Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
changes in society. They are influencing all aspects of life. The influences are felt
more and more at school especially the use of internet. Because ICTs provide
adapting learning and teaching to individual needs, society is, forcing schools
grow in their ability to understand and accept the results of their choices. The
ability to make such intelligent choices is not innate but, like other abilities, must
be developed.
Like all other professions, counseling has recognized the role technology
can play in providing information and services. School counselors most often use
technologies available now, the Web pages can be a means for communication
with parents and students, for providing information in the three domains of
crisis situations.
With consideration for the ethical use of technology, the need to reach
diverse populations, greater demands on time, and the need for accountability,
school counselors need to use all means available to them to streamline their
will be a time-saving tool that makes the counseling program more accessible to
General Objective:
counselor.
Specific Objectives:
This study will focus on the development of a web based system that will
department of the school. The proposed system will enable students and their
counselors to communicate online since it will be using web browsers. The aim is
to provide data repository of students records for tracking and monitoring their
school performance. The web based system will have a page or module for the
parents on which they can access their childs record. It will also have some test
and other resources from other similar websites. This web based system will be
of help to those students who are needing guidance and counseling services.
This will be developed using PHP client server web programming and MySQL for
the database.
The Dear Adviser can increase the benefits of school counseling program for
students and their parents and also communication with faculty and school
administrators.
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Students. This will benefit them since they can ask and seek advice
Parents. This will help them monitor the activities and the school
guidance counselor.
crisis situations.
Future researchers. Gives them ideas in how to develop and improve the
use of this system. Will also be used as reference on projects similar to this one.
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CHAPTER II
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
underlying the framework of the study. It includes the conceptual model of the
Introduction
guided by their families, also with the help of educational institution and society
increasing trustiness for their judgement and grow in their cognition to read and
accept the results of their choices (Gibson, 2008; Kauchak, 2011). The major
them, to solve their own problems and to make appropriate adjustments to their
part of the process of helping the students recognize their desired profession in
opportunity to inform the stakeholders. The Guidance Officer can post calendars
counsellors work will transform with the use of technology. Moreover, Dagget
(2003) and Hoshenhil (2000) also agree that this technology will give school
(i) adjustive and (ii) distributive phase. The focus of adjustive phase is more on
direction (ability to solve problems, make choices and decision on ones own).
On the other hand, concept guidance focuses on the optimal development of the
person.
The aims of counselling may vary on every (a) situation (b) environment (c)
The adolescent-age group of boys and girls comprises the large part of
counselling. At this stage, they begin to understand who they are, development
at this age because it gives them the opportunity to explore, discover and clarify
Fields of Counselling
interest, and choices of educational institution are among the topics discuss in
Educational Counselling.
difficulties arise when individuals struggle to deal with developmental stages and
environment where you can talk openly about your concerns and feelings. The
following are some of the difficulty that an emotionally disturbed person may
encounter.
Couple/family concerns
Interpersonal conflicts
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violence
Problems sleeping
Gender issues
Racial issues
been well documented in the literature. Different studies have reached the
(Bankston & Zhou, 2002; Lockett & Harrell, 2003; Schmidt & Padilla, 2003). For
example, West, Fish, and Stevens (1980) cited a correlation ranging from 0.18 to
academic achievement.
does the level of academic achievement scores but as the level of self-esteem
alcohol use and high-risk sexual behavior, thus challenging their coping
mechanisms.
for a person, however, for people with emotional imbalance this tends to be a
great deal for them. The Counseling staffs offer services for students who are
helping those who need to obtain work. When people seek out a vocational
counselor or are referred to one, they may work with that counselor to evaluate
skills, learn how to improve skills, learn how to successfully search for jobs, and
students
Theories of Counselling
usually a long-term, intensive therapy that involves several sessions and may
developing transference. Difficult material and experience from the past are
explored by the clients. The client gains insight and work on unresolved issues.
