WCDMA RAN Planning and Optimization (Book1 WRNPO Basics)

WCDMA RAN
Fundamental
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives
z Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the development of 3G
Outline the advantage of CDMA principle
Characterize code sequence
Outline the fundamentals of RAN
Describe feature of wireless propagation
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
Different Service, Different Technology
1G 1980s 2G 1990s 3G
Analog Digital IMT-2000
AMPS GSM
GSM
UMTS
UMTS
CDMA
CDMA WCDMA
WCDMA
TACS Technologies IS-95
IS-95 Demands
drive drive cdma
cdma
NMT TDMA
TDMA 2000
2000
IS-136
IS-136
Others TD-
TD-
PDC
PDC SCDMA
SCDMA
3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers
z The first generation is the analog cellular mobile communication network in the time
period from the middle of 1970s to the middle of 1980s. The most important
breakthrough in this period is the concept of cellular networks put forward by the Bell
Labs in the 1970s, as compared to the former mobile communication systems. The
cellular network system is based on cells to implement frequency reuse and thus
greatly enhances the system capacity.
z The typical examples of the first generation mobile communication systems are the
AMPS system and the later enhanced TACS of USA, the NMT and the others. The
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) uses the 800 MHz band of the analog
cellular transmission system and it is widely applied in North America, South America
and some Circum-Pacific countries. The TACS (Total Access Communication System)
uses the 900 MHz band. It is widely applied in Britain, Japan and some Asian
countries.
z The main feature of the first generation mobile communication systems is that they
use the frequency reuse technology, adopt analog modulation for voice signals and
provide an analog subscriber channel every other 30 kHz/25 kHz.
z However, their defects are also obvious:

Low utilization of the frequency spectrum
Limited types of services
No high-speed data services
Poor confidentiality and high vulnerability to interception and number
embezzlement
High equipment cost
z To solve these fundamental technical defects of the analog systems, the digital
mobile communication technologies emerged and the second generation mobile
communication systems represented by GSM and IS-95 came into being in the
middle of 1980s. The typical examples of the second generation cellular mobile
communication systems are the DAMPS of USA, the IS-95 and the European GSM
system.
z The GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is originated from Europe.
Designed as the TDMA standard for mobile digital cellular communications, it
supports the 64 kbps data rate and can interconnect with the ISDN. It uses the 900
MHz band while the DCS1800 system uses the 1800 MHz band. The GSM system
uses the FDD and TDMA modes and each carrier supports eight channels with the
signal bandwidth of 200 kHz.
z The DAMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System) is also called the IS-54 (North
America Digital Cellular System). Using the 800 MHz bandwidth, it is the earlier of the
two North America digital cellular standards and specifies the use of the TDMA mode.
z The IS-95 standard is another digital cellular standard of North America. Using the
800 MHz or 1900 MHz band, it specifies the use of the CDMA mode and has already
become the first choice among the technologies of American PCS (Personal
Communication System) networks.
z Since the 2G mobile communication systems focus on the transmission of voice and
low-speed data services, the 2.5G mobile communication systems emerged in 1996
to address the medium-rate data transmission needs. These systems include GPRS
and IS-95B.
z The CDMA system has a very large capacity that is equivalent to ten or even twenty
times that of the analog systems. But the narrowband CDMA technologies come into
maturity at a time later than the GSM technologies, their application far lags behind
the GSM ones and currently they have only found large-scale commercial
applications in North America, Korea and China. The major services of mobile
communications are currently still voice services and low-speed data services.
z With the development of networks, data and multimedia communications have also
witnessed rapid development; therefore, the target of the 3G mobile communication is
to implement broadband multimedia communication.
z The 3G mobile communication systems are a kind of communication system that can
provide multiple kinds of high quality multimedia services and implement global
seamless coverage and global roaming. They are compatible with the fixed networks
and can implement any kind of communication at any time and any place with
portable terminals.
3G Evolution
z Proposal of 3G
IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile
communication system
The third generation mobile communication was first proposed

in 1985，and was renamed as IMT-2000 in the year of 1996
Commercialization: around the year of 2000
Work band : around 2000MHz
The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps
z Put forward in 1985 by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union), the 3G

mobile communication system was called the FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile
Telecommunication System) and was later renamed as IMT-2000 (International
Mobile Telecommunication-2000). The major systems include WCDMA, cdma2000
and UWC-136. On November 5, 1999, the 18th conference of ITU-R TG8/1 passed
the Recommended Specification of Radio Interfaces of IMT-2000 and the TD-SCDMA
technologies put forward by China were incorporated into the IMT-2000 CDMA TDD
part of the technical specification. This showed that the work of the TG8/1 in
formulating the technical specifications of radio interfaces in 3G mobile
communication systems had basically come into an end and the development and
application of the 3G mobile communication systems would enter a new and essential
phase.
z The 3GPP is an organization that develops specifications for a 3G system based on
the UTRA radio interface and on the enhanced GSM core network.
z The 3GPP2 initiative is the other major 3G standardization organization. It promotes
the CDMA2000 system, which is also based on a form of WCDMA technology. In the
world of IMT-2000, this proposal is known as IMT-MC. The major difference between
the 3GPP and the 3GPP2 approaches into the air interface specification development
is that 3GPP has specified a completely new air interface without any constraints from
the past, whereas 3GPP2 has specified a system that is backward compatible with IS-
95 systems.
3G Spectrum Allocation
z ITU has allocated 230 MHz frequency for the 3G mobile communication system IMT-
2000: 1885 ~ 2025MHz in the uplink and 2110~ 2200 MHz in the downlink. Of them,
the frequency range of 1980 MHz ~ 2010 MHz (uplink) and that of 2170 MHz ~ 2200
MHz (downlink) are used for mobile satellite services. As the uplink and the downlink
bands are asymmetrical, the use of dual-frequency FDD mode or the single-frequency
TDD mode may be considered. This plan was passed in WRC92 and new additional
bands were approved on the basis of the WRC-92 in the WRC2000 conference in the
year 2000: 806 MHz ~ 960 MHz, 1710 MHz ~ 1885 MHz and 2500 MHz ~ 2690 MHz.
Bands WCDMA Used
z Main bands
1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz
z Supplementary bands: different country maybe different
1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)
1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan)
890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)
...
z Frequency channel number＝central frequency×5, for main
band:
UL frequency channel number ：9612～9888
DL frequency channel number : 10562～10838
z The WCDMA system uses the following frequency spectrum (bands other than those
specified by 3GPP may also be used): Uplink 1920 MHz ~ 1980 MHz and downlink
2110 MHz ~ 2170 MHz. Each carrier frequency has the 5M band and the duplex
spacing is 190 MHz. In America, the used frequency spectrum is 1850 MHz ~ 1910
MHz in the uplink and 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz in the downlink and the duplex spacing
is 80 MHz.
3G Application Service
Error
Ratio
conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Time Delay
z Compatible with abundant services and applications of 2G, 3G system has an open
integrated service platform to provide a wide prospect for various 3G services.
z Features of 3G Services
z 3G services are inherited from 2G services. In a new architecture, new service

capabilities are generated, and more service types are available. Service
characteristics vary greatly, so each service features differently. Generally, there are
several features as follows:
Compatible backward with all the services provided by GSM.

The real-time services (conversational) such as voice service
generally have the QoS requirement.
The concept of multimedia service (streaming, interactive,
background) is introduced.
The Core technology of 3G: CDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: WCDMA
cdma2000 TD-SCDMA
CN: based on ANSI 41 and MIP CDMA CN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: cdma2000 RTT: TD-SCDMA
z Formulated by the European standardization organization 3GPP, the core network

evolves on the basis of GSM/GPRS and can thus be compatible with the existing
GSM/GPRS networks. It can be based on the TDM, ATM and IP technologies to
evolve towards the all-IP network architecture. Based on the ATM technology, the
UTRAN uniformly processes voice and packet services and evolves towards the IP
network architecture.
z The cdma2000 system is a 3G standard put forward on the basis of the IS-95
standard. Its standardization work is currently undertaken by 3GPP2. Circuit Switched
(CS) domain is adapted from the 2G IS95 CDMA network, Packet Switched (PS)
domain is A packet network based on the Mobile IP technology. Radio Access
Network (RAN) is based on the ATM switch platform, it provides abundant adaptation
layer interfaces.
z The TD-SCDMA standard is put forward by the Chinese Wireless Telecommunication

Standard (CWTS) Group and now it has been merged into the specifications related
to the WCDMA-TDD of 3GPP. The core network evolves on the basis of GSM/GPRS.
The air interface adopts the TD-SCDMA mode.
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
Multiple Access and Duplex Technology
z Multiple Access Technology
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
z In mobile communication systems, GSM adopts TDMA; WCDMA, cdma2000 and TD-
SCDMA adopt CDMA.
Multiple Access Technology
FDMA TDMA
Power
Power
y
nc
ue
Tim eq
e Fr
cy
Tim en
e qu
CDMA Fre
Power
Time ncy
Freque
z Frequency Division Multiple Access means dividing the whole available spectrum into
many single radio channels (transmit/receive carrier pair). Each channel can transmit
one-way voice or control information. Analog cellular system is a typical example of
FDMA structure.
z Time Division Multiple Access means that the wireless carrier of one bandwidth is
divided into multiple time division channels in terms of time (or called timeslot). Each
user occupies a timeslot and receives/transmits signals within this specified timeslot.
Therefore, it is called time division multiple access. This multiple access mode is
adopted in both digital cellular system and GSM.
z CDMA is a multiple access mode implemented by Spreading Modulation. Unlike

FDMA and TDMA, both of which separate the user information in terms of time and
frequency, CDMA can transmit the information of multiple users on a channel at the
same time. The key is that every information before transmission should be
modulated by different Spreading Code to broadband signal, then all the signals
should be mixed and send. The mixed signal would be demodulated by different
Spreading Code at the different receiver. Because all the Spreading Code is
orthogonal, only the information that was be demodulated by same Spreading Code
can be reverted in mixed signal.
Multiple Access and Duplex
Technology
z Duplex Technology
Frequency division duplex (FDD)
Time division duplex (TDD)
z In third generation mobile communication systems, WCDMA and cdma2000 adopt

frequency division duplex (FDD), TD-SCDMA adopts time division duplex (TDD).
Duplex Technology
Power Time
USER 2
FDD USER 1
UL DL
Frequency
Power
Time
DL
USER 2
UL
DL
TDD DL
USER 1
UL
Frequency
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
WCDMA Network Architecture
Core Network
CN CS PS CS PS
Iu-CS Iu-PS Iu-CS Iu-PS
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
UTRAN
Iub Iub Iub Iub
Node B Node B Node B Node B
Uu
UE
z WCDMA including the RAN (Radio Access Network) and the CN (Core Network). The
RAN is used to process all the radio-related functions, while the CN is used to
process all voice calls and data connections within the UMTS system, and
implements the function of external network switching and routing.
z Logically, the CN is divided into the CS (Circuit Switched) Domain and the PS (Packet
Switched) Domain. UTRAN, CN and UE (User Equipment) together constitute the
whole UMTS system
z A RNS is composed of one RNC and one or several Node Bs. The Iu interface is
used between RNC and CN while the Iub interface is adopted between RNC and
Node B. Within UTRAN, RNCs connect with one another through the Iur interface.
The Iur interface can connect RNCs via the direct physical connections among them
or connect them through the transport network. RNC is used to allocate and control
the radio resources of the connected or related Node B. However, Node B serves to
convert the data flows between the Iub interface and the Uu interface, and at the
same time, it also participates in part of radio resource management.
WCDMA Network Version Evolution
MBMS
HSUPA
IMS
CS domain change to HSDPA 3GPP Rel6
GSM/GPRS CN NGN
WCDMA RTT WCDMA RTT 3GPP Rel5
3GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel99
2000 2001 2002 2005
z The overall structure of the WCDMA network is defined in 3GPP TS 23.002. Now,
there are the following three versions: R99, R4, R5.
z 3GPP began to formulate 3G specifications at the end of 1998 and beginning of 1999.
As scheduled, the R99 version would be completed at the end of 1999, but in fact it
was not completed until March, 2000. To guarantee the investment benefits of
operators, the CS domain of R99 version do not fundamentally change., so as to
support the smooth transition of GSM/GPRS/3G.
z After R99, the version was no longer named by the year. At the same time, the
functions of R2000 are implemented by the following two phases: R4 and R5. In the
R4 network, MSC as the CS domain of the CN is divided into the MSC Server and the
MGW, at the same time, a SGW is added, and HLR can be replaced by HSS (not
explicitly specified in the specification).
z In the R5 network, the end-to-end VOIP is supported and the core network adopts
plentiful new function entities, which have thus changed the original call procedures.
With IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), the network can use HSS instead of HLR. In
the R5 network, HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is also supported, it
can support high speed data service.
z In the R6 network, the HSUPA is supported which can provide UL service rate up to
5.76Mbps. And MBMS (MultiMedia Broadcast Multicast Service) is also supported.
WCDMA Network Version Evolution
z Features of R6
MBMS is introduced
HSUPA is introduced to achieve the service rate up to 5.76Mbps
z Features of R7
HSPA+ is introduced, which adopts higher order modulation and MIMO
Max DL rate: 28Mbps, Max UL rate:11Mbps
z Features of R8
WCDMA LTE (Long term evolution) is introduced
OFDMA is adopted instead of CDMA
Max DL rate: 50Mbps, Max UL rate: 100Mbps (with 20MHz bandwidth)
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Service Source Channel Coding

Spreading Modulation Transmission
Signal Coding & Interleaving
symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel
Service Source Channel Decoding Reception

Signal Decoding Despreading Demodulation
& Deinterleaving
Receiver
z Source coding can increase the transmitting efficiency.
z Channel coding can make the transmission more reliable.
z Spreading can increase the capability of overcoming interference.
z Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals from digital signals.
z Bit, Symbol, Chip

Bit : data after source coding
Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving
Chip: data after spreading

WCDMA Source Coding
z AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)
CODEC Bit Rate (kbps)
Speech
AMR_12.20 12.2 (GSM EFR)
A integrated speech codec with 8
AMR_10.20 10.2
source rates
AMR_7.95 7.95
The AMR bit rates can be controlled
AMR_7.40 7.4 (TDMA EFR)
by the RAN depending on the system
load and quality of the speech AMR_6.70 6.7 (PDC EFR)
connections AMR_5.90 5.9
z Video Phone Service AMR_5.15 5.15
AMR_4.75 4.75
H.324 is used for VP Service in CS
domain
Includes: video codec, speech codec,
data protocols, multiplexing and etc.
z AMR is compatible with current mobile communication system (GSM, IS-95, PDC and
so on), thus, it will make multi-mode terminal design easier.
z The AMR codec offers the possibility to adapt the coding scheme to the radio channel
conditions. The most robust codec mode is selected in bad propagation conditions.
The codec mode providing the highest source rate is selected in good propagation
conditions.
z During an AMR communication, the receiver measures the radio link quality and must
return to the transmitter either the quality measurements or the actual codec mode the
transmitter should use during the next frame. That exchange has to be done as fast
as possible in order to better follow the evolution of the channel’s quality.
Transmitter

symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel

& Deinterleaving
Receiver
z Scrambling can make transmission in security.
z Bit, Symbol, Chip


WCDMA Block Coding - CRC
z Block coding is used to detect if there are any uncorrected
errors left after error correction.
z The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a common method of

block coding.
z Adding the CRC bits is done before the channel encoding

and they are checked after the channel decoding.
z During the transmission, there are many interferences and fading. To guarantee
reliable transmission, system should overcome these influence through the channel
coding which includes block coding, channel coding and interleaving.
z Block coding: The encoder adds some redundant bits to the block of bits and the
decoder uses them to determine whether an error has occurred during the
transmission. This is used to calculate Block Error Ratio (BLER) used in the outer
loop power control.
z The CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) is used for error checking of the transport
blocks at the receiving end. The CRC length that can be inserted has four different
values: 0, 8, 12, 16 and 24 bits. The more bits the CRC contains, the lower is the
probability of an undetected error in the transport block in the receiver.
z Note that certain types of block codes can also be used for error correction, although
these are not used in WCDMA.
WCDMA Channel Coding
z Effect
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when
interference occurs
Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay
z Types
No Coding
Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3)
Turbo Coding (1/3)
No Coding Uncoded N bits
1/2 Convolutional
Coded 2N+16 bits
Coding
Code Block
of N Bits 1/3 Convolutional Coded 3N+24 bits
Coding
1/3 Turbo Coding Coded 3N+12 bits
z UTRAN employs two FEC schemes: convolutional codes and turbo codes. The idea
is to add redundancy to the transmitted bit stream, sO that occasional bit errors can
be corrected in the receiving entity.
z The first is convolution that is used for anti-interference. Through the technology,
many redundant bits will be inserted in original information. When error code is
caused by interference, the redundant bits can be used to recover the original
information. Convolutional codes are typically used when the timing constraints are
tight. The coded data must contain enough redundant information to make it possible
to correct some of the detected errors without asking for repeats.
z Turbo codes are found to be very efficient because they can perform close to the
theoretical limit set by the Shannon’s Law. Their efficiency is best with high data rate
services, but poor on low rate services. At higher bit rates, turbo coding is more
efficient than convolutional coding.
z In WCDMA network, both Convolution code and Turbo code are used. Convolution
code applies to voice service while Turbo code applies to high rate data service.
z Note that both block codes and channel codes are used in the UTRAN. The idea
behind this arrangement is that the channel decoder (either a convolutional or turbo
decoder) tries to correct as many errors as possible, and then the block decoder
(CRC check) offers its judgment on whether the resulting information is good enough
to be used in the higher layers.
WCDMA Interleaving
z Effect
Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error
Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
Input bits
0010000 ... 10111
⎡0 0 1 0⎤
⎢0 0 0 ...⎥⎥ Interleaving periods:
⎢
⎢... ... ... ...⎥ 20, 40, or 80 ms
⎢ ⎥
⎢... ... ... 1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 1 1 ⎥⎦
⎡0 1 0 0⎤
⎢0 0 0 ...⎥⎥
00…010…100…10…11 Output bits
Inter-column ⎢
permutation ⎢... ... ... ...⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢... ... ... 1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 1 1 ⎥⎦
z Channel coding works well against random errors, but it is quite vulnerable to bursts
of errors, which are typical in mobile radio systems. The especially fast moving UE in
CDMA systems can cause consecutive errors if the power control is not fast enough
to manage the interference. Most coding schemes perform better on random data
errors than on blocks of errors. This problem can be eased with interleaving, which
spreads the erroneous bits over a longer period of time. By interleaving, no two
adjacent bits are transmitted near to each other, and the data errors are randomized.
z The longer the interleaving period, the better the protection provided by the time
diversity. However, longer interleaving increases transmission delays and a balance
must be found between the error resistance capabilities and the delay introduced.

symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel

& Deinterleaving
Receiver
z Bit, Symbol, Chip


Correlation
z Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals.
z Identical and Orthogonal signals:

+1
C1 -1 1 -1 1
-1
⊗ Correlation = 1
+1
C2 -1 1 -1 1
Identical signals
-1
+1 1 1 1 1
+1
C1 -1 1 -1 1
-1 ⊗ Correlation = 0
+1 1 1 1 1
C2 Orthogonal signals
+1
-1 1 -1 1
-1
z Correlation is used to measure similarity of any two arbitrary signals. It is computed

by multiplying the two signals and then summing (integrating) the result over a
defined time windows. The two signals of figure (a) are identical and therefore their
correlation is 1 or 100 percent. In figure (b) , however, the two signals are
uncorrelated, and therefore knowing one of them does not provide any information on
the other.
Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding
UE1:
UE1: ＋
＋11 －
－11
UE2:
UE2: －1
－1 ＋1
＋1
CC11:: －
－11＋
＋11－
－11＋
＋11 －
－11＋
＋11－
－11＋
＋11
CC22:: ＋1
＋1＋1
＋1＋1
＋1＋1
＋1 ＋1
＋1＋1
＋1＋1
＋1＋1
＋1
UE1××c1
UE1 c1：
：－
－11＋
＋11－
－11＋
＋11 ＋
＋11－
－11＋
＋11－
－11
UE2×c2：
UE2×c2：－1
－1－1
－1－1
－1－1
－1 ＋1
＋1＋1
＋1＋1
＋1＋1
＋1
UE1××c1
UE1 c1＋ UE2××c2
＋UE2 c2：
：－
－22 00－
－22 00 ＋
＋22 00 ＋
＋22 00
z By spreading, each symbol is multiplied with all the chips in the orthogonal sequence
assigned to the user. The resulting sequence is processed and is then transmitted
over the physical channel along with other spread symbols. In this figure, 4-digit
codes are used. The product of the user symbols and the spreading code is a
sequence of digits that must be transmitted at 4 times the rate of the original encoded
binary signal.
Orthogonal Code Usage - Decoding
UE1××CC11＋
UE1 UE2××CC22::
＋UE2 －
－22 00－
－22 00 ＋
＋22 00 ＋
＋22 00
UE1
UE1Dispreading
Dispreadingby
byc1:
c1: －
－11＋
＋11－
－11＋
＋11 －
－11＋
＋11－
－11＋
＋11
Dispreading
Dispreadingresult:
result: ＋
＋22 00＋
＋22 00 －
－22 00 －
－22 00
Integral
Integraljudgment:
judgment: ＋ (means＋
＋44(means 1) －
＋1) (means－
－44(means －1)
1)
UE2
UE2Dispreading
Dispreadingby
byc2:
c2: ＋1
＋1＋1
＋1 ＋1
＋1＋1
＋1 ＋1
＋1＋1
＋1 ＋1
＋1＋1
＋1
Dispreading
Dispreadingresult:
result: －2
－2 00 －2
－2 00 ＋2
＋2 00 ＋2
＋2 00
Integral
Integraljudgment:
judgment: －4 (means－1) ＋4
－4(means－1) ＋4(means＋1)
(means＋1)
z The receiver dispreads the chips by using the same code used in the transmitter.
Notice that under no-noise conditions, the symbols or digits are completely recovered
without any error. In reality, the channel is not noise-free, but CDMA system employ
Forward Error Correction techniques to combat the effects of noise and enhance the
performance of the system.
z When the wrong code is used for dispreading, the resulting correlation yields an
average of zero. This is a clear demonstration of the advantage of the orthogonal
property of the codes. Whether the wrong code is mistakenly used by the target user
or other users attempting to decode the received signal, the resulting correlation is
always zero because of the orthogonal property of codes.
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
P(f) Spreading code
P(f)
f f
P(f)
Narrowband signal Broadband signal
Noise & Other Signal
Recovered signal Noise+Broadband signal

Signal
P(f) Combination P(f)
f Spreading code f
z Traditional radio communication systems transmit data using the minimum bandwidth
required to carry it as a narrowband signal. CDMA system mix their input data with a
fast spreading sequence and transmit a wideband signal. The spreading sequence is
independently regenerated at the receiver and mixed with the incoming wideband
signal to recover the original data. The dispreading gives substantial gain proportional
to the bandwidth of the spread-spectrum signal. The gain can be used to increase
system performance and range, or allow multiple coded users, or both. A digital bit
stream sent over a radio link requires a definite bandwidth to be successfully
transmitted and received.
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
Eb / No = Ec / No ×PG
Power
Ebit
Eb/No
Requiremen
t
Max allowed interference
Processing Gain Max interference caused

by UE and others
Interference from
other UE
Echip
Process Gain
z Process Gain
chip rate
Pr ocess Gain = 10 log( )
bit rate
Process gain differs for each service.

