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International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences 2306-7276
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2013 Int. j. econ. manag. soc. sci. All rights reserved for TI Journals.
1. Introduction
Rapid changes environmental, increasingly changes at level competitors activity, organizations active is encountered in the field of
competition with the major change in the response to these developments. Hence, today called a new global economy, it is used for describe
to be at this new position organizations. Three main elements of modern economic, globalization, advanced technology based on
knowledge and new technologies of information and communication and networking has predominantly intellectual and at the opposite,
modern industrial economy has the nature physical that of this approach will be quite different than the traditional economy. Due to the the
increasing role technology-based industries and rapid growth of this industry globally and particularly in developing countries and efforts
developing countries order to attain this industry to today's competitive position.
2. Research generalities
2.1 Purpose of the study
The main objective of this study is to compare the theory competitive advantage related to industry-based in technology and Due to the
main objective; sub-objectives are defined for this study:
- Explanation the theory of competitive advantage
- Introduction of advanced technology and knowledge-based industries
- Theory of competitive advantage compared with other methods in terms of and features HIGH TECH
3. Review literature
3.1 Competitive Advantage
3.1.1 History of Competitive Advantage
Can dare to say that the competitive advantage concept, stems is two of economic theory:
* Corresponding author.
Email address: s_shahmansouri@yahoo.com
842 Samira Shahmansouri et al.
Int ernational Journal of Economy, Mana ge ment and Soci al Sci ences , 2(10) October 2013
Adam Smith concept of "absolute privilege" to use, meaning that each country will export the commodity that to produce with least cost.
In his book "The Wealth of Nations", did not said of international trade and comparative advantages. To opinion Smith, the division of
labor and specialization, is the most important factor economic growth and benefit the countries is that to produce goods and services that
cost less than other countries. If a country can produce all the products needed to make low price, of trade with other countries can not
benefit from international trade [1].
David Ricardo in amend the view, the issue of "comparative advantage" the introduced. Market factors, the country's resources are directed
to industries that the country they have the highest relative productivity. Ricardo's theory, of trade is based on differences in labor
productivity in different countries. He this topic did explain about differences in context prevailing in in different countries in various fields
related to the industries. Ricardo chooses the right direction, but mainly was used in industries that were hired semi-skilled and unskilled
labor [2].
- Microeconomic perspective
Industrial organization theories are mainly influenced by the neoclassical theory of perfect competition, monopoly and multiple monopoly.
Based on this framework, the structure of an industry, depending on the number of active vendors in the industry, On the one hand, market
monopoly that just a large firm active, with is high focus degree And in the other hand, full competition is with a large number of firms
active in competition with the industry and with the degree of high competition. Business strategy includes two aspects to this view:
Threat of new
entrants into the
industry
Threat of substitute
products
Porter's competitive forces model to analyze current and long-term commitments are based on the results of these analyzes which may lead
to a weak position for the organization future because the rapid changes occurring in some industries. Problems Porter's model is assumed
that the industry is in a state of balance and a sustainable competitive advantage, but in today's world, reliance solely on yesterday's actions,
even outcomes may lead to failure in the future [8].
History of organization
activities Heterogeneity Essential
Sustained competitive Ambiguity causal resources
advantage Complexity of Organization
Social
Heterogeneity sources: sources in heterogeneity have been distributed among actors within an industry.
Source value: either reduce costs or increase the price of goods. Valuable resources, enabling organizations to adopt and implement
strategies that improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization. Resources that can use to exploit opportunities or neutralize
threats which impact on reducing costs or increase revenue company .However, some sources are better adapted to the particular
organization and the value that these resources are created, different for each organization.
Source rare: if the have valuable resource many of competitors. The strategy is very easy to imitation by competitors, even, if this value is
different between them. Usually scarce resources can not quickly spread and distributed it is rare by suppliers.
Imitate the source: the precious and scarce resource and imitate is hard. In order to prevent duplication of resource competition and
maintain a competitive advantage should be barriers exist. Source that rivals can mimic it, through created or obtain the source (to copy), or
the final returns through other sources has be produced. Historical unique circumstances or associated with the route.
844 Samira Shahmansouri et al.
Int ernational Journal of Economy, Mana ge ment and Soci al Sci ences , 2(10) October 2013
Factors Description
Historical unique circumstances or Historical conditions favored that organization development and obtained of their resources
associated with the route under what conditions, a factor difficult to mimic competitors. This means that competitors
should to obtain with advantages the same the source, additional charges will be incurred.
This likelihood of success in obtaining competitive advantage competitor lowers
Causal ambiguity In order to implement organization strategy, rather than a fundamental decision to a series
of small but numerous decisions adopt that pay less attention has attracted from
competitors. Sequence and integration this small decisions, to identify causal ambiguity
and cannot do mimic these decisions for its competitors.
Social complexity Imitation of intangible resources is impossible like individuals and computer systems that
are dependent on interactive factors. Emulator should destroy their the current system and
reconstruct again with a new composition.
Organizational approach
This approach is derives from studies in the field of organization theory. Role to play the organization framework and the business
constituent elements in the complex and changing environment is very important. In this approach, patterns organizational behavior affects
on creation and development new knowledge to environmental changes and create current knowledge to new knowledge is in a nested
process. New knowledge on the mental models of managers affects and led to the crystallization of a new strategic decision-making with
regard to environmental changes and the current structure organization also will be undergone significant changes [14].
