

BSEN102192:2006
A9
A.1.4 AcceptableBritish/Europeanstructuralsteel:sheetpiles
Chemicalcomposition
Width/ Max. Impact
(%) ReH Rm f
Grade Diameter** CEV toughness
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
(mm) C P S (%) (J)
S235JR t25 0.17 0.035 0.035 0.35 225~235 360~510 26 27J@20oC
S235J0 t25 0.17 0.030 0.030 0.35 225~235 360~510 26 27J@0oC
S235J2 t25 0.17 0.025 0.025 0.35 225~235 360~510 24 27J@20oC
S275JR t25 0.21 0.035 0.035 0.40 265~275 410~580 23 27J@20oC
S275J0 t25 0.18 0.030 0.030 0.40 265~275 410~580 23 27J@0oC
S275J2 t25 0.18 0.025 0.025 0.40 265~275 410~580 21 27J@20oC
S355JR t25 0.24 0.035 0.035 0.45 345~355 470~680 22 27J@20oC
S355J0 t25 0.20 0.030 0.030 0.45 345~355 470~680 22 27J@0oC
S355J2 t25 0.20 0.025 0.025 0.45 345~355 470~680 22 27J@20oC
S355K2 t25 0.20 0.025 0.025 0.45 345~355 470~680 20 40J@20oC
S450J0 t25 0.20 0.030 0.030 0.45 430~450 550~720 17 27J@0oC
BSEN10051:2010,BSEN102482:1996andBSEN102492:1996
BSEN102481:1996Hotfinishednonalloysteels
Chemicalcomposition
Max. Impact
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
S240GP t25 0.20 0.045 0.045 0.35 240 340 26
S270GP t25 0.24 0.045 0.045 0.48 270 410 24
S320GP t25 0.24 0.045 0.045 0.48 320 440 23
S355GP t25 0.24 0.045 0.045 0.48 355 480 22
S390GP t25 0.24 0.040 0.040 0.48 390 490 20
S430GP t25 0.24 0.040 0.040 0.48 430 510 19
BSEN102482:1996
BSEN102491:1996Coldformednonalloysteels
Chemicalcomposition
Max. Impact
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
S235JR t25 0.17 0.035 0.035 0.35 225~235 360~510 26 27J@20oC
S235J0 t25 0.17 0.030 0.030 0.35 225~235 360~510 26 27J@0oC
S235J2 t25 0.17 0.025 0.025 0.35 225~235 360~510 24 27J@20oC
S275JR t25 0.21 0.035 0.035 0.40 265~275 410~560 23 27J@20oC
S275J0 t25 0.18 0.030 0.030 0.40 265~275 410~560 23 27J@0oC
S275J2 t25 0.18 0.025 0.025 0.40 265~275 410~560 23 27J@20oC
S355JR t25 0.24 0.035 0.035 0.45* 345~355 470~630 22 27J@20oC
S355J0 t25 0.20 0.030 0.030 0.45* 345~355 470~630 22 27J@0oC
S355J2 t25 0.20 0.025 0.025 0.45* 345~355 470~630 22 27J@20oC
S355K2 t25 0.20 0.025 0.025 0.45* 345~355 470~630 20 40J@20oC
S450J0 t25 0.20 0.030 0.030 0.47* 430~450 550~720 17 27J@0oC
BSEN102492:1996andBSEN10051
A10
BSEN101492:2013Thermomechanicallyrolledsteels
Chemicalcomposition
Max. Impact
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
S315MC t25 0.12 0.025 0.020 315 390~510 24
S355MC t25 0.12 0.025 0.020 355 430~550 23
S420MC t25 0.12 0.025 0.015 420 480~620 19
S460MC t25 0.12 0.025 0.015 460 520~670 17
BSEN10029:2010andBSEN10051:2010
BSEN101493:2013Normalizedornormalizedrolledsteel
Chemicalcomposition
Max. Impact
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
S260NC t25 0.16 0.025 0.020 260 370~490 30
S355MC t25 0.16 0.025 0.020 315 430~550 27
S420MC t25 0.18 0.025 0.015 355 470~610 25
S460MC t25 0.20 0.025 0.015 420 530~670 23
BSEN10029:2010andBSEN10051:2010
Oranyacceptablesteelforcoldforming(seeA.1.6)
A11
A.1.5 AcceptableBritish/Europeanstructuralsteel:solidbars
Chemicalcomposition
Width/ Max. Impact
(%) ReH Rm f
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
(mm) C P S (%) (J)
S235JR 8D150 0.20 0.035 0.035 0.38 195~235 350~510 22 27J@20oC
S235J0 8D150 0.17 0.030 0.030 0.38 195~235 350~510 22 27J@0oC
S235J2 8D150 0.17 0.025 0.025 0.38 195~235 350~510 22 27J@20oC
S275JR 8D150 0.22 0.035 0.035 0.42 225~275 400~560 19 27J@20oC
S275J0 8D150 0.18 0.030 0.030 0.42 225~275 400~560 19 27J@0oC
S275J2 8D150 0.18 0.025 0.025 0.42 225~275 400~560 19 27J@20oC
S355JR 8D150 0.24 0.035 0.035 0.47 295~355 450~630 18 27J@20oC
S355J0 8D150 0.22 0.030 0.030 0.47 295~355 450~630 18 27J@0oC
S355J2 8D150 0.22 0.025 0.025 0.47 295~355 450~630 18 27J@20oC
S355K2 8D150 0.22 0.025 0.025 0.47 295~355 450~630 18 40J@20oC
S450J0 8D150 0.22 0.030 0.030 0.49 380~450 530~720 17 27J@0oC
Chemicalcomposition
Width/ Max. Impact
(%) ReH Rm f
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
(mm) C P S (%) (J)
S275N 8D150 0.18 0.030 0.025 0.42 225~275 350~510 23 40J@20oC
S275NL 8D150 0.16 0.025 0.020 0.42 225~275 350~510 23 27J@50oC
S355N 8D150 0.20 0.030 0.025 0.45 295~355 450~630 21 40J@20oC
S355NL 8D150 0.18 0.025 0.020 0.45 295~355 450~630 21 27J@50oC
S420N 8D150 0.20 0.030 0.025 0.52 340~420 500~680 18 40J@20oC
S420NL 8D150 0.20 0.025 0.020 0.52 340~420 500~680 18 27J@50oC
S460N 8D150 0.20 0.030 0.025 0.55 380~460 530~720 17 40J@20oC
S460NL 8D150 0.20 0.025 0.020 0.55 380~460 530~720 17 27J@50oC
Chemicalcomposition
Width/ Max. Impact
(%) ReH Rm f
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
(mm) C P S (%) (J)
S275M 8D120 0.13 0.030 0.025 0.38 240~275 350~530 24 40J@20oC
S275ML 8D120 0.13 0.025 0.020 0.38 240~275 350~530 24 27J@50oC
S355M 8D120 0.14 0.030 0.025 0.45 320~355 430~630 22 40J@20oC
S355ML 8D120 0.14 0.025 0.020 0.45 320~355 430~630 22 27J@50oC
S420M 8D120 0.16 0.030 0.025 0.47 365~420 460~680 19 40J@20oC
S420ML 8D120 0.16 0.025 0.020 0.45 365~420 460~680 19 27J@50oC
S460M 8D120 0.16 0.030 0.025 0.48 385~460 480~720 17 40J@20oC
S460ML 8D120 0.16 0.025 0.020 0.48 385~460 480~720 17 27J@50oC
A12
Chemicalcomposition
Width/ Max. Impact
(%) ReH Rm f
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
(mm) C P S (%) (J)
S235J0W 8D150 0.13 0.035 0.035 0.44* 195~235 350~510 22 27J@0oC
S235J2W 8D150 0.13 0.035 0.030 0.44 *
195~235 350~510 22 27J@20oC
S355J0WP 8D150 0.12 0.150^ 0.035 0.52* 345~355 470~630 22 27J@0oC
S355J2WP 8D150 0.12 0.150 ^
0.030 0.52 *
345~355 470~630 20 27J@20oC
S355J0W 8D150 0.16 0.035 0.035 0.52 *
295~355 450~630 18 27J@0oC
S355J2W 8D150 0.16 0.030 0.030 0.52* 295~355 450~630 18 27J@20oC
S355K2W 8D150 0.16 0.030 0.030 0.52 295~355
*
450~630 18 40J@20oC
BS EN 100256: 2004 High Strength Structural Steels in the Quenched and Tempered
Condition
Chemicalcomposition
Width/ Max. Impact
(%) ReH Rm f
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
(mm) C P S (%) (J)
S460Q 8D150 0.20 0.025 0.015 0.50 400~460 500~720 17 40J@0oC
S460QL 8D150 0.20 0.020 0.010 0.50 400~460 500~720 17 30J@40oC
S460QL1 8D150 0.20 0.020 0.010 0.50 400~460 500~720 17 30J@60oC
S500Q 8D150 0.20 0.025 0.015 0.50 440~500 540~770 17 40J@0oC
S500QL 8D150 0.20 0.020 0.010 0.70 440~500 540~770 17 30J@40oC
S500QL1 8D150 0.20 0.020 0.010 0.70 440~500 540~770 17 30J@60oC
S550Q 8D150 0.20 0.025 0.015 0.83 490~550 590~820 16 40J@0oC
S550QL 8D150 0.20 0.020 0.010 0.83 490~550 590~820 16 30J@40oC
S550QL1 8D150 0.20 0.020 0.010 0.83 490~550 590~820 16 30J@60oC
S620Q 8D150 0.20 0.025 0.015 0.83 560~620 650~890 15 40J@0oC
S620QL 8D150 0.20 0.020 0.010 0.83 560~620 650~890 15 30J@40oC
S620QL1 8D150 0.20 0.020 0.010 0.83 560~620 650~890 15 30J@60oC
S690Q 8D150 0.20 0.025 0.015 0.83 630~690 710~940 14
^
40J@0oC
S690QL 8D150 0.20 0.020 0.010 0.83 630~690 710~940 14^ 30J@40oC
S690QL1 8D150 0.20 0.020 0.010 0.83 630~690 710~940 14^ 30J@60oC
^Tensiletestshouldbeconductedtoverifytheelongationlimittobelargerthan15%.
A13
A.1.6 AcceptableBritish/Europeanstructuralsteel:stripsforcoldformedopensections
Chemicalcomposition
Max. Impact
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
S235JR 1.5t8 0.17 0.035 0.035 0.35 235 360~510 26 27J@20oC
S235J0 1.5t8 0.17 0.030 0.030 0.35 235 360~510 26 27J@0oC
S235J2 1.5t8 0.17 0.025 0.025 0.35 235 360~510 24 27J@20oC
S275JR 1.5t8 0.21 0.035 0.035 0.40 275 410~580 23 27J@20oC
S275J0 1.5t8 0.18 0.030 0.030 0.40 275 410~580 23 27J@0oC
S275J2 1.5t8 0.18 0.025 0.025 0.40 275 410~580 21 27J@20oC
S355JR 1.5t8 0.24 0.035 0.035 0.45 355 470~680 22 27J@20oC
S355J0 1.5t8 0.20 0.030 0.030 0.45 355 470~680 22 27J@0oC
S355J2 1.5t8 0.20 0.025 0.025 0.45 355 470~680 22 27J@20oC
S355K2 1.5t8 0.20 0.025 0.025 0.45 355 470~680 20 40J@20oC
S450J0 1.5t8 0.20 0.030 0.030 0.47 450 550~720 17 27J@0oC
BSEN100512:2010
Chemicalcomposition Max. Impact
Thickness (%) ReH Rm f
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
S275N 1.5t8 0.18 0.030 0.025 0.40 24 40J@20oC
275 370~510
S275NL 1.5t8 0.16 0.025 0.020 0.40 24 27J@50oC
S355N 1.5t8 0.20 0.030 0.025 0.43 22 40J@20oC
355 470~630
S355NL 1.5t8 0.18 0.025 0.020 0.43 22 27J@50oC
S420N 1.5t8 0.030 0.025 0.48 19 40J@20oC
0.20 420 520~680
S420NL 1.5t8 0.025 0.020 0.48 19 27J@50oC
S460N 1.5t8 0.030 0.025 0.53 17 40J@20oC
0.20 460 540~720
S460NL 1.5t8 0.025 0.020 0.53 17 27J@50oC
BSEN100512:2010
Grade toughness
(mm) CEV (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
Cmax Pmax Smax (J)
S275M 1.5t8 0.030 0.025 0.34 24 40J@20oC
0.13 275 370~530
S275ML 1.5t8 0.025 0.020 0.34 24 27J@50oC
S355M 1.5t8 0.030 0.025 0.39 22 40J@20oC
0.14 355 470~630
S355ML 1.5t8 0.025 0.020 0.39 22 27J@50oC
S420M 1.5t8 0.030 0.025 0.43 19 40J@20oC
0.16 420 520~680
S420ML 1.5t8 0.025 0.020 0.43 19 27J@50oC
S460M 1.5t8 0.030 0.025 0.45 17 40J@20oC
0.16 460 540~720
S460ML 1.5t8 0.025 0.020 0.45 17 27J@50oC
BSEN100512:2010
A14
Chemicalcomposition
Max. Impact
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
S315MC 1.5t8 0.12 0.025 0.020 315 390~510 24
S355MC 1.5t8 0.12 0.025 0.020 355 430~550 23
S420MC 1.5t8 0.12 0.025 0.015 420 480~620 19
S460MC 1.5t8 0.12 0.025 0.015 460 520~670 17
S500MC 1.5t8 0.12 0.025 0.015 500 550~700 14
S550MC 1.5t8 0.12 0.025 0.015 550 600~760 14
BSEN100512:2010
BSEN101493:2013Normalizedornormalizedrolledsteels
Chemicalcomposition
Max. Impact
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
S260MC 1.5t8 0.16 0.025 0.020 260 370~490 30
S315MC 1.5t8 0.16 0.025 0.020 315 430~550 27
S355MC 1.5t8 0.18 0.025 0.015 355 470~610 25
S420MC 1.5t8 0.20 0.025 0.015 420 530~670 23
BSEN100512:2010
BSEN10346:2009Continuouslyhotdipcoatedsteelflatproducts
Chemicalcomposition
Max. Impact
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
S220GD 1.5t8 0.20 0.100 0.045 220 300 20
S250GD 1.5t8 0.20 0.100 0.045 250 330 19
S280GD 1.5t8 0.20 0.100 0.045 280 360 18
S320GD 1.5t8 0.20 0.100 0.045 320 390 17
S350GD 1.5t8 0.20 0.100 0.045 350 420 16
BSEN10143:2006
A15
BSEN10268:2006Highstrengthsteelflatproducts
Chemicalcomposition
Max. Impact
Thickness** (%) Rp0.2 Rm f
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
HC180Y 1.5t8 0.01 0.060 0.025 180~230 330~400 35
HC180B 1.5t8 0.06 0.060 0.030 180~230 290~360 34
HC220Y 1.5t8 0.01 0.080 0.025 220~270 340~420 33
HC220I 1.5t8 0.07 0.050 0.025 220~270 300~380 34
HC220B 1.5t8 0.08 0.085 0.030 220~270 320~400 32
HC260Y 1.5t8 0.01 0.100 0.025 260~320 380~440 31
HC260I 1.5t8 0.07 0.050 0.025 260~320 320~400 32
HC260B 1.5t8 0.10 0.100 0.030 260~320 360~440 29
HC260LA 1.5t8 0.10 0.030 0.025 260~320 350~430 26
HC300I 1.5t8 0.08 0.080 0.025 300~350 340~440 30
HC300B 1.5t8 0.10 0.120 0.030 300~350 390~480 26
HC300LA 1.5t8 0.12 0.030 0.025 300~350 380~480 23
HC340LA 1.5t8 0.12 0.030 0.025 340~420 410~510 21
HC380LA 1.5t8 0.12 0.030 0.025 380~480 440~580 19
HC420LA 1.5t8 0.14 0.030 0.025 420~520 470~600 17
HC460LA 1.5t8 0.14 0.030 0.025 460~580 510~660 13
HC460LA 1.5t8 0.14 0.030 0.025 500~620 550~710 12
BSEN10131:2006andBSEN10140:2006
A16
A.1.7 AcceptableBritish/Europeanstripsforcoldformedsteelprofiledsheetings
Chemicalcomposition
Max. Impact
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
S235JR 0.43t1.5 0.17 0.035 0.035 0.35 235 360~510 17 27J@20oC
S235J0 0.43t1.5 0.17 0.030 0.030 0.35 235 360~510 17 27J@0oC
S235J2 0.43t1.5 0.17 0.025 0.025 0.35 235 360~510 15 27J@20oC
S275JR 0.43t1.5 0.21 0.035 0.035 0.40 275 410~580 15 27J@20oC
S275J0 0.43t1.5 0.18 0.030 0.030 0.40 275 410~580 15 27J@0oC
S275J2 0.43t1.5 0.18 0.025 0.025 0.40 275 410~580 13 27J@20oC
S355JR 0.43t1.5 0.24 0.035 0.035 0.45 355 470~680 14 27J@20oC
S355J0 0.43t1.5 0.20 0.030 0.030 0.45 355 470~680 14 27J@0oC
S355J2 0.43t1.5 0.20 0.025 0.025 0.45 355 470~680 14 27J@20oC
S355K2 0.43t1.5 0.20 0.025 0.025 0.45 355 470~680 12 40J@20oC
S450J0 0.43t1.5 0.20 0.030 0.030 0.47 450 550~720 27J@0oC
BSEN100512:2010
Chemicalcomposition Max. Impact
Thickness (%) ReH Rm f
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
S275N 0.43t1.5 0.18 0.030 0.025 0.40 24 40J@20oC
275 370~510
S275NL 0.43t1.5 0.16 0.025 0.020 0.40 24 27J@50oC
S355N 0.43t1.5 0.20 0.030 0.025 0.43 22 40J@20oC
355 470~630
S355NL 0.43t1.5 0.18 0.025 0.020 0.43 22 27J@50oC
S420N 0.43t1.5 0.030 0.025 0.48 19 40J@20oC
0.20 420 520~680
S420NL 0.43t1.5 0.025 0.020 0.48 19 27J@50oC
S460N 0.43t1.5 0.030 0.025 0.53 17 40J@20oC
0.20 460 540~720
S460NL 0.43t1.5 0.025 0.020 0.53 17 27J@50oC
BSEN100512:2010
Grade toughness
(mm) CEV (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
Cmax Pmax Smax (J)
S275M 0.43t1.5 0.030 0.025 0.34 24 40J@20oC
0.13 275 370~530
S275ML 0.43t1.5 0.025 0.020 0.34 24 27J@50oC
S355M 0.43t1.5 0.030 0.025 0.39 22 40J@20oC
0.14 355 470~630
S355ML 0.43t1.5 0.025 0.020 0.39 22 27J@50oC
S420M 0.43t1.5 0.030 0.025 0.43 19 40J@20oC
0.16 420 520~680
S420ML 0.43t1.5 0.025 0.020 0.43 19 27J@50oC
S460M 0.43t1.5 0.030 0.025 0.45 17 40J@20oC
0.16 460 540~720
S460ML 0.43t1.5 0.025 0.020 0.45 17 27J@50oC
BSEN100512:2010
A17