If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller, UE
needs more power for this service, then the coverage of this
service will be smaller, vice versa.
z For common services, the bit rate of voice call is 12.2kbps, the bit rate of video phone
is 64kbps, and the highest packet service bit rate is 384kbps(R99). After the
spreading, the chip rate of different service all become 3.84Mcps.
Spreading Technology
z Spreading consists of 2 steps:
Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips
Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal
Data Chips after

symbol spreading
channelization scrambling
z Spreading means increasing the bandwidth of the signal beyond the bandwidth
normally required to accommodate the information. The spreading process in UTRAN
consists of two separate operations: channelization and scrambling.
z The first operation is the channelization operation, which transforms every data
symbol into a number of chips, thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The
number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading Factor (SF). Channelization
codes are orthogonal codes, meaning that in ideal environment they do not interfere
each other.
z The second operation is the scrambling operation. Scrambling is used on top of

spreading, so it does not change the signal bandwidth but only makes the signals
from different sources separable from each other. As the chip rate is already achieved
in channelization by the channelization codes, the chip rate is not affected by the
scrambling.
WCDMA Channelization Code
z OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used as
channelization code
Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1) ……

Cch,8,4 = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1, -1) Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)
Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8
z Orthogonal codes are easily generated by starting with a seed of 1, repeating the 1
horizontally and vertically, and then complementing the -1 diagonally. This process is
to be continued with the newly generated block until the desired codes with the proper
length are generated. Sequences created in this way are referred as “Walsh” code.
z Channelization uses OVSF code, for keeping the orthogonality of different subscriber
physical channels. OVSF can be defined as the code tree illustrated in the following
diagram.
z Channelization code is defined as Cch SF, k,, where, SF is the spreading factor of the
code, and k is the sequence of code, 0≤k≤SF-1. Each level definition length of code
tree is SF channelization code, and the left most value of each spreading code
character is corresponding to the chip which is transmitted earliest.
WCDMA Channelization Code
z SF = chip rate / symbol rate
High data rates → low SF code
Low data rates → high SF code
Radio bearer SF Radio bearer SF
Speech 12.2 UL 64 Speech 12.2 DL 128
Data 64 kbps UL 16 Data 64 kbps DL 32
z The channelization codes are Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF)

codes. They are used to preserve orthogonality between different physical channels.
They also increase the clock rate to 3.84 Mcps. The OVSF codes are defined using a
code tree.
z In the code tree, the channelization codes are individually described by Cch,SF,k, where
SF is the Spreading Factor of the code and k the code number, 0 ≤ k ≤ SF-1.
z A channelization sequence modulates one user’s bit. Because the chip rate is
constant, the different lengths of codes enable to have different user data rates. Low
SFs are reserved for high rate services while high SFs are for low rate services.
z The length of an OVSF code is an even number of chips and the number of codes (for
one SF) is equal to the number of chips and to the SF value.
z The generated codes within the same layer constitute a set of orthogonal codes.
Furthermore, any two codes of different layers are orthogonal except when one of the
two codes is a mother code of the other. For example C4,3 is not orthogonal with C1,0
and C2,1, but is orthogonal with C2,0.
z SF in uplink is from 4 to 256.
z SF in downlink is from 4 to 512.
Purpose of Channelization Code
z Channelization code is used to distinguish different physical
channels of one transmitter
For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical channels of one cell
For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to

separate different physical channels of one UE
z For voice service (AMR), downlink SF is 128, it means there are 128 voice services
maximum can be supported in one WCDMA carrier;
z For Video Phone (64k packet data) service, downlink SF is 32, it means there are 32
voice services maximum can be supported in one WCDMA carrier.
Purpose of Scrambling Code
z Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters
For downlink, scrambling code is used to separate different
cells in one carrier
For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different UEs

in one carrier
z In addition to spreading, part of the process in the transmitter is the scrambling

operation. This is needed to separate terminals or base stations from each other.
Scrambling Code
z Scrambling code: GOLD sequence.
z There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes which are used for
scrambling of the uplink signals. Uplink scrambling codes are
assigned by RNC.
z For downlink, 512 primary scrambling codes are used.
z Different scrambling codes will be planned to different cells in downlink.
z Different scrambling codes will be allocated to different UEs in uplink.
z The scrambling code is always applied to one 10 ms frame.
z In UMTS, Gold codes are chosen for their very low peak cross-correlation.
Primary Scrambling Code Group
Primary
scrambling code 0
Group 0 Primary
scrambling code 1
…………
Primary
scrambling Group 1 ……
codes for
downlink Primary
physical … scrambling code 8
channels
Primary
scrambling code
Group 63 8*63
……
Primary
scrambling code
64 primary 8*63 +7
512 primary
scrambling scrambling code Each group consists of 8
codes groups primary scrambling codes
z There are totally 512 primary scrambling codes defined by 3GPP. They are further
divided into 64 primary scrambling code groups. There are 8 primary scrambling
codes in every group. Each cell is allocated with only one primary scrambling code.
Code Multiplexing
z Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code
Channelization code 1 NodeB
User 1 signal
Channelization code 2
User 2 signal
Channelization code 3
User 3 signal
Code Multiplexing
z Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code 1
Channelization code
User 1 signal
Scrambling code 2
Channelization code
User 2 signal NodeB
Scrambling code 3
Channelization code
User 3 signal

symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel

& Deinterleaving
Receiver
z Bit, Symbol, Chip


Modulation Overview
Data to be transmitted:
Digital Input 1 0 1 0
time
Basic steady radio
wave:
carrier = A.cos(2πFt+φ)
Amplitude Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2πFt+φ)
Frequency Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2πFt+φ)
Phase Shift Keying:

A.cos(2πFt+φ)
z A data-modulation scheme defines how the data bits are mixed with the carrier signal,
which is always a sine wave. There are three basic ways to modulate a carrier signal
in a digital sense: amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and
phase shift keying (PSK).
z In ASK the amplitude of the carrier signal is modified by the digital signal.
z In FSK the frequency of the carrier signal is modified by the digital signal.
z The PSK family is the most widely used modulation scheme in modern cellular
systems. There are many variants in this family, and only a few of them are
mentioned here.
Modulation Overview
z Digital Modulation - BPSK
1 0 1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Information t
signal
Digital Input
NRZ coding
1
t
-1
High Frequency
Carrier
fo
Carrier
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Modulated
BPSK Waveform
φ=0 φ=π φ=0 BPSK BPSK
signal
z In binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation, each data bit is transformed into a
separate data symbol. The mapping rule is 1 −> + 1 and 0 − > − 1. There are only
two possible phase shifts in BPSK, 0 and π radians.
z NRZ means none return zero.

Modulation Overview
z Digital Modulation - QPSK
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
NRZ Input 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1
I di-Bit Stream 1 -1 -1 1 -1
Q di-Bit Stream 1 1 1 -1 -1
I
Component
Q
Component
QPSK Waveform
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
z The quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation has four phases: 0, π/2, π, and
3π/2 radians. Two data bits are transformed into one complex data symbol; A symbol
is any change (keying) of the carrier.
Modulation Overview
±A ±Acos(ωot)
I(t)
NRZ
coding
fo
QPSK
90o
NRZ Q(t)
coding
±A ±Acos(ωot + π/2)
QPSK : A 2 cos( ω o + φ )
φ
1 1 π/4
1 -1 7π/4
-1 1 3π/4
-1 -1 5π/4
Demodulation
z QPSK Constellation Diagram
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
QPSK Waveform
1,1 -1,1 -1,1
1,-1 -1,-1
NRZ Output 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1
WCDMA Modulation
z Different modulation methods corresponding to different
transmitting abilities in air interface
R99/R4: QPSK HSDPA: QPSK or 16QAM
z The UTRAN air interface uses QPSK modulation in the downlink, although HSDPA
may also employ 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM). 16QAM requires
good radio conditions to work well. As seen, with 16QAM also the amplitude of the
signal matters.
z As explained, in QPSK one symbol carries two data bits; in 16QAM each symbol
includes four bits. Thus, a QPSK system with a chip rate of 3.84Mcps could
theoretically transfer 2 × 3.84 = 7.68 Mbps, and a 16QAM system could transfer 4 ×
3.84 Mbps = 15.36 Mbps. In 3GPP also the usage of 64QAM with HSDPA has been
studied.
Transmitter
Service Source Channel

Signal Coding Coding
symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel
Service Source Channel Reception

Decoding
Receiver
z Bit, Symbol, Chip


Wireless Propagation
Transmitted
Signal
Transmission Loss:
Amplitude
Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Received
Signal
Time
z A mobile communication channel is a multi-path fading channel and any transmitted

signal reaches a receive end by means of multiple transmission paths, such as direct
transmission, reflection, scatter, etc.
Propagation of Radio Signal
Signal at Transmitter
20
15
10
5
dBm
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
Signal at Receiver
0
-5
-10
-15
dB
-20
-25
-30
-35 Fading
-40
Fading Categories
z Fading Categories
Slow Fading
Fast Fading
z Furthermore, with the moving of a mobile station, the signal amplitude, delay and
phase on various transmission paths vary with time and place. Therefore, the levels of
received signals are fluctuating and unstable and these multi-path signals, if overlaid,
will lead to fast fading. Fast fading conforms to Rayleigh distribution. The mid-value
field strength of fast fading has relatively gentle change and is called “slow fading”.
Slow fading conforms to lognormal distribution.
Diversity Technique
z Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for
combining
Reduce the effects of fading
Fast fading caused by multi-path
Slow fading caused by shadowing
Improve the reliability of communication
Increase the coverage and capacity
z Diversity technology means that after receiving two or more input signals with
mutually uncorrelated fading at the same time, the system demodulates these signals
and adds them up. Thus, the system can receive more useful signals and overcome
fading.
Diversity
z Time diversity
Channel coding, Block interleaving
z Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth
frequency spectrum
z Space diversity
z Polarization diversity
z Diversity technology is an effective way to overcome overlaid fading. Because it can

be selected in terms of frequency, time and space, diversity technology includes
frequency diversity, time diversity and space diversity.
z Time diversity: Channel coding
z Frequency diversity: WCDMA is a kind of frequency diversity. The signal energy is

distributed on the whole bandwidth.
z Space diversity: using two antennas

Principle of RAKE Receiver
Correlator 1
The
Correlator 2 Combiner combined
signal
Receive set
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator Calculate the

time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)
t t
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
z The RAKE receiver is a technique which uses several baseband correlators to

individually process multipath signal components. The outputs from the different
correlators are combined to achieve improved reliability and performance.
z When WCDMA system is designed for cellular system, the inherent wide-bandwidth
signals with their orthogonal Walsh functions were natural for implementing a RAKE
receiver. In WCDMA system, the bandwidth is wider than the coherence bandwidth of
the cellular. Thus, when the multi-path components are resolved in the receiver, the
signals from different paths are uncorrelated with each other. The receiver can then
combine them using some combining schemes. So with RAKE receiver WCDMA
system can use the multi-path characteristics of the channel to get signal with better
quality.
Summary
z In this course, we have discussed basic concepts of WCDMA:
Spreading / Despreading principle
UTRAN Voice Coding
UTRAN Channel Coding
UTRAN Spreading Code
UTRAN Scrambling Code
UTRAN Modulation
UTRAN Transmission/Receiving
Thank you
www.huawei.com
WCDMA Radio
Interface Physical Layer
www.huawei.com

Foreword
z The physical layer offers data transport services to higher layers.
z The physical layer is expected to perform the following functions in

order to provide the data transport service, for example: spreading,
modulation and demodulation, despreading, Inner-loop power
control and etc.
Objectives
Outline radio interface protocol Architecture
Describe structure and functions of different physical channels
Describe UMTS physical layer procedures
Contents
1. Physical Layer Overview
2. Physical Channels
3. Physical Layer Procedure
Contents
UTRAN Network Structure
Core Network
CN CS PS CS PS
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
UTRAN
Iub Iub Iub Iub
NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB
Uu
UE
z UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network.
z The UTRAN consists of a set of Radio Network Subsystems connected to the Core
Network through the Iu interface.
z A RNS consists of a Radio Network Controller and one or more NodeBs. A NodeB is
connected to the RNC through the Iub interface.
z Inside the UTRAN, the RNCs of the RNS can be interconnected together through the
Iur. Iu(s) and Iur are logical interfaces. Iur can be conveyed over direct physical
connection between RNCs or virtual networks using any suitable transport network.
Uu Interface Protocol Structure
GC Nt DC
Duplication avoidance
GC Nt DC
C-plane signaling UuS boundary
U-plane information
control
RRC L3
control
control
control
control radio bearer
PDCP PDCP L2/PDCP

BMC L2/BMC
RLC RLC L2/RLC

RLC RLC
RLC RLC
RLC RLC
logical channel
MAC L2/MAC
transport channel
PHY L1
z The layer 1 supports all functions required for the transmission of bit streams on the
physical medium. It is also in charge of measurements function consisting in indicating
to higher layers, for example, Frame Error Rate (FER), Signal to Interference Ratio
(SIR), interference power, transmit power, … It is basically composed of a “layer 1
management” entity, a “transport channel” entity, and a “physical channel” entity.
z The layer 2 protocol is responsible for providing functions such as mapping, ciphering,
retransmission and segmentation. It is made of four sub-layers: MAC (Medium
Access Control), RLC (Radio Link Control), PDCP (Packet Data Convergence
Protocol) and BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Control).
z The layer 3 is split into 2 parts: the access stratum and the non access stratum. The
access stratum part is made of “RRC (Radio Resource Control)” entity and
“duplication avoidance” entity. “duplication avoidance” terminates in the CN but is part
of the Access Stratum. The higher layer signalling such as Mobility Management (MM)
and Call Control (CC) is assumed to belong to the non-access stratum, and therefore
not in the scope of 3GPP TSG RAN. In the C-plane, the interface between 'Duplication
avoidance' and higher L3 sub-layers (CC, MM) is defined by the General Control (GC),
Notification (Nt) and Dedicated Control (DC) SAPs.
z Not shown on the figure are connections between RRC and all the other protocol
layers (RLC, MAC, PDCP, BMC and L1), which provide local inter-layer control
services.
z The protocol layers are located in the UE and the peer entities are in the NodeB or the
RNC.
z Many functions are managed by the RRC layer. Here is the list of the most important:
Establishment, re-establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC

connection between the UE and UTRAN: it includes an optional cell re-
selection, an admission control, and a layer 2 signaling link establishment.
When a RNC is in charge of a specific connection towards a UE, it acts as the
Serving RNC.
Establishment, reconfiguration and release of Radio Bearers: a number of

Radio Bearers can be established for a UE at the same time. These bearers are
configured depending on the requested QoS. The RNC is also in charge of
ensuring that the requested QoS can be met.
Assignment, reconfiguration and release of radio resources for the RRC

connection: it handles the assignment of radio resources (e.g. codes, shared
channels). RRC communicates with the UE to indicate new resources allocation
when handovers are managed.
Paging/Notification: it broadcasts paging information from network to UEs.
Broadcasting of information provided by the non-access stratum (Core

Network) or access Stratum. This corresponds to “system information” regularly
repeated.
UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting: RRC indicates

what to measure, when and how to report.
Outer loop power control: controls setting of the target values.
Control of ciphering: provides procedures for setting of ciphering.
z The RRC layer is defined in the 25.331 specification from 3GPP.

z The RLC’s main function is the transfer of data from either the user or the control
plane over the Radio interface. Two different transfer modes are used: transparent
and non-transparent. In non-transparent mode, 2 sub-modes are used:
acknowledged or unacknowledged.
z RLC provides services to upper layers:
data transfer (transparent, acknowledged and unacknowledged modes).
QoS setting: the retransmission protocol (for AM only) shall be configurable by

layer 3 to provide different QoS.
notification of unrecoverable errors: RLC notifies the upper layers of errors

that cannot be resolved by RLC.
z The RLC functions are:
mapping between higher layer PDUs and logical channels.
ciphering: prevents unauthorized acquisition of data; performed in RLC layer

for non-transparent RLC mode.
segmentation/reassembly: this function performs segmentation/reassembly of

variable-length higher layer PDUs into/from smaller RLC Payload Units. The
RLC size is adjustable to the actual set of transport formats (decided when
service is established). Concatenation and padding may also be used.
error correction: done by retransmission (acknowledged data transfer mode

only).
flow control: allows the RLC receiver to control the rate at which the peer RLC
transmitting entity may send information.
z MAC services include:
Data transfer: service providing unacknowledged transfer of MAC SDUs

between peer MAC entities.
Reallocation of radio resources and MAC parameters: reconfiguration of

MAC functions such as change of identity of UE. Requested by the RRC layer.
Reporting of measurements: local measurements such as traffic volume and

quality indication are reported to the RRC layer.
z The functions accomplished by the MAC sub-layer are listed above. Here’s a quick
explanation for some of them:
Priority handling between the data flows of one UE: since UMTS is
multimedia, a user may activate several services at the same time, having
possibly different profiles (priority, QoS parameters...). Priority handling
consists in setting the right transport format for a high bit rate service and for a
low bit rate service.
Priority handling between UEs: use for efficient spectrum resources utilization
for bursty transfers on common and shared channels.
Ciphering: to prevent unauthorized acquisition of data. Performed in the MAC

layer for transparent RLC mode.
Access Service Class (ACS) selection for RACH transmission: the RACH
resources are divided between different ACSs in order to provide different
priorities on a random access procedure.
z PDCP
UMTS supports several network layer protocols providing protocol transparency

for the users of the service.
Using these protocols (and new ones) shall be possible without any changes to
UTRAN protocols. In order to perform this requirement, the PDCP layer has
been introduced. Then, functions related to transfer of packets from higher
layers shall be carried out in a transparent way by the UTRAN network entities.
PDCP shall also be responsible for implementing different kinds of optimization

methods. The currently known methods are standardized IETF (Internet
Engineering Task Force) header compression algorithms.
Algorithm types and their parameters are negotiated by RRC and indicated to
PDCP.
Header compression and decompression are specific for each network layer
protocol type.
In order to know which compression method is used, an identifier (PID: Packet

Identifier) is inserted. Compression algorithms exist for TCP/IP, RTP/UDP/IP, …
Another function of PDCP is to provide numbering of PDUs. This is done if

lossless SRNS relocation is required.
To accomplish this function, each PDCP-SDUs (UL and DL) is buffered and
numbered. Numbering is done after header compression. SDUs are kept until
information of successful transmission of PDCP-PDU has been received from
RLC. PDCP sequence number ranges from 0 to 65,535.
z BMC (broadcast/multicast control protocol)
The main function of BMC protocol are:
Storage of cell broadcast message. the BMC in RNC stores the cell
broadcast message received over the CBC-RNC interface for scheduled
transmission.
Traffic volume monitoring and radio resource request for CBS. On the
UTRAN side, the BMC calculates the required transmission rate for the cell
broadcast service based on the messages received over the CBC-RNC
interface, and requests appropriate .CTCH/FACH resources from from RRC
Scheduling of BMC message. The BMC receives scheduling information

together with each cell broadcast message over the CBC-RNC interface. Based
on this scheduling information, on the UTRAN side the BMC generates schedule
message and schedules BMC message sequences accordingly. On the UE
side ,the BMC evaluates the schedule messages and indicates scheduling
parameters to RRC, which are used by RRC to configure the lower layers for
CBS discontinuous reception.
Transmission of BMC message to UE. The function transmits the BMC

messages according to the schedule
Delivery of cell broadcast messages to the upper layer. This UE function

delivers the received non-corrupted cell broadcast messages to the upper layer
z The layer 1 (physical layer) is used to transmit information under the form of
electrical signals corresponding to bits, between the network and the mobile user.
This information can be voice, circuit or packet data, and network signaling.
z The UMTS layer 1 offers data transport services to higher layers. The access to these
services is through the use of transport channels via the MAC sub-layer.
z These services are provided by radio links which are established by signaling
procedures. These links are managed by the layer 1 management entity. One radio
link is made of one or several transport channels, and one physical channel.
z The UMTS layer 1 is divided into two sub-layers: the transport and the physical sub-
layers. All the processing (channel coding, interleaving, etc.) is done by the transport
sub-layer in order to provide different services and their associated QoS. The physical
sub-layer is responsible for the modulation, which corresponds to the association of
bits (coming from the transport sub-layer) to electrical signals that can be carried over
the air interface. The spreading operation is also done by the physical sub-layer.
z These two parts of layer 1 are controlled by the layer 1 management (L1M) entity. It is
made of several units located in each equipment, which exchange information through
the use of control channels.
RAB, RB and RL
RAB
RB
RNC CN
UE
RL
NodeB
UTRAN
z RAB: The service that the access stratum provides to the non-access stratum for
transfer of user data between User Equipment and CN.
z RB: The service provided by the layer 2 for transfer of user data between User
Equipment and Serving RNC.
z RL: A "radio link" is a logical association between single User Equipment and a single
UTRAN access point. Its physical realization comprises one or more radio bearer
transmissions.
Contents
Contents
2.1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
2.2 Channel Mapping
WCDMA Radio Interface Channel Definition
z Logical Channel = information container

Defined by <What type of information> is transferred
z Transport Channel = characteristics of transmission

Described by <How> and with <What characteristics> data
is transmitted over the radio interface
z Physical Channel = specification of the information global

content
providing the real transmission resource, maybe a frequency ,
a specific set of codes and phase
z In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three types of channels:
physical channel, transport channel and logical channel.
z Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. According to the types of the carried
services, it is divided into two types: control channel and service channel.
z Transport channel: It is the interface between radio interface layer 2 and layer 1, and it
is the service provided for MAC layer by the physical layer. According to whether the
information transported is dedicated information for a user or common information for
all users, it is divided into dedicated channel and common channel.
z Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of information when they
are transmitted on radio interface. Each channel which uses dedicated carrier
frequency, code (spreading code and scramble) and carrier phase (I or Q) can be
regarded as a physical channel.
Logical Channel
Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH)

Common traffic channel (CTCH) Traffic channel
Broadcast control channel (BCCH)

Paging control channel (PCCH)
Dedicate control channel (DCCH) Control channel
Common control channel (CCCH)
z As in GSM, UMTS uses the concept of logical channels.

z A logical channel is characterized by the type of information that is transferred.
z As in GSM, logical channels can be divided into two groups: control channels for
control plane information and traffic channel for user plane information.
z The traffic channels are:
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH): a point-to-point bi-directional channel,
that transmits dedicated user information between a UE and the network. That
information can be speech, circuit switched data or packet switched data. The
payload bits on this channel come from a higher layer application (the AMR
codec for example). Control bits can be added by the RLC (protocol information)
in case of a non transparent transfer. The MAC sub-layer will also add a header
to the RLC PDU.
Common Traffic Channel (CTCH): a point-to-multipoint downlink channel
for transfer of dedicated user information for all or a group of specified UEs.
This channel is used to broadcast BMC messages. These messages can either
be cell broadcast data from higher layers or schedule messages for support of
Discontinuous Reception (DRX) of cell broadcast data at the UE. Cell broadcast
messages are services offered by the operator, like indication of weather, traffic,
location or rate information.
Logical Channel
Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH)

Common traffic channel (CTCH) Traffic channel
Broadcast control channel (BCCH)

Paging control channel (PCCH)
Dedicate control channel (DCCH) Control channel
Common control channel (CCCH)
z The control channels are:

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): a downlink channel that broadcasts all system
information types (except type 14 that is only used in TDD). For example, system
information type 3 gives the cell identity. UEs decode system information on the BCH
except when in Cell_DCH mode. In that case, they can decode system information type
10 on the FACH and other important signaling is sent on a DCCH.
Paging Control Channel (PCCH): a downlink channel that transfers paging
information. It is used to reach a UE (or several UEs) in idle mode or in connected mode
(Cell_PCH or URA_PCH state). The paging type 1 message is sent on the PCCH.
When a UE receives a page on the PCCH in connected mode, it shall enter Cell_FACH
state and make a cell update procedure.
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH): a point-to-point bi-directional channel that
transmits dedicated control information between a UE and the network. This channel is
used for dedicated signaling after a RRC connection has been done. For example, it is
used for inter-frequency handover procedure, for dedicated paging, for the active set
update procedure and for the control and report of measurements.
Common Control Channel (CCCH): a bi-directional channel for transmitting control
information between network and UEs. It is used to send messages related to RRC
connection, cell update and URA update. This channel is a bit like the DCCH, but will be
used when the UE has not yet been identified by the network (or by the new cell). For
example, it is used to send the RRC connection request message, which is the first
message sent by the UE to get into connected mode. The network will respond on the
same channel, and will send him its temporary identities (cell and UTRAN identities).
After these initial messages, the DCCH will be used.
Transport Channel
Dedicated Channel (DCH) Dedicated transport

channel
Broadcast channel (BCH)

Forward access channel (FACH)
Paging channel (PCH) Common transport
Random access channel (RACH) channel
High-speed downlink shared channel
(HS-DSCH)
z In order to carry logical channels, several transport channels are defined. They are:
Broadcast Channel (BCH): a downlink channel used for broadcast of system
information into the entire cell.
Paging Channel (PCH): a downlink channel used for broadcast of control
information into the entire cell, such as paging.
Random Access Channel (RACH): a contention based uplink channel used
for initial access or for transmission of relatively small amounts of data (non
real-time dedicated control or traffic data).
Forward Access Channel (FACH): a common downlink channel used for
dedicated signaling (answer to a RACH typically), or for transmission of
relatively small amounts of data.
Dedicated Channel (DCH): a channel dedicated to one UE used in uplink or
downlink.
Physical Channel
z A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code
(scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.
z In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading
code) can distinguish the channels.
z Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each
radio frame consists of 15 time slots.
z Two types of physical channel: UL and DL
Physical Channel
Frequency, Code, Phase
z Now we will begin to discuss the physical channel. Physical channel is the most
important and complex channel, and a physical channel is defined by a specific carrier
frequency, code and relative phase. In CDMA system, the different code (scrambling
code or spreading code) can distinguish the channel. Most channels consist of radio
frames and time slots, and each radio frame consists of 15 time slots. There are two
types of physical channel: UL and DL.
Downlink Physical Channel
z Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DL DPCH)
z Downlink Common Physical Channel
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)
High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
z The different physical channels are:

