Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Project by
MACAPAGAL, Cornelio D.
VELASQUEZ, Geoffrey E.
Engineering (SCEGE)
Manila City
March 2014
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The main purpose of the project in designing the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
(UASB) is to control and monitor the wastewater concentration in MIT by minimizing the high
concentrations of pollutant such as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and other organic and
inorganic materials. Since there are standards stipulated in Department of Environmental and
Natural Resources Administrative Order (DAO 35) and implemented by Laguna Lake
Development Authority (LLDA) the design of UASB in MIT is convenient in treating
wastewater. Note that this study is made for the academic purposes only.
The construction and operation of the UASB is efficient compared to other wastewater
treatment process, the technology is simple to design and build. The UASB requires small area
and can be constructed below the ground. The construction of the proposed project in MIT
consist redesigning the plumbing system of MIT, construction of equalization tank, construction
of the UASB reactor, installation of pump and installation of filter press. The process in
designing the UASB is shown in the methodology.
Aside from being economical of treating wastewater, the UASB can produce other
benefits as a by- product of its treatment process, these by-products are biogas and sludge.
Biogas is in the form of methane produced by the anaerobic digestion. Methane gas can be
collected and converted to renewable source of energy. On the other hand, the sludge can also be
collected; it can be stabilized to be used as a soil conditioner for agricultural purposes.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction........1
3.1 Introduction..12
3.2 Review of Related Literature....13
3.3 Methodology........20
5 Promotional Materials.......44
5.1 Walkthrough44
6 Budget Estimation......47
8 Recommendations.......51
9 Ackowledgements.......52
10 References.......53
11 Appendices
LIST OF FIGURES
INTRODUCTION
Many bodies of water in the Philippines are polluted because of human negligence.
Human wastes such as domestic sewage are mainly pollutes many bodies of water in the
Philippines such as rivers and lakes (e.g. Laguna Lake, Pasig River, and Manila Bay). Most of
the local establishments, factories and households around Metro Manila dispose their sewage to
these bodies of water due to lack of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) services. The government
should provide STP services to the whole community in treating wastewater before disposing it
into these receiving bodies of water. In this manner, pollutants will be removed and harmful
effects of sewage will be minimized.
There are private sectors that offer collection and treatment of sewage. They laid down
sewer pipes to collect sewage and supposedly, convey them to a treatment plant. But the fact is:
there are many sewer pipes that do not convey to a treatment plant and sewage is disposed
directly to these polluted bodies of water.
General Objective:
1. To the Beneficiary: MIT can apply the whole design of UASB treatment facility in the future.
The by-products of the project can also be beneficial to the institute such as the production of
methane gas which can be a renewable source of energy and sludge as a soil conditioner
which can be sold for a fee.
2. To the society: This study can be used as a reference tool or be applied to other institutions or
industries.
3. To the Department: The study will benefit the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological
Engineering for generating new knowledge on the design of UASB for an educational
institution and by acquiring the authority of the publication of the document.
4. To the Students: This study will benefit the students of Environmental and Sanitary
engineering of MIT as a reference for UASB treatment design, processes and innovation.
5. To the Future Researchers: Future researches can use this study to have an idea on this kind
of research dealing with wastewater engineering especially in UASB treatment design.
Screening and
Degritting
Main UASB
Reactor
Sludge
Sludge
Gas Effluent
Dewatering
(Methane)
Final
Land
Disposal
Collection Disposal
Convertion
It involves the design of UASB treatment facility. The thesis aims to accurately
design a UASB treatment facility to minimize pollution content of MITs domestic
sewage.
Environmental Microbiology:
This study will design a collection system composed of drainage pipes which will collect
all sewage of MIT directly to the UASB treatment facility.
Actual sample from MITs domestic sewage will be taken to a laboratory to test some
parameters needed for the design of UASB such as the COD. The thesis will apply engineering
principles and mathematical equations from Wastewater Engineering, Plumbing Engineering and
Environmental and Sanitary Microbiology to efficiently design the whole system of the proposed
UASB treatment facility. The cost of the project will depend on the costs of laboratory testing for
data gathering.
1.9.4 Cost
The cost of this thesis project depends on the costs of laboratory testing of
wastewater samples for data gathering and printing.