Chemicalcomposition
Max. Impact
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
S315MC 0.43t1.5 0.12 0.025 0.020 315 390~510 20
S355MC 0.43t1.5 0.12 0.025 0.020 355 430~550 19
S420MC 0.43t1.5 0.12 0.025 0.015 420 480~620 16
S460MC 0.43t1.5 0.12 0.025 0.015 460 520~670 14
S500MC 0.43t1.5 0.12 0.025 0.015 500 550~700 12
S550MC 0.43t1.5 0.12 0.025 0.015 550 600~760 12
BSEN100512:2010
BSEN101493:2013Normalizedornormalizedrolledsteels
Chemicalcomposition
Max. Impact
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
S260MC 0.43t1.5 0.16 0.025 0.020 260 370~490 24
S315MC 0.43t1.5 0.16 0.025 0.020 315 430~550 22
S355MC 0.43t1.5 0.18 0.025 0.015 355 470~610 20
S420MC 0.43t1.5
0.20 0.025 0.015 420 530~670 18
BSEN100512:2010
BSEN10346:2009Continuouslyhotdipcoatedsteelflatproducts
Chemicalcomposition
Max. Impact
Thickness** (%) Re Rm f
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
S220GD 0.43t1.5 0.20 0.100 0.045 220 300 20
S250GD 0.43t1.5 0.20 0.100 0.045 250 330 19
S280GD 0.43t1.5 0.20 0.100 0.045 280 360 18
S320GD 0.43t1.5 0.20 0.100 0.045 320 390 17
S350GD 0.43t1.5 0.20 0.100 0.045 350 420 16
S550GD 0.43t1.5 0.20 0.100 0.045 550 560
BSEN10143:2006
A18
BSEN10268:2006Highstrengthsteelflatproducts
Chemicalcomposition
Max. Impact
Thickness** (%) Rp0.2 Rm f
Grade CEV toughness
(mm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)
C P S (%) (J)
HC180Y 0.43t1.5 0.01 0.060 0.025 180~230 330~400 35
HC180B 0.43t1.5 0.06 0.060 0.030 180~230 290~360 34
HC220Y 0.43t1.5 0.01 0.080 0.025 220~270 340~420 33
HC220I 0.43t1.5 0.07 0.050 0.025 220~270 300~380 34
HC220B 0.43t1.5 0.08 0.085 0.030 220~270 320~400 32
HC260Y 0.43t1.5 0.01 0.100 0.025 260~320 380~440 31
HC260I 0.43t1.5 0.07 0.050 0.025 260~320 320~400 32
HC260B 0.43t1.5 0.10 0.100 0.030 260~320 360~440 29
HC260LA 0.43t1.5 0.10 0.030 0.025 260~320 350~430 26
HC300I 0.43t1.5 0.08 0.080 0.025 300~350 340~440 30
HC300B 0.43t1.5 0.10 0.120 0.030 300~350 390~480 26
HC300LA 0.43t1.5 0.12 0.030 0.025 300~350 380~480 23
HC340LA 0.43t1.5 0.12 0.030 0.025 340~420 410~510 21
HC380LA 0.43t1.5 0.12 0.030 0.025 380~480 440~580 19
HC420LA 0.43t1.5 0.14 0.030 0.025 420~520 470~600 17
HC460LA 0.43t1.5 0.14 0.030 0.025 460~580 510~660 13
HC460LA 0.43t1.5 0.14 0.030 0.025 500~620 550~710 12
BSEN10131:2006andBSEN10140:2006
A19
A.1.8 AcceptableBritish/Europeanstudconnectors
Studshearconnectorsmanufacturedto:
BSENISO8981:2009,andBSENISO13918:2008
A.1.9 AcceptableBritish/Europeannonpreloadedboltingassemblies
Boltsmanufacturedto:
BS4190:2014 BSENISO4016:2011
BS7419:2012 BSENISO4017:2014
BSENISO4014:2011 BSENISO4018:2011
BSEN8981:2013