Synchronization Channel (SCH): used for cell search procedure. There is the
primary and the secondary SCHs.
Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH): used to carry common control
information such as the scrambling code used in DL (there is a primary CCPCH
and additional secondary CCPCH).
Common Pilot Channels (P-CPICH and S-CPICH): used for coherent
detection of common channels. They indicate the phase reference.
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH): used to carry dedicated data
coming from layer 2 and above (coming from DCH).
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH): used to carry dedicated
control information generated in layer 1 (such as pilot, TPC and TFCI bits).
Page Indicator Channel (PICH): carries indication to inform the UE that paging
information is available on the S-CCPCH.
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH): it is used to inform a UE that the
network has received its access request.
High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH): it is used to
carry subscribers BE service data (mapping on HSDPA) coming from layer 2.
High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH): it is used to carry control
message to HS-PDSCH such as modulation scheme, UE ID etc.
Uplink Physical Channel
z Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (Uplink DPDCH)
Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (Uplink DPCCH)
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Channel (HS-DPCCH)
z Uplink Common Physical Channel
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
z The different physical channels are:

Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH): used to carry dedicated data
coming from layer 2 and above (coming from DCH).
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH): used to carry dedicated
control information generated in layer 1 (such as pilot, TPC and TFCI bits).
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH): used to carry random access
information when a UE wants to access the network.
High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH): it is used to
carry feedback message to HS-PDSCH such CQI,ACK/NACK.
Function of Physical Channel
Cell Search Channels
P-CPICH--Primary
P-CPICH--Primary Common
Common Pilot
Pilot Channel
Channel
SCH--Synchronisation
SCH--Synchronisation Channel
Channel
P-CCPCH-Primary
P-CCPCH-Primary Common
Common Control Physical Channel
Control Physical Channel
Paging Channels
PICH--Paging
PICH--Paging Indicator
Indicator Channel
Channel
SCCPCH--Secondary
SCCPCH--Secondary Common
Common Control
Control Physical
Physical Channel
Channel
Random Access Channels

NodeB AICH--Acquisition
AICH--Acquisition Indicator
Indicator Channel
Channel UE
PRACH--Physical
PRACH--Physical Random
Random Access
Access Channel
Channel
Dedicated Channels
DPDCH--Dedicated
DPDCH--Dedicated Physical
Physical Data
Data Channel
Channel
DPCCH--Dedicated
DPCCH--Dedicated Physical
Physical Control
Control Channel
Channel
High Speed Downlink Share Channels

HS-SCCH--High
HS-SCCH--High Speed
Speed Share
Share Control
Control Channel
Channel
HS-PDSCH--High
HS-PDSCH--High Speed
Speed Physical
Physical Downlink
Downlink Share
Share Channel
Channel
HS-DPCCH--High
HS-DPCCH--High Speed
Speed Dedicated
Dedicated Physical
Physical Control
Control Channel
Channel
Synchronization Channels (P-SCH & S-
SCH)
z Used for cell search z Primary synchronization code is
z Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH transmitted repeatedly in each time slot
z SCH is transmitted at the first 256 z Secondary synchronization code
chips of every time slot specifies the scrambling code groups of
the cell
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14
Primary ac p ac p ac p
SCH
Secondary acsi,14
SCH ac si,0 ac si,1
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
z When a UE is turned on, the first thing it does is to scan the UMTS spectrum and find
a UMTS cell. After that, it has to find the primary scrambling code used by that cell in
order to be able to decode the BCCH (for system information). This is done with the
help of the Synchronization Channel.
z Each cell of a NodeB has its own SCH timing, so that there is no overlapping.
z The SCH is a pure downlink physical channel broadcasted over the entire cell. It is
transmitted unscrambled during the first 256 chips of each time slot, in time multiplex
with the P-CCPCH. It is the only channel that is not spread over the entire radio
frame. The SCH provides the primary scrambling code group (one out of 64 groups),
as well as the radio frame and time slot synchronization.
z The SCH consists of two sub-channels, the primary and secondary SCH. These sub-
channels are sent in parallel using code division during the first 256 chips of each time
slot. P-SCH always transmits primary synchronization code. S-SCH transmits
secondary synchronization codes.
z The primary synchronization code is repeated at the beginning of each time slot. The
same code is used by all the cells and enables the mobiles to detect the existence of
the UMTS cell and to synchronize itself on the time slot boundaries. This is normally
done with a single matched filter or any similar device. The slot timing of the cell is
obtained by detecting peaks in the matched filter output.
z This is the first step of the cell search procedure. The second step is done using the
secondary synchronization channel.
Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)
Scrambling slot number
Code Group #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
Group 0 1 1 2 8 9 10 15 8 10 16 2 7 15 7 16
Group 1 1 1 5 16 7 3 14 16 3 10 5 12 14 12 10
Group 2 1 2 1 15 5 5 12 16 6 11 2 16 11 15 12
Group 3 1 2 3 1 8 6 5 2 5 8 4 4 6 3 7
Group 4 1 2 16 6 6 11 15 5 12 1 15 12 16 11 2
…
Group 61 9 10 13 10 11 15 15 9 16 12 14 13 16 14 11
Group 62 9 11 12 15 12 9 13 13 11 14 10 16 15 14 16
Group 63 9 12 10 15 13 14 9 14 15 11 11 13 12 16 10
Slot # ? Slot #? Slot #?

P-SCH acp acp acp
z ……..
S-SCH 16 6 11 Group 2
Slot 7, 8, 9
256 chips
z The S-SCH also consists of a code, the Secondary Synchronization Code (SSC)
that indicates which of the 64 scrambling code groups the cell’s downlink scrambling
code belongs to. 16 different SSCs are defined. Each SSC is a 256 chip long
sequence.
z There is one specific SSC transmitted in each time slot, giving us a sequence of 15
SSCs. There is a total of 64 different sequences of 15 SSCs, corresponding to the 64
primary scrambling code groups. These 64 sequences are constructed so that one
sequence is different from any other one, and different from any rotated version of any
sequence. The UE correlates the received signal with the 16 SSCs and identifies the
maximum correlation value.
z The S-SCH provides the information required to find the frame boundaries and the
downlink scrambling code group (one out of 64 groups). The scrambling code (one
out of 8) can be determined afterwards by decoding the P-CPICH. The mobile will then
be able to decode the BCH.
Primary Common Pilot Channel (PCPICH)
z Primary PCPICH
Carrying pre-defined sequence
Fixed channel code: Cch, 256, 0, Fixed rate 30Kbps
Scrambled by the primary scrambling code
Broadcast over the entire cell
A phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH and
downlink DPCH, Only one PCPICH per cell
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot # i Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tr = 10 ms
z The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is a pure physical control channel broadcasted
over the entire cell. It is not linked to any transport channel. It consists of a sequence
of known bits that are transmitted in parallel with the primary and secondary CCPCH.
z The PCPICH is used by the mobile to determine which of the 8 possible primary
scrambling codes is used by the cell, and to provide the phase reference for common
channels.
z Finding the primary scrambling code is done during the cell search procedure through
a symbol-by-symbol correlation with all the codes within the code group. After the
primary scrambling code has been identified, the UE can decode system information
on the P-CCPCH.
z The P-CPICH is the phase reference for the SCH, P-CCPCH, AICH and PICH. It is
broadcasted over the entire cell. The channelization code used to spread the P-
CPICH is always Cch,256,0 (all ones). Thus, the P-CPICH is a fixed rate channel.
Also, it is always scrambled with the primary scrambling code of the cell.
Primary Common Control Physical Channel
(PCCPCH)
z Carrying BCH transport channel
z Fixed rate, fixed OVSF code (30kbps，Cch, 256, 1)
z The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each
time slot
256 chips
PCCPCH Data
SCH
18 bits
T = 2560 chips,20 bits

slot
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
z The Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) is a fixed rate

(SF=256) downlink physical channel used to carry the BCH transport channel. It is
broadcasted continuously over the entire cell like the P-CPICH.
z The figure above shows the frame structure of the P-CCPCH. The frame structure is
special because it does not contain any layer 1 control bits. The P-CCPCH only has
one fix predefined transport format combination, and the only bits transmitted are data
bits from the BCH transport channel. It is important to note that the P-CCPCH is not
transmitted during the first 256 chips of the slot. In fact, another physical channel
(SCH) is transmitted during that period of time. Thus, the SCH and the P-CCPCH are
time multiplexed on every time slot.
z Channelization code Cch,256,1 is always used to spread the P-CCPCH.

Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
z Carrying Paging Indicators (PI)
z Fixed rate (30kbps), SF = 256
z N paging indicators {PI0, …, PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36,
72, or 144
288 bits for paging indication 12 bits (undefined)
b0 b1 b 287 b 288 b 299
One radio frame (10 ms)
z The Page Indicator Channel (PICH) is a fixed rate (30kbps, SF=256) physical
channel used by the NodeB to inform a UE (or a group of UEs) that a paging
information will soon be transmitted on the PCH. Thus, the mobile only decodes the S-
CCPCH when it is informed to do so by the PICH. This enables to do other processing
and to save the mobiles’ battery.
z The PICH carries Paging Indicators (PI), which are user specific and calculated by
higher layers. It is always associated with the S-CCPCH to which the PCH is mapped.
z The frame structure of the PICH is illustrated above. It is 10 ms long, and always
contains 300 bits (SF=256). 288 of these bits are used to carry paging indicators, while
the remaining 12 are not formally part of the PICH and shall not be transmitted. That
part of the frame (last 12 bits) is reserved for possible future use.
z In order not to waste radio resources, several PIs are multiplexed in time on the PICH.
Depending on the configuration of the cell, 18, 36, 72 or 144 paging indicators can be
multiplexed on one PICH radio frame. Thus, the number of bits reserved for each PI
depends of the number of PIs per radio frame. For example, if there is 72 PIs in one
radio frame, there will be 4 (288/72) consecutive bits for each PI. These bits are all
identical. If the PI in a certain frame is “1”, it is an indication that the UE associated
with that PI should read the corresponding frame of the S-CCPCH.
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
(SCCPCH)
z Carrying FACH and PCH, SF = 256 - 4
Pilot: used for demodulation
TFCI: Transport Format Control Indication, used for describe data

format
TFCI Data Pilot

N TFCI bits N Data bits N Pilot bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 20*2 k bits (k=0..6)
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
z The Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) is used to carry

the FACH and PCH transport channels. Unlike the P-CCPCH, it is not broadcasted
continuously. It is only transmitted when there is a PCH or FACH information to
transmit. At the mobile side, the mobile only decodes the S-CCPCH when it expects a
useful message on the PCH or FACH.
z A UE will expect a message on the PCH after indication from the PICH (page indicator
channel), and it will expect a message on the FACH after it has transmitted something
on the RACH.
z The FACH and the PCH can be mapped on the same or on separate S-CCPCHs. If
they are mapped on the same S-CCPCH, TFCI bits have to be sent to support multiple
transport formats
z The figure above shows the frame structure of the S-CCPCH. There are 18 different
slot formats determining the exact number of data, pilot and TFCI bits. The data bits
correspond to the PCH and/or FACH bits coming from the transport sub-layer. Pilot bit
are typically used when beamforming techniques are used.
z The SF ranges from 4 to 256. The channelization code is assigned by the RRC layer
as is the scrambling code, and they are fixed during the communication. They are sent
on the BCCH so that every UE can decode the channel.
z As said before, FACH can be used to carry user data. The difference with the
dedicated channel is that it cannot use fast power control, nor soft handover. The
advantage is that it is a fast access channel.
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
z Carrying uplink signaling and data, consist of two parts:

One or several preambles: 16 kinds of available preambles
10 or 20ms message part
Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part
4096 chips
10 ms (one radio frame)
Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part
4096 chips 20 ms (two radio frames)
z The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) is used by the UE to access the
network and to carry small data packets. It carries the RACH transport channel. The
PRACH is an open loop power control channel, with contention resolution mechanisms
(ALOHA approach) to enable a random access from several users.
z The PRACH is composed of two different parts: the preamble part and the message
part that carries the RACH message. The preamble is an identifier which consists of
256 repetitions of a 16 chip long signature (total of 4096 chips). There are 16 possible
signatures, basically, the UE randomly selects one of the 16 possible preambles and
transmits it at increasing power until it gets a response from the network (on the AICH).
That preamble is scrambled before being sent. That is a sign that the power level is
high enough and that the UE is authorized to transmit, which it will do after
acknowledgment from the network. If the UE doesn’t get a response from the network,
it has to select a new signature to transmit.
z The message part is 10 or 20 ms long (split into 15 or 30 time slots) and is made of the
RACH data and the layer 1 control information.
PRACH Message Structure
Data
Data N data bits
Pilot TFCI
Control N Pilot bits N TFCI bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..3)
Slot # 0 Slot # 1 Slot # i Slot # 14
Message part radio frame T = 10

ms
z The data and control bits of the message part are processed in parallel. The SF of the
data part can be 32, 64, 128 or 256 while the SF of the control part is always 256. The
control part consists of 8 pilot bits for channel estimation and 2 TFCI bits to indicate
the transport format of the RACH (transport channel), for a total of 10 bits per slot.
z The OVSF codes to use (one for RACH data and one for control) depend on the
signature that was used for the preamble (for signatures s=0 to s=15: OVSFcontrol=
Cch,256,m, where m=16s + 15; OVSFdata= Cch,SF,m, where m=SF*s/16.
PRACH Access Timeslot Structure
radio frame: 10 ms radio frame: 10 ms
5120 chips
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
Access slot #0 Random Access Transmission
Access slot #1
Random Access Transmission
Access slot #7 Random Access Transmission
Access slot #8
Random Access Transmission
Access slot #14
z The PRACH transmission is based on the access frame structure. The access frame
is access of 15 access slots and lasts 20 ms (2 radio frames).
z To avoid too many collisions and to limit interference, a UE must wait at least 3 or 4
access slots between two consecutive preambles.
z The PRACH resources (access slots and preamble signatures) can be divided
between different Access Service Classes (ASC) in order to provide different priorities
of RACH usage. The ASC number ranges from 0 (highest priority) to 7 (lowest
priority).
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
z Carrying the Acquisition Indicators (AI), SF = 256
There are 16 kinds of Signature to generate AI
AI part Unused part
a0 a1 a2 a30 a31 a32 a33 a38 a39
AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0
20 ms
z The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) is a common downlink channel used to

control the uplink random accesses. It carries the Acquisition Indicators (AI), each
corresponding to a signature on the PRACH (uplink). When the NodeB receives the
random access from a mobile, it sends back the signature of the mobile to grant its
access. If the NodeB receives multiple signatures, it can sent all these signatures back
by adding the together. At reception, the UE can apply its signature to check if the
NodeB sent an acknowledgement (taking advantage of the orthogonality of the
signatures).
z The AICH consists of a burst of data transmitted regularly every access slot frame.
One access slot frame is formed of 15 access slots, and lasts 2 radio frames (20 ms).
Each access slot consists of two parts, an acquisition indicator part of 32 real-valued
symbols and a long part during which nothing is transmitted to avoid overlapping due
to propagation delays.
z s (with values 0, +1 and -1, corresponding to the answer from the network to a specific
user) and the 32 chip long sequence <bs,j> is given by a predefined table. There are
16 sequences <bs,j>, each corresponding to one PRACH signatures. A maximum of
16 AIs can be sent in each access slot. The user can multiply the received multi-level
signal by the signature it used to know if its access was granted.
z The SF used is always 256 and the OVSF code used by the cell is indicated in system
information type 5.
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
(DPDCH&DPCCH)
z Uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code division
multiplexed (CDM) within each radio frame
z DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer,

the OVSF code is Cch,SF,SF/4, where SF is from 256 to 4
z DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1,

the OVSF code is Cch,256,0
z There are two kinds of uplink dedicated physical channels, the Dedicated Physical
Data Channel (DPDCH) and the Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH).
The DPDCH is used to carry the DCH transport channel. The DPCCH is used to carry
the physical sub-layer control bits.
z Each DPCCH time slot consists of Pilot, TFCI，FBI，TPC
z Pilot is used to help demodulation
z TFCI: transport format control indicator
z FBI:used for the FBTD. (feedback TX diversity)
z TPC: used to transport power control command.

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
(DPDCH&DPCCH)
z Frame Structure of Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
Data
DPDCH Ndata bits
Pilot TFCI FBI TPC

DPCCH Npilot bits NTFCI bits NFBI bits NTPC bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..6)
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
z On the figure above, we can see the DPDCH and DPCCH time slot constitution. The
parameter k determines the number of symbols per slot. It is related to the spreading
factor (SF) of the DPDCH by this simple equation: SF=256/2k. The DPDCH SF ranges
from 4 to 256. The SF for the uplink DPCCH is always 256, which gives us 10 bits per
slot. The exact number of pilot, TFCI, TPC and FBI bits is configured by higher layers.
This configuration is chosen from 12 possible slot formats. It is important to note that
symbols are transmitted during all slots for the DPDCH
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
(DPDCH+DPCCH)
z Downlink DPDCH and DPCCH is time division multiplexing
(TDM).
z DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer
z DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1
z SF of downlink DPCH is from 512 to 4
z The uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed. But the downlink DPDCH
and DPCCH is time multiplexed. This is main difference.
z Basically, there are two types of downlink DPCH. They are distinguished by the use or
non use of the TFCI field. TFCI bits are not used for fixed rate services or when the
TFC doesn’t change.
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
(DPDCH+DPCCH)
z Frame Structure of Downlink DPCH (DPDCH+DPCCH)
DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Data1 TPC TFCI Data2 Pilot
Ndata1 bits NTPC bits NTFCI bits Ndata2 bits Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 20*2k bits (k=-1..6)
One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
z We have known that the uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed. But the
downlink DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed. This is main difference. The
parameter k in the figure above determines the total number of bits per time slot. It is
related to the SF, which ranges from 4 to 512. The chips of one slot is also 2560.
z Downlink physical channels are used to carry user specific information like speech,
data or signaling, as well as layer 1 control bits. Like it was mentioned before, the
payload from the DPDCH and the control bits from the DPCCH are time multiplexed
on every time slot. The figure above shows how these two channels are multiplexed.
There is only one DPCCH in downlink for one user.
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
(HS-PDSCH)
z Bearing service data and layer 2 overhead bits mapped from the transport
channel
z SF=16, can be configured several channels to increase data service
Data
Ndata1 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, M*10*2k bits (k=4)
Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2
1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
z HS-PDSCH is a downlink physical channel that carries user data and layer 2 overhead
bits mapped from the transport channel: HS-DSCH.
z The user data and layer 2 overhead bits from HS-DSCH is mapped onto one or
several HS-PDSCH and transferred in 2ms subframe using one or several
channelization code with fixed SF=16.
High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
z Carries physical layer signalling to a single UE ,such as modulation
scheme (1 bit) ,channelization code set (7 bit), transport block size
(6bit),HARQ process number (3bit), redundancy version (3bit), new data
indicator (1bit), UE identity (16bit)
z HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 kbps, SF=128) downlink physical channel
used to carry downlink signalling related to HS-DSCH transmission
Data
Ndata1 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 40 bits
Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2
1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
z HS-SCCH uses a SF=128 and has q time structure based on a sub-frame of length 2
ms, i.e. the same length as the HS-DSCH TTI. The timing of HS-SCCH starts two slot
prior to the start of the HS-PDSCH subframe.
z The following information is carried on the HS-SCCH (7 items)
Modulation scheme(1bit) QPSK or 16QAM
Channelization code set (7bits)
Transport block size ( 6bits)
HARQ process number (3bits)
Redundancy version (3bits)
New Data Indicator (1bit)
UE identity (16 bits)
z In each 2 ms interval corresponding to one HS-DSCH TTI , one HS-SCCH carries

physical-layer signalling to a single UE. As there should be a possibility for HS-DSCH
transmission to multiple users in parallel (code multiplex), multiplex HS-SCCH may be
needed in a cell. The specification allows for up to four HS-SCCHs as seen from a UE
point of view .i.e. UE must be able to decode four HS-SCCH.
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
(HS-DPCCH )
z Carrying information to acknowledge downlink transport blocks
and feedback information to the system for scheduling and link
adaptation of transport block
CQI and ACK/NACK
z Physical Channel, Uplink, SF=256
Tslot = 2560 chips 2 × Tslot = 5120 chips
ACK/NACK CQI
One HS-DPCCH subframe ( 2ms )
Subframe #0 Subframe #i Subframe #n
z The uplink HS-DPCCH consists of:
Acknowledgements for HARQ
Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
z As the HS-DPCCH uses SF=256, there are a total of 30 channel bits per 2 ms sub
frame (3 time slot). The HS-DPCCH information is divided in such a way that the
HARQ acknowledgement is transmitted in the first slot of the subframe while the
channel quality indication is transmitted in the rest slot.
Contents
2.1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
2.2 Channel Mapping
Mapping Between Channels
Logical channels Transport channels Physical channels
BCCH BCH P-CCPCH

FACH S-CCPCH
PCCH PCH S-CCPCH
CCCH RACH PRACH

FACH S-CCPCH
CTCH FACH S-CCPCH
DCCH, DTCH DCH DPDCH

HS-DSCH HS-PDSCH
RACH, FACH PRACH, S-CCPCH
z This page indicates how the mapping can be done between logical, transport and
physical channels. Not all physical channels are represented because not all physical
channels correspond to a transport channel.
z The mapping between logical channels and transport channels is done by the MAC
sub-layer.
z Different connections can be made between logical and transport channels:
BCCH is connected to BCH and may also be connected to FACH;
DTCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to
DCH and DSCH, to a DCH or a CPCH;
CTCH is connected to FACH;
DCCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to
DCH and DSCH, to a DCH or a CPCH;
PCCH is connected to PCH;
CCCH is connected to RACH and FACH.
z These connections depend on the type of information on the logical channels.