1.10 Sustainable Development Concept
Considering the economical aspect of the UASB project, the cost of construction and
operation of the UASB is lower than any other domestic treatment technology known because it
is compacted. It only requires a small area to be constructed and it can be constructed
underground. Based on studies, the operational cost of the UASB technology is also lower than
any other treatment technology because of its low maintenance cost for manpower and electricity
because it doesnt need an aerator to treat.
In terms of social aspect, the thesis aims to help MIT to meet the standards of DAO 35
implemented by LLDA that has required the institute to have its own treatment facility.
Institutional wastes contains high load of pollutants that can impose high risk to
human health and to our environment. Our group recommends the use of UASB
treatment facility that treats wastewater by the use of anaerobic microorganisms, like the
methanogens that degrades organic and inorganic materials and produces methane as a
by-product. The UASB technology can also collect methane gas that can be used as a
renewable source of energy.
The UASB technology is compact which only requires a small area to operate. Its
operational cost is relatively low compare to other known treatment technology and is
very suitable for treating domestic wastewater. The MITs chemical wastes from their
chemical laboratories will not be covered by the UASB project because it might destroy
anaerobic microorganisms needed for the process inside the UASB besides, the institute
already have a proper mode of disposal for the said waste.
The proposed project UASB treatment facility will be constructed at the ground
floor of west building of MIT. Mapua Institute of Technology is located at Muralla St.
Intramuros, Manila, Philippines 1002.
The project is the design of Upflow Anaerobic Sewage Blanket (UASB)for the
treatment of domestic sewage of MIT. This project will help MIT to meet LLDA
requirement which requires MIT to put up its own treatment facility.
The proposed UASB in MIT needs installation and maintenance in order to work
properly. In installing the reactor construction phase is required which has different
environmental concerns like chemicals added in concrete cement mixes in quick setting,
fumes that are been emitted from equipment and the noise generated from the equipment.
In the operational phase biological hazard is prone since the reactor uses biomass for
treatment.
The reactor which is the UASB has been considered an effective method in
treating wastewater since BIOPAQUASB one of the manufacturing companies that
markets the product through a worldwide network and a license distributor. The
mitigation that will be considered in the proposed project will depend on the activities
that will be done. Installation of UASB in the Institution, and the Maintenance/ Operation
of the product that will be handled for wastewater treatment is considered a mitigation
factor. The impacts that will exist in construction and operation phase will be observed
and analyzed to control the factor that will affect the environment due to the activities
that will be done.
2.2.4 Environmental Monitoring Plans
RESEARCH COMPONENT
3.1 Introduction
Most Philippine cities have drainage systems of some kind. There are no separate storm
water and waste water (sewerage) systems. Wastewater from septic systems freely mixes with
the storm water. In practice this is not as bad as it sounds as the volume of storm water is large
and may well flush out the drainage system and its contents into the streams and rivers. The
installation and maintenance of drainage systems (along with roads and water systems), is one of
the major responsibilities of the local government.
Such as in the case of Mapua Institute of Technology, the systems are not necessarily
centralized. The idea is to get wastewater to a nearby ditch, stream or river. Most residences will
have a septic tank or cesspool to treat toilet waste. This can provide some very basic level of
treatment of human waste. The output of septic system (septage) is piped to the subdivision or
barangay drainage system.
Grey water (wastewater from sinks, showers and washing) is generally discharged
untreated into the drainage system. Sometimes the drainage system is more or less underground
and sometimes it is open concrete ditches. This can be smelly but cheaper and easier to keep
clean than covered drainage systems. In many places the drainage system is under the sidewalk
which is made out of concrete slabs covering the drainage channel. Sometimes these are broken,
care should be observed when walking on it or plunge a few feet into the malodorous mess.
There is no further treatment of the waste before it plunges into the nearest stream.
In 1842, an English engineer named Lindley built the first modern sewerage
system for wastewater carriage in Hamburg, Germany. The improvement of the Lindley
system is basically in improved materials and the inclusion of manholes and sewer
appurtenancesthe Lindley principles are still upheld today. Treatment of wastewater
became apparent only after the assimilative capacity of the water bodies was exceeded
and health problems became intolerable. Between the late 1800s and early 1900s, various
options were tried until in 1920, the processes we have today were tried. Its design was
however empirical until midcentury. Centralized wastewater systems were designed and
encouraged. The cost of wastewater treatment is borne by communities discharging into
the plant.