The goals of the therapy are the following (a) to assist the client to bring
the unconscious to the conscious. (b) assist the client to resolve on the
push themselves to overcome their weaknesses and achieve their goals, thus
developing superiority complex. However, when a person did not overcome the
inferiority, they tend to develop inferiority complex. Adolf Adler points out that
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Moreover, Adler states that birth order in the family influence many
Counselors help people to explore feelings and emotions that are often
confidential setting, counselors listen attentively to their clients and offer them the
time, empathy and respect they need to express their feelings and perhaps
confusion and enable them to cope with challenges or to make positive changes
in their life where necessary. Counselors do not give advice, but help clients to
make their own choices within the framework of an agreed counseling contract.
develop from a partially functioning person into a more fully functioning one. The
therapist is working to improve the quality of life for everyone in the client's circle
accepting therapist expresses true interest in client and is open and honest. This
therapy uses an approach called active listening, letting the client knows that he
opportune times their own identity in the relationship. There is no hiding behind
expertise or degrees.
greater openness to experience. Some of the related changes that this form of
therapy seeks to foster in clients include closer agreement between the client's
with others; and an increased capacity to experience and express feelings at the
Existential Theory
human condition as a whole. It is a therapy that deals with important life themes.
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These themes include living and dying, freedom, responsibility to self and others,
The goal of existential counselling is do their best way to make their own
task for the future of their life and decisions. This kind of goal is developing the
This therapy is based on the here and now of living. The other idea is that
we are caught in a web of relationship with all things. It is only possible to truly
Counselor makes an atmosphere where the client can adapt easily. They
made a strong relationship to their client in order to involve with them personally.
Counselors assist the clients to face different obstacle in life, also to concentrate
symptoms, is to enable him or her to become more fully and creatively alive and
to be free from the blocks and unfinished issues that may diminish optimum
completely rational, irrational, sensible or crazy. Ellis cared about the confusion
believes that all people can gain control over their emotions, thoughts and
actions. Self-talk can give great improvement on being a true individual thats
In teaching and doing the right thing about the clients cognitions should
be directed and actively done by the counselors. Counselors must have the
Agendas should have one top priority and that is to assist the clients live a
functional lives. RET are the ones that makes people enlighten themselves on
their feelings and actions. RET do an important role in making the client
understand that the dreams and goals are not entitlements to be demanded.
his founder Eric Berne who died in 1970. This therapy view that when people
interact with each other, they function either as a parent, adult or child. During
the therapy, usually conducted in group, patients learn to recognize when they
are assuming roles. Furthermore, clients learn how to change roles in order to
therapist helps patients learn how to get more satisfaction and rewards through
their own actions and how to unlearn the behavior patterns that contribute to or
Cognitive-Behavior Theory
and behaviors and replace them with positive ones. It is based on the idea that
ones thoughts not other people situations determine how he behaves. A person
may not be able to change an unwanted situation, but he can change the way he
stress, regulate emotions, and improve relationship with others. It was designed
for people with borderline personality disorder, who often have suicidal
tendencies, with eating disorders, and substance abuse. This therapy is derived
facts or ideas are weighed against each other to come up with a resolution or
balance.
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Forms of Counseling
counselor and client work together to define and discuss personal issues and to
solution to the problem common to the group. All the group members were
There are various techniques used for group counseling. (1) Informal
discussions (2) Group reports (3) Lectures (4) Dramatics (5) Question Box and
groups involves the use of the telephone or the computer to enable counselors
counselling services concerns via the Internet. Services are typically offered via
distance interaction between counselor and client using what is read via text to
communicate.
distance interaction between counselor and client using what is read via text to
communicate.
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distance interaction among counselors and a client using what is read via text to
communicate.
distance interaction between counselor and client using what is seen and heard
with traditional psychotherapy, and a growing number of clients are using online
to help. It can cover anything from simple befriending, to a much more intense
and directed way of interacting. It means deciding to explore deep thoughts and
feelings, and share them with someone who cares and who will listen and try to
help. This process doesnt happen in one e-mail exchange. It takes time, while
the therapist gets to know you, and you have a chance to tell your story in some
depth. This e-therapy process is closer to what might happen if you met with a
psychotherapist in an office.
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terms used to describe any health related service that is provided remotely via
been proposed, including the following. Bloom (1998) defines online counselling
Mallen and Vogel (2005) define online counselling as: Any delivery of
mental and behavioural health services, including but not limited to therapy,
764).
These definitions suggest that online counselling can take many forms.