Nutsmanufacturedto:
BS4190:2001
BSEN8982:2012
BSENISO4032:2013
BSENISO4033:2013
BSENISO4034:2013

Washersmanufacturedto:
BS4320:1968
BSENISO7091:2000
A.1.10 AcceptableBritish/Europeanpreloadedboltingassemblies
BS43951:1969
BS43952:1969
BS46041:1970
BS46042:1970
BSEN8981:2013
BSEN143993:2005
BSEN143994:2005

Nutsmanufacturedto:
BS43951:1969
BS43952:1969
BSEN8982:2013
BSEN143993:2015
BSEN143994:2015

BS43951:1969
BS43952:1969
BS76441:1993
BS76442:1993
BSEN143995:2015
BSEN143996:2015

A20
A.1.11 AcceptableBritish/Europeanweldingconsumables
Weldingconsumables,whichresultinallweldmetalsmeetingmaterialperformance
requirementsin3.2.1.11,andmanufacturedto:
BSEN760:1996 BSENISO17632:2008
BSEN1668:1997 BSENISO17633:2010
BSENISO16834:2007

A21
A.2 AcceptableAmericansteelmaterials
A.2.1 AcceptableAmericanstructuralsteel:plates
ASTMA362012* ASTMA5722013* ASTMA7092013 ASTMA9452006
Grade36[250] Grade42[290] Grade36[250] Grade50[345]
or Grade50[345] Grade50[345] Grade65[450]
ASTMA2422013* Grade55[380] Grade50W[345W] or
(Justwithdrawn) Grade60[415] Grade70W[485W] ASTMA10662011
Grade50[345] Grade65[450] Grade100W[690W] Grade50[345]
or or or Grade60[415]
ASTMA5882010* Grade65[450]
Grade42[290] Grade70[485]
Grade50[345]
or
ASTMA62010a
A.2.2 AcceptableAmericanstructuralsteel:sections
ASTMA362012 ASTMA5722013 ASTMA7092013 ASTMA9922011
Grade36[250] Grade42[290] Grade36[250] Grade50[345]
or Grade50[345] Grade50[345] Grade60[415]
Grade55[380] Grade50S[345S] Grade65[450]
Grade60[415] Grade50W[345W]
Grade65[450] or
or ASTMA9132011
ASTMA5882010 Grade50[345]
or Grade65[450]
ASTMA62010a
A.2.3 AcceptableAmericanstructuralsteel:hollowsections
Steelgradesmanufacturedto:
ASTMA5012007 API5L2004
GradeA[250] GradeB[L245]
GradeB[345] GradeX42[L290]
or GradeX46[L320]
GradeX52[L360]
GradeX56[L390]
GradeX60[L415]
GradeX65[L450]

A22
A.2.4 AcceptableAmericanstructuralsteel:sheetpiles
Eitheranycombinationofsteelgradesmanufacturedto:
ASTMA3282007
Grade39[270]
or
ASTMA8572007
Grade36[250]
ASTMA62010a
A.2.5 AcceptableAmericanstructuralsteel:solidbars
ASTMA7092013
Grade36[250]
Grade50[345]
Grade50S[345S]
Grade50W[345W]

ASTMA62010a
A.2.6 AcceptableAmericanstructuralsteel:stripsforcoldformedopensections
ASTMA10112014 ASTMA10082013 ASTMA7922010 ASTMA8752010
SSGrade30[205] SSGrade30[205] SSGrade33[230] SSGrade33[230]
SSGrade45[310] SSGrade50[340] SSGrade60[410]
SSGrade60[410] SSGrade80[550] or
SSGrade70[480] or
SSGrade80[550]
or

ASTM9242010aorASTMA5682009a
A.2.7 AcceptableAmericanstripsforcoldformedsteelprofiledsheetings
ASTMA6532013 ASTMA10462014
Grade33[230] Grade55[380] Grade33[230]
or Grade80[550]

ASTMA9242010a
A23
A.2.8 AcceptableAmericanstudconnectors
AWSD1.12010
TypeB
A.2.9 AcceptableAmericannonpreloadedboltingassemblies
ASTMA1932014
ASTMA3072014(GradeB)
ASTMA3252014
ASTMA4492014
ASTMA4902014
Nusmanufacturedto:
ASTMA5632007
ASTMA1942014

ASTMF4362011
A.2.10 AcceptableAmericanpreloadedboltingassemblies
ASTMA3252014
ASTMA3542011(GradeBCandGradeBD)
ASTMA4902014
Nusmanufacturedto:
ASTMF18522014
ASTMA5632007
ASTMF9592013
ASTMF4362011
A.2.9 AcceptableAmericanweldingconsumables
AWSA5.12012
AWSA5.92012
A24
A.3 AcceptableJapanesesteelmaterials
A.3.1 AcceptableJapanesestructuralsteel:plates
JISG3106:2008 JISG3114:2008 JISG3136:2012
SM400B SMA400BP SMA570P SN400B
SM400C SMA400BW SMA570W SN400C
SM490B SMA400CP or SN490B
SM490C SMA400CW SN490C
SM490YB SMA490BP
SM520B SMA490BW
SM520C SMA490CP
SM570 SMA490CW

or

JISG3193:2008
A.3.2 AcceptableJapanesestructuralsteel:sections
JISG3106:2008 JISG3114:2008 JISG3136:2012
SM490B SMA400CP or SN490B
SM490YB SMA490BW
SM520B SMA490BP
SM520C SMA490CW
SM570 SMA490CP
or

JISG3192:2010
A.3.3 AcceptableJapanesestructuralsteel:hollowsections
JISG3475:2014
STKN400B
STKN400W
STKN490B
A25
A.3.4 AcceptableJapanesestructuralsteel:sheetpiles
Eithersteelgradesmanufacturedto:
JISA5523:2012

JISA5520:2010
Oranycombinationofsteelgradesmanufacturedtostandardslistedunder:
A.1.6
A.2.6
A.4.6

A.5.6
JISA5528:2006

A.3.5 AcceptableJapanesestructuralsteel:solidbars
JISG3106:2008 JISG 3114:2008 JISG3136:2012
SM490B SMA400CP SN490B
or
SM490YB SMA490BP
SM520B SMA490BW
SM520C SMA490CP
SM570 SMA490CW
or

JISG3191:2010
A26
A.3.6 AcceptableJapanesestructuralsteel:stripsforcoldformedopensections
JISG3106:2008 JISG3114:2008 JISG3136:2012
SM400B SMA400BP SMA490BW SN400B
SM400C SMA400BW SMA490CP SN400C
SM490B SMA400CP SMA490CW SN490B
SM490C SMA400CW SMA570P SN490C
SM490YB SMA490BP SMA570W
SM520B
or
SM520C
SM570
or
JISG3136:2008
Orsteelgrademanufacturedto:
JISG3350:2009
SSC400
A.3.7 AcceptableJapanesestripsforcoldformedprofiledsheetings
JISG3302:2010 JISG3317:2010 JISG3321:2010
SGH340 SZAH340 SGLH400
SGH540 SZAH540 SGL400
SGC340 SZAC340 SGL440
SGC400 SZAC400 SGL490
SGC440 SZAC440
SGC490 SZAC490
or
A.3.8 AcceptableJapanesestudconnectors
JISB1198:2011
A27
A.3.9 AcceptableJapanesenonpreloadedboltingassemblies
JISB1051:2014
JISB1180:2014
Nutsmanufacturedto:
JISB10522:2009
JISB10526:2009
JISB1181:2014
JISB1256:2008
A.3.10 AcceptableJapanesepreloadedboltingassemblies
JISB1186:2013
JISII09:1981
Nutsmanufacturedto:
JISB1186:2007
JISB1186:2013
A.3.11 AcceptableJapaneseweldingconsumables
JISZ3211:2008
JISZ3313:2009
A28
A.4 AcceptableAustralian/NewZealandsteelmaterials
A.4.1 AcceptableAustralian/NewZealandstructuralsteel:plates
AS/NZS36782011
250
300
350
400
450
AS/NZS13651996*
NOTE *Plates are rolled on continuous mills. If plates are rolled on reversing mills, width of plate should be less than 2.7 m.
Orsteelgradesmanufacturedto:
AS15482008
PT430NL0 PT460NL0 PT460TRL40 PT490T
PT430NL20 PT460NL20 PT460TRL50 PT490TL20
PT430NL40 PT460NL40 PT490N PT490TL40
PT430NRL0 PT460NL50 PT490NL20 PT490TL50
PT430NRL20 PT460NRL0 PT490NL40 PT540T
PT430NRL40 PT460NRL20 PT490NL50 PT540TL20
PT430TRL0 PT460NRL40 PT490NR PT540TL40
PT430TRL20 PT460NRL50 PT490NRL20 PT540TL50
PT430TRL40 PT460TRL0 PT490NRL0
PT460TRL20 PT490NRL20

A.4.2 AcceptableAustralian/NewZealandstructuralsteelsections
AS/NZS3679.12010
300L0
300L15
300S0
350L0
350S0
A.4.3 AcceptableAustralian/NewZealandstructuralsteel:hollowsections
AS/NZS11632009
C250L0
C350L0
C450L0
A29

A.4.4 AcceptableAustralian/NewZealandstructuralsteel:sheetpiles
Anycertifiedsteelforcoldforming(seeA.4.6)
A.4.5 AcceptableAustralian/NewZealandstructuralsteel:solidbars
Hotrolledsteelbarsmanufacturedto:
AS/NZS3679.12010
A.4.6 AcceptableAustralian/NewZealandstructuralsteel:stripsforcoldformedopen
sections
AS/NZS13972001
250
300
350
400
450
AS/NZS13651996

Oranycombinationofsteelgradesmanufacturedto:
AS/NZS15951998
CA220
CA260
CA350
AS/NZS13651996*
A.4.7 AcceptableAustralian/NewZealandstripsforcoldformedprofiledsheets
AS13972011
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
AS/NZS13651996
A30

A.4.8 AcceptableAustralian/NewZealandstudconnectors
Shearstudconnectorsmanufacturedto:
AS/NZS1554.22003*

NOTE *Stud diameter should be at least 15.9 mm.
A.4.9 AcceptableAustralian/NewZealandnonpreloadedboltingassemblies
AS/NZS12521996
AS4291.12000*
AS/NZS15591997
NOTE * Grade 12.9 is non-certified.