Today there have been great advances to make portable water from wastewater. In
recent times, regardless of the capacity of the receiving stream, a minimum treatment
level is required before discharge permits are granted (Peavy, Rowe and Tchobanoglous,
1985). Also presently, the focus is shifting from centralized systems to more sustainable
decentralized wastewater treatment (DEWATS) especially for developing countries like
Ghana where wastewater infrastructure is poor and conventional methods are difficult to
manage (Adu-Ahyia and Anku, 2010).
Greywater Blackwater
Storm water runoff is water from streets, open yard etc after a rainfall event which
run through drains or sewers. Industrial wastewater is liquid waste from industrial
establishments such as factories, production units etc.
Domestic wastewater also known as municipal wastewater is basically wastewater
from residences (homes), business buildings (e.g. hotels) and institutions (e.g. university).
It can be categorized into greywater and blackwater. Greywater also known as sullage is
liquid waste from washrooms, laundries, kitchens which does not contain human or
animal excreta. Blackwater is wastewater generated in toilets. Blackwater may also
contain some flush water besides urine and feces (excreta). Urine and feces together is
sometimes referred to as night soil. Sewage is the term used for blackwater if it ends up
in a sewerage system. Septage is the term used for blackwater if it ends up in a septic
tank. Sewerage system is the arrangement of pipes laid for conveying sewage. Influent is
wastewater which is yet to enter in a wastewater treatment plant or liquid waste that is yet
to undergo a unit process or operation. Effluent is the liquid stream which is discharged
from a wastewater treatment plant or discharge from a unit process or operation.
Physical
Electrical Conductivity (EC) indicates the salt content
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) comprise inorganic salts and small amounts of organic
matter dissolved in water
Suspended solids (SS) comprises solid particles suspended (but not dissolved) in water
Chemical
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) indicates the amount of oxygen in water
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) indicates the amount of oxygen required by aerobic
microorganisms to decompose the organic matter in a sample of water in a defined time
period.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) indicates the oxygen equivalent of the organic matter
content of a sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant
Total Organic Compound (TOC)
NH4-N and NO3-N show dissolved nitrogen (Ammonium and Nitrate, respectively).
Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen is a measurement of organically-bound ammonia nitrogen.
Total-P reflects the amount of all forms of phosphorous in a sample.
Biological
Total coliforms (TC) is encompassing fecal coliforms as well as common soil
microorganisms, and is a broad indicator of possible water contamination.
Fecal coliforms (FC) is an indicator of water contamination with fecal matter. The
common lead indicator is the bacteria Escherichia coli or E. coli.
Helminth analysis looks for worm eggs in the water
UASB wastewater (pre-) treatment systems represent a proven sustainable technology for
a wide range of very different industrial effluents, including those containing toxic/inhibitory
compounds. The process is also feasible for treatment of domestic wastewater with
temperatures as low as 14-16 degrees C and likely even lower. Compared to conventional
aerobic treatment systems the anaerobic treatment process merely offers advantages. This
especially is true for the rate of start-up. The available insight in anaerobic sludge
immobilization (i.e. granulation) and growth of granular anaerobic sludge in many respects
suffices for practice. In anaerobic treatment the immobilization of balanced microbial
communities is essential, because the concentration of intermediates then can be kept
sufficiently low. So far ignored factors like the death and decay rate of organisms are of
eminent importance for the quality of immobilized anaerobic sludge. Taking these factors
into account, it can be shown that there does not exist any need for 'phase separation' when
treating non- or slightly acidified wastewaters. Phase separation even is detrimental in case
the acidogenic organisms are not removed from the effluent of the acidogenic reactor,
because they deteriorate the settleability of granular sludge and also negatively affect the
formation and growth of granular sludge. The growing insight in the role of factors like
nutrients and trace elements, the effect of metabolic intermediates and end products opens
excellent prospects for process control, e.g. for the anaerobic treatment of wastewaters
containing mainly methanol. Anaerobic wastewater treatment can also profitably be applied
in the thermophilic and psychrophilic temperature range. Moreover, thermophilic anaerobic
sludge can be used under mesophilic conditions
3.3 METHODOLOGY
The design of the proposed project UASB treatment facility needed data and information
about the MITs current system of sewage disposal and will be compared to the result of this
study. This study is not applicable for testing and it will only show mathematical calculations
and applied principles of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering to accurately design the whole
system of UASB and its innovations.