Strategic Approach
This approach is based on pattern 3p dynamic potential, causes and distinguishing features at the three are Categories , process, positions
and paths are organized. Capabilities are rooted in the organizational processes. But the content of the process and the opportunities that
they are creating for the development of competitive advantage and be formed Based on internal and external assets of the organization and
through paths have been developed and are developing. In other words, competitive advantage organizations rely is on organizational
processes that have formed through paths and available source. The order of organizational processes, methods, routines and current
performance, the order of position, taking advantage of existing resources such as the current technology, intellectual property, network
create between organization suppliers, customers and partners. The order of path, strategic options available for the organization and the
presence or absence of increasing returns to scale and is dependent pathways [15].
Technology approach
n this approach, particular emphasis on ability organization is in use of new technologies. Dynamic capabilities the organization by in
research and development activities. In the field of efficient use technology will be measured. In this approach can be to evaluate the
performance of the departments of the research and development organization studied which include new product design, technical
knowledge organization, new processes and general activities have been performed in this field in order to the technological problems[16].
Evolutionary approach
This approach can be considered a fusion of three previous approaches. According to this approach, dynamic capabilities associated with
typical method and in case of need have modify the existing procedures, related procedures be performed and in case of need have be
performed modify the existing procedures and cause differentiation of is the practice with all the procedures. In other words, this approach
of dynamic capabilities, initiative possibility provided in response to the changing strategic environment increasingly, through this to be
able to ,leads effectiveness and the promotion of dynamic capabilities[14].
Organization assets: The same unique resources, which will lead to the creation or development of a sustainable competitive advantage.
Sometimes performance of these sources is direct effect on strategy and of these through is indirect effect on competitive advantage [17].
Knowledge-based capabilities: This capability involves stages acquisition of knowledge, creation, recording and the transmission ability of
the individual to the group and eventually converting into organizational knowledge. It is this point that this capability leads to
modernization and also continuous improvement of the performance other assets of organization [17].
Knowledge-based capabilities
Indirect
effects Direct effects
Organization assets
The second view describes the process of identifying entrepreneurial opportunities through offering models of application in this context as
is based approach problem-solving. Three strategies is provided in this regard.
- The first approach is base the market will used to solve the problems with low complexity and high capability analysis
- The second way is through the use of organizational hierarchy it will used to solve problems with complexity and capability
analysis in intermediate.
- The third approach is through an agreed sequence is used for solving problems of high complexity and unreliable for analysis
The third approach followed by criticism from two perspectives above looking to fill the vacuum in previous research and is identify
weaknesses in them. Therefore focused on the entrepreneur's decision to acquire the optimal combination of tangible and intangible assets
[22].
3.2.1 High-Tech
Given that this concept has includes industries that in the process of development, evolution and technology dynamic.So one of the
problems facing the researchers in the field high tech industries is non providing clear definition of these industries. This issue especially
in developing countries that process of formation and development advanced technologies recently has started is more evident. Review
literature and report related with industries in developed countries shows that in the definition Hitech Industries, mainly used in three
different ways:
as of is one the basic indices assessment effectiveness. In general, researchers have have used of this method for identify the high-tech
industry that comparisons between industries provides but information obtained may be somewhat be misleading [22].
Factor Axis technologies, means technologies that organization business, that is based on the centered technologies of [23], [25], [26]
the kind the high tech That scientists and engineers comprise the major part of the manpower.
Resource-based theory * - - - - *
dynamic capabilities * - * * * *
theory
Knowledge-based theory * * * * * *
Entrepreneurial Theory * * * * * *
Explain the Theory of Competitive Advantage and Comparison with Industries based on Advanced Technology 847
Internat ional Jour nal of Economy, Mana ge ment and Social Sciences , 2(10) October 2013
Technology-based industries
Competitive
Features Method
Advantage
This theory microeconomic point view This theory is using product-centric
correspond with the features of the basic view with is consistent of the industry
elements, structure (output).
The theory In terms of industry structure correspond Microeconomic point of view is
industrial with market characteristics corresponded with R & D activities.
organization Due to the the coincidence of these two
methods, is been approved third
method.
This theory is based with all of its agents This theory of only the microeconomic
Resource-based and correspond with factors perspective is corresponded with a
theory characteristics. product-oriented approach.
this theory is correspond. with strategic The theory of with the evolutionary
approach of the market-related features approach is consistent with a product-
Based on of this theory is corresponded with oriented approach.
dynamic technological approach and functional This theory is corresponded with the
capabilities the features approach technology through R & D
theory activities.
This theory, an evolutionary approach is
corresponded with input-output method
This theory is based on the second view In this theory, based on first view of
the market and correspond with market "identification" and "operation" is
features corresponded with a product-oriented
This theory as to the third approach is approach
based on research and development This theory, from third approach which
activities are corresponded with is based on research and development
Entrepreneurial characteristics of the main elements. activities corresponded with R & D
Theory This theory as to the first approach is activity
based on of "recognition" and "operation" Considering this important that was
are correspond with the factor features confirmed two previous method, The
third method is a combination are
verified of the two methods described
above.
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