Contents
Synchronization Procedure - Cell Search
UE uses PSC to acquire slot

Slot synchronization to a cell
Synchronization
UE uses SSC to find frame

Frame synchronization & synchronization and identify the code
Code Group Identification group of the cell found in the first step
UE determines the primary scrambling

code through correlation over the
Scrambling Code
PCPICH with all codes within the
Identification identified group, and then detects the P-
CCPCH and reads BCH information。
z The purpose of the Cell Search Procedure is to give the UE the possibility of finding a
cell and of determining the downlink scrambling code and frame synchronization of
that cell. This is typically performed in 3 steps:
PSCH (Slot synchronization): The UE uses the SCH’s primary synchronization
code to acquire slot synchronization to a cell. The primary synchronization code
is used by the UE to detect the existence of a cell and to synchronize the mobile
on the TS boundaries. This is typically done with a single filter (or any similar
device) matched to the primary synchronization code which is common to
all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by detecting peaks in the
matched filter output.
SSCH (Frame synchronization and code-group identification): The secondary
synchronization codes provide the information required to find the frame
boundaries and the group number. Each group number corresponds to a unique
set of 8 primary scrambling codes. The frame boundary and the group number
are provided indirectly by selecting a suite of 15 secondary codes. 16 secondary
codes have been defined C1, C2, ….C16. 64 possible suites have been defined,
each suite corresponds to one of the 64 groups. Each suite of secondary codes
is composed of 15 secondary codes (chosen in the set of 16), each of which will
be transmitted in one time slot. When the received codes matches one of the
possible suites, the UE has both determined the frame boundary and the group
number.
PCPICH (Scrambling-code identification): The UE determines the exact primary
scrambling code used by the found cell. The primary scrambling code is
typically identified through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the PCPICH with
all the codes within the code group identified in the second step. After the
primary scrambling code has been identified, the Primary CCPCH can be
detected and the system- and cell specific BCH information can be read.
START
Random Access Choose a RACH sub channel from
Procedure available ones
Get available signatures
Set Preamble Retrans Max
Set Preamble_Initial_Power
Send a preamble
No AI
Get negative AI
Choose a access slot again Check the corresponding AI
Get positive AI
Choose a signature and
increase preamble transmit power Increase message part power by
p-m based on preamble power
The counter of preamble retransmit
Subtract 1, Commanded preamble power Send the corresponding message part
increased by Power Ramp Step
Y Set physical status to be RACH

Counter> 0 & Preamble power Set physical status to be Nack
message transmitted on AICH received
< maximum allowed power
N
Report the physical status to MAC
Set physical status to be Nack
on AICH received
END
z Physical random access procedure
1. Derive the available uplink access slots, in the next full access slot set, for the set of available
RACH sub-channels within the given ASC. Randomly select one access slot among the ones
previously determined. If there is no access slot available in the selected set, randomly select one
uplink access slot corresponding to the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC
from the next access slot set. The random function shall be such that each of the allowed
selections is chosen with equal probability ；
2. Randomly select a signature from the set of available signatures within the given ASC. ；
3. Set the Preamble Retransmission Counter to Preamble_ Retrans_ Max
4. Set the parameter Commanded Preamble Power to Preamble_Initial_Power
5. Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and preamble transmission
power.
6. If no positive or negative acquisition indicator (AI ≠ +1 nor –1) corresponding to the selected
signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot:
A: Select the next available access slot in the set of available RACH sub-channels within
the given ASC;
B: select a signature;
C: Increase the Commanded Preamble Power;
D: Decrease the Preamble Retransmission Counter by one. If the Preamble
Retransmission Counter > 0 then repeat from step 6. Otherwise exit the physical random
access procedure.
7. If a negative acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the
downlink access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot, exit the physical random
access procedure Signature
8. If a positive acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected signature is detected , Transmit

the random access message three or four uplink access slots after the uplink access slot of the last
transmitted preamble
9. exit the physical random access procedure

Transmit Diversity Mode
z Application of Tx diversity modes on downlink physical channel
Physical channel type Open loop mode Closed loop mode
TSTD STTD Mode 1 Mode 2
P-CCPCH – applied – –
SCH applied – – –
S-CCPCH – applied – –
DPCH – applied applied applied
PICH – applied – –
HS-PDSCH – applied applied –
HS-SCCH – applied – –
AICH – applied – –
z Transmitter-antenna diversity can be used to generate multi-path diversity in places

where it would not otherwise exist. Multi-path diversity is a useful phenomenon,
especially if it can be controlled. It can protect the UE against fading and shadowing.
TX diversity is designed for downlink usage. Transmitter diversity needs two antennas,
which would be an expensive solution for the UEs.
z The UTRA specifications divide the transmitter diversity modes into two categories: (1)
open-loop mode and (2) closed-loop mode. In the open-loop mode no feedback
information from the UE to the NodeB is available. Thus the UTRAN has to determine
by itself the appropriate parameters for the TX diversity. In the closed-loop mode the
UE sends feedback information up to the NodeB in order to optimize the transmissions
from the diversity antennas.
z Thus it is quite natural that the open-loop mode is used for the common channels, as
they typically do not provide an uplink return channel for the feedback information.
Even if there was a feedback channel, the NodeB cannot really optimize its common
channel transmissions according to measurements made by one particular UE.
Common channels are common for everyone; what is good for one UE may be bad for
another. The closed-loop mode is used for dedicated physical channels, as they have
an existing uplink channel for feedback information. Note that shared channels can
also employ closed loop power control, as they are allocated for only one user at a
time, and they also have a return channel in the uplink. There are two specified
methods to achieve the transmission diversity in the open-loop mode and two methods
in closed-loop mode
Transmit Diversity - STTD
z Space time block coding based transmit antenna diversity
(STTD)
4 consecutive bits b0, b1, b2, b3 using STTD coding
b0 b1 b2 b3 Antenna 1
b0 b1 b2 b3
-b2 b3 b0 -b1 Antenna 2

Channel bits
STTD encoded channel bits

for antenna 1 and antenna 2.
z The TX diversity methods in the open-loop mode are
space time-block coding-based transmit-antenna diversity (STTD)
time-switched transmit diversity (TSTD).
z In STTD the data to be transmitted is divided between two transmission antennas at

the base station site and transmitted simultaneously. The channel-coded data is
processed in blocks of four bits. The bits are time reversed and complex conjugated,
as shown in above slide. The STTD method, in fact, provides two brands of diversity.
The physical separation of the antennas provides the space diversity, and the time
difference derived from the bit-reversing process provides the time diversity.
z These features together make the decoding process in the receiver more reliable. In
addition to data signals, pilot signals are also transmitted via both antennas. The
normal pilot is sent via the first antenna and the diversity pilot via the second antenna.
z The two pilot sequences are orthogonal, which enables the receiving UE to extract the
phase information for both antennas.
z The STTD encoding is optional in the UTRAN, but its support is mandatory for the
UE’s receiver.
Transmit Diversity - TSTD
z Time switching transmit diversity (TSTD) is used only on
SCH channel
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #14
(Tx
acp OFF) acp acp
Antenna 1
i,0 (Tx i,2
acs OFF) acs aci,14
s
(Tx (Tx (Tx

OFF) acp OFF) OFF)
Antenna 2
(Tx i,1 (Tx (Tx
OFF) acs OFF) OFF)
z Time-switched transmit diversity (TSTD) can be applied to the SCH. Just like STTD,
the support of TSTD is optional in the UTRAN, but mandatory in the UE. The principle
of TSTD is to transmit the synchronization channels via the two base station antennas
in turn. In even-numbered time slots the SCHs are transmitted via antenna 1, and in
odd-numbered slots via antenna 2. This is depicted in above Figure. Note that SCH
channels only use the first 256 chips of each time slot (i.e., one-tenth of each slot).
Closed Loop Mode
z Used in DPCH and HS-PDSCH
z The closed-loop-mode transmit diversity can only be applied to the downlink channel if
there is an associated uplink channel. Thus this mode can only be used with dedicated
channels. The chief operating principle of the closed loop mode is that the UE can
control the transmit diversity in the base station by sending adjustment commands in
FBI bits on the uplink DPCCH. The UE uses the base station’s common pilot channels
to estimate the channels separately. Based on this estimation, it generates the
adjustment information and sends it to the UTRAN to maximize the UE’s received
power.
z There are actually two modes in the closed-loop method. In mode 1 only the phase
can be adjusted; in mode 2 the amplitude is adjustable as well as the phase. Each
uplink time slot has one FBI bit for closed-loop-diversity control. In mode 1 each bit
forms a separate adjustment command, but in mode 2 four bits are needed to
compose a command.
z This functions can be configured by LMT command ADD CELLSETUP.

References
z TS 25.104 UTRA (BS) FDD Radio Transmission and Reception
z TS 25.201 Physical layer-general description
z TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical
channels (FDD)
z TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)
z TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD)
z TS 25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD)
z TS 25.308 UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
z TR 25.877 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) - Iub/Iur Protocol
Aspects
z TR 25.858 Physical layer aspects of UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
Summary
z This course mainly introduces the basic concept, key
technology and procedures of WCDMA physical layer.
z These knowledge is very important for understanding Uu

interface and further study.
Thank you
www.huawei.com
WCDMA UTRAN Interface
and Signaling Procedure
www.huawei.com

Objectives
Understand UTRAN interface and structure
Understand the definitions about UTRAN network elements
Understand UTRAN signaling procedure
Contents
1. UTRAN Network Overview
2. Basic Concepts about UTRAN
3. UTRAN Signaling Procedure
Contents
UMTS Network Structure
Core Network
CN CS PS CS PS
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
UTRAN
Iub Iub Iub Iub
Uu
UE
z UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access network) structure

The UTRAN consists of one or several Radio Network Subsystem ( RNS ), each
containing one RNC and one or several NodeB
z Interface
Iu interface: the Iu interface connects the UTRAN to the CN and is split in two
parts. The Iu-CS is the interface between the RNC and the circuit switched
domain of the CN. The Iu-PS interface is the interface between the RNC and the
packet switched domain of the CN.
Uu interface: the Uu interface is the WCDMA radio interface with in UMTS. It is
the interface through which the UE accesses the fixed part of the network.
Iub interface: the Iub interface connects the NodeB and the RNC. Contrarily to
GSM, this interface is fully open in UMTS and thus more competition is expected.
Iur interface: the RNC-RNC interface was initially designed in order to provide
inter RNC soft handover, but more features were added during the development.
Uu Interface
GC Nt DC
GC Nt DC
C-plane signaling UuS boundary
U-plane information
control
RRC L3
control
control
control
control radio bearer
PDCP PDCP L2/PDCP

BMC L2/BMC
RLC RLC L2/RLC

RLC RLC
RLC RLC
RLC RLC
logical channel
MAC L2/MAC
transport channel
PHY L1
z The layer 1 supports all functions required for the transmission of bit streams on the
physical medium. It is also in charge of measurements function consisting in indicating
to higher layers, for example, Frame Error Rate (FER), Signal to Interference Ratio
(SIR), interference power, transmit power, … It is basically composed of a “layer 1
management” entity, a “transport channel” entity, and a “physical channel” entity.
z The layer 2 protocol is responsible for providing functions such as mapping, ciphering,
retransmission and segmentation. It is made of four sublayers: MAC (Medium Access
Control), RLC (Radio Link Control), PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) and
BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Control).
z The layer 3 is split into 2 parts: the access stratum and the non access stratum. The
access stratum part is made of “RRC (Radio Resource Control)” entity and “duplication
avoidance” entity. The non access stratum part is made of CC, MM parts.
z Not shown on the figure are connections between RRC and all the other protocol
layers (RLC, MAC, PDCP, BMC and L1), which provide local inter-layer control
services.
z The protocol layers are located in the UE and the peer entities are in the NodeB or the
RNC.
General Protocol Mode for UTRAN
Terrestrial Interface
z The structure is based on the principle that the layers and planes
are logically independent of each other.
Radio Control Plane User Plane

Network
Layer Application Data
Protocol Stream(s)
Transport Transport Network Transport Network Transport Network

Network User Plane Control Plane User Plane
Layer ALCAP(s)
Signaling Signaling Data

Bearer(s) Bearer(s) Bearer(s)
Physical Layer
z Protocol structures in UTRAN terrestrial interfaces are designed according to the same
general protocol model. This model is shown in above slide. The structure is based on
the principle that the layers and planes are logically independent of each other and, if
needed, parts of the protocol structure may be changed in the future while other parts
remain intact.
z Horizontal Layers
The protocol structure consists of two main layers, the Radio Network Layer
(RNL) and the Transport Network Layer (TNL). All UTRAN-related issues are
visible only in the Radio Network Layer, and the Transport Network Layer
represents standard transport technology that is selected to be used for UTRAN
but without any UTRAN-specific changes.
z Vertical Planes
Control Plane
The Control Plane is used for all UMTS-specific control signaling. It includes the
Application Protocol (i.e. RANAP in Iu, RNSAP in Iur and NBAP in Iub), and the
Signaling Bearer for transporting the Application Protocol messages. The
Application Protocol is used, among other things, for setting up bearers to the UE
(i.e. the Radio Access Bearer in Iu and subsequently the Radio Link in Iur and
Iub). In the three plane structure the bearer parameters in the Application
Protocol are not directly tied to the User Plane technology, but rather are general
bearer parameters. The Signaling Bearer for the Application Protocol may or
may not be of the same type as the Signaling Bearer for the ALCAP. It is always
set up by O&M actions.
User Plane
All information sent and received by the user, such as the coded voice in a voice
call or the packets in an Internet connection, are transported via the User Plane.
The User Plane includes the Data Stream(s), and the Data Bearer (s) for the
Data Stream(s). Each Data Stream is characterized by one or more frame
protocols specified for that interface.
Transport Network Control Plane
The Transport Network Control Plane is used for all control signaling within the
Transport Layer. It does not include any Radio Network Layer information. It
includes the ALCAP protocol that is needed to set up the transport bearers (Data
Bearer) for the User Plane. It also includes the Signaling Bearer needed for the
ALCAP. The Transport Network Control Plane is a plane that acts between the
Control Plane and the User Plane. The introduction of the Transport Network
Control Plane makes it possible for the Application Protocol in the Radio Network
Control Plane to be completely independent of the technology selected for the
Data Bearer in the User Plane.
z About AAl2 and AAL5
Above the ATM layer we usually find an ATM adaptation layer (AAL). Its function
is to process the data from higher layers for ATM transmission.
This means segmenting the data into 48-byte chunks and reassembling the
original data frames on the receiving side. There are five different AALs (0, 1, 2,
3/4, and 5). AAL0 means that no adaptation is needed. The other adaptation
layers have different properties based on three parameters:
Real-time requirements;
Constant or variable bit rate;
Connection-oriented or connectionless data transfer.
The usage of ATM is promoted by the ATM Forum. The Iu interface uses two
AALs: AAL2 and AAL5.
AAL2 is designed for the transmission of connection oriented, real-time

data streams with variable bit rates.
AAL5 is designed for the transmission of connectionless data streams

with variable bit rates.
RNL Control Plane Application Protocol
CN
RANAP
RRC RNSAP
UE RNC RNC
NBAP
NodeB
NBAP Node B Application Part

RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part
RNSAP Radio Network Subsystem Application Part
RRC Radio Resource Control
z RANAP is the signaling protocol in Iu that contains all the control information specified
for the Radio Network Layer.
z RNSAP is the signaling protocol in Iur that contains all the control information specified
z NBAP is the signaling protocol in Iub that contains all the control information specified
z RRC is the signaling protocol in Uu that locate in the Uu interface layer 3.
Iu-CS Interface
Radio Control Plane User plane
Network
RANAP Iu UP
Layer
Transport Network
Transport Network Control Plane Transport Network
User Plane User Plane
Transport
Network ALCAP
ALCAP
Layer SCCP
A B
MTP3-B MTP3-B
SAAL NNI SAAL NNI AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer
z Protocol Structure for Iu CS
The Iu CS overall protocol structure is depicted in above slide. The three planes
in the Iu interface share a common ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
transport which is used for all planes. The physical layer is the interface to the
physical medium: optical fiber, radio link or copper cable. The physical layer
implementation can be selected from a variety of standard off-the-shelf
transmission technologies, such as SONET, STM1, or E1.
z Iu CS Control Plane Protocol Stack
The Control Plane protocol stack consists of RANAP, on top of Broadband (BB)
SS7 (Signaling System #7) protocols. The applicable layers are the Signaling
Connection Control Part (SCCP), the Message Transfer Part (MTP3-b) and
SAAL-NNI (Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer for Network to Network Interfaces).
z Iu CS Transport Network Control Plane Protocol Stack
The Transport Network Control Plane protocol stack consists of the Signaling
Protocol for setting up AAL2 connections (Q.2630.1 and adaptation layer
Q.2150.1), on top of BB SS7 protocols. The applicable BB SS7 are those
described above without the SCCP layer.
z Iu CS User Plane Protocol Stack
A dedicated AAL2 connection is reserved for each individual CS service.

Iu-PS Interface

Network
Layer RANAP Iu UP
Transport Network Transport Network

Transport
Network SCCP
Layer GTP-U
MTP3-B
UDP
C
IP
SAAL NNI
AAL Type 5
ATM
Physical Layer
z Protocol Structure for Iu PS
The Iu PS protocol structure is represented in above slide. Again, a common

ATM transport is applied for both User and Control Plane. Also the physical layer
is as specified for Iu CS.
z Iu PS Control Plane Protocol Stack
The Control Plane protocol stack consists of RANAP, on top of Broadband (BB)
SS7 (Signaling System #7) protocols. The applicable layers are the Signaling
Connection Control Part (SCCP), the Message Transfer Part (MTP3-b) and
SAAL-NNI (Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer for Network to Network Interfaces).
z Iu PS Transport Network Control Plane Protocol Stack
The Transport Network Control Plane is not applied to Iu PS. The setting up of
the GTP tunnel requires only an identifier for the tunnel, and the IP addresses for
both directions, and these are already included in the RANAP RAB Assignment
messages.
z Iu PS User Plane Protocol Stack
In the Iu PS User Plane, multiple packet data flows are multiplexed on one or
several AAL5 PVCs. The GTP-U (User Plane part of the GPRS Tunneling
Protocol) is the multiplexing layer that provides identities for individual packet
data flow. Each flow uses UDP connectionless transport and IP addressing.
Iub Interface
Network
Layer NBAP Iub FP
NCP CCP
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Transport Network

Network Transport Network ALCAP
User Plane ALCAP User Plane
Layer
SAAL UNI SAAL UNI AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer
z The Iub interface is the terrestrial interface between NodeB and RNC. The Radio
Network Layer defines procedures related to the operation of the NodeB. The
Transport Network Layer defines procedures for establishing physical connections
between the NodeB and the RNC.
z The Iub application protocol, NodeB application part ( NBAP ) initiates the
establishment of a signaling connection over Iub . It is divided into two essential
components, CCP and NCP.
z NCP is used for signaling that initiates a UE context for a dedicated UE or signals that
is not related to specific UE. Example of NBAP-C procedure are cell configuration ,
handling of common channels and radio link setup
z CCP is used for signaling relating to a specific UE context.
z SAAL is an ATM Adaptation Layer that supports communication between signaling

entities over an ATM link.
z The user plane Iub Frame Protocol ( FP ), defined the structure of the frames and the
basic in band control procedure for every type of transport channel. There are DCH-FP,
RACH-FP, FACH-FP, HS-DSCH FP and PCH FP.
Iur Interface
Network Iur Data
RANAP
Layer Stream
Transport Network
Transport Network Control Plane Transport Network
Transport
Network ALCAP
ALCAP
Layer SCCP
A B
MTP3-B MTP3-B
SAAL NNI SAAL NNI AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer
z Iur interface connects two RNCs. The protocol stack for the Iur is shown in above slide.
z The RNSAP protocol is the signaling protocol defined for the Iur interface.
Contents
SRNC / DRNC
CN
Iu Iur
SRNC DRNC
z SRNC and DRNC are concepts for a connected UE.

z The SRNC handles the connection to one UE, and may borrow radio
resources of a certain cell from the DRNC.
z Drift RNCs support the Serving RNC by providing radio resources
z A UE in connection state has at least one and only one SRNC, but can
has 0 or multiple DRNCs
z Inside the UTRAN, the RNCs of the Radio Network Subsystems can be interconnected
together through the Iur. Iu(s) and Iur are logical interfaces. Iur can be conveyed over
direct physical connection between RNCs or virtual networks using any suitable
transport network .
z For each connection between User Equipment and the UTRAN, One RNC is the
Serving RNC. When required, Drift RNCs support the Serving RNC by providing radio
resources. The role of an RNC (Serving or Drift) is on a per connection basis between
a UE and the UTRAN.
RAB, RB and RL
RAB
RB
RNC CN
UE
RL
NodeB
UTRAN
z RAB: The service that the access stratum provides to the non-access stratum for
transfer of user data between User Equipment and CN.
z RB: The service provided by the layer2 for transfer of user data between User
Equipment and Serving RNC.
z RL: A "radio link" is a logical association between single User Equipment and a single
UTRAN access point. Its physical realization comprises one or more radio bearer
transmissions.
UE Working Modes and States
z Idle Mode
z Connected Mode
CELL_DCH
CELL_FACH
CELL_PCH
URA_PCH
z If RRC connection does not exit between UE and RNC, then the UE is in idle mode.
z If RRC connection exits between UE and RNC, then the UE is in connected mode.
z Based on UE mobility and activity UE in connected mode may be allocated to four
different states: CELL_DCH, CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH.
z The UE leaves the connected mode and returns to idle mode when the RRC
connection is released or at RRC connection failure.
Idle Mode
z The UE has no relation to UTRAN, only to CN. For data
transfer, a signaling connection has to be established.
z UE camps on a cell
It enables the UE to receive system information from the PLMN
UE can monitor PICH of a cell for paging
z The idle mode tasks can be divided into three processes:

PLMN selection and reselection
Cell selection and reselection
Location registration
z When a UE is switched on, a public land mobile network (PLMN) is selected and the
UE searches for a suitable cell of this PLMN to camp on.
z The UE searches for a suitable cell of the chosen PLMN and chooses that cell to
provide available services, and tunes to its control channel. This choosing is known as
"camping on the cell". The UE will, if necessary, then register its presence, by means
of a NAS registration procedure, in the registration area of the chosen cell.
z If the UE finds a more suitable cell, it reselects onto that cell and camps on it. If the
new cell is in a different registration area, location registration is performed.
Connected Mode
z When UE is in connected mode
The UE position can be known on different levels:
Cell level (CELL_DCH/CELL_FACH/CELL_PCH)
UTRAN Registration Area (URA) level (URA_PCH)
The UE can use different types of channels in connected mode

Dedicated transport channels (CELL_DCH)
Common transport channels (CELL_FACH)
z Assuming that there exists an RRC connection, there are two basic families of RRC
connection mobility procedures, URA updating and handover. Different families of RRC
connection mobility procedures are used in different levels of UE connection (cell level
and URA level):
URA updating is a family of procedures that updates the UTRAN registration
area of a UE when an RRC connection exists and the position of the UE is
known on URA level in the UTRAN;
Handover is a family of procedures that adds or removes one or several radio
links between one UE and UTRAN when an RRC connection exists and the
position of the UE is known on cell level in the UTRAN.
z Which type of transport channel is used by UE in connected mode is decided by RNC
according to the UE activity.
Connected Mode
z Cell-DCH
In active state
Communicating via its dedicated channels
UTRAN knows which cell UE stays in
z If there is huge data to be transmitted, it must allocate dedicated channel. Thus UE will
be in Cell-DCH. UE in Cell-DCH state is communicating via DCH (downlink and uplink)
with UTRAN.
Connected Mode
z Cell-FACH
In active state
Few data to be transmitted both in uplink and in downlink.

There is no need to allocate dedicated channel for this UE
Downlink uses FACH and uplink uses RACH
UE needs to monitor the FACH for its information
UTRAN knows which cell the UE stays in
z If there is only few data to be transmitted, there is no need to allocate dedicated

channel. Thus UE will be in Cell-FACH. UE in Cell-FACH state is communicating via
FACH (downlink) and RACH (uplink) with UTRAN. UE need to monitor the FACH for
its relative information because FACH is shared for all users in the cell.
Connected Mode
z Cell-PCH
No data to be transmitted or received
Monitor PICH, to receive its paging
UTRAN knows which cell the UE stays in
UTRAN has to update cell information of UE when UE roams

to another cell
Lower the power consumption of UE
z If UE has no data to be transmitted or received, UE will be in Cell-PCH or URA-PCH.