This study will follow a systematic way of gathering data, analysis and documentation to
come up with the best results. The designed protocol of this study is shown in Fig. 17 Systematic
Diagram of Research Methodology and Fig. 18 Systematic Diagram of the Actual Construction
of the Project.
(Figure 5 - Systematic Diagram of Research Methodology)
START
INITIAL REQUIREMENT
(PROBLEM STATEMENT, BENEFICIARY, PROJECT PROPOSAL)
PROJECT PLANNING
(TIMELINE AND SCHEDULING, WORK DISTRIBUTION)
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
(DATA EVALUATION, DATA TO INFORMATION)
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
(DESIGN EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS, ENGINEERING DESIGN)
DOCUMENTATION
(CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND FINAL REPORT)
MODEL
(AUTOCAD 3D MODEL, WALK THROUGH PRESENTATION)
END
CHAPTER IV
An institutional type of wastewater can be treated in two different ways of treatment; its
either in aerobic or anaerobic process. In this study, weve chosen anaerobic process because its
more economical to use since it doesnt need aeration so there will be a decrease in electric
consumption. Aside from that, UASB treatment will only use gravitational force in collecting
sewage as an input load in the tank. Thus, from the title itself upflow means that the sewage
will enter the tank from bottom to top.
Anaerobic process will have a by-product which is in a form of methane gas. We will
calculate how much methane gas it can produce that is sufficient to be used as a renewable
source of energy. The amount of biogas that can be yielded from human waste is limited in
comparison with livestock manure and other feed stocks. Our stomachs are just too efficient.
According to the research 1000 lbs of human waste produces about 0.6 cubic meters of biogas,
enough cooking fuel for about 1 to 2 persons(House, David, The Complete Biogas Handbook 3rd
Ed 2007.)
The UASB will produce sludge and its disposal is not a problem. The design will include
a dewatering machine that will remove liquids from the sludge and this stage is what we call a
Post Treatment. All extracted wastewater from the sludge will be brought back inside the tank
to recycle the anaerobic bacteria present in it. The dried sludge or sludge cake can be directly
used in agricultural purposes; the institute can choose whether to sell it for additional income or
to donate it to NGOs.
The sludge retention time (SRT) is a design criterion; it is a span of time retaining the
sludge in the system before it needs to be removed. We used the graph below to solve for SRT:
Required SRT for Hydrolysis in Reactor
160
140
120
100
40
20
0
15 20 25 30 35 40
1. If input COD: < 2.5 kg COD/m3 or the design method should be used based on velocity
therefore using the formula Vr = HRT x Q.
2. If input COD > 2.5 kg COD/m3 , the design method should be calculated based on
organic Loading Rate (OLR) therefore using the formula Vr = (CxQ)/rv .
Note: Normal COD range for Institutional Waste 0.2 to 0.5 kg COD/m3 .
To calculate the total number of Inlet Points, we referred to the table below:
Note: Rough guidelines for the number of inlet points required in UASB reactors treating mainly
soluble waste waters.
Assuming COD of MIT = 0.2 kg / m3 ; Since COD < 2.5 kg / m3 use Vr = HRT x Q
Note: We assumed normal COD input of MIT for research purpose only of this study.
Hs = V x HRT, where V (liquid upflow velocity) = 0.6 to 0.9 m / hr, Use V = 0.6
m/hr
Hs = 0.6 x 4 = 2.4 m
Use Hse = 3m
H = 2.4 + 3 = 5.4m
Since Vr = L x W x H; L = 2W
44 m3 = (5.4m) x 2W2
W = 2.1 m
L = 4.2 m
H = 5.4m
Note: There is only one feed inlet point with a cross section of 0.5 m2 with a diameter of
80mm therefore adopt 110mm pipe, refer to table2.
To calculate SRT, Use temperature TLow = 25.19 0 C and THigh = 31.24 0 C, refer to table
below.