Internet -based mental health interventions can include mental health information
websites, online mental health screening and assessment tools, online support
groups, individual therapy, group therapy and self-help programs (Ybarra and
Eaton, 2005), as well as online forums, bulletin boards and chat rooms (Fenichel
et al., 2002). Individual therapy carried out over the Internet can include
Stone and Turba(1999) suggest technology can save the counselor time
test results and pair them with academic scores and teachers. Horn and Myrick
(2001) predicted that technology would change the way school counselors work.
Dagett (2003) saw opportunities for school counselors to use technology is their
counselors should be skilled in using websites to help students find funding for
educators help counselors to learn use of technology that will make counseling
programs more beneficial to students, parents, school personnel and other stake
holders. One technology with high potential is the counselor webpage. As some
school systems are requiring webpage, counselors have the opportunity to make
With the use of Guidance website, information will be available to wide audience
particularly to the parents, community members, business and others outside the
Web Hosting
Choosing a web host is the first step to consider when starting a website
project. In order to have the website available in the World Wide Web, it should
have a place where to host it. This place is provided by the web hosting provider.
The web hosting as a service incorporates the space where your website files
are stored, the traffic to your website, and lots of extra services such as firewall
least from time to time. When you start working over your web site questions will
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arise: How to get started; that is why web host must provide 24x7 tech support
assistance. The most efficient companies use ticketing systems, where you
deliver all technical details needed to have your question answered within an
hour or less. The features of web hosting plans are constantly growing. In 2003,
the max disk space quota per shared hosting plan was 5MB. In 2009 few
providers offer less than unlimited of everything. However, make sure to check
the Terms of use for more details about what might be limited.
2. Daily Backup. ISP should provide daily back-up routine to protect loss
of valuable data.
considerations.
restrictions.
extensions.
create a dynamic website. Make sure that ISP support the database
system for assigning addresses to Internet web servers (aka "Internet hosts").
Somewhat like international phone numbers, the domain name system helps to
Simultaneously, the domain names keep the really technical IP address invisible
register it. To do this, you need to register it with a domain name registrar. You
can choose how long you'd like to register it for. Options typically include
In a sense, you can buy a domain name. You can do this if someone else
already has already registered the domain name. What you're really doing
though is buying the right to register it. You still need to keep the domain name
registered with a registrar; otherwise someone else will be able to register it once
Choose a domain name that truly reflects what the website is all about.
separating each word with a hyphen. This will largely depend on how the domain
name looks with and without a hyphen. It will also depend on the availability of
If you find that your preferred domain name has already been registered
under all applicable suffixes, you might need to get creative and think of another
domain name. At this point, you may also need to consider the name of your
website. If this isn't an option, you could try buying a domain name off the current
owner.
to settle for an obscure domain name like avab.com when what you mean is
AcmeVideosAndBooks.com.
than "connecttomywebsiteandobtainit.com".
Some providers will offer you a name under their own name, like:
www.theircompany.com/yourcompany/
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This is not a real domain name, it is a directory - and you should try to
avoid it.
directory domains are used for personal web sites and free web sites provided by
address.
Expired Domains
trademark issues with the domain name, you are free to use it as long as you
continue to pay the yearly fee (you can now register in advance as many as 10
years). Some people register domains as speculators, hoping that they can later
sell them, while others may have planned to use a domain and never had the
time. The result is that domains that were previously registered become available
again.
After you have chosen and registered your own domain name, make sure
you use it on all your web pages, and on all your correspondence, like e-mail and
traditional mail.
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A small or medium web site will need between 10 and 100MB of disk
space. If you look at the size of HTML pages, you will see that the average size
is very small. But if you look at the size of the images used inside these pages,
you will often find the images larger than the page. If the website use a lot of
images or graphic elements (or sound files or movies), you might need much
Monthly Traffic
A small or medium web site will consume between 1GB and 5GB of data
transfer per month. Calculate the following: average page size * expected page
Example: If your average page size is 30KB and you expect 50,000 page
traffic.
Connection Speed
connection. Today connection speeds are much faster. 1 byte equals to 8 bits
(and that's the number of bits used to transport one character). Low-speed
modems can transport from about 14 000 to 56 000 bits per second (14 to 56
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kilobits per second). That is somewhere between 2000 and 7000 characters per
One kilobit (Kb) is 1024 bits. One megabit (Mb) is 1024 kilobits. One
gigabit (Gb) is 1024 megabits. The need of speed for connection is very
Table 1
T1 Digital 1.55Mb
T3 Digital 43Mb
1) Functionality Testing
2) Usability testing
3) Interface testing
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4) Compatibility testing
5) Performance testing
6) Security testing
1) Functionality Testing: Test for all the links in web pages, database
connection, forms used in the web pages for submitting or getting information
provided clearly. Check if the provided instructions are correct means whether
they satisfy purpose. Main menu should be provided on each page. It should be
consistent.