In these two states, UE needs to monitor PICH,to receive its paging. UTRAN knows
which cell or URA UE is now in. The difference between Cell-PCH and URA-PCH is
that UTRAN update UE information only after UE which is in URA-PCH state has
roamed to other URA.
z UTRAN have to update cell information of UE when UE roams to another cell. UE
migrates to cell-FACH state to complete the cell update. If there is also no data to be
transmitted or received, UE is back to CELL-PCH state after cell update. If the cell
update times in a fixed time reach a preset value, UTRAN will let UE migrate to URA-
PCH. URA is an area of several cells.
Connected Mode
z URA-PCH
No data to be transmitted or received
Monitor PICH, to receive its paging
UTRAN only knows which URA (which consists of multiple
cells) that UE stays
UTRAN updates UE information only after UE has roamed to
other URA
A better way to reduce the resource occupancy and signaling
transmission
z It is the same as the CELL-PCH state. UE should migrate to CELL-FACH state to

complete the URA update.
UE Working Modes and States
- Reduce activity further - Reduce activity, DTX,
- Avoid unnecessary RRC Connection and save power
signaling
URA_PCH CELL_PCH
CELL_DCH CELL_FACH
- Dedicated channel
- Common channel
- Common service,
- PS service with few
such as voice
data to transmit
IDLE
- Monitor paging channel
- Cell re-selection
- Scan networks (PLMN)

DEAD - Camp on a cell
z This is the UE states figure. These states are significant only for UTRAN and UE. They
are transparent to CN. Let’s focus on the switch between the states.
Contents
Contents
3.1 System Information Broadcast
3.2 Paging
3.3 Call Process
3.4 Handover
System Information Broadcast Flow
UE Node B RNC
1. System Information Update Request

NBAP NBAP
2. System Information Update Response

NBAP NBAP
3. BCCH: System Information

RRC RRC

RRC RRC

RRC RRC
Introduction of System Information
z MIB:
PLMN tag
Scheduling information for SB (Scheduling Block)
Scheduling information for SIB (System Information Block)
z SB1: scheduling information for SIB
z SB2: scheduling information for SIB (extended)
z SIB1: System information for NAS and the timer/counter for
UE
z SIB2: URA information
z SIB3: Parameters for cell selection and cell re-selection
z SIB4: Parameters for cell selection and cell re-selection while UE
is in connected mode
z SIB5: Parameters for the common physical channels of the
cell
z SIB6: Parameters for the common physical channels of the cell
while UE is in connected mode
z SIB7: uplink interference level and the refreshing timer
z SIB8: the CPCH static information
z SIB9: the CPCH dynamic information
z SIB10: information to be used by UEs having their DCH controlled
by a DRAC procedure
z SIB11: measurement controlling information
z SIB12: measurement controlling information in connected mode
z SIB13: ANSI-41 system information
z SIB14: the information in TDD mode
z SIB15: the position service information
z SIB16: the needed pre-configuration information for handover
from other RAT to UTRAN
z SIB17: the configuration information for TDD
z SIB18: the PLMN identities of the neighboring cells to be used in
shared networks to help with the cell reselection process
System Information Block Type 1
z System information type 1
The NAS system information
CS domain DRX: K=6, then DRX
period is 2^k= 2^6= 64TTI=640 ms
PS domain DRX: K=6, then DRX
period is 2^k=2^6=64TTI =640 ms
z System info type 2
URA information
z The references for cell selection
and re-selection
Qhyst2s
Sintrasearch
Sintersearch
Sinterratsearch
Qqualmin
Qrxlemin
T reselection
Max Allowed UE TX power
z The configuration information for
the following physical channels
and the counterpart transport
channels
PCCPCH
SCCPCH
PICH
AICH
PRACH
System Information Block Type 7 and 11

Including the UL interference level which is used for open loop power
control
Including the Expiration Time Factor which is used for refreshing the
SIB7 periodically

The neighbor cell information for cell re-selection in IDLE mode
Contents
3.2 Paging
3.3 Call Process
3.4 Handover
Paging Initiation
z CN initiated paging
z Establish a signaling connection
z UTRAN initiated paging

z Trigger the cell update procedure
z Trigger reading of updated system information
z For CN originated paging:
In order to request UTRAN connect to UE, CN initiates the paging procedure, transmits
paging message to the UTRAN through Iu interface, and UTRAN transmits the paging
message from CN to UE through the paging procedure on Uu interface, which will make
the UE initiate a signaling connection setup process with the CN.
z For UTRAN originated paging:
UE state transition: In order to trigger UE in the CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state to carry

out state transition (for example, transition to the CELL_FACH state), the UTRAN will
perform a paging process. Meanwhile, the UE will initiate a cell update or URA update
process, as a reply to the paging.
When the cell system message is updated: When system messages change, the
UTRAN will trigger paging process in order to inform UE in the idle, CELL_PCH or
URA_PCH state to carry out the system message update, so that the UE can read the
updated system message.
Paging Type 1
z If UE is in CELL_PCH,URA_PCH or IDLE state，the paging
message will be transmitted on PCCH with paging type 1
CN RNC1 RNC2 NODEB1.1 NODEB2.1 UE
PAGING
RANAP RANAP
RANAP PAGING RANAP
PCCH: PAGING TYPE 1
PCCH: PAGING TYPE 1
z Paging type 1:
The message is transmitted in one LA or RA according to LAI or RAI.
After calculating the paging time, the paging message will be transmitted at that time
If UE is in CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state, the UTRAN transmits the paging information

in PAGING TYPE 1 message to UE. After received paging message, UE performs a cell
update procedure to transit state to CELL_FACH.
z As shown in the above figure, the CN initiates paging in a location area (LA), which is covered
by two RNCs. After receiving a paging message, the RNC searches all the cells corresponding
to the LAI, and then calculates the paging time, at which it will send the PAGING TYPE 1
message to these cells through the PCCH.
Paging Type 2
z If UE is in CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH state，the paging
message will be transmitted on DCCH with paging type 2
CN SRNC UE
PAGING
RANAP RANAP
DCCH: PAGING TYPE 2

RRC RRC
z Paging type 2:
If UE is in CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH state，the paging message will be transmitted on

DCCH with paging type 2
The message will be only transmitted in a cell
z As shown in the above figure, if the UE is in the CELL_-DCH or CELL_FACH state, the
UTRAN will immediately transmit PAGING TYPE 2 message to the paged UE on DCCH
channel.
Contents
3.2 Paging
3.3 Call Process
3.4 Handover
Introduction of Call Process
z In WCDMA system, a call process includes the following basic
signaling flows:
RRC connection flow
Direct transfer message flow
Authentication flow (optional)
Security flow (optional)
RAB establish flow
Call proceeding
NAS signaling before correlative bearer release
Correlative bearer release
RRC Connection Establishment Flow
(CCCH)
Serving
UE
RNC
1. CCCH: RRC Connection Request

RRC RRC
2. CCCH: RRC Connection Set up

RRC RRC
3. DCCH: RRC Connection Setup Complete

RRC RRC
z In the idle mode, when the non-access layer of the UE requests to establish a signaling
connection, the UE will initiate the RRC connection procedure. Each UE has up to one
RRC connection only.
z When the SRNC receives an RRC CONNECTION REQUEST message from the UE,
the Radio Resource Management (RRM) module of the RNC determines whether to
accept or reject the RRC connection request according to a specific algorithm. If
accepting the request, the RRM module determines whether to set up the RRC
connection on a Dedicated Channel (DCH) or on a Common Channel (CCH) according
to a specific RRM algorithm.
z Description:
The UE sends an RRC CONNECTION REQUEST message to the SRNC

through the uplink CCCH, requesting the establishment of an RRC connection.
Based on the RRC connection request cause and the system resource state, the
SRNC decides to establish the connection on the common channel.
The SRNC sends an RRC CONNECTION SETUP message to the UE through

the downlink CCCH. The message contains the information about the CCH.
The UE sends an RRC CONNECTION SETUP COMPLETE message to the

SRNC through the uplink CCCH.
RRC Connection Establishment Flow
(DCCH)
Serving
UE Node B
RNC
1. CCCH: RRC Connection Request
RRC RRC
Allocate RNTI
Select L1 and L2
parameters
2. Radio Link Setup Request
NBAP NBAP
Start RX
3. Radio Link Setup Response

NBAP NBAP
4. ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup
DCH - FP
5. Downlink Synchronization
DCH - FP
DCH - FP
6. Uplink Synchronization
DCH - FP
Start TX
7. CCCH: RRC Connection Set up

RRC RRC
8. Radio Link Restore Indication
NBAP NBAP
9. DCCH: RRC Connection Setup Complete
RRC RRC
z Typically, an RRC connection is set up on the DCH.

z Description:
The UE sends an RRC Connection Request message via the uplink CCCH to
request to establish an RRC connection.
Based on the RRC connection request cause and the system resource state, the
SRNC decides to establish the connection on the dedicated channel, and
allocates the RNTI and L1 and L2 resources.
The SRNC sends a Radio Link Setup Request message to Node B, requesting
the Node B to allocate specific radio link resources required by the RRC
connection.
After successfully preparing the resources, the Node B responds to the SRNC
with the Radio Link Setup Response message.
The SRNC initiates the establishment of Iub user plane transport bearer with the
ALCAP protocol and completes the synchronization between the RNC and the
Node B.
The SRNC sends an RRC Connection Setup message to the UE in the
downlink CCCH.
The UE sends an RRC Connection Setup Complete message to the SRNC in
the uplink DCCH.
ID Name Recommended value
ORIGCONVCALLEST Originating Conversational Call DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
ORIGSTREAMCALLEST Originating Streaming Call DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
ORIGINTERCALLEST Originating Interactive Call DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
ORIGBKGCALLEST Originating Background Call DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
ORIGSUBSTRAFFCALLEST Originating Subscribed traffic Call DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
TERMCONVCALLEST Terminating Conversational Call DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
TERMSTREAMCALLEST Terminating Streaming Call DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
TERMINTERCALLEST Terminating Interactive Call DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
TERMBKGCALLEST Terminating Background Call DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
EMERGCALLEST Emergency Call RRC establish type DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
INTERRATCELLRESELEST Inter-RAT cell re-selection DCH_3.4K_SIGNALLING
INTERRATCELLCHGORDERE Inter-RAT cell change order DCH_3.4K_SIGNALLING
ST
REGISTEST Registration DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING

DETACHEST Detach FACH
ORIGHIGHPRIORSIGEST Originating High Priority Signaling DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
ORIGLOWPRIORSIGEST Originating Low Priority Signaling FACH
CALLREEST Call re-establishment DCH_3.4K_SIGNALLING
TERMHIGHPRIORSIGEST Terminating High Priority Signaling DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
TERMLOWPRIORSIGEST Terminating Low Priority Signaling FACH
TERMCAUSEUNKNOWN Terminating cause unknown FACH
DEFAULTEST Spare RRC establish DCH_3.4K_SIGNALLING
Direct Transfer Message Flow
UE NodeB RNC CN
Initial DT
RRC RRC
Connect Request
SCCP SCCP
Connect Confirm
SCCP SCCP
Initial UE Message
RANAP RANAP
Common ID
RANAP RANAP
z In Iu interface, radio network layer reports the RANAP

information and NAS information. NAS information is
taken as directed message in RANAP information.
z After the RRC connection between the UE and the UTRAN is successfully set up, the
UE sets up a signaling connection with the CN via the RNC for NAS information
exchange between the UE and the CN, such as authentication, service request and
connection setup. This is also called the NAS signaling setup procedure.
z For the RNC, the signaling exchanged between the UE and the CN is a direct transfer
message. After receiving the first direct transfer message, that is, the Initial Direct
Transfer message, the RNC sets up a signaling connection with the CN on the SCCP.
The procedure is shown in the above figure:
z The specific procedure is given as follows:
After the RRC connection is established, the UE sends the Initial Direct Transfer
message to the RNC via the RRC connection. This message carries the NAS
information content sent to the CN by the UE.
After receiving the Initial Direct Transfer message from the UE, the RNC sends
the SCCP Connection Request (CR) message to the CN via the Iu interface.
The message content is the Initial UE Message sent from the RNC to the CN,
and carries the message content sent from the UE to the CN.
If the CN is ready to accept the connection request, then it returns the SCCP
Connection Confirm (CC) message to the RNC. The SCCP connection is
successfully set up. The RNC receives the message and confirms the signaling
connection setup success.
If the CN cannot accept the connection request, then it returns the SCCP
Connection Reject (CJ) message to the RNC. The SCCP connection setup fails.
The RNC receives the message and confirms the signaling connection setup
failure. Then it initiates the RRC release procedure.
z After the signaling connection is successfully set up, the message sent by the UE to
the CN is forwarded to the RNC via the Uplink Direct Transfer message, and the RNC
converts it into the Direct Transfer message to send to the CN. The message sent by
the CN to the UE is forwarded to the RNC via the Direct Transfer message, and the
RNC converts it into the Downlink Direct Transfer to send to the UE.
Common ID
Authentication and Security Flow
UE RNC CN
RRC Connection Setup

Initial DT Initial UE Message
(CM Service Request)
Common ID
DL DT (Authentication Request)
DL DT (Authentication Request)
DL DT (Authentication Response)
DL DT (Authentication Response)
Security Mode Command

Security Mode Command Complete
Security Mode Command Complete
UL Direct Transfer (Setup)

Direct Transfer (Setup)
Direct Transfer (Call Proceeding)

DL Direct Transfer (Call Proceeding)
RAB Assignment
z Authentication is used for the validity of CN and UE.

z Security flow includes the encrypt process and integrity protection.
RAB Establishment Flow
UE NodeB RNC CN
RAB Ass Req
RANAP RANAP
Q.AAL2 AAL2 Setup Req Q.AAL2
Q.AAL2
AAL2 Setup Rsp Q.AAL2
RL Recfg Prep NBAP

NBAP
RL Recfg Ready NBAP
NBAP
AAL2 Setup Req Q.AAL2
Q.AAL2
AAL2 Setup Rsp Q.AAL2
Q.AAL2
DL Sync FP
FP
UL Sync
FP FP
RRC
RB Setup
RRC
RL Recfg Commit
NBAP NBAP
RRC
RB Setup Complete
RRC
RAB Ass Rsp
RANAP RANAP
z RAB is the carrier which is provided by AS for NAS.

z RAB is the carrier in user plane, which is for transferring the voice service, data service
or multiple media service between UE and CN.
z RAB establishment flow mainly includes the AAL2 PATH establishment of Iu and Iub
interface, also includes the reconfiguration process of radio resource.
z The RAB refers to the user plane bearer that is used to transfer voice, data and
multimedia services between the UE and the CN. The UE needs to complete the RRC
connection establishment before setting up the RAB.
z The RAB setup is initiated by the CN and executed by the UTRAN. The basic
procedure is as follows:
1. First the CN sends the RAB assignment request message to the UTRAN,
requesting the UTRAN to establish the RAB.
2. The SRNC in the UTRAN initiates the establishment of the data transport bearer
between the Iu interface and the Iub interface (Iur interface).
3. The SRNC sends the RB setup request to the UE.
4. After completing the RB establishment, the UE responds to the SRNC with the
RB setup complete message.
5. The SRNC responds to the CN with the RAB assignment response message
and the RAB setup procedure ends.
z When the RAB is successfully established, a basic call is set up and the UE enters the
conversation process.
NAS Signaling (CS)
UE MSC MSC UE
Paging
RRC and NAS signaling Connection Setup
RRC and NAS signaling Connection Setup
CM Service Request
Paging Response
Authentication Request
Authentication Request
Authentication Response
Authentication Response
Security Mode Command Complete Security Mode Command Complete
Setup Setup
Call Proceeding Call Confirmed
RAB Assignment RAB Assignment
Alerting Alerting
Connect Connect
Connect ACK Connect ACK
Disconnect Disconnect
Release Release
Release Complete Release Complete
UE Outgoing Call UE Terminating Call
z Authentication and security flow are optional.

z CN does not need to the CM Service Response if the security mode is used.
NAS Signaling (PS)
UE SGSN SGSN UE
Paging
RRC and NAS signaling Connection Setup RRC and NAS signaling Connection Setup
Service Request Service Request
Authenticate and Ciphering Req Authenticate and Ciphering Req
Authenticate and Ciphering Rsp Authenticate and Ciphering Rsp
Security Mode Command Security Mode Command
Security Mode Command Complete Security Mode Command Complete
Service Accept Request PDP Context Activation
Activate PDP Context Req Activate PDP Context Req
RAB Assignment RAB Assignment
Activate PDP Context Accept Activate PDP Context Accept
Deactivate PDP Context Req Deactivate PDP Context Req

Deactivate PDP Context Accept Deactivate PDP Context Accept
UE Outgoing Call UE Terminating Call
UE to UE CS Call Process (1)
Activate PDP Context from UE (1)
Activate PDP Context from UE (2)
Activate PDP Context from Network (1)
Activate PDP Context from Network (2)
Contents
3.2 Paging
3.3 Call Process
3.4 Handover
Concepts about Soft Handover
z Soft handover: the signals from different NodeBs are
merged in RNC
z Softer handover: the signals from different cells, but from

the same NodeB are merged in NodeB
z In the WCDMA system, since the intra-frequency exists among neighboring cells, the
UE can communicate with the network via multiple radio links, and can select one with
good signal quality by comparison when these radio links are merged, thus optimizing
the communication quality. The soft handover can be conducted only in the FDD mode.
The soft handover falls into the following cases according to the locations of the cells.
The first case is the soft handover among difference cells of the Node B. In this case,
the radio links can be merged within the Node B or the SRNC. If they are merged
within the Node B, it is called softer handover. The second case is the soft handover
among different Node Bs within the same RNC and among different RNCs.
z An important issue during the soft handover is the merge of multiple radio links. In the
WCDMA system, the MACRO DIVERSITY technology is adopted for the merge of the
radio links, that is, the system compares the data from different radio links based on
certain standards (such as BER), and selects the data with better quality to send to the
upper layer.
z Soft handover:
Selection combination in uplink
Maximum combination in downlink
z Softer handover
Maximum combination in uplink and downlink
Soft Handover Flow (Intra-RNC)
CN CN CN
SRNC SRNC SRNC
NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB
Before Handover During Handover After Handover
z During the soft handover, two or more radio links are connected with UE, and data in
each RL are same.
z The following are some key concepts about the neighboring cell in the soft handover:
Active set: The set of cells currently used by the UE. The execution result of the
soft handover indicates the increase or decrease of the cells in the active set.
Monitor set: The set of cells that are not in the active set but are being observed
by the UE based on the neighboring cell information from the UTRAN. The UE
measures the cells in the observation set. When the measurement results satisfy
certain conditions, the cells may be added to the active set. Therefore, the
observation set sometimes is also called the candidate set.
Detected set: The set of cells that have been detected by the UE but do not
belong to the active set or the observation set. The UTRAN can request the UE
to report the measurement result of the detected set. Since the cells in the
detected set are not listed in the neighboring cell list, this set is also called the
unlisted set.
Soft Handover Flow
Core Network
RNC (SRNC)
Node B
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
z It is no handover in this slide, only one radio links is connected with UE.
Soft Handover Flow
Core Network
RNC (SRNC)
Node B
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
Merged in NodeB
z It is softer handover. During the handover, the cells in active set belong to one NodeB.
The NodeB uses the RAKE receiver to combine the data, and the UE also combines
the data in RAKE receiver.
Soft Handover Flow
Core Network
RNC (SRNC)
Node B
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
Merged in RNC
z It is soft handover. During the handover, the cells in active set belong to one RNC, but
different NodeBs. So the UE can combine the data in RAKE receiver. But in uplink, the
data are combined with selection combination in RNC.
Soft Handover Flow (SRNC-DRNC)
Core Network
Serving RNC
Drift RNC
Node B
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
Merged in SRNC
z It is soft handover. During the handover, the cells in active set belong to different RNCs.
So the UE can combine the data in RAKE receiver. But in uplink, the data are
combined with selection combination in SRNC.
Soft Handover Flow (SRNC Relocation)
Core Network
RNC
Serving RNC
Node B
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
z There is no handover, but the SRNC has been changed.

Typical Soft Handover Flow (L3 Signaling)
z Soft handover is triggered by 1A/1B/1C or 1D event
UE RNC
RRC Connection Setup Procedure
Measurement Control
Measurement Report (1A/1B/1C or 1D)
Active Set Update
Active Set Update Complete
Measurement Control
z The soft handover procedure comprises the following steps:

Based on the Measurement Control information from the RNC, the UE
measures the intra-frequency neighboring cells, and reports the measurement
result to the RNC via Measurement Report.
The RNC compares the reported measurement result with the set threshold to
decide the cells to be added and deleted.
(If some cells are to be added, the RNC notifies the Node B to get ready. )
The RNC notifies the UE to add and/or delete cells via the Active Set Update
message.
After the UE successfully update the active set, UE will send Active Set Update
Complete to inform RNC.
(if the cells are deleted, the Node B will be notified to release the corresponding
resources. )
After the soft handover, perhaps the measurement control information changes,
if it is, RNC will send new Measurement Control to UE.
z The original communication is not affected during the soft handover procedure so that
smooth handover from a cell to another can be successfully completed.
Soft Handover Flow (Add Branch in AS)
z For adding a cell into Active Set, RNC will notify NodeB to prepare the new RL before
sending Active Set Update.
Soft Handover Flow (Del Branch from AS)
z For deleting a cell from Active Set, RNC sends Active Set Update to UE first. After UE
deleting the RL successfully, RNC will inform NodeB to delete the RL.
Hard Handover
CN CN
SRNC SRNC
Before Handover After Handover

Radio Link can not exist simultaneously
z It is hard handover. The UE disconnects the original radio link, then connects to the
target cell. It happens in intra-frequency, inter-frequency and inter-RAT.
Intra-Frequency Hard Handover
z Intra-Frequency hard handover is triggered by 1D event
UE RNC
Measurement Control (Intra-freq)
Measurement Report (1D)

Decision to
setup new RL
Physical Channel Reconfiguration
Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete
Measurement Control (Intra-Freq)
Inter-frequency Handover
UE RNC
Measurement Control (2D & 2F)
Measurement Report(2D)
Decision to enter
compress mode
Measurement Control (Inter-Freq)
Measurement Report
Decision to
setup new RL
z Description:
Step 1 to step 5 is similar with soft handover, the differences are:
The SRNC sends the Physical Channel Reconfiguration message carrying the
target cell information to the UE via the downlink DCCH.
After the UE hands over from the source cell to the target cell, the Node B of the
source cell detects the radio link communication failure and then sends the
Radio Link Failure Indication message to the SRNC, indicating the radio link
failure.
After successfully handing over to the target cell, the UE sends the Physical
Channel Reconfiguration Complete message to the SRNC via the DCCH,
notifying the SRNC that the physical cannel reconfiguration is complete.
The Node B where the source cell is deletes the radio link resources, and then
responds to the SRNC with the Radio Link Deletion Response message.
The SRNC adopts the ALCAP protocol to release the Iub interface transport
bearer of the SRNC and the Node B where the source cell is.
Inter-RAT Handover Flow (UMTS->GSM)
UE RNC 3G MSC 3G MSC BSC
Measurement Control (2D & 2F)
Measurement Report(2D)
Decision to enter
compress mode
Measurement Control (Inter-RAT)
Measurement Report (GSM)

Decision to
handover to GSM
Relocation Required
Prepare Handover
Handover Request
Handover Request ACK

Prepare Handover
Response
Relocation Command
Inter-System Handover Command
Handover Complete
Handover Compltet
Send END
Signal Request
Iu Release Command
Iu Release Complete
Inter-RAT Handover Flow (GSM->UMTS)
Thank you
www.huawei.com
WCDMA HSDPA
Principles
www.huawei.com

Course Learning Objectives
z Review WCDMA and HSDPA evolution and standards
z Define HSDPA protocol stack
z Describe new channels for HSDPA
z Explain the physical channel processing
z HSDPA impact on protocol stack
z Identify HSDPA UE categories
z Define HSDPA protocols of Mac sub-layer
References
z 3GPP Release 6 Specification References
TS 25.308 HSDPA overall description stage2
TS 25.211 Physical channel and mapping of transport channels onto
physical channel (FDD)
TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)
TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD)
TS 25.214 Physical layer procedure (FDD)
TS 25.306 UE radio access capabilities
TS 25.321 Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification
TS 25.322 Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol specification
TS 25.331 Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification
Contents
1. HSDPA Introduction
2. HSDPA Key Techniques
3. HSDPA Physical Layer Channels
4. HSDPA Physical Layer Processing
5. HSDPA Layer2 Protocol
WCDMA Evolution
WCDMA HSDPA HSUPA
GSM GPRS
R99 R5 R6
EDGE
Downlink Peak Data Rate Downlink Peak Data Rate

(Typical Deployment) (Theoretical Maximum)
GSM 9.6kbps 9.6kbps

GPRS 40kbps 171kbps
EDGE 120kbps 473kbps
R99 WCDMA 384kbps 2.0Mbps
HSDPA 10.0Mbps 14.4Mbps
WCDMA Evolution
WCDMA evolved from GSM/GPRS, inheriting much of the upper layer functionality
directly from those systems. The first commercial deployments of WCDMA are based
on a version of the standards called Release 99.
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is another system in the GSM/GPRS
family that some operators have deployed as an intermediate step before deploying
WCDMA.
HSDPA was introduced in WCDMA Release 5 to offer higher speed Downlink data
services.
Release 6 introduces the Enhanced Uplink (i.e. HSUPA) that will provide faster data
services for the Uplink.
High Speed Downlink Packet
Access
z What are the benefits of HSDPA
z Higher Data Rates
Peak data rate up to 14Mbps per user
z Higher Capacity
More subscribers and throughput
Further reduces the cost per megabyte
z Richer Application
Low latency – improvement for
streaming ,interactive, background
applications
Data Services and High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
Data Services are expected to grow significantly within the next few years. Current
2.5G and 3G operators are already reporting that a significant proportion of usage is
now due to data, implying an increasing demand for high-data-rate, content-rich
multimedia services. Although current Release 99 WCDMA systems offer a maximum
practical data rate of 384 kbps, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) have
included in Release 5 of the specifications a new high-speed, low-delay feature
referred to as High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA).
HSDPA provides significant enhancements to the Downlink compared to WCDMA

Release 99 in terms of peak data rate, cell throughput, and round trip delay. This is
achieved through the implementation of a fast channel control and allocation
mechanism that employs such features as Adaptive Modulation and Coding and fast
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ). Shorter Physical Layer frames are also
employed.
Release 99 Packet Data
z How is Packet Data handled in Release 99 (FDD) ?
DCH ( Dedicated Channel )
Spreading codes assigned per user
Closed loop power control
Node B
Soft handover
FACH ( Common Channel )