Nutsmanufacturedto:
AS/NZS12521996
AS/NZS15591997
AS/NZS4291.21995

AS/NZS12521996
AS/NZS15591997
A.4.10 AcceptableAustralian/NewZealandpreloadedboltingassemblies
AS/NZS12521996
AS4291.12000*

Nutsmanufacturedto:
AS/NZS12521996
AS/NZS15591997
AS/NZS4291.21995

AS/NZS12521996
AS/NZS15591997
A.4.11 AcceptableAustralian/NewZealandweldingconsumables
AS/NZS1554.12011
AS/NZS48552007
AS/NZS48572006*
AS1858.12003**
AS/NZS2717.11996

NOTE *Only grades 55, 62 and 69 are certified.
NOTE **Z is non-certified.
NOTE ***Only grades W5xxx to W6xxx are certified; grade W5ZXH is non-certified.
A31
A.5 AcceptableChinesesteelmaterials
A.5.1 AcceptableChinesestructuralsteel:plates
GB/T7002006* Q420C GB/T41712008 GB/T198792005
Q235BZ Q420D Q265GNH Q235GJC
Q235CZ Q420E Q295GNH Q235GJD
Q235DTZ Q460C Q310GNH Q235GJE
Q275BZ Q460D Q355GNH Q345GJC
Q275CZ Q460E Q355GNH Q345GJD
Q275DTZ Q500C Q235NH Q345GJE
Q500D Q295NH Q390GJC
or
Q500E Q355NH Q390GJD
GB/T15912008 Q550C Q415NH Q390GJE
Q345B Q550D Q460NH Q420GJC
Q345C Q550E Q500NH Q420GJD
Q345D Q620C Q550NH Q420GJE
Q345E Q620D Q460GJC
or
Q390B Q620E Q460GJD
Q390C Q690C Q460GJE
Q390D Q690D
Q390E Q690E
Q420B or

GB/T7092006*
ClassA
ClassB
ClassC
ClassN
PT.A
PT.B
NOTE *Steel plates manufactured to GB/T 912-1989 and GB/T 3274-1988, which make reference to GB/T
700-2006, GB/T 1591-1994 and GB/T 709-2006, shall be considered certified.
A.5.2 AcceptableChinesestructuralsteel:sections
GB/T7002006 GB/T15912008 GB/T41712008
Q235BZ Q295B Q420B Q265GNH
Q235CZ Q345B Q420C Q295GNH
Q235DTZ Q345C Q420D Q310GNH
Q275BZ Q345D Q420E Q355GNH
Q275CZ Q345E Q460C Q235NH
Q275DTZ Q390B Q460D Q295NH
Q390C Q460E Q355NH
or
Q390D Q415NH
Q390E or Q460NH

GB/T7062008orGB/T112632010
A32
A.5.3 AcceptableChinesestructuralsteel:hollowsections
GB/T7002006 GB/T15912008 GB/T41712008
Q235CZ Q345C Q420C* Q265GNH
Q235DTZ Q345D Q420D* Q295GNH
Q275CZ Q345E Q420E* Q310GNH
Q275DTZ Q390C Q460C* Q355GNH
Q390D Q460D* Q235NH
or
Q390E Q460E* Q295NH
Q355NH
or
Q415NH
Q460NH

GB/T67282002
Oranycombinationofsteelgradesmanufacturedto:
GB/T81621999
Q235B Q295B Q390C Q420E
Q235C Q345B Q390D Q460C
Q235D Q345C Q390E Q460D
Q275B Q345D Q420B Q460E
Q275C Q345E Q420C

Q275D Q390B Q420D
GB/T81622008andGB/T173952008
A.5.4 AcceptableChinesestructuralsteel:sheetpiles
Sheetpilesmanufacturedto:
GB/T209332007
Oranycertifiedsteelforcoldforming(seeA.5.6)
A.5.5 AcceptableChinesestructuralsteel:solidbars
GB/T7002006* Q390B Q550C GB/T41712008
Q235BZ Q390C Q550D Q265GNH
Q235CZ Q390D Q550E Q295GNH
Q235DTZ Q390E Q620C Q310GNH
Q275BZ Q420B Q620D Q355GNHL
Q275CZ Q420C Q620E Q235NH
Q275DTZ Q420D Q690C Q295NH
Q420E Q690D Q355NH
or
Q460C Q690E Q415NH
GB/T15912008* Q460D Q460NH
Or
Q345B Q460E Q500NH
Q345C Q500C Q550NH
Q345D Q500D
Q345E Q500E
GB/T7022008
A33
A.5.6 AcceptableChinesestructuralsteel:stripsforcoldformedopensections
GB/T7002006 GB/T15912008
Q215AZ Q345A Q390E
Q215BZ Q345B Q420A
Q235AZ Q345C Q420B
Q235BZ Q345D Q420C*
Q235CZ Q345E Q420D*
Q235DTZ Q390A Q420E*
Q275AZ Q390B
Q275BZ Q390C
Q275CZ Q390D
Q275DTZ

or

GB/T7092006
A.5.7 AcceptableChinesestripsforcoldformedprofiledsheetings
Profiledsteelsheetmanufacturedto:
GB/T25182008
S220GD
S250GD
S280GD
S320GD
S350GD
S550GD
A.5.8 AcceptableChinesestudshearconnectors
GB/T104332002
A.5.9 AcceptableChinesenonpreloadedboltingassemblies
GB/T3098.12010 GB/T57802000
GB/T57812000 GB/T57822000
GB/T57832000

Nutsmanufacturedto:
GB/T3098.22000 GB/T412000
GB/T61702000 GB/T61752000

GB/T952002
A34
A.5.10 AcceptableChinesepreloadedboltingassemblies
GB/T12282006
GB/T36322008

Nutsmanufacturedto:
GB/T12292006
GB/T36322008

GB/T12302006
GB/T36322008
A.5.11 AcceptableChineseweldingconsumables
requirementsin2.7,andmanufacturedto:

GB/T51172012
GB/T51182012
GB/T52931999
GB/T81102008
GB/T100452001
GB/T124702003
GB/T174932008

A35
AppendixB Listofreferencestandards
B.1 British/Europeanstandards
B.2 Americanstandards
B.3 Japanesestandards
B.4 Australian/NewZealandstandards
B.5 Chinesestandards
B1
AppendixB Listofmaterialsspecifications
This Appendix covers British/European, American, Japanese, Australian/New Zealand and

Chinese standards used as materials specifications for this document. The specifications
listed in this appendix are only current and confirmed at the time of drafting of this
document and should be updated in accordance with the latest version of the respective
specifications.
B.1 British/Europeanspecifications
The following British/European standards are published by the British Standards

Institution,London,UnitedKingdom.
B.1.1 British/Europeanspecificationsondesignofsteelstructures
BSEN199311:2005 Eurocode3:Designofsteelstructures Part11:Generalrulesandrules

forBuildings
BSEN199313:2006 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 13: General rules
Supplementaryrulesforcoldformedmembersandsheeting
BSEN199318:2005 Eurocode3:Designofsteelstructures Part18:Designofjoints
BSEN1993110:2005 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 110: Material toughness

andthroughthicknessproperties
BSEN1993112:2007 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 112: Additional rules for
theextensionofEN1993uptosteelgradesS700
BSEN199411:2005 Eurocode4:DesignofcompositesteelandconcretestructuresPart11:
Generalrulesandrulesforbuildings
B2
B.1.2 British/Europeanspecificationsonsteelmaterials
BS7668:2004 Weldable structural steels Hot finished structural hollow sections in

weatherresistantsteelsSpecification
BSEN10020:2000 Definitionandclassificationofgradesofsteel
BSEN10021:2006 Generaltechnicaldeliveryrequirementsforsteelandironproducts
BSEN100251:2004 Hot rolled products of structural steels Part 1: General technical

deliveryconditions
BSEN100252:2004 Hot rolled products of structural steels Part 2: Technical delivery
conditionsfornonalloystructuralsteels
conditions for normalized/normalized rolled weldable fine grain
structuralsteels
conditions for thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural
steels
conditions for structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion
resistance
conditionsforflatproductsofhighyieldstrengthstructuralsteelsinthe
quenchedandtemperedcondition
BSEN100271:2005 Designationsystemsforsteels Part1:Steelnames
BSEN10079:2007 Definitionofsteelproducts
BSEN101491:2013 Specification for hotrolled flat products made of high yield strength
steelsforcoldformingPart1:Generaldeliveryconditions
steels for cold forming Part 2: Delivery conditions for
thermomechanicallyrolledsteels
steels for cold forming Part 3. Delivery conditions for normalized or
normalizedrolledsteels
BSEN10164:2004 Steel products with improved deformation properties perpendicular to
thesurfaceoftheproductTechnicaldeliveryconditions
BSEN102101:2006 Hotfinishedstructuralhollowsectionsofnonalloyandfinegrainsteels
Part1:Technicaldeliveryconditions
BSEN102191:2006 Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of nonalloy and fine
grainsteelsPart1:Technicaldeliveryconditions
BSEN102481:1996 Hot rolled steel sheet piling of non alloy steels Part 1: Technical
deliveryconditions
BSEN102491:1996 Cold formed steel piling of non alloy steels Part 1: Technical delivery
conditions
BSEN10268:2006 Coldrolledsteelflatproductswithhighyieldstrengthforcoldforming
Technicaldeliveryconditions
BSEN10326:2004 Continuously hotdip coated strip and sheet of structural steels
Technicaldeliveryconditions
BSEN10346:2009 Continuously hotdip coated steel flat products Technical delivery
conditions
B3
B.1.3 British/Europeanspecificationsondimensionsandshapes
BSEN10017:2004 Steelrodfordrawingand/orcoldrollingDimensionsandtolerances
BSEN10024:1995 HotrolledtaperflangeIsections Tolerancesonshapeanddimensions
BSEN10029:2010 Specification for tolerances on dimensions, shape and mass for hot
rolledsteelplates3mmthickorabove
BSEN10034:1993 StructuralsteelIandHsections Tolerancesonshapeanddimensions
BSEN10051:2010 Continuouslyhotrolleduncoatedplate,sheetandstripofnonalloyand
alloysteelsTolerancesondimensionsandshape
BSEN10055:1996 Hot rolled steel equal flange tees with radiused root and toes
Dimensionsandtolerancesonshapeanddimensions
BSEN100562:1993 SpecificationforstructuralsteelequalandunequalleganglesPart2:
Tolerancesonshapeanddimensions
BSEN10058:2003 Hot rolled flat steel bars for general purposes Dimensions and
tolerancesonshapeanddimensions
BSEN10059:2003 Hot rolled square steel bars for general purposes Dimensions and
BSEN10060:2003 Hot rolled round steel bars for general purposes Dimensions and
BSEN10131:2006 Cold rolled uncoated and zinc or zincnickel electrolytically coated low
carbon and high yield strength steel flat products for cold forming
Tolerancesondimensionsandshape
BSEN10140:2006 ColdrollednarrowsteelstripTolerancesondimensionsandshape
BSEN10143:2006 Continuously hotdip coated steel sheet and strip Tolerances on
dimensionsandshape
BSEN102102:2006 Hotfinishedstructuralhollowsectionsofnonalloyandfinegrainsteels
Part2:Tolerances,dimensionsandsectionalproperties
BSEN102192:2006 Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of nonalloy and fine
grainsteelsPart2:Tolerances,dimensionsandsectionalproperties
BSEN102482:1996 Hotrolledsteelsheetpilingofnonalloysteels Part2:Toleranceson
shapeanddimensions
BSEN102492:1996 ColdformedsteelsheetpilingofnonalloysteelsPart2:Toleranceson
shapeanddimensions
BSEN10279:2000 Hotrolledsteelchannels Tolerancesonshape,dimensionandmass
B4
B.1.4 British/Europeanspecificationsonboltingassemblies
Generalinformation
BSEN208982:1994 Mechanical properties of fasteners Part 2: Nuts with specified proof