@ THigh = 31.24 0 C
350 C : 20 days = 31.24 0 C : SRT
SRT = 8.93 days, say 9 days.
Note: Required SRT varies on average temperature within a month, adjustments may do
so depending on the amount of sludge desired in the operation.
To compute for the volume of sludge to be extracted every 9 days use Hse=3m. From the
dimension of the main reactor, the height of the sedimentation area or the sludge layer
height is 3m.
The amount of sludge that can be extracted from the tank is only 30-50 % of its volume,
use 30%.
4.2.2. Design of Equalization Tank, shape of tank is rectangular for a large scale.
Note: This is included in the design of UASB which will regulate the flow of input
wastewater.
VET = Q x DT
DT = Detention time
Assume DT = 1hr
VET = LxWxH
11m3 = 2W2
W = 1.91 m, say 2 m
L=4m
H = 1m
The slope of the settler bottom (1.e. the inclined wall of the gas collector) should be
between 45-60o .
The surface area of the apertures between the gas collectors should be 15-20% of the
reactor surface area.
The height of the gas collector should be between 1.5-2m at reactor heights of 5-7m.
To facilitate the release and collection of gas bubbles and to combat scum layer
formation, a liquid-gas interface should be maintained in the gas collector.
To avoid up-flowing gas bubbles to enter the settle compartment, the overlap of the
baffles installed beneath the apertures should be 10-20cm.
Generally, scum layer baffles should be installed at the effluent weirs.
The diameter of the gas exhaust pipes should be sufficient to guarantee the easy removal
of the biogas from the gas collection cap, particularly in case foaming.
In the upper part of the gas cap, anti-foam spray nozzles should be installed in the case of
the treatment of the waste water is accompanied by heavy foaming.
Since the wastewater of MIT is not a municipal waste the production of sludge is
not that high. The size of the dewatering machine will depend on the sludge production.
In this case small scale of dewatering machine which is the filter press will be used for
the design of its post treatment. We have conducted a canvass through internet to come
up with the most cost effective equipment based on established parameters and
specification. We selected Zhengzhou Blackstone Machinery Co., Ltd. as the retailer of
filter press machine in the UASB design.
(Figure 8 High Quality Manual Filter Press Machine)
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION:
The maximum amount of methane that the UASB can produce can be estimated by
multiplying BOD by the maximum methane producing capacity of the wastewater (B0 ).
The default B0 value for wastewater is 0.6 kg CH4 /kg BOD, as shown in the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 5, Chapter 6, Table 6.2.
Where:
CH4 = Monthly CH4 mass emissions from the UASB reactor (kg/month).
Flow = Monthly flow treated through UASB treatment system (m3 /month).
MCF = CH4 conversion factor, indicating the extent to which the organic content
(measured as BOD) degrades anaerobically.
Given: Flow = 10.8 m3 /hr (10.8 m3 /hr x 5%(converted into biomass)) x 24hrs x 30days =
7387 m3 /month.
MCF = use 10 %
Solution: CH4 = month [7387 m3 /month x 0.081 kg/ m3 x 0.6 kg CH4 /kg BOD x 10%]
CH4 = 36 kg/month = 1.19 kg/day (The energy density of methane is 50-55 MJ/kg)
The UASB can produce 60-65 MJ/kg of methane gas per day that is enough cooking
fuel for 3-5 persons.
Methane Gas collection system is no longer in our capacity to design but we may
compute for the volume of methane produced per month.
Use: W = P x V
22x510= 11,220
Computation for the diameter of pipe 6:
Q=AV
Q= (A/2) (V)
0.003=A/2(0.6)
A=0.01
0.01=/4(D)
D=0.12283 m= 112.83mm
Note: Since there are no available 112.83mm size in the market let say the diameter is 160mm.
(Figure 9 Plumbing Layout Design)
(Figure 10Plumbing Layout 2)
4.3 MAJOR FIELD OF THE STUDY
Methane gas that can be produced in UASB can be also calculated by using the
formula CH4 = month [7387 m3 /month x 0.081 kg/ m3 x 0.6 kg CH4 /kg BOD x 10%] and
W = P x V where W is the weight of methane (36kg/month), P is the density of methane
(0.66kg/m3 ) and V is the volume of methane (m3 /month). The project which is the design
of UASB in MIT is base on our knowledge learned in wastewater treatment and also the
research that we have gathered. All calculations were simplified so it will be easily
understand for the future researchers or readers of this thesis.