Common Spreading code
No closed loop power control
Node B
No soft handover
Release 99 Packet Data
There are different techniques defined in the Release 99 specification to enable Downlink
packet data. Most commonly, data transmission is supported using either the
Dedicated Channel (DCH) or the Forward Access Channel (FACH).
The DCH is the primary means of supporting packet data services. Each user is
assigned a unique Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) code
dependent on the required data rate. Fast closed loop Power Control is
employed to ensure that a target Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) is maintained
in order to control the block error rate (BLER). Macro Diversity is supported
using soft handover.
Data transfer can also be supported on the FACH. This common channel employs
a fixed OVSF code. As it needs to be received by all UEs, higher data rates are
generally not supported. Macro Diversity is also not supported and the channel
operates with a fixed (or slow changing) power allocation. Each data block
contains a unique UE identifier that allows a given UE to keep itsown data and
discard that belonging to other UEs.
Release 99 Downlink Limitation
z Dedicated Channel Features ( DCH )
Maximum implemented downlink of 384kbps
OVSF code limitation for high data rate users
Rate change according to burst throughput is slow
Outer loop power control responds slowly to channel
z Common Channel Features ( FACH )

Good for burst data application
Only low data rates supported
Fixed transmit power
Release 99 Downlink Limitations
1. Although WCDMA Release 99 standard allows for maximum data rates of up to 2.0
Mbps, it has only been widely implemented with a maximum data rate of 384 kbps.
This data rate is achieved by allocating a dedicated channel to each user. The use of
dedicated resources can be a limitation, especially for data applications with bursty
characteristics. Each dedicated channel uses an OVSF code. Shorter codes are used
for higher data rates and longer codes for lower data rates. When an OVSF of a
particular length is used, all longer OVSF codes derived from that code become
unavailable. This limits the number of simultaneous high speed data users in a given
cell. The Release 99 standards provide support for a Secondary Scrambling Code,
which eases this limitation, but it has not been widely implemented in commercial
systems and will likely be removed from future versions of the specification. The data
rate of a dedicated channel can be adjusted to accommodate varying requirements of
a data service application, but the procedure for doing so is slow and thus inefficient.
Capacity is controlled both by the maximum amount of PA power that is available and
by the power requirement of each data service. In dedicated mode, fast power control
is used so that a target Eb/No is achieved on the Downlink. However, the required
Eb/No set point changes at a much slower rate. This can result in wasted resources
whereby a better than required Eb/No is achieved for the required BLER.
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
z The differences between HSDPA and R99
Set of high data rate channel
Channels are shared by multiple users
Each user may be assigned all or part of the resource every 2ms
“Big shared pipe”
Code multiplexing for HSDPA
Node B
HSDPA user#1
2ms
HSDPA user#2
HSDPA user#3
a set of HS-PDSCHs
HSDPA user#4
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
In HSDPA, the NodeB allocates a set of high speed channels. These channels are
assigned to a user using a fast scheduling algorithm that allocates the channels
every 2 ms. All or part of the channels may be assigned to a given user during
any 2 ms period.
The rapid scheduling of HSDPA is well-suited to the bursty nature of packet data.
During periods of high activity, a given user may get a larger percentage of the
channel bandwidth, while it gets little or no bandwidth during periods of low
activity.
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
z How will HSDPA figure out the limitations of R99
Adaptive modulation and coding
Fast feedback of Channel condition
QPSK and16QAM
Channel coding rate from 1/3 to 1
Multi-code operation
Multiple codes allocated per user
Fixed spreading factor
NodeB fast Scheduling

Physical Layer HARQ ( Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest )
HSDPA Basic Concepts
In HSDPA a common channel with fixed power is employed for data transfer. Users
are separated in both the time and code domains. A fixed spreading factor is
employed but multi codes operation is possible for increased data rates.
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) replaces the role of power control so that
the modulation and coding rate are changed depending on the channel condition.
This is accomplished by locating the scheduling algorithm for channel allocation at

the NodeB instead of the RNC in Release 99.
High Speed Downlink Packet
Access
z Comparison Summary
Mode DCH FACH HSDPA
Channel Type Dedicated Shared Shared
Closed Inner
Fixed Power
Loop at 1500Hz
Power Control & Closed Outer
No with link
adaptation
Loop
Soft Handover Supported Not Supported Not Supported

Suitability for
Poor Good Good
Bursty
Data Rate Medium Low High
Comparison Summary
DCH and FACH are the two Release 99 channels typically used for packet switched
data in practice. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are
apparent. Whereas DCH is suited for medium high data rates (with a maximum
rate of 384 kbps), rate switching is slow, making it unsuitable and inefficient for
bursty data such as a Web browsing application. By contrast, FACH provides
good support for bursty data but is a common channel without power control or
other mechanism to account for channel conditions. This makes it unsuitable for
higher data rates. Switching from DCH to FACH is slow and inefficient, due in
part to the typical timer values used to detect inactivity
HSDPA is suitable to high date rates for a bursty application, though we will see
that the absence of soft handover makes it more suitable for stationary or low-
mobility users than for highly mobile users. HSDPA typically operates at a fixed
power, but feedback from the UE can instruct the NodeB to use lower power
when the UE is in good channel conditions. Link adaptation is used to adjust
data rate, coding, and modulation to quickly respond to changing channel
conditions.
Contents
HSDPA Key Techniques
Block 1 Block 1 Block 2
Block 1? Block 1
+
Block 1?
AMC (Adaptive Modulation & Coding) HARQ（Hybrid ARQ）with Fast Scheduling based on
CQI and fairness
Data rate adapted to radio condition on 2ms Soft combing
Scheduling of user on 2ms
Reduce round trip time
SF16, 2ms and CDM/TDM 16QAM 3 New Physical Channels

Dynamic shared in Time and code domain 16QAM in complement to QPSK
for higher peak bit rates
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
z AMC ( Adaptive Modulation and Coding ) in accordance with CQI
( Channel Quality Indicator )
Adjust data rate to compensation channel condition
Good channel condition – higher data rate
Bad channel condition – lower data rate
Adjust channel coding rate to compensation channel condition

Good channel condition – channel coding rate is higher e.g. 3/4
Bad channel condition –channel coding rate is higher e.g. 1/3
Adjust the modulation scheme to compensation channel condition

Good channel condition – high order modulation scheme e.g. 16QAM
Bad channel condition – low order modulation scheme e.g. QPSK
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
z AMC ( Adaptive Modulation and Coding ) based on CQI
( Channel Quality Indicator )
CQI ( channel quality indicator )
UE measures the channel quality and reports to NodeB every
2ms or more cycle
NodeB selects modulation scheme ,data block size based on CQI
Power Control Rate Adaptation
Bad channel condition Bad channel condition

→ More power → low data rate
Good channel condition Node B Node B
Good channel condition
→ less power
→ high data rate
CQI mapping table for UE category 10
Transport Number of Reference power
CQI value Modulation
Block Size HS-
HS-PDSCH adjustment Δ
0 N/A Out of range
1 137 1 QPSK 0
2 173 1 QPSK 0
…… …… …… …… ……
13 2279 4 QPSK 0
14 2583 4 QPSK 0
15 3319 5 QPSK 0
16 3565 5 16-
16-QAM 0
17 4189 5 16-
16-QAM 0
18 4664 5 16-
16-QAM 0
…… …… …… …… ……
28 23370 15 16-
16-QAM 0
29 24222 15 16-
16-QAM 0
30 25558 15 16-
16-QAM 0
CQI Mapping Table
The CQI table consists of 30 entries, where each entry indicates a different TFRC.
Transport Format Resource Combination (TFRC) points to the combination of number
of HS-PDSCH channelization codes, modulation scheme, and the HS-DSCH
transport block size. The 5-bit CQI reported by a UE is an index into this table
containing all possible TFRC combinations for that UE category. The TFRC
combinations are different for UEs with different HS-DSCH UE categories because of
the differences in the UE capabilities. Along with TFRC, CQI may also indicate a
power offset relative to the current HS-PDSCH power. The CQI table shown in the
slide is for UE categories supporting up to 15 HS-PDSCH codes (HSDPA terminal
category 10)
HSDPA UE Categories
Maximum Maximum Number of Bits of
Minimum
Number of HS- an HS-DSCH Transport Total Number of Soft
UE Category Inter-TTI
DSCH Codes Block Received Within an Channel Bits
Interval
Received HS-DSCH TTI
Category 1 5 3 7298 19200
Category 2 5 3 7298 28800
Category 3 5 2 7298 28800
Category 4 5 2 7298 38400
Category 5 5 1 7298 57600
Category 6 5 1 7298 67200
Category 7 10 1 14411 115200
Category 8 10 1 14411 134400
Category 9 15 1 20251 172800
Category 10 15 1 27952 172800
Category 11 5 2 3630 14400
Category 12 5 1 3630 28800
z HSDPA RF performance depends on UE capability
UE Categories
HSDPA is advertised with data rates up to 14 Mbps. However, the actual HS-DSCH
peak data rate depends on the UE’s HS-DSCH category. As shown in the table,
only a category 10 UE can achieve the maximum HSDPA throughput of 14 Mbps
when using all 15 HS-PDSCHs simultaneously.
Factors that decide the UE’s HS-DSCH category are:
HS-PDSCH codes – Determines the number of simultaneous HS-PDSCH channels

that can be decoded by a UE.
Inter-TTI interval – Determines the minimum interval (in terms of HS-DSCH TTI)
between two successive HS-PDSCH assignments. The more HARQ processes a
UE supports, the shorter the inter-TTI interval. A minimum inter-TTI of 1 requires at
least 6 simultaneous HARQ processes.
Transport Block size – Determines the maximum size of transport block that can
be sent on HS-DSCH in a TTI. It is dependent on the number of HS-PDSCH codes
and the modulation scheme.
IR buffer size – Determines the maximum number of soft bits that can be buffered
by a UE across all simultaneously running HARQ processes.
Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest
z Conventional ARQ
In a conventional ARQ scheme, received data blocks that can not be
correctly decoded are discarded and retransmitted data blocks are
separately decoded
z Hybrid ARQ ( HARQ )

In case of Hybrid ARQ with soft combining, received data blocks that
can not be correctly decoded are not discarded. Instead the
corresponding received signal is buffered and soft combined with later
received retransmission of information bits. Decoding is then applied
to the combined signal
z Example for HARQ
z The use of HARQ with soft combining increases the effective received
Eb/Io for each retransmission and thus increases the probability for
correct decoding of retransmissions, compare to conventional ARQ
The maximum retransmission amount of HARQ procedure can be set. (NodeB LMT)
z There are many different schemes for HARQ with soft
combining
z These schemes differ in the structure of retransmissions
and in the way by which the soft combining is carried out at
the receiver
In case of Chase combining ( CC ) each retransmission is an
identical copy of the original transmission
In case of Incremental Redundancy ( IR ) each retransmission
may add new redundancy
HARQ is a technique that transmitter sends new set of parity bits if the previous
transmission failed (NACK) and receiver buffer the failed decodes for soft combining with
later retransmission.
Example for Chase Combining ( CC ) Scheme

Example for Incremental Redundancy ( IR ) Scheme
z Each HSDPA assignment is handled by a HARQ process
HARQ processes run in NodeB and UE
z The UE HARQ process is responsible for:

Attempting to decode the data
Deciding whether to send ACK or NACK
Soft combining of retransmitted data
z The NodeB HARQ process is responsible for:

Selecting the corrected bits to send according to the selected
retransmission scheme and UE capability
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
To support consecutive assignments, HSDPA defines a Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

(HARQ) protocol. This protocol is implemented in both the NodeB and the UE, and
consists of procedures implemented in both the MAC-hs sublayer and the Physical
Layer. When the NodeB assigns an HSDPA subframe to a UE, it also assigns a HARQ
process to handle the data transfer. The UE HARQ process is responsible for
Decoding the initial transmission
Sending an ACK or NACK
Soft-combining retransmissions of the data packet until it is successfully

decoded or until NodeB aborts the packet
The maximum number of HARQ processes that a UE supports is a function of its HSDPA
category. The minimum number of HARQ processes supported by any UE is 2, which
corresponds to a UE that uses an inter-TTI interval of 3.
Short TTI (2ms)
z Shorter TTI ( Transmission Time Interval ) is to reduce RTT
( round trip time )
z Shorter TTI is necessary to benefit from other functionalities

such as AMC, scheduling algorithm and HARQ
Shared Channel Transmission
z In HSDPA, a new DL transport channel is introduced call HS-
DSCH. The idea is that a part of the total downlink code resource
is dynamically shared between HSDPA and Release 99
Shared channel transmission implies that a certain amount of radio resource of a cell
(code and power) is seem as a common resource that is dynamically shared between
users.
z In HSDPA, a new DL transport channel is introduced call HS-
DSCH. The idea is that a part of the total downlink power resource
is dynamically shared between HSDPA and Release 99
Power margin for DCH power control

Time
Total Power Higher power utility

efficiency
Allowed power for HSDPA
DPCH
Power for CCH
Time
Shared channel transmission implies that a certain amount of radio resource of a cell
(code and power) is seem as a common resource that is dynamically shared between
users.
The NodeB transmit power allocation algorithm is not specified by the standard, but two
possible schemes are likely:
Static – A fixed amount of power is allocated to HSDPA channels (i.e. the HS-PDSCHs
and HS-SCCHs). Remaining power is distributed among common channels and power
controlled dedicated channels. The overall transmit power fluctuates as a function of
the power controlled channels.
Dynamic – HSDAP( i.e.HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH ) power is allocated dynamically as

a function of the remaining available power, which fluctuates due to the power
controlled dedicated channels. The overall transmit power of the cell remains constant.
The above diagram does not consider the Node B’s power margin, whereby the Node B’s
power fluctuates. The Node Bpower doesn’t really remain constant, due to the peak-to-
average ratio of transmit power.
z The codes are assigned to HSDPA user only when they are actually to be
used for transmission, which leads to efficient code and power utilization
z In HSDPA, the idea is that a part of the total downlink code resource is
dynamically shared between a set of HSDPA users
There can be multiple (up to 15) HS-PDSCHs in a serving cell, which enables use of both
time division and code division multiple access methods.
Higher-Order Modulation Scheme
z HSDPA modulation scheme
QPSK
16QAM
WCDMA R99 uses QPSK data modulation for downlink transmission. To support higher
data rate, higher order data modulation, such as 16QAM can be used.
Compared to QPSK modulation, higher order modulation is more bandwidth efficient i.e.
can carry more bits per Hertz
Fast Scheduling
z Fast scheduling is about to decided to which terminal the shared
channel transmission should be directed at any given moment
The basic idea of fast scheduling is to transmit at the fading peaks of the channel in order
to increase the throughput and to use resource more efficiently. But this might lead to
large variations in data rate of the users. The trade-off is between the cell throughput
and fairness against users.
There are a number of scheduling algorithms that take into consideration the trade-off
between throughput and fairness:
Round Robin (RR): radio resource are allocated to communication links on a sequential
basis, not taking into account the instantaneous radio channel conditions experienced
by each link.
Max C/I: for maximum cell throughput ,the radio resource should be as much as possible
be allocated to communication links with the best instantaneous channel condition.
Proportional Fair (PF): allocates the channel to the user with relatively best channel
quality.
Enhanced Proportional Fair (EPF): allocates the channel to the user according to
relatively best channel quality, fairness, guarantee bit rate requirement.
HSDPA New Physical Channels
Contents
R99 Physical Channels
Release 99 Channels
This diagram shows possible mappings of logical, transport, and physical channels
in the control and user planes for UMTS Release 99.
Some channels exist only in Physical Layer (CPICH, SCH, DPCCH, AICH, PICH).
These channels carry no upper layer signaling or user data.
Transport channels carry the following types of information:
Broadcast Control Channel (BCH) – Broadcast information that defines overall
system configuration.
Paging Channel (PCH) – Paging notification messages. A Paging Indicator
Channel (PICH) is associated with a PCH to allow a UE to quickly determine
whether it needs to read the PCH during its assigned paging occasion.
Forward Access Channel (FACH) – Common Downlink signaling messages. Also
carries dedicated Downlink signaling and user information to a UE operating in
Cell_FACH state.
Random Access Channel (RACH) – Common Uplink signaling messages. Also
carries dedicated Uplink signaling and user information to a UE operating in
Cell_FACH state.
Dedicated Channel (DCH) – Dedicated signaling and user information for a UE
operating in the Cell_DCH state. DCH is mapped to a Dedicated Physical Data
Channel (DPDCH). An associated Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
carries Physical Layer control information, such as power control commands.
HSDPA Physical Layer Channels
z New HSDPA Channels
High Speed Downlink shared Channel ( HS-DSCH )
Downlink Transport Channel
High Speed Shared Control Channel ( HS-SCCH )

Downlink Control Channel
High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel ( HS-PDSCH )

Downlink Physical Channel
High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel ( HS-DPCCH )

Uplink Control Channel
HSDPA introduces three new Downlink channels and one new Uplink channel:
High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) – A Downlink transport

channel shared by several UEs. The HS-DSCH is associated with one or
several Shared Control Channels (HS-SCCH). It operates on a 2 ms
Transmission Time Interval (TTI).
High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) – A Downlink physical channel

used to carry Downlink control information related to HS-DSCH transmission.
The UE monitors this channel continuously to determine when to read its data
from the HS-DSCH, and the modulation scheme used on the assigned physical
channel.
High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) – A Downlink

physical channel shared by several UEs. It supports Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying (QPSK) and 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) and multi-
code transmission. It is allocated to a user at 2 ms intervals.
High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) – An Uplink

physical channel that carries feedback from the UE to assist the Node B’s
scheduling algorithm. The feedback includes a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
and a positive or negative acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) of a previous HS-
DSCH transmission.
HSDPA Physical Channels
HSDPA Channels (continued)
Only dedicated logical user data channels may be mapped to HS-DSCH. When
DTCH is mapped to HS-DSCH, only Unacknowledged Mode (UM) and
Acknowledged Mode (AM) channels may be used.
A UE operating in HSDPA mode also has at least one Release 99 dedicated

channel (DCH/DPDCH) allocated, to ensure that RRC and NAS signaling can
always be sent, even if the UE is not able to receive the high speed channels.
The HS-DPCCH is a Physical Layer control channel. It carries no upper layer

information, and therefore has no logical or transport channel mapping.
Physical layer Frame Duration
z Frame Duration
10ms radio frame, 15 slots
2ms HSDPA sub-frame, 3 slots
1 HS-DSCH Transport Time interval (TTI)
z Slot Duration R99 radio frame

10ms
2560chips per slot
7680 chips per HSDPA sub-frame HSDPA sub-frame
2ms
z Symbol Timing
QPSK: 2bits / symbol
Time slot
16QAM: 4bits / symbol 0.67ms
Physical Layer Frame Timing
A basic WCDMA radio frame is 10 ms long and has 15 slots. HSDPA introduces the
notion of sub-frames within a WCDMA radio frame. An HSDPA sub-frame is 2 ms (3
slots) long and all the HS-channels use this sub-frame timing. The sub-frame allows
fast user switching where the shared channel can potentially be assigned to a different
user every sub-frame. As the HSDPA sub-frame is only 2ms long, it alleviates the need
for power control. HS-DSCH has a fixed TTI of 2 ms. Each HS-DSCH transport block
is mapped to an HS-PDSCH sub-frame. HS-SCCH and HSDPCCH also use the 2ms
sub-frame to transmit control and feedback respectively.
Each HSDPA sub-frame has 3 slots and each slot is comprised of symbols. The number
of symbols in a slot depends on the spreading factor used for that channel. HS-PDSCH,
HS-SCCH,and HS-DPCCH use SF 16, 128, and 256 respectively, giving number of
symbols per slot as 160 (HS-PDSCH), 20 (HS-SCCH), and 10 (HS-DPCCH).
A symbol is made up of 1 or more bits and each bit is spread using SF to an equivalent
number of chips. A QPSK symbol consists of two consecutive bits, one bit each
mapped onto the I and Q branch. A 16-QAM symbol, on the other hand, has four
consecutive bits with two bits on each branch.
HSDPA use 2ms TTI. Shorter TTI mechanism can reduce the latency ,and then increase
fast schedule times. Shorter TTI mechanism can better trace the variation of wireless
environment
HS-PDSCH sub-frame Structure
z HS-PDSCH sub-frame structure
3 time slots constituted one TTI (2ms) , only one TB will be sent during one TTI
Fixed spreading factor ( SF=16 )
May use QPSK or 16QAM modulation scheme
Up to 15 HS-PDSCH may be assigned simultaneously
UE capability indicated max. number of codes it supports
All HS-PDSCH used to carry user’s data

UE can be assigned multiple OVSF code ( SF=16 ) based on UE Categories
HS-PDSCH
When the UE decodes the HS-SCCH and determines that there is an HS-DSCH
assignment in the next TTI, it decodes the assigned HS-PDSCHs. Each HS-PDSCH
uses an OVSF of length 16. If multiple HS-PDSCHs are assigned simultaneously to
one UE, they must use consecutive OVSF codes. The HS-SCCH indicates the first
OVSF code and the number of codes for each assignment.
The High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS- PDSCH) is used to carry the
High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH).
An HS-PDSCH may use QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM modulation symbols. In above figure,
M is the number of bits per modulation symbols i.e. M=2 for QPSK, M=4 for 16QAM
and M=6 for 64QAM.
A UE is a member of one of 12 categories, as a function of its hardware capabilities. Each

category represents different values of the following parameters:
Number of simultaneous HS-PDSCH codes (5, 10, or 15)
Maximum transport block size
Inter-TTI interval – minimum time between consecutive assignments.
Incremental redundancy buffer size – used to soft-combine symbols from

retransmissions.
HS-SCCH sub-frame Structure
z HS-SCCH sub- frame structure
3 time slots constitutes one TTI ( 2ms )
HS-SCCH SF=128, QPSK only, Fixed rate of 60kbps
HS-SCCH carries the following control messages: Xue, Xccs, Xms, Xrv, Xtbs,
Xhap and Xnd
UE demodulates HS-SCCH sub-frame and find out the received data
addressed to the UE with Xue. Then UE demodulates HS-PDSCH sub-frame
with Xccs, Xms, Xrv, Xhap, Xtbs and Xnd are used for HARQ Process
UE may need to simultaneous monitor up to four HS-SCCHs
Xue [16bits]:UE identity, Multiple UEs may be monitoring the same set of HS-SCCHs.
Each UE has an assigned identity called the H-RNTI.
Xccs [7bits]:channelization code set, The HS-SCCH indicates which of the OVSF codes
allocated to the HS-PDSCHs will be used. HS-PDSCH uses multi-code transmission,
which means that multiple OVSF codes may be assigned to one UE at the same time
Xms [1bit]:modulation scheme, HS-PDSCH uses either QPSK or 16-QAM modulation.