3) Interface Testing: Check if all the interactions between these servers are
executed properly. Errors are handled properly. If database or web server returns
any error message for any query by application server then application server
should catch and display these error messages appropriately to users. Check
have different configurations and settings that your web page should be
compatible with. Your web site coding should be cross browser platform
compatible. If you are using java scripts or AJAX calls for UI functionality,
5) Performance testing: In web load testing test if many users are accessing or
requesting the same page. Can system sustain in peak load times? Site should
handle many simultaneous user requests, large input data from users,
6) Security Testing: Test by pasting internal URL directly into browser address
bar without login. Internal pages should not open. If you are logged in using
username and password and browsing internal pages then try changing URL
options directly. I.e. If you are checking some publisher site statistics with
publisher site ID= 123. Try directly changing the URL site ID parameter to
different site ID which is not related to log in user. Access should deny for this
browser as a client. The term may also mean a computer software application
Web applications are popular due to the ubiquity of web browsers, and the
The ability to update and maintain web applications without distributing and
web, ubiquitous and semantic web. The web application modelling methods
Benefits
needed;
Windows, Mac, Linux, etc.) because they operate within a web browser
window.
handling.
LifeLine Australia
Kids Help Line provides a free, national telephone and online counselling
service in Australia for children and young people aged five to 18. The web
counselling service operates between 3pm and 9pm (EST) from Monday to
Friday. During 2001, Kids Help Line responded to over 6,000 online counselling
sessions from children and young people 3,244 emails and 2,905 via real-time
web counselling. The email counselling service began in September 1999, whilst
web counselling started in May 2000. All emails are responded to, whilst half the
and young people to develop strategies and skills which enable them to more
effectively manage their own lives. The principal values underpinning counselling
at Kids Help Line are empowerment and child-centred practice. These have a
crucial role in defining the relationship between counsellor and client, and in
Features which are said to distinguish the Kids Help Line service include:
up.
Clients can speak with the same counsellor each time they make contact.
PHP
powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive Web pages quickly. PHP is a
ASP.
PHP Framework
(Apache, Lighttpd, nginx, etc), but also can create GUI applications.
that are already secured, optimized, well documented and ready to use anytime,
MVC
The Model usually is used to connect with the database, making CRUD
The View most of the time, here you will print the data received from your
controller, and other HTML markup. Basically, a view is every page you see over
the internet.
CodeIgniter
CodeIgniter is a PHP Framework for PHP 4 and PHP 5 in the same time.
without writing your code from zero. So you already have a basic package, with
CodeIgniter and other PHP Frameworks listed here are Open Source, so
you can use them for free and modify. CodeIgniter has the MVC architecture. It is
a very light PHP framework (2.1 MB including the entire documentation). There is
a bunch of libraries, helpers and other open source software built on CodeIgniter.
CodeIgniter has also a fantastic form validation library, which helps you validate
software. The software allows users to manipulate, crop, resize, and correct color
software goes out in the market, its developer should assure that it is ready.
which is the ISO 9126 use in software testing (see Table 2). It is all about the
defect in software based on the fulfillment of intended use required within the
ISO 9126 that is use in software evaluation process which addresses the
quality model, external metrics, internal metrics and quality usage of metrics.
Table 2
ISO 9126
Cycle Process
establishes a common framework for software life cycle processes and defines a
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comprehensive set of processes that cover the entire life cycle of a software
system- from the time a concept was made to the maturity of the software.
Data Treatment
surface, survey data using the Likert scale may seem easy to analyze, but there
literature, studies presented and insights taken from them, a conceptual model is
Hardware Requirements
a. Computer
Testing
b. Internet connection
c. Web Hosting
d. Network or ISP
Evaluation
system supports the following platform of at least PHP (MVC) and CodeIgniter.
an educational institution.
an active Internet connection and that uses HTTP as its primary communications
protocol.
thru web.