Anaerobic organisms degrade and stabilize organic materials that yields less
biomass and more by-products as compared to aerobic organisms that yields more
biomass but fewer by-products. The biomass produced by anaerobic organisms is
composed of stabilized organics that are converted to simpler compounds of nutrients
such as carbohydrates and proteins. Carbohydrates are in the form glucose, fructose that
contains the elements of Carbon C, Hydrogen H, and Oxygen O; proteins are long
chained molecules that contain the elements of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus
P and Nitrogen N. Anaerobic organisms oxidize organic matter utilizing electron
acceptors other than oxygen, they produce Carbon Dioxide CO 2 , Water H2 O, Hydrogen
Sulfide H2 S, Methane CH4 , Ammonia NH3 , and Nitrogen Gas N 2 . A good anaerobic
digestion can be observed by the presence of Hydrogen Sulfide with a distinct rotten
egg odor which is indicates that the anaerobic organisms are actively thriving in a
wastewater.
Oil and grease formed long chained fatty acids that can interfere with the
anaerobic process must be controlled in the point of source by using oil and grease trap or
interceptor to physically separate the oil from water by flotation. Oil interceptors are
compact that can be installed directly in the receiving drain from kitchen, oil and grease
that accumulates or trapped can be remove manually from time to time.
Suitable temperature must also be provided and maintained in the tank for the
anaerobic microorganisms; basically the temperature of wastewater range from 22 to 26
degrees Celsius which is warmer than potable water supply with temperature of 19 to 21
degrees Celsius.
The inside portion of the tank comprises the four major layers of the wastewater
being treated, the upper most layer of the water is the scum layer, under the scum layer is
the supernatant followed by the sludge blanket and settled sludge. The scum layer is may
be formed by filamentous bacteria and surface active agents know as surfactants. The
filamentous bacteria do not settle because of its long filaments which may cause sludge
bulking and the surface active agents are from detergents. Under the scum layer is the
supernatant which is the treated effluent of the UASB, while the sludge blanket and
settled sludge are composed of microorganisms and stabilized organics.
Sludge bulking is not a major problem in this process but it must also be
considered since it may still affect the quality of sludge settling capability. Sludge
bulking is classified into two types which are the Filamentous and Viscous bulking.
Filamentous bulking is caused the filamentous bacteria that form large clumps of acid
forming scums and it is the most predominant form of bulking. Viscous bulking is caused
by colloidal materials.
The UASB system in this study is designed to partially treat wastewater prior to
the discharge quality under DENR Administrative Order No. 35 that the effluent BOD
and COD must be 50 and 100 ppm respectively. The effluent of this design is very much
expected to have a good quality effluent of BOD and COD but not in other physical
parameters such as Total Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Turbidity and Color. Other
chemical properties such as pH is can be monitored and controlled by adding such
reagents to rise or reduce the acidity or alkalinity of effluent wastewater; the acceptable
ranges of pH range from 6.5 to 9.
4.4 MINOR FIELD OF THE STUDY
We applied the principles of Plumbing Engineering to design the building drain that
will collect all the discharges of MIT and will convey it to the treatment facility. To this
project the following principles in plumbing is applied:
Principle No. 9: The piping if the plumbing system shall be of durable material,
free from defective workmanship, and so designed and constructed as to give
satisfactory service for its reasonable expected life.
Principle No. 11: The drainage system shall be designed to provide an adequate
circulation of air in all pipes with no danger of siphonage, aspiration or forcing of
trap seal under conditions of ordinary use.
Principle No. 13: The plumbing system shall be subjected to such test as will
effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the work.
Principle No. 22: Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system which may be
deleterious to surface and subsurface waters shall not be discharged into the
ground into any waterway unless is has been rendered innocuous through
subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.
Al Jo. Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines 1999: pg. 5-6
The computation of sizes and length of the sewer pipes and its proper layout were
all detailed in this chapter. We consider the existing sizes of some of the sewer pipes
since the discharge rate Q didnt change. We used the Mannings Formula V= 1/n R2/3 S1/2
to compute for further calculations of the pipe sizes.