This can change from one assignment to the next, and HS-SCCH indicates which
method will be used.
Xrv[3bits]:redundancy version, The HARQ protocol supports retransmissions and

incremental redundancy. These parameters allow the UE to differentiate new
transmissions from retransmissions.
Xtbs [6bits]:transport block size, The HS-SCCH indicates how much data will be sent
during the next assignment
Xhap [3bits]:HARQ process number
Xnd [1bit]:new data indicator

HS-DPCCH sub-frame Structure
z HS-DPCCH sub-frame structure
TTI=2ms ( 3 time slots ), SF=256, Fixed rate of 15kbps, carry 2 types of HSDPA
uplink physical layer control message, including ACK/NACK CQI
ACK and NACK notifies NodeB that UE has received correct downlink data or not.
The field defines like this: 1-NACK, 0-ACK
CQI reflects physical channel quality indicator based on CPICH strength, and
reported by period range from 0 to 160ms ( 0 means no transmission ). Usually the
period is 2ms ( one TTI )
ACK/NACK and CQI having different function may be controlled independently by
different parameters.
HS-DPCCH
Whenever the UE is operating in HSDPA mode, it uses the HS-DPCCH to give

feedback to the serving Node B. This feedback consist of two parts:
ACK/NACK – The UE sends a positive or negative acknowledgement for each HS-

DSCH assignment. UTRAN may configure the UE to repeat the ACK/NACK, up
to a maximum of 4 transmissions. The first ACK/NACK for a given HS-DSCH
assignment is sent 5 ms (7.5 slots) after the end of the HS-DSCH transmission.
Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) – The UE measures the channel quality of the
Downlink CPICH and computes a CQI value. The value is an index into a table,
and corresponds to the maximum data rate that the UE can decode with an error
rate of less than 10%, assuming the channel conditions don’t change. UTRAN
may configure the UE to repeat the CQI, up to a maximum of 4 transmissions.
UTRAN may also configure the periodicity of CQI reporting, ranging from 2 ms
to 160 ms.
Uplink HS-DPCCH preamble and postamble
z Transmit Preamble and Postamble on HS-DPCCH around ACK / NACK

z Eases the decoding, which allows HS-DPCCH to operate at lower power
z The general rule of when N_acknack_transmit > 1
In R5, whether the data is received by UE is judged based on ACK/NACK. Pre/Postamble

is introduced since R6. Position is the 1st slot in HS-DPCCH sub-frame, same as
ACK/NACK.
Advantage of Pre/Postamble
More coding gain is introduced, since Node B could judge whether the data is received
by UE on the basis of more correlative slots
If ensuring the same demodulation performance of ACK/NACK, PO (ACK/NACK) could
be reduced. Accordingly, UL interference to be reduced
Problem of Pre/Postamble
More decoding complexity is introduced
More power is consumed by UE to send Pre/Postamble
Associated physical channel –A -DPCH
z ﹡Besides 3 physical channels on top. There is another physical channel
named DPCH, which is a dedicated channel . DPCH is also called associated
channel used for signalling transmission and power control
z ﹡ DPCH does not carry service generally, sometimes carry real time (RT)
service such as AMR service
HSDPA Serving Cell
HS_SCCH Downlink
DPDCH&DPCCH (i.e.
associated DPCH)
HS_PDSCH Uplink DPDCH&DPCCH

HS_DPCCH (i.e. associated DPCH)
UE
When a DL RAB is mapped onto the HS-DSCH, UL DCH is set up regardless of the
existence of UL data. UL DCH transmits the UL signaling, UL RLC acknowledgement
message and possible UL service data. DL DCH is set up to transmit the DL signaling.
These DCHs are called associated DCHs.
When the UE is in soft handover or softer handover, the HS-DSCH data can be
transmitted only in the HSDPA serving cell while the DCH data can be transmitted in
all the cells in the active set.
﹡ F-DPCH ( Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel ) is a new downlink physical channel

in release 6. Release 6 supports mapping the SRB to the HS channels on both the
Downlink and the Uplink (provided that HS channels are activated). This results in
faster signaling and, for PS-only calls, the DCH (i.e. associated DCHs) is not reserved
for signaling. To maintain closed loop power control functionality without the DCH (i.e.
associated DCH), a new physical channel is introduced: the F-DPCH (Fractional
DPCH).
Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel (F-DPCH)
z The F-DPCH is a new physical channel in Release 6

z Purpose of F-DPCH introduction is to keep the closed loop power control working
for HSDPA users without an assigned DPCH (A-DPCH)
z The difference of HSDPA physical channels between Release5 and Release6
The F-DPCH is a shared physical channel.

It has only TPC bits information
The Downlink A-DPCH occupies

one code per user in the cell
The F-DPCH is a new physical channel in release 6. Huawei RAN10 product support this
physical channel
The F-DPCH is a special case of the Downlink DPCCH. It has only TPC bits information;
no Pilot or data fields are carried. It multiplexes the TCP bits for a maximum of 10 UEs
with different frame offsets. The TPC bits forwarded on the F-DPCH are needed to
control the power of the HS-DPCCH (Uplink channel)
Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel
(F-DPCH)
zThe F-DPCH carries control information generated at layer 1 (TPC
commands). It is a special case of downlink DPCCH
z Following figure shows the frame structure of the F-DPCH
Each frame of length 10ms is split into 15 slots, each of length Tslot =
2560 chips, corresponding to one power-control period, SF=256
Each user occupy one Symbol in one slot to bear TPC command, Pilot
and TFCI is not needed
Up to 10 users can be multiplexed on one F-DPCH
(Tx OFF) TPC (Tx OFF)
NOFF1 bits NTPC bits NOFF2 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips

10 users can be multiplexed on one F-DPCH

P-CCPCH frame
offset（256chip）
TPC TPC UE1 0
TPC TPC UE2 1
TPC UE3 2
TPC UE4 3
TPC UE5 4
TPC UE6 5
TPC UE7 6
TPC UE8 7
TPC UE9 8
TPC TPC UE10 9
Advantage of F-DPCH introduction

Code utilization efficiency is improved up to 90%, especially used for large number
of VoIP users
Problem of F-DPCH introduction
Code utilization efficiency could be downgraded in SHO due to the timing restrictions
on when TPC bits can be transmitted to UE’s in SHO zones
HSDPA Physical Channels Timing
z Start of HS-SCCH is aligned with the start of PCCPCH
z HS-PDSCH, subframe is transmitted two slots after the associated
HS-SCCH subframe
10 ms
P -C C P C H R ad io fram e w ith (S F N m o d u lo 2 ) = 0 R a d io fram e w ith (S F N m o d u lo 2 )= 1
3 slo ts = 2 m s
H S -S C C H S u b fram e # 0 S u b fram e # 1 S u b fram e # 2 S u b fram e # 3 S u b fra m e # 4
3 slo ts = 2 m s
H S -P D S C H S u b fram e # 0 S u b fram e # 1 S u b fram e # 2 S u b fram e # 3 S u b fram e # 4
2 slo ts 1 5 slo ts = 1 0 m s
DPCH S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t
τ D PC H
~ 7 .5 slo ts
H S -D P C C H
3 slo ts = 2 m s
HSPDA Channel Timing
HSDPA channel timing is based on a time interval of 2 ms, or 3 slots
1. The UE measures the Downlink channel quality and sends a CQI report on the HS-
DPCCH. An ACK or NACK from a previously received block may also be included in
this transmission
2. If the NodeB decides to send data to the UE, it will send information on the HS-SCCH
to assign the physical channel and give the UE information about how the data was
encoded. The earliest that this assignment can be made is in the sub-frame following
the end of CQI report.
3. During the next 2ms HS-DSCH transmission time, one or more HS-PDSCHs carry the
UE’s data. The HS-SCCH transmission overlaps the HS-PDSCH transmission
4. After the UE decodes the data, it sends an ACK or NACK on the HS-DPCCH. The UE
must send the ACK or NACK 5ms(i.e. 7.5 slots) after the end of the HS-DSCH
transmission. If the UE sends a NACK, the NodeBmay send the data again during a
later time slot, or may choose not to retransmit the data. A CQI report may also be
included in this transmission
Theoretical HSDPA Maximum Data
Rate
z Theoretical HSDPA Maximum data rate is 14.4Mbps
z How do we get to 14.4Mbps ?
Multi-code transmission
NodeB must allocate all 15 OVSF codes ( SF =16 ) to one UE
Consecutive assignments using multiple HARQ process
NodeB must allocate all time slots to one UE
UE must decode all transmission correctly on the first transmission
Low channel coding gain
Effective code rate = 1
Requires very good channel conditions to decode
16QAM
Requires very good channel condition
Theoretical HSDPA Maximum Data Rate
The theoretical maximum data rate is 14.4 Mbps. The following techniques are used
to achieve this data rate:
Multi-code transmission – Up to 15 HS-PDSCH channels may be assigned to a

single UE during one 2 ms TTI.
Consecutive assignments – The HARQ procedure allows the NodeB to send back-
to-back assignments at 2 ms intervals.
Lower Coding Gain –Higher data rates can be achieved by puncturing more bits for
a higher effective code rate (and thus lower coding gain).
16-QAM – This modulation scheme increases the data rate over QPSK by a factor of
2.
More Data Rate Factors
z More factors that affect HSDPA data rate
Inter- TTI interval
Retransmission
ACK / NACK Repetition
z Assuming
5 OVSF code for HS-PDSCH
Consecutive assignment
QPSK
Turbo code rate =1/3
Retransmission
75% of data block decoded on first transmission
25% of data block decoded on second transmission
Other factors that influence the maximum data rate are:
Inter-TTI Interval – The interval between consecutive assignments is called the inter-TTI
interval. If the UE supports an inter-TTI interval of 1, then it is capable of receiving a
new HSDPA assignment every 2 ms. Allowed values of the inter-TTI interval are 1, 2,
and 3
Retransmissions – If the UE NACKs a transmission, the NodeB may retransmit that data
in a subsequent assignment. The retransmission may consist of identical symbols that
were sent previously, or may be a different redundancy version of the turbo coded
output symbols
ACK/NACK Repetition – The NodeB may configure the UE to send the ACK/NACK
transmission up to four times
More Data Rate Factors
z 5 OVSF code for HS-PDSCH
14.4Mbps / 3 = 4.8Mbps
z QPSK
4.8Mbps / 2 = 2.4Mbps
z Turbo code rate =1/3
2.4Mbps / 3 = 0.8Mbps
z Retransmission
0.8Mbps × 0.8 = 640 kbps
1 2 3 4 5
Decoded on 1st transmit Decoded on 2nd transmit
Contents
HSDPA Physical Layer Model-
Downlink
NodeB PHY UE PHY
HS-PDSCH – carries actual information payload from HS-DSCH

HS-SCCH – carries Physical Layer control information including HARQ
parameters, OVSF codes, and UE ID
HSDPA Physical Layer Model – Downlink
In 3GPP Release 5, two new Downlink physical channels have been introduced to enable
HSDPA. In addition, the existing R99 channels are also required for HSDPA operation.
HS-PDSCH – Transmitted by NodeB to send HS-DSCH data to UEs in the HSDPA

serving cell. Unlike a dedicated channel, this shared channel is assigned to a user for a
2ms period and may be assigned to another user in the next 2ms period. This fast
scheduling rate is well suited for the bursty packet data and helps increase the
capacity of a cell. There can be multiple (up to 15) HS-PDSCHs in a serving cell, which
enables use of both time division and code
division multiple access methods. HS-PDSCH carries user data and has a transport
channel HSDSCH mapped on it.
HS-SCCH – Transmitted by NodeB to signal control information to the users in the

HSDPA serving cell. This channel is shared by multiple users and the control
information sent on it is masked with a UE ID. The mask allows a UE to identify if there
is HS-DSCH data for it in the upcoming HS-PDSCH sub-frame and the control
information tells how to decode that data. HS-SCCH does not have a transport channel
mapped on it.
HSDPA Physical Layer Model-
Uplink
NodeB PHY UE PHY
HS-DPCCH – carries feedback signaling consisting of HARQ

acknowledgement and channel quality indicator (CQI)
HSDPA Physical Layer Model – Uplink
In 3GPP Release 5, there is one new Uplink physical channel. The existing R99 channels
are required for the HSDPA operation.
HS-DPCCH – Transmitted by the UE to signal feedback information to Node B. The

feedback information consists of:
1. acknowledgement of data received by the UE on HS-PDSCH
2. Downlink channel quality indicator (CQI)
NodeB uses this feedback information to send retransmissions and to schedule HS-
PDSCH transmissions to UEs. HS-DPCCH doesn’t carry any higher layer control or
traffic and doesn’t have a transport channel mapped on it.
Downlink HS-PDSCH
z High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-
PDSCH)
Fixed SF 16 with 3 slots format
Uo to 15 HS-PDSCH under one cell
May use QPSK or 16QAM modulation scheme
DL HS-PDSCH – High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
An HS-PDSCH channel carries the actual user payload to the UE. One HS-PDSCH
subframe contains one TTI (2 ms) of HS-DSCH transport channel payload. There is no
transport channel multiplexing in HSDPA so the information contained in HS-PDSCH
subframe is from a single
HS-DSCH transport channel.
An HS-DSCH serving cell can have as many as 15 channelization codes assigned to HS-
PDCH. The HS-PDSCH channels are shared among different users by using time
division, code division or a combination of the two multiple access methods. The
number of HS-PDSCHs that can be simultaneously decoded by a UE depends on the
HS-DSCH UE Category.
The phase reference used for demodulating HS-PDSCH is the same as for the associated
DL DPCH. By default, P-CPICH is used as the phase reference.
Downlink HS-PDSCH
z HS-DSCH Processing chain
z New Physical Layer Procedures in

Release 5
Bit Scrambling
Physical Layer HARQ functionality
HS-DSCH interleaving
Constellation re-arrangement for 16QAM
The HS-DSCH channel coding involves a number of other functions performed by the
NodeB’s Physical Layer. The main reason for this additional processing is the dynamic
size of the transport block transmitted in an HS-DSCH TTI. Other reasons include
large HS-DSCH payload size and the possible use of 16-QAM modulation for HS-
PDSCH. Comparing the coding chain for the Release 99 channel with the Release 5
HS-DSCH channel, some blocks have been removed and some new blocks have been
added.
HS-DSCH coding chain does not require:
1. Concatenation, because there is always only one transport block per HS-DSCH TTI.
The transport block size, however, varies from 137 bits to 27952 bits. In case of
retransmission, the transport block size remains the same as of the original
transmission.
2. First DTX insertion, because HS-DSCH doesn’t support fixed position transport channel
and thus Blind Transport Format Detection (BTFD).
3. Second DTX insertion, because there is just one transport channel mapped on to HS-
PDSCH.
4. Radio frame segmentation, because HS-DSCH has a fixed TTI of 2 ms, which is equal
to the HS-PDSCH sub-frame duration.
5. Transport channel multiplexing, because there is just one transport channel mapped on
to HS-PDSCH.
HS-DSCH Channel Coding
z Mac delivers one HS-DSCH TB per TTI to
Physical Layer
z CRC Attachment
24 bits CRC added per TB
z Bit Scrambling
Facilitates uniform distribution of 16- QAM
symbols at receiver
z Code Block Segmentation

Turbo encoder has a fixed max. code block
size of 5114 bits
If bit scrambled data is more than 5114 bits,
need to segment into equal code blocks

NodeB’s MAC-hs delivers the HS-DSCH transport channel data to the Physical Layer in
NodeB. The Physical Layer then performs a number of functions on the HS-DSCH TTI
data before the data is finally mapped to one or more HS-PDSCH physical channels.
CRC Attachment – A fixed 24-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is attached to HS-
DSCH TTI data. There is only one transport block per HS-DSCH TTI.
Bit Scrambling – Done to avoid non-uniform symbol distribution over 16-QAM
constellation at the receiver. A uniform symbol distribution helps the UE efficiently
decode the received HS-DSCH bits. Typically, the received symbols are uniformly
distributed over the entire constellation. However, certain degenerate HS-DSCH bit
sequences (e.g., the all-ones or all-zeroes sequences) could violate this condition,
leading to an asymmetric HS-DSCH bit distribution (over {0,1}) and hence a non-
uniform 16-QAM symbol distribution at the receiver input. This is true regardless of the
use of turbo-encoding on the HS-DSCH, due to the possibility of transmitting turbo-
codewords comprised predominantly of systematic bits. The estimated performance
loss due to the non-uniform distribution in such very unlikely cases is between
Code Block Segmentation – It is done if the number of bits output from the bit scrambler
is more than the maximum input code block size of the FEC encoder. The maximum
encoder code block size in case of HS-DSCH is 5114 bits. If segmentation is
performed, all the resulting segments are of equal size and may require adding some
filler bits to the beginning of 1st code block. The filler bits are all 0s and are transmitted
along with data.
z Channel Coding
Rate 1/3 Turbo coder
used for Channel coding
Effective code rate
changes after HARQ
HS-DSCH Channel Coding (continued)
FEC Coding – Rate 1/3 turbo coder is used for encoding HS-DSCH bits. FEC coding is
done on one or more code blocks, where code blocks are formed by segmenting bit
scrambled HS-DSCH data (if more than 5114 bits). The output from turbo coder
consists of Systematic bits (original input data bits) and Parity bits. For each input bit,
there is 1 Systematic bit and 2 Parity bits.
First Rate Matching Virtual IR Buffer Second Rate Matching
Systematic
Nsys Nt,sys
bits
RM_S
Parity 1 W
C NTTI Np1 Nt,p1 Ndata
bit bits bit
RM_P1_1 RM_P1_2
separation collection
Parity2
bits Np2 Nt,p2
RM_P2_1 RM_P2_2
Twelve tail bits are added per block after encoding for the trellis termination. The encoded
blocks, when more than one, are serially concatenated and fed to the HARQ block.
The code rate after turbo encoding is 1/3 but the effective coder rate after HARQ rate
matching may be different. An effective code rate of close to 1 is required to achieve
peak throughput of 14.4 kbps.
z Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)
Combines ARQ with adaptive channel
coding
NodeB sends new set of parity bits if

previous transmission failed (NACK)
UE buffers the failed decodes for soft

combining with future retransmission
Soft Combining is done before each

channel decoding attempt
HS-DSCH Channel Coding (continued)
Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) – HARQ is a technique combining FEC and ARQ methods that
save information from previous failed decode attempts to be used in the future
decoding. There are two different HARQ schemes, Chase Combine and IR, depending
on which bits are chosen to be sent over the air to UE. The redundancy version (RV)
parameters, r and s, indicate to the UE the HARQ scheme used for the current
transmission.
Both HARQ combining schemes soft combine bits from the previous failed decodes with
the currently received retransmission. Soft combining helps minimize the number of
retransmissions. For a retransmission, HARQ uses the same transport block size and
consequently the same number of HS-DSCH bits that were used in the initial
transmission.
HS-DSCH Channel Coding – Physical
Layer HARQ Functionality
z Physical Layer HARQ consists of two rate matching stages and a
virtual buffer
1st stage: matches number of input bits to the virtual IR buffer size
IR buffer size is determined by UE’s soft memory capability
Puncturing is done if inputs bits exceed the virtual IR buffer size
2nd stage: matches numbers of bits to the number of HS-PDSCH bits

in the given TTI
Redundancy Version (RV) parameters control the output from 2nd stage
Repetition or puncturing is done to perform 2nd stage rate matching
First Rate Matching Virtual IR Buffer Second Rate Matching
Systematic
Nsys Nt,sys
bits
RM_S
Parity 1 W
C NTTI Np1 Nt,p1 Ndata
bit bits bit
RM_P1_1 RM_P1_2
separation collection
Parity2
bits Np2 Nt,p2
RM_P2_1 RM_P2_2
First Transmission
Always self-decodable, RV parameters s = 1
Chase Combining
Each retransmission is self decodable, RV parameter s = 1, Systematic bits are prioritized
Same coded data packet may be sent in each retransmission, Using the same RV
parameter r in each retransmission
Retransmission with a different r value implies different set of punctured bits
Receiver attempts to decode by soft combining multiple copies
Incremental Redundancy (IR)
Retransmissions are not self decodable, RV parameter s = 0, Parity bits are prioritized
Redundant information is incrementally transmitted if initial decoding fails
Each retransmission provides additional redundant bits to the receiver
RV parameter r is different for different set of redundancy bits
Receiver attempts to decode based on accumulated bits
HS-DSCH Channel Coding – HARQ Combining Schemes
HARQ combining refers to the combining of the HS-DSCH soft bits in the receiver
(UE). If an HS-DSCH sub-frame transmission is not correctly decoded (CRC failure) by
the UE’s Physical Layer the soft bits from this failed decode are buffered in the IR
buffer to be combined with the future retransmissions. This type of combining changes
the effective received code rate with each retransmission and helps in minimizing the
number of retransmissions. There are different types of HARQ combining schemes:
Chase combining requires each retransmission to be self-decodable. The transmitter

may retransmit the same coded data packet in which case the decoder at the receiver
combines multiple copies of the same transmitted packet weighted by the received
SNR. Time diversity gain is thus obtained. Using a different redundancy version
parameter r, a different set of puncture bits can be used in each retransmission.
Incremental Redundancy (IR) is another implementation of the HARQ technique

where retransmissions are not self decodable, i.e., they may have a very low
proportion (or none) of the systematic bits. Additional redundant information, prioritizing
the parity bits, is incrementally transmitted if the decoding fails on the prior attempt.
Retransmitted sub-frames are soft combined with the buffered soft bits to achieve
additional coding gain, which helps the UE to successfully decode the sub-frame.
The RV parameter signaled to the UE indicates the HARQ scheme used, allowing the UE
to use the same scheme for HARQ combining.
RV parameters mapping list (3GPP TS25.212)

HS-DSCH Channel Coding –
Segmentation and interleaving
z Physical Channel Segmentation
Segments data equally into P segments
P is number of HS-PDSCHs allocated to UE
Up to 15
Total HS-PDSCH bits per TTI:
P * ( Number of bits per HS-PDSCH channel )
z HS-DSCH interleaving
Block interleaving using 32*30 matrix
Write in rows, read out columns
Done separately on each HS-PDSCH
HS-DSCH Channel Coding-16QAM
Constellation Re-arrangement
z Bit Reliability
change with bit position within a symbol
is different for 0 and 1 in case of i2 and q2
HS-DSCH Channel Coding – 16-QAM Constellation Rearrangement
An optional 16-QAM modulation scheme has been introduced for HS-PDSCH to achieve
high data rates. Constellation rearrangement is required in the case of 16-QAM
modulation because two of the four bits in a 16-QAM symbol have a higher probability
of error than the other two bits. The rearrangement occurs during retransmission and
disperses the error probability equally among all the bits when averaged over
retransmissions.
The reliabilities of the bits mapped to the 16-QAM symbols vary from the most significant
bits (i1, q1) to the least significant bits (i2, q2). These variations reduce the
performance of the turbo decoder with respect to having equal bit reliabilities. By
rearranging the signal constellation during retransmissions, the same bit gets placed at
different positions within a symbol across different retransmissions and the bit
reliabilities are averaged out over the retransmissions. For both Chase combining and
IR, the decoder performance increases with the constellation rearrangement due to a
more homogeneous input of log-likelihood values to the turbo decoder.
The bits output from the HS-DSCH interleaver are taken in groups of four consecutive bits
(i1q1i2q2) and then rearranged based on the value of constellation version parameter
b. NodeB signals this parameter to the UE on HS-SCCH channel so that the UE can
undo this bit rearrangement. In case of QPSK modulation, the constellation
rearrangement block is transparent.
Constellation re-arrangement for 16QAM [TS25.212]
constellation
version Output bit sequence Operation
parameter b
0 v p ,k v p ,k +1v p ,k + 2 v p ,k +3 None
1 v p ,k + 2 v p ,k +3v p ,k v p ,k +1 Swapping MSBs with LSBs
2 v p ,k v p ,k +1 v p ,k + 2 v p ,k + 3 Inversion of the logical values of LSBs
Swapping MSBs with LSBs and

3 v p ,k + 2 v p ,k +3 v p ,k v p ,k +1 inversion of logical values of LSBs
HS-DSCH Physical Channel
Mapping
z Bits are mapped to one or more HS-PDSCH
z Same number of bits/sub-frame on each HS-PDSCH
HS-DSCH Physical Channel Mapping
After constellation rearrangement (only for 16-QAM) or HS-DSCH interleaving (for QPSK),
the HS-DSCH bits are finally mapped to one or more HS-PDSCH channels. This is
called Physical Channel Mapping. A UE may be assigned one or more HS-PDSCH
codes depending on the UE capability, QoS requirement, and the NodeB’s radio
resource availability. In case of more than one HS-PDSCH channel assigned to a UE,
the number of bits in the given sub-frame on each
assigned HS-PDSCH channel is the same.