loadvaluesCoarsethread
BSEN150481:2007 Nonpreloadedstructuralboltassemblies Part1:Generalrequirements
BSENISO8981:2013 Mechanicalpropertiesoffastenersmadeofcarbonsteelandalloysteel
Part1:Bolts,screwsandstuds
Part 2: Nuts with specified property classes Coarse thread and fine
pitchthread
BSENISO16426:2002 Fasteners Qualityassurancesystem
Nonpreloadedassemblies
BS4190:2014 ISOmetricblackhexagonbolts,screwsandnuts Specification
BS4320:1968 Specificationformetalwashersforgeneralengineeringpurposesmetric
series
BS7419:2012 Specificationforholdingdownbolts
BSENISO4014:2011 Hexagonheadbolts ProductgradesAandB
BSENISO4016:2011 Hexagonheadbolts ProductgradeC
BSENISO4017:2014 Hexagonheadscrews ProductgradesAandB
BSENISO4018:2011 Hexagonheadscrews Productgradec
BSENISO4032:2013 Hexagonnuts,style1 ProductgradesAandB
BSENISO4033:2013 Hexagonnuts,style2 ProductgradesAandB
BSENISO4034:2013 Hexagonnuts Productgradec
BSENISO7091:2000 Plainwashers Normalseries ProductGradeC
Preloadedassemblies
BS43951:1969 Specificationforhighstrengthfrictiongripboltsandassociatednutsand
washersforstructuralengineeringmetricseriesPart1:Generalgrade
BS43952:1969 Specificationforhighstrengthfrictiongripboltsandassociatednutsand
washersforstructuralengineeringmetricseriesPart2:Highergrade
bolts
andnutsandgeneralgradewashers
BS46041:1970 Specificationfortheuseofhighstrengthfrictiongripboltsinstructural
steelworkmetricseriesPart1:Generalgrade
BS46042:1970 Specificationfortheuseofhighstrengthfrictiongripboltsinstructural
steelworkmetricseriesPart2:Highergrade(parallelshank)
BS76441:1993 Direct tension indicators Part 1: Specification for compressible
washers
BS76442:1993 Direct tension indicators Part 2: Specification for nut face and bolt
facewashers
BSEN143991:2005 Highstrength structural bolting assemblies for preloading Part 1:
Generalrequirements
Suitabilitytestforpreloading
SystemHRHexagonboltandnutassemblies
SystemHVHexagonboltandnutassemblies
BSEN143995:2015 HighstrengthstructuralboltingassembliesforpreloadingPart5:Plain
washers
BSEN143996:2015 HighstrengthstructuralboltingassembliesforpreloadingPart6:Plain
chamferedwashers
B5
B.1.5 British/Europeanspecificationsonweldingconsumables
BSEN760:1996 Welding consumables Fluxes for submerged arc welding

Classification
BSEN1668:1997 WeldingConsumables Rods,WiresandDepositsforTungstenInertGas
WeldingofNonAlloyandFineGrainSteelsClassification
BSENISO636:2008 Welding consumables rods,wires,anddepositsfortungsteninertgas
weldingofnonalloyandfinegrainsteelsClassification
BSENISO2560:2009 Welding consumables Covered electrodes for manual metal arc
weldingofnonalloyandfinegrainsteelsClassification
BSENISO14171:2010 Weldingconsumables Solidwireselectrodes,tubularcoredelectrodes
andelectrode/fluxcombinationsforsubmergedarcweldingofnonalloy
andfinegrainsteelsClassification
BSENISO14341:2011 Welding consumables Wires electrodes and weld deposits for gas
shielded metal arc welding of nonalloy and fine grain steels
Classification
BSENISO14343:2009 Welding consumables Wires electrodes, strip electrodes, wires and
rodsforarcweldingofstainlessandheatresistingsteelsClassification
BSENISO157921: Weldingconsumables Testmethods Part1:Testmethodsforallweld
2008 metaltestspecimensinsteel,nickelandnickelalloys
BSENISO157922: Weldingconsumables Testmethods Part2:Preparationofsinglerun
2008 andtworuntechniquetestspecimensinsteel
BSENISO157923: Welding consumables Test methods Part 3: Classification testing of
2011 positional capacity and root penetration of welding consumables in a
filletweld
BSENISO16834:2007 Welding consumables Wires electrodes, wires, rods and deposits for
gasshieldedarcweldingofhighstrengthsteelsClassification
BSENISO17632:2008 Welding consumables Tubular cored electrodes for gas shielded and
nongas shielded metal arc welding of nonalloy and fine grain steels
Classification
BSENISO17633:2010 Welding consumables Tubular cored electrodes and rods for gas
shielded and nongas shielded metal arc welding of stainless and heat
resistingsteelsClassification
BSENISO17634:2006 Weldingconsumables Tubularcoredelectrodesforgasshieldedmetal
arcweldingofcreepresistingsteelsClassification
BSENISO18274:2010 Weldingconsumables Solidwireelectrodes,solidstripelectrodes,solid
wires and solid rods for fusion welding of nickel and nickel alloys
Classification
BSENISO21952:2007 Welding consumables Wire electrodes, wires, rods and deposits for
gasshieldedarcweldingofcreepresistingsteelsClassification
BSENISO24373:2009 Weldingconsumables Solidwiresandrodsforfusionweldingofcopper
andcopperalloysClassification
and electrode/flux combinations for submerged arc welding of creep
resistingsteelsClassification
and electrode/flux combinations for submerged arc welding of high
strengthsteelsClassification
B6
B.1.6 British/Europeanspecificationsonstripsforcoldformedprofiledsteelsheetings
BSEN10346:2009 Continuously hotdip coated steel flat products Technical delivery

conditions
BSEN10143:2006 Continuously hotdip coated steel sheet and strip Tolerances on
dimensions
andshape
B.1.7 British/Europeanspecificationsonstudconnectors
BSENISO13918:2008 Welding Studsandceramicferrulesforarcstudwelding
B.1.8 British/Europeanspecificationsonmaterialtesting
BSEN208982:1994 Mechanicalpropertiesoffasteners Part2:Nutswithspecifiedproof

BSENISO1481:2010 Metallic materials Charpy pendulum impact test Part 1: Test
method
BSENISO25661:1999 Steel Conversion of elongation values Part 1: Carbon and low
alloysteels
BSENISO65061:2005 Metallicmaterials Brinellhardnesstest Part1:Testmethod
BSENISO65071:2005 Metallicmaterials Vickershardnesstest Part1:Testmethod
BSENISO65081:2005 Metallic materials Rockwell hardness test Part 1: Test method

(scalesA,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,K,N,T)
BSENISO68921:2009 Metallicmaterials Tensiletest Part1:Methodoftestatambient
temperature
BSENISO85011:2007 Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelated
productsVisualassessmentofsurfacecleanlinessRustgradesand
preparationgradesofuncoatedsteelsubstratesandofsteelsubstrates
afteroverallremovalofpreviouscoatings
BSENISO14284:2002 Steel and iron Sampling and preparation of samples for the
determinationofchemicalcomposition
BSENISO157921:2008 Weldingconsumables Testmethods Part 1:Testmethodsforall
weldmetaltestspecimeninsteel,nickelandnickelalloys
B.1.9 British/Europeanspecificationsoninspectiondocuments
BSEN10168:2004 Steel products Inspection documents List of information and

description
BSEN10204:2004 Metallicproducts Typesofinspectiondocuments
B7
B.2 Americanspecifications
The following American specifications are published by the American Institute of Steel
Construction, Chicago, Illinois; the American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.B.; the
American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania; the
AmericanWeldingSociety,Miami,Florida,UnitedStatesofAmerica.

B.2.1 Americanspecificationsondesignofsteelstructures
AISC3032010 CodeofStandardPracticeforSteelBuildingsandBridges
ANSI/AISC3602010 SpecificationforStructuralSteelBuildings
B.2.2 Americanspecificationsonsteelmaterials
API5L2010 SpecificationforLinePipe
ASTMA362012 StandardSpecificationforCarbonStructuralSteel
ASTMA532010 Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and HotDipped, Zinc
Coated,WeldedandSeamless
ASTMA1092008 StandardSpecificationforSteel,Strip,Carbon(0.25MaximumPercent),
ColdRolled
ASTMA2422013 Standard Specification for HighStrength LowAlloy Structural Steel
(Withdrawn)
ASTMA2682010 StandardSpecificationforSeamlessandWeldedFerriticandMartensitic
StainlessSteelTubingforGeneralService
ASTMA2832003(07) Standard Specification for Low and Intermediate Tensile Strength
CarbonSteelPlates
ASTMA3082010 StandardSpecificationforSteelSheet,Terne(LeadTinAlloy)Coatedby
theHotDipProcess
ASTMA3282007 StandardSpecificationforSteelSheetPiling
ASTMA3332010 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low
TemperatureService
ASTMA4232009 StandardSpecificationforSeamlessandElectricWeldedLowAlloySteel
Tubes
ASTMA5002010a Standard Specification for ColdFormed Welded and Seamless Carbon
SteelStructuralTubinginRoundsandShapes
ASTMA5012007 Standard Specification for HotFormed Welded and Seamless Carbon
SteelStructuralTubing
ASTMA5142005(09) StandardSpecificationforHighYieldStrength,QuenchedandTempered
AlloySteelPlate,SuitableforWelding
ASTMA5292005(09) Standard Specification for HighStrength CarbonManganese Steel of
StructuralQuality
ASTMA5722013 Standard Specification for HighStrength LowAlloy Columbium
VanadiumStructuralSteel
ASTMA5732005(09) Standard Specification for Structural Carbon Steel Plates of Improved
Toughness
ASTMA5882010 StandardSpecificationforHighStrengthLowAlloyStructuralSteelwith
50ksi[345MPa]MinimumYieldPointto4in.[100mm]Thick
B8
ASTMA5952006 Standard Specification for Steel Tubes, LowCarbon or HighStrength

