Origin of Rocks

Rocks are classified by the way

they are formed.
Igneous rocks: formed from the
cooling of molten rock.
Sedimentary rocks: formed from
sediments being compacted and
cemented.
Metamorphic rocks: existing
rock that is changed by heat,
pressure, or chemical reactions.
 Igneous Rocks

Classified by
origin, texture
(crystal size),
and mineral
composition.
From the Latin
word ignis,
which means
fire.
 Extrusive Igneous Rock
Extrusive rock is formed
from lava that erupted
on the surface and
rapidly cooled. Will have
tiny crystals, be very
fine grained, and
sometimes even appear
glassy.
Basalt is most common
of this type.
Basalt Forming
What type of lava is this? How do you know?
 Intrusive Igneous
Rock
Forms when
magma cools
underground.
Usually cools
slowly, so it will
have large
crystals and be
coarse grained.
Granite is most
common intrusive
rock.
 Explain This!
How would you
explain an intrusive
rock that had both
large and small
crystals?

It must have cooled

slowly at first, then
cooled more rapidly
as it got closer to
the surface.
 Porphyritic Rock
Deep underground
the heat cannot
dissipate as
rapidly, so the rock
cools slowly. Near
the surface the
heat can escape
into the air, so it
cools rapidly.
Metamorphic
Rocks
Meta is ancient
Greek for change.
Morph is ancient
Greek for form.
Metamorphic rock
then is rock that
has changed from
one form to
another.
 How
Metamorphic
Rocks Form
Deep below the Earths
surface the intense
heat and pressure can
change rocks.
Their appearance,
texture, crystal
structure and mineral
content can change.
Fossils will be
destroyed.
 How Does Metamorphism Happen?

CONTACT
metamorphism:
Rocks are heated by
contact with
magma/lava
Affects small areas
Usually occurs along
the edges of igneous
intrusions
 How Does Metamorphism Happen?
REGIONAL
metamorphism
Rocks deeply buried
are changed by
heat and pressure

Affects large areas

Often occurs along

plate boundaries
 These rocks started out as some other type
of rock, but have been greatly changed
from their original igneous, sedimentary, or
earlier metamorphic form.

Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are

subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot,
mineral-rich fluids or, more commonly,
some combination of these factors.
Metamorphic Changes
 Almost melted!

Metamorphic rocks are

often squished,
smeared out, and
folded.
Despite these
conditions,
metamorphic rocks do
not get hot enough to
melt, or they would
become igneous rocks.
 Classifying Metamorphic Rock

Classified by the
arrangement of the
grains.
Foliated
Non-foliated
 Foliated Metamorphic Rock
Grains are in
parallel layers or
bands.
Foliated is the
Latin word for leaf.
Describes the thin
layering found in
many metamorphic
rocks.
These rocks will
split along these
bands.
 Slate

Formed when shale

is subjected to
pressure.
Denser, more
compacted than
shale.
Produces flat plates
when broken.
 Slate to Schist

If slate is subjected
to even greater
pressure and
moderate
temperatures,
schist is formed.
 Granite to Gneiss

Granite becomes
gneiss when
subjected to heat
and pressure.
The atoms end up
lining up in bands.
 Non-foliated Metamorphic Rock

Mineral grains are

randomized.
Do not split into
layers.
Usually smoother
and denser than
the parent rock.
 Quartzite
Occurs when
sandstone is
compressed by
pressure.
Usually very hard.
 Formed from Marble
metamorphed
limestone.
Much harder and
denser.
 Origin of Rocks

Rocks are classified by the way

they are formed.
Igneous rocks: formed from the
cooling of molten rock.
Sedimentary rocks: formed from
sediments being compacted and
cemented.
Metamorphic rocks: existing
rock that is changed by heat,
pressure, or chemical reactions.
 Sedimentary Rocks

Formed from
particles deposited
by wind and water.
Sediment is small
pieces of solid
materials that
come from rocks or
living things.
 What do these
rocks have in
common?
 Stratification
These rocks are
layered or
stratified.

This feature is also

called Bedding
 Weathering, Erosion, Transportation
Occurs when water,
wind, ice,
chemicals, or
organic processes
loosens rock and
soil and some
mechanism carries
it away.
 Deposition
The process by
which the sediment
settles out of the
water or air
carrying it.
Sediment is
deposited when the
wind or water
speed decreases.
 Graded Bedding
Explain how this could have occurred.
Graded Bedding
 Cross Bedding
Explain this.
Wind-deposited cross bedding
Water-deposited cross bedding
Explain these.
Ever see these before?
Formation of Ripple Marks
What are these?
What are these?
 Burial and Compaction
As the sediments settle they will loosely fit on
top of each other.
As the years go by, more and more sediment is
added.
The bottom layers get compacted by the weight
of the layers above them.
Water is often squeezed out.
 Cementation
While compaction is going
on, minerals in the rock
slowly dissolve.
The dissolved minerals
seep into the spaces
between the compacted
sediment as the water is
squeezed out.
They crystallize and glue
the sediments together.
 Lithification
The process by which
sediment becomes
sedimentary rock.
Weathering
Erosion
Transportation
Deposition
Burial
Compaction
Cementation
 Types of sedimentary rocks
Clastic: sediments made of broken fragments

Coarse-grained rocks-fast moving water,

rockfalls, landslides.
 Medium-grained rock: streams, rivers,
shorelines.

Sandstone, arkose
 Fine-grained rocks
Shale, siltstone, mudstone
Ponds, swamps
very slow-moving water
 Chemical and Biochemical sed-
rocks.
Chemical
Precipitates-rocks that have a sediment derived
from minerals that have precipitated out of a
solution.
Calcareous Tufa, Chemical Limestone, stalagmites
and stalactites.
Evaporites-water that contains dissolved minerals
evaporate and leave behind the minerals which
can accumulate at the bed.
Halite, gypsum, some types of limestone
 Biochemical
Rocks formed from the remains of living
organisms.
Coquina
Bituminous coal
Fossiliferous limestone
Certain types of chalk