22x510= 11,220
Q= (A/2) (V)
0.003=A/2(0.6)
A=0.01
0.01=/4(D)
D=0.12283 m= 112.83mm
Note: Since there are no available 112.83mm size in the market let say the diameter is 160mm.
Size variations available in the market are either in meter m, millimeter mm, or inches.
Common sizes for sewer are in meter are 0.5m, 1m, 1.25m, 1.5 meter and 2m; for
millimeter are 100mm, 150mm, 200mm, 400mm, 600mm and 1000mm; and for inches are
4in, 6in, 12in and so on.
There are several ways to calculate for the sizes of sewer pipes, it will vary on the rate of
liquid it will carry, its speed, slope or grade and type of material. We used the most
common formula being used to calculate for the diameter or size of the pipe which is the
Mannings formula defined as V= 1/n R2/3 S1/2 .
Where:
V= liquid velocity in the pipe.
R= hydraulic radius which is,
= Area of flow(A)/wetted perimeter(P)
S= slope or grade which is,
= headloss HL/meter length (L)
n= Mannings roughness coefficient.
Note: Mannings equation is also applicable to pipes that are not circular provided that D=
4R, where D is the pipe diameter.
The principle of Mannings equation applied to calculate for the sewer size or building
drain is that it is an open channel meaning not running full. If a pipe is not running full, the
fluid inside the pipe is flowing due to gravity.
4.4.2 Environment and Sanitary Microbiology
Following the anaerobic process, there are four categories of bacteria in anaerobic
digestion. First is the Hydrolytic Bacteria which break down complex organic molecules
like protein, cellulose, lignin and lipids into soluble monomer molecules such as amino acid
fatty acid and glycerol. Second are the Fermentative bacteria or acidogenic which convert
sugar, fatty acids to organic acid like alcohols and ketones. Third are the Acetogenic
bacteria which convert fatty acids and alcohols into acetate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide
which are used by the methanogens. Fourth is methanogens which convert acetate into
methane and it is the last process in the anaerobic digestion. By this process organic and
non-organic contents of the wastewater will be converted and will produce end products
such as gas and sludge. Providing suitable environment for the anaerobic microorganisms
like temperature and pH will result to its maximum possible efficiency.
The anaerobic treatment process is cheaper that the aerobic process such as the suspended
growth and attached growth treatment process because of the following reasons:
The SBR stands for Sequencing Batch Reactor which is commonly used today in
commercial treatment facilities. Like the UASB, SBR are also compact that are very
suitable for areas with very limited available space. The overall performance of both
processes was excellent for treating domestic wastewater.
There are many gases associated with the anaerobic degradation of wastewater that are
known to be odorous to the olfactory nerves such as the Hydrogen Sulfide, Mercaptans and
Sulfides. Hydrogen sulfide is characterized by the rotten egg odor which is very
distinguishable and very common in septic conditions. Mercaptans are characterized by the
rotten cabbage and skunk odor and Sulfides are characterized by the decayed vegetable
odor. Odors can be measured using an Olfactometer.
Other gases that can be produced in the anaerobic degradation are Carbon Dioxide,
Nitrogen as gas and Methane. The most important gas that the UASB can produce is the
Methane gas because it can be used as a renewable source of energy that can produce high
level of heating value. The amount of methane gas and its equivalent energy is calculated in
this chapter, refer to section 4.2.5.
In this study, we did not account for the standard of bacteriological quality of the effluent
since the effluent of the UASB will be discharged in the public sewer pipe to which is
connected and it will be undergo further treatment to reduce the bacterial count to its
minimum. If the UASB classified as a New Proposed Industry NPI will be designed to have
its effluent be directly discharged into an inland body of water Class C as indicated in DAO
number 35, several parameters of concern must be monitored and more importantly is
standard for the total coliform. The standard tests for the total coliform are the Most
Probable Number MPN and Membrane Filter Test MFT. The MPN test is can be conducted
in MITs laboratory so there will be no additional cost.
CHAPTER V
PROMOTIONAL MATERIAL
5.1 WALKTHROUGH
In this chapter are the images from our walkthrough using SkecthUp application. The
images are as follows:
BUDGET ESTIMATION
This chapter shows the total rough estimate of the design of UASB. We selected LPK
Lighting Center Construction Supply Trading located in Quezon City Anonas as a basis for the local
pricing of the materials needed.