LowAlloy,TaperedforStructuralUse
ASTMA6062009a Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, HighStrength, Low
Alloy, Hot Rolled and ColdRolled, with Improved Atmospheric
CorrosionResistance
ASTMA6182004(10) Standard Specification for HotFormed Welded and Seamless High
StrengthLowAlloyStructuralTubing
ASTMA6532013 StandardSpecificationforSteelSheet,ZincCoated(Galvanized)orZinc
IronAlloyCoated(Galvannealed)bytheHotDipProcess
ASTMA6732007 Standard Specification for Sampling Procedure for Impact Testing of
StructuralSteel
ASTMA7092013 StandardSpecificationforStructuralSteelforBridges
ASTMA7922010 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, 55 % AluminumZinc Alloy
CoatedbytheHotDipProcess
ASTMA8472005 Standard Specification for ColdFormed Welded and Seamless High
Strength, Low Alloy Structural Tubing with Improved Atmospheric
CorrosionResistance
ASTMA8522003(07) Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered LowAlloy
StructuralSteelPlatewith70ksi[485MPa]MinimumYieldStrengthto4
in.[100mm]Thick
ASTMA8572007 StandardSpecificationforSteelSheetPiling,ColdFormed,LightGage
ASTMA8712003(07) StandardSpecificationforHighStrengthLowAlloyStructuralSteelPlate
withAtmosphericCorrosionResistance
ASTMA8752010 StandardSpecificationforSteelSheet,Zinc5%AluminumAlloyCoated
bytheHotDipProcess
ASTMA9132011 Standard Specification for HighStrength LowAlloy Steel Shapes of
StructuralQuality,ProducedbyQuenchingandSelfTemperingProcess
(QST)
ASTMA9452006 StandardSpecificationforHighStrengthLowAlloyStructuralSteelPlate
with Low Carbon and Restricted Sulfur for Improved Weldability,
Formability,andToughness
ASTMA9922011 StandardSpecificationforStructuralSteelShapes
ASTMA10032010 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Carbon, Metallic and
NonmetallicCoatedforColdFormedFramingMembers
ASTMA10082013 Steel, Sheet, ColdRolled, Carbon, Structural, HighStrength LowAlloy,
HighStrengthLowAlloywithImprovedFormability,SolutionHardened,
andBakeHardenable
ASTMA10112014 Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, HotRolled, Carbon,
Structural, HighStrength LowAlloy and HighStrength LowAlloy with
ImprovedFormability
ASTMA10462014 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, ZincAluminumMagnesium
AlloyCoatedbytheHotDipProcess
ASTMA10662011 StandardSpecificationforHighStrengthLowAlloyStructuralSteelPlate
ProducedbyThermoMechanicalControlledProcess(TMCP)
B9
B.2.3 Americanspecificationsondimensionsandshapes
ASTMA62010a Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled Structural

SteelBars,Plates,Shapes,andSheetPiling
ASTMA4502010 Standard Specification for General Requirements for Carbon, Ferritic
Alloy,andAusteniticAlloySteelTubes
ASTMA5682009a Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Structural, and High
Strength,LowAlloy,HotRolledandColdRolled,GeneralRequirements
for
ASTMA9242010a Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Sheet,
MetallicCoatedbytheHotDipProcess
ASTMA9992004a(09) StandardSpecificationforGeneralRequirementsforAlloyandStainless
SteelPipe
B.2.4 Americanspecificationsonboltingassemblies
ASTMA1932014 Standard Specification for AlloySteel and Stainless Steel Bolting

MaterialsforHighTemperatureService
ASTMA1942014 StandardSpecificationforCarbonandAlloySteelNutsforBoltsforHigh
PressureorHighTemperatureService,orBoth
ASTMA3072014 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60 000 psi
TensileStrength
ASTMA325M2014 StandardSpecificationforStructuralBolts,Steel,HeatTreated830MPa
MinimumTensileStrength[Metric]
ASTMA3542011 Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts,
Studs,andOtherExternallyThreadedFasteners
ASTMA4492014 StandardSpecificationforHexCapScrews,BoltsandStuds,Steel,Heat
Treated,120/105/90ksiMinimumTensileStrength,GeneralUse
ASTMA490M2014 Standard Specification for HighStrength Steel Bolts, Classes 10.9 and
10.9.3,forStructuralSteelJoints[Metric]
ASTMA563M2007 StandardSpecificationforCarbonandAlloySteelNuts[Metric]
ASTMF436M2011 StandardSpecificationforHardenedSteelWashers
Preloadedassemblies
ASTMA1932014 Standard Specification for AlloySteel and Stainless Steel Bolting

MaterialsforHighTemperatureService
ASTMA1942014 StandardSpecificationforCarbonandAlloySteelNutsforBoltsforHigh
PressureorHighTemperatureService,orBoth
ASTMA3542011 Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts,
Studs,andOtherExternallyThreadedFasteners
ASTMA563M2007 StandardSpecificationforCarbonandAlloySteelNuts[Metric]
ASTMF436M2011 StandardSpecificationforHardenedSteel Washers
ASTMF959M2013 Standard Specification for CompressibleWasherType Direct Tension

IndicatorsforUsewithStructuralFasteners[Metric]
ASTMF18522014 Standard Specification for Twist Off Type Tension Control Structural
Bolt/Nut/Washer Assemblies, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi
MinimumTensileStrength
B10
B.2.5 Americanspecificationsonweldingconsumables
AWSD1.31998 Structuralweldingcode Sheetsteel

AWSA5.12012 Specificationsforcarbonsteelelectrodesforshieldedmetalarcwelding
AWSA5.92012 Specificationsforlowalloysteelelectrodesforfluxcoredarcwelding
B.2.6 Americanspecificationsonstripscoldformedprofiledsheetings
ASTMA6062009a Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, HighStrength, Low
Alloy, HotRolled and ColdRolled, with Improved Atmospheric
CorrosionResistance
ASTMA6532013 StandardSpecificationforSteelSheet,ZincCoated(Galvanized)orZinc
IronAlloyCoated(Galvannealed)bytheHotDipProcess
ASTMA10462014 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, ZincAluminumMagnesium
AlloyCoatedbytheHotDipProcess
B.2.7 Americanspecificationsonshearconnectors
ASTMA292005 Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, HotWrought,
GeneralRequirementsfor
AWSD1.12010 StructuralWeldingCode Steel
B11
B.3 Japanesespecifications
The following Japanese specifications are published by the Japanese Industrial

StandardsCommittee,Tokyo,Japan.

B.3.1 Japanesespecificationsondesignofsteelstructures
JSCE:1997 DesignCodeforSteelStructures PartA:StructuresinGeneral

JSCE:1997 DesignCodeforSteelStructures PartB:CompositeStructures
B.3.2 Japanesespecificationsonsteelmaterials
JISA5523:2012 Weldablehotrolledsteelsheetpiles
JISA5525:2004 Steelpipepiles
JISA5528:2006 Hotrolledsteelsheetpiles
JISA5530:2010 Steelpipesheetpiles
JISG3101:2010 Rolledsteelsforgeneralstructure
JISG3106:2008 Rolledsteelsforweldedstructure
JISG3114:2008 Hotrolledatmosphericcorrosionresistingsteelsforweldedstructure
JISG3128:2009 Highyieldstrengthsteelplatesforweldedstructure
JISG3131:2010 Hotrolledmildsteelplates,sheetsandstrip
JISG3132:2005 Hotrolledcarbonsteelstripforpipesandtubes
JISG3136:2012 Rolledsteelsforbuildingstructure
JISG3302:2010 Hotdipzinccoatedsteelsheetsandcoils
JISG3312:2008 Prepaintedhotdipzinccoatedsteelsheetsandcoils
JISG3321:2010 Hotdip55%aluminiumzincalloycoatedsteelsheetsandcoils
JISG3322:2008 Prepainted hotdip 55 % aluminiumzinc alloycoated steel sheets and
coils
JISG3350:2009 Lightgaugesectionsforgeneralstructure
JISG3352:2003 Steeldecks
JISG3444:2010 Carbonsteeltubesforgeneralstructuralpurposes
JISG3466:2010 Carbonsteelsquarepipesforgeneralstructuralpurposes
JISG3475:2014 Carbonsteeltubesforbuildingstructure
B.3.3 Japanesespecificationsondimensionsandshapes
JISG3191:2010 Dimensions,massandpermissiblevariationsofhotrolledsteelbarsin
coil
JISG3192:2010 Dimensions,massandpermissiblevariationsofhotrolledsteelsections
JISG3193:2008 Dimensions, mass and permissible variations of hot rolled steel plates,
sheetsandstrip
JISG3194:2010 Dimensions,massandpermissiblevariationsofhotrolledflatsteel
B12
B.3.4 Japanesespecificationsonboltingassemblies
JISB1051:2014 Mechanicalpropertiesoffastenersmadeofcarbonsteelandalloysteel
JISB10522:2009 Mechanical properties of fasteners Part 2: Nuts with specified proof
JISB10526:2009 Mechanical properties of fasteners Part 6: Nuts with specified proof
loadvaluesFinepitchthread
JISB1180:2014 Hexagonheadboltsandhexagonheadscrews
JISB1181:2014 Hexagonnutsandhexagonthinnuts
JISB1256:2008 Plainwashers
Preloadedassemblies
JISB1186:2013 Setsofhighstrengthhexagonbolt,hexagonnutandplainwashersfor
frictiongripjoints
JSSII09:1981 Setsoftorsheartypehighstrengthbolt,hexagonnutandplainwashers
forstructuraljoints
B.3.5 Japanesespecificationsonweldingconsumables
JISZ3200:2005 Welding consumables Technical delivery conditions for welding filler

materialsTypeofproduct,dimensions,tolerancesandmarkings
JISZ3211:2008 Covered electrodes for mild steel, high tensile strength steel and low
temperatureservicesteel
JISZ3212:2000 Coveredelectrodesforhightensilestrengthsteel
JISZ3313:2009 Fluxcoredwiresforgasshieldedandselfshieldedmetalarcweldingof
mildsteel,highstrengthsteelandlowtemperatureservicesteel
B.3.6 Japanesespecificationsonstripsforcoldformedprofiledsheetings
JISG3302:2010 Hotdipzinccoatedsteelsheetsandcoils
JISG3317:2010 Hotdipzinc5%aluminiumalloycoatedsteelsheetsandstrip
JISG3321:2010 Hotdip55%aluminiumzincalloycoatedsteelsheetsandstrip
B.3.7 Japanesespecificationsonstudconnectors
JISB1198:2011 Headedstuds
B13
B.4 Australian/NewZealandspecifications
The following Australian/New Zealand specifications are published by Standards

Australia,Sydney,Australia.
B.4.1 Australian/NewZealandspecificationsondesignofsteelstructures
AS41001998 Steelstructures
B.4.2 Australian/NewZealandspecificationsonsteelmaterials
AS/NZS11632009 Structuralsteelhollowsections(coldformed)
AS13972001 Steel sheet and strip Hotdipped zinccoated or aluminium/zinc
coated
AS15482008 Steelplateforpressureequipment
AS/NZS15942002 Hotrolledsteelflatproducts
AS/NZS15951998 Coldrolled,unalloyed,steelsheetandstrip
AS/NZS36782011 Structuralsteel hotrolledplates,floorplatesandslabs
AS/NZS3679.12010 Structuralsteel Part1:Hotrolledbarsandsections
B.4.3 Australian/NewZealandspecificationsondimensionsandshapes
AS/NZS13651996 Tolerancesforflatrolledsteelproducts
AS15482008 Steelplateforpressureequipment
AS/NZS3679.12010 Structuralsteel Part1:Hotrolledbarsandsections
B.4.4 Australian/NewZealandspecificationsonboltingassemblies
AS1110.12000 ISOmetrichexagonboltsandscrews ProductgradesAandBPart1:

Bolts
AS1110.22000 ISOmetrichexagonboltsandscrews ProductgradesAandBPart2:
Screws
AS1111.12000 ISOmetrichexagonboltsandscrews ProductgradeCPart1:Bolts
AS1111.22000 ISOmetrichexagon boltsandscrews ProductgradeCPart1:Screws
AS1112.12000 ISOmetrichexagonnutsPart1:Style1 ProductgradesAandB
AS1112.22000 ISOmetrichexagonnutsPart2:Style2 ProductgradesAandB
AS1112.32000 ISOmetrichexagonnuts Part3:ProductgradeC
AS1112.42000 ISOmetrichexagonnuts Part4:Chamferedthinnuts.Productgrades
AandB
AS4291.12000 Mechanicalpropertiesoffastenersmadeofcarbonsteelandalloysteel
Bolts,screwsandstuds
AS/NZS12521996 Highstrengthsteelboltswithassociatednutsandwashersforstructural
Engineering
AS/NZS15591997 Hotdip galvanized steel bolts with associated nuts and washers for
towerconstruction.
AS/NZS4291.21995 Mechanical properties of fasteners Nuts with specified proof load
valuesCoarsethread
B14
B.4.5 Australian/NewZealandspecificationsonweldingconsumables
AS/NZS1554.12011 StructuralSteelWelding Weldingofsteelstructures

AS1858.12003 Electrodes and fluxes for submergedarc welding Carbon steels and
carbonmanganesesteels
AS/NZS48552007 Manualarcweld
AS/NZS48572006 Manualarcweldhighstrengthsteel
AS/NZS1167.21999 Weldingandbrazing Fillermetals
AS/NZS2717.11996 Welding Electrodes Gasmetalarc
B.4.6 Australian/NewZealandspecificationsonstripsforcoldformedprofiled
sheetings
AS13972011 Steel sheet and strip Hotdipped zinccoated or aluminium/zinc

coated
B.4.7 Australian/NewZealandspecificationsonstudconnectors
AS/NZS1554.22003 Structuralsteelwelding Studwelding
B15
B.5 Chinesespecifications
The following Chinese specifications are published by the Standardization

AdministrationofChina,Beijing,PeoplesRepublicofChina.
B.5.1 Chinesespecificationsondesignofsteelstructures
GB500172003 Codefordesignofsteelstructures
GB500182002 Technicalcodeofcoldformedthinwallsteelstructures
JGJ812002 Technicalspecificationforweldingofsteelstructureofbuilding
JGJ821991 Code for design, construction and acceptance of high strength bolt
connectionofsteelstructures
B.5.2 Chinesespecificationsonsteelmaterials
GB/T7002006 Carbonstructuralsteels
GB/T9122008 Hotrolledsheetsandstripsofcarbonstructuralsteelsandhighstrength
lowalloystructuralsteels
GB/T15912008 Highstrengthlowalloystructuralsteels
GB/T32742007 Carbonstructuralandlowalloysteelrolledplatesandstrips
GB/T41712008 Atmosphericcorrosionresistingstructuralsteel
GB/T41722000 Atmosphericcorrosionresistingsteelforweldedstructures
GB/T53132010 Steelplatewiththroughthicknesscharacteristics
GB/T67252002 Coldformedsteelsections
GB/T81622008 Seamlesssteeltubesforstructuralpurposes
GB/T13304.12008 Steels Classification Part 1: Classification of according to chemical
composition
GB/T13304.22008 SteelsClassification Part2:Classificationofaccordingtomainquality
classesandmainpropertyorapplicationcharacteristics
GB/T155741995 Steelproductsclassificationanddefinitions
GB/T198792005 Steelplatesforbuildingstructures
GB/T209332007 HotrolledUsheetpiles
YB41042000 Steelplatesforhighrisebuildingstructures
B.5.3 Chinesespecificationsondimensionsandshapes
GB/T7022008 Hotrolledsteelbars Dimensions,shape,weightandtolerances

GB/T7062008 Hotrolledsectionsteel
GB/T7071988 Hotrolledchannelsteel Dimensions,shape,weightandtolerances
GB/T7092006 Dimension,shape,weightandtolerances forhotrolledsteelplatesand
sheets
GB/T67282002 Cold formed steel hollow sections for general structure Dimensions,
shapes,weightandpermissibledeviations
GB/T97871988 Hotrolled equalleg angle steel Dimensions, shape, weight and
tolerances
GB/T99461988 Dimensions, shape, weight and tolerances for hotrolled Lsectional
steel
GB/T112632010 ThehotrolledHandcutTsection
GB/T173952008 Dimensions,shapes,massesandtolerancesofseamlesssteeltubes
B16
B.5.4 Chinesespecificationsonboltingassemblies
Generalinformation
GB/T3098.12010 Mechanicalpropertiesoffasteners Bolts,screwsandstuds
GB/T3098.22000 Mechanicalpropertiesoffasteners Nuts Coarsethread
Materials
GB/T6991999 Qualitycarbonstructuralsteels
GB/T30771999 Alloystructuresteels
GB/T64782001 Steelsforcoldheadingandcoldextruding

GB/T412000 Hexagonnuts ProductgradeC
GB/T952002 Plainwashers ProductgradeC
GB/T57802000 Hexagonheadbolts ProductgradeC
GB/T57812000 Hexagonheadbolts Fullthread ProductgradeC
GB/T57822000 Hexagonheadbolts
GB/T57832000 Hexagonheadbolts Fullthread
GB/T61702000 Hexagonnuts,style1
GB/T61752000 Hexagonnuts,style2

Preloadedassemblies
GB/T12282006 Highstrengthboltswithlargehexagonheadforsteelstructures
GB/T12292006 Highstrengthlargehexagonnutsforsteelstructures
GB/T12302006 Highstrengthplainwashersforsteelstructures
GB/T12312006 Specifications of high strength bolts with large hexagon nuts, plain
washersforsteelstructures
GB/T36322008 Sets of torsheartypehigh strength bolt hexagonnutand plainwasher
forsteelStructures
GB/T36331995 Technical requirement for sets of torshear type high strength bolt
hexagonnutandplainwasherforsteelstructures
B.5.5 Chinesespecificationsonweldingconsumables
GB/T34292002 Wirerodforelectrode
GB/T51172012 Carbonsteelcoveredelectrodes
GB/T51182012 Lowalloysteelcoveredelectrodes
GB/T52931999 Carbonsteelelectrodesandfluxesforsubmergedarcwelding
GB/T81102008 Welding wires for gas shielding arc welding of carbon and low alloy
steels
GB/T100452001 Carbonsteelfluxcoredelectrodesforarcwelding
GB/T124702003 Lowalloysteelelectrodesandfluxesforsubmergedarcwelding
GB/T149571994 Steelwiresformeltwelding
GB/T149812009 Dimensions,shape,massandtolerancesforhotrolledwirerods
GB/T174932008 Lowalloysteelfluxcoredelectrodesforarcwelding
B.5.6 Chinesespecificationsonstripsforcoldformedprofiledsheetings
GB/T25182004 Continuoushotdipzinccoatedsteelsheetsandstrips
GB/T127551991 Rollprofiledsteelsheetforbuilding
B17

B.5.7 Chinesespecificationsonstudconnectors
GB/T104332002 Cheeseheadstudsforarcstudwelding

B18
AppendixC Practiceofqualitycontrolbyregulatoryauthorities
C.1 QualitycontrolinAustraliaandNewZealand
C.2 QualitycontrolinHongKong
C.3 QualitycontrolinMacau
C.4 QualitycontrolinMalaysia
C.5 QualitycontrolinSingapore

C1
AppendixC Practiceofqualitycontrolbyregulatoryauthorities
ThisAppendixprovidesbriefdescriptionsonthequalityassurancesystemsadoptedbythe
followingcitiesandcountries:
a) AustraliaandNewZealand
b) HongKong,
c) Macau,
d) Malaysia,and
e) Singapore
Itshould be noted thatfull detailson the operation procedures of these quality assurance
systemsmaybefoundinthelatestversionofthelocalcodesofpracticeandspecifications.
C2
C.1 QualitycontrolinAustraliaandNewZealand
InAustraliaandNewZealand,structuralengineersaretheprofessionalsresponsible
to ensure that civil and building structures as erected complies with AS 4100 and
NZS3404,andthereforecomplieswiththeBuildingCodeofAustraliaandtheNew
Zealand Building Code, respectively. They are required to issue a certificate
indicating their compliance. The form of this certificate may be dictated by the
PrincipalCertifyingAuthorityormaybeofaformthatisdecidedbythecertificate
provider.Thecomplianceinvolvesthefollowingsteps:

(1) Ensuring that the materials used conform to those used in design, which
means the materials comply with Section 2 Materials of AS 4100 and NZS
3404;

(2) EnsuringthatthefabricationcomplieswithSection14FabricationofAS4100
andNZS3404;

(3) EnsuringthattheerectedstructurecomplieswithSection15ErectionofAS
4100andNZS3404.

In general, the quality of steel materials should be controlled by the following
means:
(a) Inline marking at the time of manufacture which allows the product to be
inspectedanditsprovenancechecked;
(b) Test reports or certificates providing results from tests performed by a
laboratory accredited by signatories to the ILAC (International Laboratory
AccreditationCooperation)MutualRecognitionAgreement(MRA)onbehalfof
themanufacturer,whichallowstheactualtestvaluesforaheattobecompared
against the requirements of the relevant Standard. The appropriate logo or
furtherdetailsoftheILAC(MRA)signatoryshallbenotedonthedocument.[N.B.
ILAC MRA accredited bodies include: in Australia, the National Association of
TestingAuthorities(NATA);and,inNewZealand,theInternationalAccreditation
NewZealand(IANZ)].

Mandatoryinformationofthefollowingtestresultsinclude:

Product,testingspecificationandgrade,e.g.AS/NZS3679.1350Grade
Productsteelmakingprocess,e.g.BasicoxygenSlabcast
Heatnumber(fromcasting).
Mechanical propertiesTensile tests: Yield stress, tensile strength and
percentageelongation.
Chemicalanalysistype,e.g.castanalysisLorproductP
Chemical composition of Carbon (C), Phosphorus (P), Manganese (Mn),
Silicon (Si), Sulphur (S), Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), Vanadium (V),
Nickel(Ni),Copper(Cu),Aluminium(Al),Titanium(Ti),Niobium(Nb),Carbon
EquivalenceValue(CEV)andanyelementintentionallyadded.
C3
Impact test results at the specified test temperature for low temperature
andseismicgrades(L0andS0Grades).