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school, to offer advice on problems, help troubled students and assist students in
student welfare and provides relevant and student friendly services that respond
called clients.
in such a way that eavesdroppers or hackers cannot read it, but that authorized
parties can.
Web Host refers to business of providing server space, Web services and
file maintenance for Web sites controlled by individuals or companies that do not
allows individuals and organizations to make their website accessible via the
Internet connection it includes the measurement of how much data can be sent
scientists, and students that is best known for developing standards for the
which separates the representation of information from the user's interaction with
it.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
PROJECT DESIGN
Dear Adviser is a web based system that helps the Guidance and
depicts the inputs and the outputs from the system coming from two different
user types. Counselor refers to the admin side of the system. As admin they are
the one in charge of putting information of students based on the initial interviews
to have more detailed information. They also checks the students progress,
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monitors students activities and replies. Grades will be also encoded or imported
Figure 4 shows the exploded version of Diagram 0 which will show the
detailed parts of the proposed system. The context data flow diagram shows the
two users of the system each with their own data inputs and outputs. For the
students as counselees they are required to be registered first to use the system.
Upon registration they should be willing to visit the Guidance office for further
the key for successful guidance program. The counselors can be the officers of
Guidance Office will be the one to enter the students profile based on the
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will be the one to monitor and enter students grade at the entire duration of stay
at the school. So that system can make intelligent suggestions while tracking and
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
project. Discussions of the steps used in forming the project are presented: from
Start
System Design
Accepted?
System Development
System Evaluation
End
was conducted. Several tools were used to perform this task. The tools included
were (casual) interview with potential end-users of the system, observation and
research to different school libraries. The researcher read printed and online
System Design
In the system design, all pertinent input data and required outputs were
determined and planned. The design will made with regards to the standards of
Websites. As web based system it must adhere to the rules set by the W3C in
development and ISO standard for securing web applications. The system will be
Similar to the social media websites such as Facebook it will be a dynamic and
system. Professional web page layout will be applied with consideration to color
System Development
System Evaluation
researchers can easily identify if the application meets or pass the criteria set by
the researchers. In line with this, evaluation process helps the researchers for
interact with the application for accomplishing well-defined tasks. This feature
determines the difference between usability testing and beta testing, largely
applied in Industry. Beta testing is conducted on the final product: after the
application release the end users are contacted and interviewed about their
users that perform specific tasks while interacting with the application. The test is
usually video recorded. The list of detected problems is reported together with
Documentation
preparation of the users manual to guide the end users in using this application
Operation Procedure
The following figure presents the procedure and how the web based
system works with the integration of Dear Adviser: A Web Based Guidance
Counseling System. It shows the processes and tasks done. It also indicates
Advises
Advises
Grades
Psychometric
Student
Test
Profile
Questions
Psychometric Counselors
Test
Conceptual Process
Office Staff will input the students profile, grades and types of test that will be
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available for the counselees. The web based system must be able to track and
and also through the counselees initiative and might start a conversation and
discussion of problem (i.e. social, interpersonal, etc.) The system must be able to
securely keep a record of their conversation and screen the words and suggest
tendency that will lead to a bigger problem. It will serve as first line of defense
Testing Procedure
testing. A very early version of a web based system may not contain all of the
features that are planned for the final version. Typically, software goes through
two stages of testing before it is considered finished. The first stage, called alpha
testing, is often performed only by users within the organization developing the
software. The second stage, called beta testing, generally involves a limited
desk-checked.
2. The program is checked with valid test data to check if the system
3. The program is check with invalid test data to ensure that the
The Dear Adviser is a web based system and it requires the following
testing procedures:
1) Functionality Testing
2) Usability testing
3) Interface testing
4) Compatibility testing
5) Performance testing
6) Security testing
EVALUATION PROCEDURE
Preliminary Evaluation
Pilot testing will be conducted to ensure that the project will work the way
it was designed and conceptualize. Testing includes the flow of the system and
Project Demonstration
guidance counselors, ten (10) people with non-IT related professions and ten
Final Evaluation
Questionnaire will be used for the evaluation process. This study will adopt the
TUP Evaluation Criteria for Software Materials, see Appendix C. After the final
guarantee the quality and feasibility of the web based application on accurate
The results of the evaluation will use the five-point scale of Likert Scale as
shown below.
Table 3
Likert Scale