Concrete Works:
Assuming Class A (1:2:3) mix
Dimension of UASB Tank: 4.2m x 2.1m x 5.4m
27 m3 of sand= P21,937.50
53 m3 of gravel= P56,312.50
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reba
Assume Nominal Diameter: 12.7mm
In UASB tank: 5953.75 kg/19.92kg= 298.88 say 299 pcs of #4 bar size
Material Cost in Market (LPK Lighting Center Construction Supply Trading Quezon City Anonas
Branch)
1.6m3 of gravel=P1,700.00
20m/12.7mm of rebars=P175.00
Total estimated cost of the project plus 30% labor = P516,569.00 say P600,000.00
CHAPTER VII
Mapua Institute of Technology has been required by the LLDA to have its own treatment
facility and that made this thesis possible. This study focuses on the design of a high-end
treatment technology called Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket or UASB.
The design of UASB is expected to have an output of not greater than 50 mg/L of BOD
which is a standard for effluents stipulated in DAO 35. All parameters and criteria to efficiently
design a UASB treatment facility were followed which lead to a dimension of the tank 4.2m x
2.1m x 5.4mwith a maximum volume of 44m3 , enough to continuously treat MITs wastewater.
The UASB treatment facility can also produce other by-products or benefits such as biogas
(methane gas) that can be used as a renewable source of energy (e.g. for cooking, heating) and
sludge (sludge cake) that can be directly used for agricultural purposes (e.g. soil conditioner).
The expected volume of methane gas production is 36 kg/month = 1.19 kg/day or equivalent to
60-65 MJ/kg of methane gas per day that is enough cooking fuel for 3-5 persons.Methane gas
can be stored in a tank and be collected within a month having a volume of 55m3 which is a very
impressive amount. On the other hand, the sludge can be collected depending on the Sludge
Retention Time (SRT in days). The expected volume of sludge that can be collected is 8m3 /SRT
which is also very impressive amount; the institute can choose whether to sell it to qualified
bidders for additional profit or to donate it to local farmers.
The UASB technology is not only efficient but it is also compacted that can be
constructed underground and is economically feasible. The study provides a rough estimate of
the total cost of constructing the UASB, including the cost of Filter Press Machine and the
Plumbing, is roughly PHP 1Milliononly which is cheaper compare to other existing methods of
treating wastewater.
CHAPTER VIII
RECOMENDATIONS
To further improve the use of UASB technology to treat Institutional wastewater some
recommendations are as follows:
2. Methane gas can be used as a power generation for the Institute, a design for the
generator is needed.
3. COD parameter can be conducted manually in the laboratory to come up with an updated
data since in this study we just rely on old and existing data. The population of MIT has
grown therefore variations in this parameter is expected.
4. Design for the gas collection system that will collect methane gas and convert it onsite
for MITs source of energy either for cooking or electricity.
CHAPTER IX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This thesis project will not be possible without the help of our beloved professor, mentor,
friend and adviser Engr. Victor V. Sabandeja for his support and advices not only for this project
but as a second father to all of us EnSE students.
We also like to acknowledge our beneficiary represented by Engr. Francis David, head or
CDMO department MIT, for his support and trust; and also to all of his very friendly staffs.
We also acknowledge our EnSE friends, who unselfishly shared their knowledge and
comments about this topic and for giving us ideas on how to improve our thesis.
And also thanks to the one and only Maam Grace of CEGE department, for being the
most polite secretary in our campus and for guiding us on how to prepare all the necessary
requirements to finish this thesis.
And of course, we will not forget to thank our parents for their unconditional and undying
support; this thesis will never be possible without them. This is dedicated to our parents.
CHAPTER X
REFERENCES
MyPhilippines.com
Nidal Mahmoud , Institute of Water Studies (IWS) Birzeit University, Revised by Dr.
Yavuz, Osoguz, Data-quest Suchi& Berg GmbH
Aiyuk, S., Odonkor, P., Theko, N., Van Haandel, A., Verstraete, W., (2010).
Technological Problems Ensuing From UASB Reactor Application in Somestic
Wastewater Treatment without Pre-Treatment, Vol. 1(5). pp. 392-397