In addition, the Australasian Certification Authority for Reinforcing and Structural
Steels (ACRS) is a notforprofit thirdparty certification organization formed by
industry and government associations on behalf the construction industry in 2000
(modelledonUKCARES).Itaimstoensuremanufactureandsupplyofconstruction
steelstotheindustrycanbeindependentlyandexpertlydemonstratedtomeetthe
requirements of the relevant AS/NZS Standards. ACRS is accredited as a product
certification body to ISO/IEC 17065. As well as the ACRS scheme, the Australian
Technical Infrastructure Committee (ATIC), which is a government agency, has
launchedATICScheme10throughJointAccreditationSystemofAustraliaandNew
Zealand(JASANZ).

C4
C.2 QualitycontrolinHongKong
In Hong Kong, all responsibility of structural safety of building structures rest on

RegisteredStructuralEngineers,whoareexperiencedstructuralengineerswithdual
registrationrecognizedbytheHongKongInstitutionofEngineersandtheBuildings
DepartmentoftheGovernmentofHongKongSAR.TheRSEsshouldexerciseproper
control to all structural safety issues in the design and construction of building
structures together proper quality control on all construction materials, including
structuralsteelmaterials.

In each construction project, there is a designated RSE approved by the Buildings
Department.TheRSEorhisrepresentativeshouldconfirmthesupplysourcesofthe
steel materials as well as the quality assurance systems effectively implemented
during production of the steel materials. Moreover, he is also responsible to
endorsemillcertificatesofthesteelmaterials,whilethesteelmanufacturersshould
issue an authenticated test certificate for every batch of the steel materials.
Mandatoryinformationofthefollowingtestresultsinclude:

Yieldstrength
Tensilestrength
Elongationlimit
Impactenergy
Chemical contents, based on a ladle or a product analysis, of Carbon (C),
Sulphur (S), Phosphorous (P), Silicon (Si), Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu),
Chromium(Cr),Molybdenum(Mo),Nickel(Ni),Aluminum(Al),Niobium(Nb),
Titanium (Ti), Vanadium (V), Nitrogen (N) and any other element
intentionallyadded.
ThevalueofCEV.
Hardnessforbolts,nutsandwashers.

ItshouldbenotedthattheRSEmayrequestadditionalmaterialtestsonsamplesof
steelmaterialsselectedinfabricationplantsoronconstructionsites.

Allthematerialtestingshouldbecarriedoutbyaccreditedlaboratoriesrecognized
by the Hong Kong Laboratory Accreditation Scheme (HOKLAS) or their mutually
recognized laboratories. The scope of the material testing required is similar to
thoselistedinItema)above.

ItshouldbenotedthatHOKLASisanaccreditationschemeoperatedbyHongKong
AccreditationService(HKAS)underthemanagementofInnovationandTechnology
Commission,theGovernmentofHongKongSAR.Theschemeisopentovoluntary
participation from any Hong Kong laboratory that performs objective testing and
calibrationfallingwithinthescopeoftheSchemeandmeetstheHOKLAScriteriaof
competence.

C5
For further information on the use of equivalent steel materials and associated
quality control procedures for construction projects in Hong Kong, please refer to
theHongKongSteelCode(2011).

C6
C.3 QualitycontrolinMacau
In Macau,structural engineersareresponsibletoallstructuralsafetyissuesinthe
designandconstructionofbuildingstructurestogetherwithgoodqualitycontrolon
allconstructionmaterials,includingstructuralsteelmaterials.

Forstructuralsteelworks,structuralengineersarerequiredtoensurethatallsteel
materials are in compliance with the requirements specified in the Code of
Structural Steel for Buildings (REAE) (2001) which was prepared under the
cooperationbetweentheLand,PublicWorksandTransportBureau(DSSOPT)ofthe
GovernmentofMacaoSARandtheCivilEngineeringLaboratoryofMacau(LECM).
QualitycontrolactivitiesshouldbecarriedoutbycontractorsaccordingtoREAE,as
well as to Approval & Reception Procedure (ARP) (which is prepared by quality
assuranceentitiesnominatedbytheGovernmentofMacauSAR)forpublicprojects.

DSSOPT is one of the public organizations under the Government of Macau SAR
providingtechnicalsupportsandgivingsuggestionsforpolicymakingrelatedtothe
physical developments in the areas of land management and utilization, urban
planning, infrastructures, basic services in Macau. The Bureau also participates in
definingguidelinesforeconomyandsocietydevelopmentsaswellasotheractivities
oftheinterestofMacau.

LECMisanonprofitmakingtechnicalandscientificorganizationofpublicinterests,
withtechnical,budgetaryandpatrimonialautonomy.Itprovidestechnicalsupports
intheareasofcivilengineeringandrelatedsciencestotheGovernmentofMacau
SAR,andalsotocivilconstructionfirmsforbothpublicandprivateworksinMacau.

Steelmanufacturersshouldissueanauthenticatedmillcertificateforeverybatchof
thesteelmaterials,andmandatoryinformationofthefollowingtestresultsinclude:

Geometricalproperties
MechanicalProperties:Yieldstrength,Tensilestrength,Elongationlimit
Impactenergy
Titanium (Ti), Vanadium (V), Nitrogen (N), CEV and any other element
intentionallyadded.
Mechanicalpropertiesandhardnessforbolts,nutsandwashers

Structural engineers may request additional material tests on samples of steel
materialsselectedinfabricationplantsoronconstructionsites.

quality control procedures for construction projects in Macau, please refer to the
CodeofStructuralSteelforBuildings(REAE).
C7
C.4 QualitycontrolinMalaysia
In Malaysia, the construction practice follows closely to the European Standards.

The design of steel structures, steelconcrete composite structures adopted the
StructuralEurocodes3and4,withtheirownNationalAnnex.Structuralengineers
areresponsibletoensurethatcivilandbuildingstructuresaserectedcomplieswith
the standards, and therefore complies with the Malaysia Standards or Uniform
BuildingByLaw.

ConstructionIndustryDevelopmentBoardofMalaysia(CIDB)wasestablishedunder
theConstructionIndustryDevelopmentBoardActentrustedwiththeresponsibility
ofcoordinatingtheneedsandwantsoftheConstructionIndustry.

CIDB is also responsible to endorse the construction materials and products by
'Certificate of Approval'. Hence, the structural steel products and other building
materials should be comply with the Malaysian Industrial Standard for their local
applications.Mandatory information ofthefollowingtestresultsrequiredforthe
'CertificateofApproval'include:

Yieldstrength
Tensilestrength
Elongationlimit
Impactenergy
intentionallyadded.
ThevalueofCEV

For further information regarding the Certificate of Approval and associated
qualitycontrolproceduresforconstructionprojectsinMalaysia,pleaserefertothe
website:http://www.cidb.gov.my.

C8
C.5 QualitycontrolinSingapore
In Singapore, the Building and Construction Authority is the regulatory authority

whichisresponsibleforsafedesignandconstructionofbuildingsaswellasquality
control of all constructional materials, including steel materials. In general,
Qualified Persons (QPs) should specify and design with only those steel materials
manufacturedbysteelmanufacturerswithavalidFactoryProductionCertificatein
fullaccordancewiththesteelmaterialsspecificationsadoptedinthedesignstage.
It should be noted that the Factory Production Certificate should be issued by a
certificationagencyacceptabletoBuildingandConstructionAuthority.Forthelist
ofacceptablecertificationagencies,pleaserefertoBC1:2012.

Moreover, the steel manufacturers should also issue an authenticated test
certificateforeverybatchofthesteelmaterials,andmandatoryinformationofthe
followingtestresultsinclude:

Yieldstrength
Tensilestrength
Elongationlimit
Impactenergy
intentionallyadded.
ThevalueofCEV.

quality control procedures for construction projects in Singapore, please refer to
BC1:2012.
C9
Cover EqSteel_output_4Nov2014.pdf 2 4/11/14 4:40 pm
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Among various international steel materials specifications, European steel materials

The launching of this Professional Guide on Selection of Equivalent Steel Materials to

Owing to everincreasing internationalization in the global construction market, it is

This Professional Guide on Selection of Equivalent Steel Materials to European Steel

This Professional Guide on Selection of Equivalent Steel Materials to European Steel

Asameetingpoint oftheEastandthe West,HongKonghastheprivilege ofenjoyingthe

In respect of infrastructure developments, Hong Kong has witnessed the construction of

This Professional Guide on Selection of Equivalent Steel Materials to European Steel

By September 2011, a number of steel materialsspecifications from various countries had

Depending on the adequacy of material performance and demonstration of quality

Ranking Country AnnualcrudesteelProduction Proportion

Meeting material performance requirements of relevant European steel materials

It is also essential for manufacturers of equivalent steel materials to demonstrate

Chapter 2 presents various key aspects of theengineering metallurgyof steel materials in

b) In general, the process of Normalising is widely adopted in which an asrolled steel

c) Thermomechanically rolled steel utilises a different chemistry in the steel material,

Sulphur has detrimental effects on strength, transverse ductility, toughness as well as

Chromium is primarily used to increase the corrosion resistance of a steel material. It

Copper is the other primary corrosionresistant element used in a steel material. It is

Elements Typical Strength Ductility Toughness Hardness Weldability Corrosion Remarks

CEV =C+(Mn+Si)/6+(Cr+Mo+Cb+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15 (Eq.A)

It should be noted that Eq. B is referred to in subsequent sections of this document. A

Among various discussions on chemical composition, mechanical working and heat

When performing rational selection of equivalent steel materials, the following

Toughness is an important mechanical property of steel materials, which is the

fy = ReH /MC (Equation3.1)

where ReH istheminimumyieldstrengthtoproductstandards;

Materialtests Productforms Parameterstesteda ReferenceStandards

a. All the parameters tested should be in compliance with the material

c. The contents of the following elements should also be determined and

Material Material Product Description

Structural TableMR1 Plates Hotrolleduncoatedsteelplateswitha

TableMR4 Sheetpiles Hotrolledandcoldformedsheetpiles,and

Equivalent steel materials for structural steels as specified in EN 19931 should be

>460 0.25 0.12 0.05 0.48

Strength Gradeofbolts Rm Re*

Bolts with threadsizesshould be in therange of 12 to 36 mm with plain washers with or

Strength Gradeofbolts Rm Re*

Strength 250 Re* 890

to identify procedures to demonstrate conformity of the material performances of

Hence, the requirement in the relevant technical specifications should be realistically

Class SteelMaterials Productforms Crossreferencing

10.9 900 1000

A354BC 680 790

A354BD 790 960

A490 900 1000

F10T 900 1000

F11T 950 1100

S10T 900 1000

10.9 900 1000

12.9 1080 1200

10.9 630 700

where Reo istheminimumyieldstrengthaccordingtotherelevantproduct

where Reo istheminimumyieldstrengthaccordingtotherelevantproduct

where Reo istheminimumyieldstrengthaccordingtotheproductstandardof

Chung, K.F., Harmonized member buckling design in Structural Eurocodes. Innovation in

S355M 8t125 0.120 0.035 0.030 0.39 355 470~630 22 40J@20oC

Nominal Minimumyield Tolerancesforanominalwidthw

S235J0W 8t60 0.035 25 27J@0oC

S235JRH 0.17 0.040 0.040 0.39* 225~235 360~510 26 27J@20oC

S235JRH 0.17 0.040 0.040 0.35 225~235 360~510 24 27J@20oC