Physical Layer Process Case for HS-
DSCH
Downlink HS-SCCH
z High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
Fixed rate 60kbps (SF 128) channel with one slot format
UE may need to simultaneously monitor up to four HS-SCCHs
More than four HS-SCCHs possible under one cell
QPSK only
DL HS-SCCH – High Speed Shared Control Channel
The NodeB transmits control information required for detecting and decoding HS-PDSCH
sub-frames to UEs on HS-SCCH channel. UEs are signaled to monitor a set of HS-
SCCH channels containing up to a maximum of four HS-SCCHs. At any time, only one
of the four HS-SCCHs contains information for a given UE. There may be more than
four active HS-SCCHs under a cell. Multiple users are assigned to the same HS-SCCH
(or set of HS-SCCHs) and thus a
UE can successfully decode the information on this channel only when the information is
intended for that UE. The HS-SCCH information is scrambled with the UE ID, which
enables the desired UE to successfully decode HS-SCCH. The reason for having
multiple HS-SCCHs is to enable NodeB to address multiple UEs in the same sub-
frame.
Downlink HS-SCCH
z HS-SCCH Processing chain
HS-SCCH Channel Coding
Convolutional coding and CRC coding are used as the main channel coding schemes by NodeBfor
the HS-SCCH channel. Part 1 and Part 2 of an HS-SCCH sub-frame are individually coded and
mapped to the allocated slots in a sub-frame. Both Part 1 and Part 2 are scrambled with the UE
ID. The UE ID used for scrambling HS-SCCH is a 16-bit HS-DSCH Radio Network Temporary
Identity (H-RNTI).
Part 1 consists of the following information:
Channelization Code Set – Contains the number of in-sequence HS-PDSCH codes assigned to a
UE and the offset of the first code.
Modulation Scheme – HS-PDSCH modulation scheme where 0 = QPSK and 1 = 16-QAM.
Part 2 consists of the following information:
Transport Block Size – The transport block size used for the corresponding HS-PDSCH sub-frame
is signaled as a 6-bit Transport Format Resource Indicator (TFRI). The actual transport block
size in bits is derived from TFRI and depends on the modulation scheme and the number of HS-
PDSCH channelization codes signaled on HS-SCCH.
HARQ Process ID – Contains the HARQ process ID for the corresponding HS-PDSCH sub-frame.
There may be one to eight simultaneous HARQ processes running in a UE.
Redundancy & Constellation Version – Contains RV parameters r and s that are used by the
Physical Layer HARQ functionality. If 16-QAM modulation is used, this field also contains the
constellation version parameter b that indicates the rearranged version of 16-QAM constellation
used for the corresponding HS-PDSCH sub-frame transmission.
New Data Indicator – Contains 1-bit indicator that toggles every time the NodeB sends new HS-
DSCH data. The indicator is not toggled in case of retransmissions.
HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH Spreading
and Modulation
z HS-PDSCH is spread with SF 16, scrambled with Primary
Scramble Code
z HS-SCCH is spread with SF 128, scrambled with same code as
HS-PDSCH
The Downlink physical channels (except SCH) are spread to the chip rate with individual
channelization codes and then scrambled with the same scrambling code. All such
channels use QPSK modulation except HS-PDSCH, which can use either QPSK or 16-
QAM.
The Downlink physical channels HS-SCCH and HS-PDSCH consist of a sequence of

binary symbols. In the case of QPSK modulation, each pair of two consecutive
symbols is first serial-to-parallel converted and then mapped to the I and Q branches.
The QPSK modulation mapper maps the even and odd numbered symbols to the I and
Q branch respectively. In the case of 16-QAM modulation, a set of four consecutive
binary symbols nk, nk+1, nk+2, nk+3 (with k mod 4 = 0) is serial-to-parallel converted
to two consecutive binary symbols (i1= nk, i2= nk+2) on the I branch and two
consecutive binary symbols (q1= nk+1, q2= nk+3) on the Q branch and then mapped
to 16-QAM constellation by the modulation mapper. The modulation mapper converts
the binary symbols into the real-valued symbols.
Uplink HS-DPCCH
z High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-
DPCCH)
3 slots format, SF 256, OVSF code – Cch,256,64
Fixed power offset ( ΔACK, ΔNACK, ΔCQI ) relative to Uplink
associated DPCCH
CQI measurement reference period is 3 slots, ending 1 slots before
CQI is sent
UL HS-DPCCH – High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
Each UE operating in the HSDPA mode has an active Uplink HS-DPCCH along with the
dedicated UL DPCCH. The UE uses UL DPCCH as reference for adjusting the HS-
DPCCH channel power. UE transmits HS-DPCCH at a fixed power offset relative to UL
DPCCH but the offset is different for ACK, NACK, and CQI fields. These power offsets
are signaled to UE by UTRAN and are used by UE’s Physical Layer to calculate the
HS-DPCCH gain factor (βhs). As the HS-DPCCH power is adjusted relative to UL
DPCCH, the Uplink power control is indirectly
adjusting the HS-DPCCH power.
Each subframe (2 ms) of HS-DPCCH has one slot for HARQ ACK/NACK and two slots for
Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) field. UTRAN may configure the UE to repeat each
ACK/NACK and/or CQI report up to three more times in the consecutive subframes. If
there is nothing to acknowledge, i.e., no data received on HS-PDSCH or CRC error on
HS-SCCH, then DTX bits are sent in the ACK/NACK field.
UTRAN configures CQI reporting by signaling CQI feedback cycle parameter to UE.
Based on the feedback cycle parameter, UE may be asked to not send CQI at all or
send CQI at periodic intervals ranging from 2 ms to 160 ms. For example, if the CQI
feedback cycle is 4 ms, the UE reports CQI in every other subframe. Those subframes
not scheduled to report CQI have DTX bits in place of CQI.
CQI value reflect wireless environment quality of previous sub-frame (i.e reference period
in above figure)
HS-DPCCH Channel Coding
z 1 bit ACK/NACK is coded as 10 bits
z 5 bits CQI is coded as 20 bits
z Sub-frame repetition of ACK/NACK and CQI add more reliability
HS-DPCCH Channel Coding
Channel coding is done by UE’s Physical Layer to add redundant bits to the HS-DPCCH
information. In general, there are different methods of doing channel coding such as
repetition, convolutional coding, turbo coding, Reed-Muller (RM) coding, etc., but the
basic strategy is to add some redundant bits to the original bit(s). This redundancy
helps the receiver correctly decode the original bits which may have been impaired due
to bad RF channel conditions. The
1-bit ACK/NACK information is coded into 10 bits by repeating the original bit. The 5-bit
CQI information is coded into 20 bits by using RM coding.
HS-DPCCH Spreading and Modulation
z Unique OVSF code Cch,256,64

z Gain factor βhs is derived from
power offsets (ΔACK , ΔNACK ,
ΔCQI)
z Multiplexed on Q branch
z Same scrambling code as on UL
DPCH
z QPSK modulation
HS-DPCCH Spreading and Modulation
The HS-DPCCH channel is I/Q code multiplexed with UL DPCH. Depending on whether
the number of active UL DPDCHs is even or odd, HS-DPCCH is mapped on to I or Q
branch, respectively. The SF used for HS-DPCCH is 256 with OVSF code number Cch,
256, 64 when there is only one active UL DPDCH. The power offsets ΔACK , ΔNACK ,
and ΔCQI are signaled to UE by UTRAN through higher layer signaling.
Contents
UMTS Protocol Stack
UMTS Protocol Stack
The UMTS signaling protocol stack is divided into Access Stratum (AS) and Non-Access
Stratum (NAS). The Non-Access Stratum architecture evolved from the GSM/GPRS
upper layers and is divided into Circuit Switched (CS) and Packet Switched (PS)
protocols.
The Access Stratum consists of three layers:
1. Layer 3 – The Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer handles establishment,

release, and configuration of radio resources.
2. Layer 2 – Consists of two sub-layers. The Radio Link Control (RLC) sub-layer
provides segmentation, re-assembly and other traditional Layer 2 functions. The
Medium Access Control (MAC) sub-layer multiplexes data and signaling onto
the appropriate channels and controls access to the Physical Layer.
3. Layer 1 – The Physical Layer transfers data over the radio link.
UTRAN protocol structure to be found in 25.301
GC Nt DC
GC Nt DC
UuS boundary
C-plane signalling U-plane information
RRC control L3
Radio
control
control
control
control
Bearers
PDCP
PDCP L2/PDCP
BMC
L2/BMC
RLC RLC L2/RLC

RLC RLC
RLC RLC
RLC RLC
Logical
Channels
MAC L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
PHY L1
HSDPA Protocol Stack
1. HSDPA Protocol Stack
1. In a Release 99 PS network, the NAS layer protocols are terminated at the

SGSN. RRC, RLC,and MAC protocols are terminated at the RNC. The Physical
Layer protocol is terminated at the Node B.
2. The Release 5 specifications define a new sublayer of MAC called MAC-hs,

which implements the MAC protocols and procedures for HSDPA. This sublayer
operates at the NodeBand the UE.
3. UTRAN MAC-hs is responsible for fast scheduling of the HS-PDSCHs. The

scheduler determines:
1. To which UEs the channels are assigned.
2. How much data to send.
3. Which modulation scheme to use.
4. Whether to send new data or retransmitted data.
5. Which redundancy version to send.
4. UE MAC-hs is responsible for:

1. Sending ACK or NACK after decoding a block.
2. Re-ordering data blocks before submitting to upper layers, if
retransmissions caused data to be received out of order.
UTRAN Mac Architecture
1. UTRAN MAC Architecture
1. The UTRAN MAC protocol consists of three entities:
2. MAC-hs – Responsible for the high speed HSDPA channels and the only entity
of MAC that resides in the Node B. When a UE operates in HSDPA mode,
MAC-hs maps user data and signaling from DCCH and DTCH onto the shared
HS-DSCH transport channels.
3. MAC-c/sh – Responsible for common and shared logical (PCCH, BCCH, CCCH,
and CTCH) and transport (PCH, BCH, RACH, FACH) channels. MAC-c/sh
resides in the RNC, and there is one MAC-c/sh entity per RNC. When a UE
operates in Cell_FACH state, MAC-c/sh maps user data and signaling from its
DCCH and DTCH onto the common FACH and RACH transport channels.
4. MAC-d – Responsible for mapping data from dedicated logical channels (DCCH
and DTCH) onto dedicated transport channels (DCH). MAC-d resides in the
RNC, and there is one MAC-d entity for each UE to which dedicated logical
channels have been assigned.
UTRAN MAC-hs Architecture
1. UTRAN MAC-hs Architecture
2. Data enters the UTRAN MAC-hs from a set of MAC-d flows. The data is routed to a set
of priority queues with the following properties:
1. Up to 8 priority queues and 8 MAC-d flows are allowed per UE.
2. The queue distribution entity maps each MAC-d flow onto one or more priority
queues.The mapping is configured when the HSDPA operation begins.
3. Each priority queue is mapped to only one MAC-d flow.
3. When data is removed from a priority queue for transmission, it is assigned to a HARQ
process.
4. There are a minimum of 6 and a maximum of 8 HARQ processes per UE. The HARQ
process tracks the ACK/NACK signaling for the data block and determines when
retransmission is necessary.
5. In response to CQI and ACK/NACK signaling on HS-DPCCH, the scheduler decides:
1. To which UEs the HSDPA channels will be assigned.
2. For each scheduled UE, whether to send new data from a priority queue or a
retransmission from a HARQ process.
6. Signaling on HS-SCCH indicates the scheduling decision to the UEs operating in

HSDPA mode.
Mac-hs functions
z Flow Control
The flow control entity controls the HSDPA data flow between
RNC and NodeB
Purpose: to reduce the transmission time of HSDPA data on

the UTRAN side and to reduce the data discarded and
retransmitted when the Iub interface or Uu interface is
congested
The transmission capabilities of the Uu interface and Iub

interface are taken into account in a dynamic manner in the
flow control
Mac-hs functions
z Scheduling
The scheduling entity handles the priority of the queues and
schedules the priority queues or NACK HARQ processes of the
HS-DSCH UEs in a cell to be transmitted on the HS-DSCH
related physical channels in each TTI
Purpose: to achieve considerable cell throughput capability and

to satisfy user experience
Mac-hs functions
z HARQ
The HARQ entity handles the HARQ protocol for each HS-
DSCH UE
Each HS-DSCH UE has one HARQ entity on the MAC-hs of

the UTRAN side to handle the HARQ functionality
One HARQ entity can support multiple instances (i.e.HARQ

processes) of stop and wait HARQ protocols
Based on the status reports from HS-DPCCH, a new

transmission or retransmission is determined
The round trip time at the physical layer is 12 ms. Therefore, it is necessary for one UE to
have multiple parallel instances (HARQ processes) of the stop and wait HARQ
protocol to increase the Uu interface throughput
One problem in the receiver caused by multiple HARQ processes is that, in a specific time
window, the TBs may arrive out of sequence. Therefore, it is necessary to have
reordering functionality on the receiver side
Mac-hs functions
z TFRC selection
The TFRC selection entity selects an appropriate transport
format and resource for the data to be transmitted on HS-
DSCH
The transport format includes the transport block size and

modulation scheme. The resource includes the power resource
and code resource of HS-PDSCH
Transport Format and Resource Combination (TFRC) for each

UE is channel quality based, where AMC is the key technique
UE MAC-hs Architecture
1. UE MAC-hs Architecture
1. When the UE Physical Layer decodes a data block addressed to it, the
associated HARQ process determines whether to ACK or NACK the block. If an
ACK is sent, the data block is passed to the assigned re-ordering queue.
2. Re-ordering of MAC-hs PDUs is necessary because up to 8 HARQ processes

can be operating on sequentially transmitted data. MAC-hs PDUs can be
received out of order when a HARQ process sends a NACK.
3. The re-ordering queue passes the block up to the disassembly entity when it
receives consecutive data blocks. The disassembly entity takes apart the MAC-
hs PDU into its constituent MAC-d PDUs and passes them up to the appropriate
MAC-d flow for processing by the MAC-d layer.
Data Flow Example
z Data Flow
Transmitter (NodeB)
RNC RLC PDU to NodeB priority queue
NodeB Mac-hs PDU assembly
NodeB HARQ Process
Receiver (UE)
UE HARQ process
UE re-ordering queue
UE Mac-hs PDU disassembly
Data Flow Example
RNC Mac-d PDU to NodeB Priority
Queue
Data Flow Example – RNC MAC-d PDU to NodeBPriority Queue
In this example, two logical channels, DTCH 1 and DTCH 2, are mapped to one MAC-d
flow.
The MAC-d entity in the RNC constructs MAC-d PDUs by prepending a header to each
RLC PDU. The MAC-d header contains a C/T field that identifies the DTCH from which
the data came. The priority DTCH 1 is higher than DTCH 2, so MAC-d selects all the
PDUs from DTCH1, and then all the PDUs from DTCH 2.
The MAC-d flow is mapped to a MAC-hs priority queue. The RNC transfers the data
across the Iub interface to the Node B, where the MAC-hs entity stores the MAC-d
PDUs in the priority queue, preserving the order of the PDUs as sent across the Iub
interface.
Data Flow Example
NodeB Mac-hs PDU Assembly
z Mac-hs PDU structure
Data Flow Example – NodeBMAC-hs PDU Assembly

When the scheduler in the NodeB MAC-hs decides to send data from a given priority
queue, it constructs a MAC-hs PDU. The scheduler determines the size of the MAC-hs
PDU as a function of the UE’s CQI report, number of HS-PDSCHs, available transmit
power, and other proprietary parameters.
MAC-d PDUs are packed into the MAC-hs PDU sequentially. The MAC-hs PDU is then
sent to the Physical Layer as the HS-DSCH transport block. The MAC-hs PDU header
consists of the
following fields:
Version Flag (VF) – Always set to 0 for this release.
Queue Identifier (QID) – Identifies the priority queue in the NodeB from which the data
came, and the re-ordering queue in the UE to which the data is being sent.
Transmission Sequence Number (TSN) – Used by the re-ordering protocol to ensure
inorder delivery of MAC-d PDUs when retransmissions occur.
Size Index Identifier (SID) – When HSDPA operations begin, the RNC sends a signaling
message to the UE that maps valid MAC-d PDU sizes to a set of up to 7 SIDs.
Number (N) – Indicates the number of consecutive MAC-d PDUs of the size given by the
previous SID. The maximum number of MAC-d PDUs in a MAC-hs PDU is 70.
Flag (F) – One-bit flag field to indicate the end of the MAC-hs header.
Padding – MAC-hs adds padding as needed to fill the MAC-hs PDU size (transport block
size) chosen by the scheduler.
Data Flow Example
NodeB HARQ Process
Data Flow Example – NodeB HARQ Process

The scheduler chooses a HARQ process from which to send the PDU. The NodeB supports up to 8
HARQ processes for each UE.
The NodeB transmits the HARQ process ID in the second part of the HS-SCCH. A one-bit indicator,
the New Data Indicator (NDI), in the second part of HS-SCCH is toggled whenever a new PDU
is transmitted.
The Physical Layer uses the UE’s H-RNTI to scramble the HS-SCCH. When the UE monitors the
HS-SCCH, it looks for subframes scrambled with its H-RNTI, ignoring those that don’t match
and processing those that do.
The NodeB sends the MAC-hs PDU to the Physical Layer on the HS-DSCH transport channel. The
Physical Layer processes the data and maps it onto one or more HS-PDSCHs.
The HARQ protocol supports the following features:
Soft combining – If the UE NACKs a data block, the NodeB may retransmit the data. The
Physical Layer performs soft combining of the retransmitted symbols with those previously
received.
Stop and Wait (SAW) – Each HARQ process, up to a maximum of 8, operates independently on
one data block until that block is correctly decoded or transmission is aborted by the NodeB.
Synchronous ACK/NACK – The UE transmits an ACK or NACK for a given block at a fixed time
following reception of the data.
Asynchronous retransmission – The NodeB sends a retransmission any time after an NACK
is received. The earliest this can occur is 10 ms after the previous transmission. A more typical
value is expected to be 12 ms, due to internal delays in the Node B scheduling algorithm. A
retransmission could occur later than 12 ms depending on channel quality reported by the UE
and other internal scheduling decisions.
HARQ Protocol signaling on HS-SCCH
HARQ Protocol HS-SCCH Information
The Node B sends control Information for the HARQ protocol on the HS-SCCH. The first
slot of the HS-SCCH is scrambled with the UE’s H-RNTI, which identifies the UE to
which this HSDPA assignment belongs. A 16-bit CRC masked with the UE’s H-RNTI is
computed over both parts.
The information on HS-SCCH includes:
Channelization Code Set – Which HS-PDSCH codes to use, and how many channels.
Modulation Scheme – QPSK or 16-QAM
HARQ Process ID – Which HARQ process should decode the next HSDPA
assignment.
Transport Format Resource Indicator (TFRI) – A 6-bit value that maps to the
Transport Block size of the data.
Redundancy and Constellation Version – The redundancy version indicates to the

Turbo decoder which combination of systematic and parity bits will be sent. For 16-
QAM, the constellation version indicates how the symbols were mapped to the
constellation.
New Data Indicator (NDI) – A 1-bit value that is toggled whenever new data is sent to
a given HARQ process, to allow it to distinguish a retransmission from a new
transmission.
Data Flow Example
UE HARQ Process
Data Flow Example – UE HARQ Process
Each UE HARQ process performs operations within the Physical Layer and within the
MAC-hs layer.
Physical Layer HARQ Process Operations
When the UE decodes its H-RNTI on the HS-SCCH, it prepares to decode the next HS-
DSCH TTI. The HS-SCCH includes a HARQ process ID. In the Physical Layer, the
HARQ process decodes the associated HS-PDSCHs. If the data is decoded correctly,
the data is routed to the MAC-hs part of the HARQ process.
MAC-hs Layer HARQ Process Operations
The MAC-hs HARQ process generates either an ACK or a NACK to be sent in the
subframe numbered 5 in the diagram above. If the UE sends an ACK and the NodeB
decodes the ACK correctly, the earliest that HARQ process 1 can be used for a new
data block is the subframe numbered 8 above. If other data blocks are sent to the UE
during the intervening subframes, they must be assigned to other HARQ processes.
UE HARQ Process flowchart
UE HARQ Process Flowchart
The control flow for a HARQ process in the UE is as follows:
1. When a data block is received, compare the New Data Indicator (NDI) bit with the value
received in the previous block.
If NDI is different, flush data in the buffer and store new data
If NDI is the same and the buffer is empty, this data has already been decoded
correctly, so discard it and send an ACK. This can happen if the Node B
interprets an ACK as a NACK, and retransmits the data block.
If NDI is the same and the buffer is not empty, soft combine the new data with
data already in the buffer.
2. Attempt to decode the data in the buffer.
If correctly decoded, deliver the data to the re-ordering queue, flush the buffer,
and send an ACK.
If incorrectly decoded, keep the data in the buffer and send a NACK.
z HARQ Protocol Errors
Errors can occur in the HARQ protocol if the Node B misinterprets the UE’s
ACK/NACK.
If the Node B receives nothing in the HS-DPCCH slot in which it expects
an ACK or NACK, it treats it as a NACK
If the Node B interprets an ACK as a NACK, a packet may be

retransmitted when it was not necessary to do
The UE HARQ process detects this condition by the fact that the New
Data Indicator bit is the same value as the previous transmission, so it
discards the data and sends another ACK
Another type of protocol error occurs if the Node B misinterprets a NACK

as an ACK. In this case, the Node B assumes the UE correctly decoded
the data, so it sends a new data block to the same HARQ process
The HARQ process in UE side must discard the previous transmission and
attempt to decode the new block, sending the ACK or NACK accordingly.
This is a worse error than mistaking an ACK, because data is lost and
must be recovered by higher layer protocols (i.e., RLC)
Data Flow Example
UE re-ordering Queue
Data Flow Example – UE Re-ordering Queue
When the UE’s HARQ process ACKs the data block, it routes the MAC-hs PDU to a re-
ordering queue, according to the QID given in the MAC-hs header. The re-ordering
queue uses the TSN in the MAC-hs header to put the PDUs in the correct order. The
re-ordering queue routes consecutively received PDUs to the disassembly entity.
If a HARQ process sends a NACK, this can create a hole in the re-ordering queue. The re-
ordering queue buffers subsequent PDUs until either the missing PDU is successfully
received, or the reordering protocol stops waiting for that PDU. Two mechanisms,
timer-based and window-based, are used for stall avoidance. These are examined in
detail in later slides.
This example illustrates a simple case in which consecutive assignments originate from
the same NodeB priority queue and thus are all routed to the same re-ordering queue.
In a more complicated example, data from multiple priority queues can be interleaved
according to the NodeB MAC-hs scheduling decisions.
Data Flow Example
UE Mac-hs PDU Disassembly
Data Flow Example – UE MAC-hs PDU Disassembly
The UE MAC-hs entity disassembles the MAC-hs PDU, using the information in the MAC-
hs header to separate the PDUs. It passes the MAC-d PDUs to the MAC-d entity,
which then delivers the PDUs to the DTCH logical channels, using the C/T field to
differentiate channels.
Re-ordering Protocol
z Features of the MAC-hs Re-ordering Protocol
Each reordering queue operates independently
Control information in MAC-hs header
Queue ID (QID), 3 bits
Transmission Sequence Number (TSN), 6 bits
In-sequence delivery of MAC-d PDUs to RLC

HARQ protocol may deliver data out of sequence
RLC requires in-sequence delivery
Re-ordering Protocol – MAC-hs Header
The MAC-hs PDU header consists of the following fields:
Version Flag (VF) – Always set to 0 for this release.
Queue Identifier (QID) – Identifies the priority queue in the Node B from which the
data came, and the re-ordering queue in the UE to which the data is being sent.
Transmission Sequence Number (TSN) – Used by the re-ordering protocol to ensure

in-order delivery of MAC-d PDUs when retransmissions occur.
Size Index Identifier (SID) – When HSDPA operations begin, the RNC sends a
signaling message to the UE that maps valid MAC-d PDU sizes to a set of up to 7 SIDs.
Number (N) – Indicates the number of consecutive MAC-d PDUs of the size given by
the previous SID. The maximum number of MAC-d PDUs in a MAC-hs PDU is 70.
Flag (F) – One-bit flag field to indicate the end of the MAC-hs header.
Padding – Padding as needed to fill the scheduled MAC-hs size.

Re-ordering Protocol
In-sequence Delivery of Mac-hs PDUs
Re-ordering Protocol – In-sequence Delivery of MAC-hs PDUs
When a HARQ process sends a NACK, a hole is created in the re-ordering queue for
which that PDU was intended. As subsequent PDUs are received, the re-ordering
queue buffers those PDUs to prevent them from being delivered out of order to the
RLC layer above MAC-hs.
When the missing PDU is received correctly, the re-ordering queue inserts it into the
correct position in the buffer and delivers it and all subsequent consecutive PDUs that
are awaiting delivery.
Thank you
www.huawei.com

WCDMA RAN Planning and Optimization (Book1 WRNPO Basics)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

WCDMA RAN Planning and Optimization (Book1 WRNPO Basics)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WCDMA RAN

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Outline the advantage of CDMA principle

 Characterize code sequence

 Outline the fundamentals of RAN

 Describe feature of wireless propagation

3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure

4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure

4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

z However, their defects are also obvious:

 The third generation mobile communication was first proposed

 Work band : around 2000MHz

 The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps

z Put forward in 1985 by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union), the 3G

z 3G services are inherited from 2G services. In a new architecture, new service

 Compatible backward with all the services provided by GSM.

z Formulated by the European standardization organization 3GPP, the core network

z The TD-SCDMA standard is put forward by the Chinese Wireless Telecommunication

3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure

4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

 Time division multiple access (TDMA)

 Code division multiple access (CDMA)

z CDMA is a multiple access mode implemented by Spreading Modulation. Unlike

 Time division duplex (TDD)

z In third generation mobile communication systems, WCDMA and cdma2000 adopt

3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure

4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

Node B Node B Node B Node B

2000 2001 2002 2005

3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure

4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

Service Source Channel Coding

Service Source Channel Decoding Reception

z Source coding can increase the transmitting efficiency.

z Channel coding can make the transmission more reliable.

z Spreading can increase the capability of overcoming interference.

z Bit, Symbol, Chip

 Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving

 Chip: data after spreading

connections AMR_5.90 5.9

z Video Phone Service AMR_5.15 5.15

Service Source Channel Coding

Service Source Channel Decoding Reception

z Source coding can increase the transmitting efficiency.

z Channel coding can make the transmission more reliable.

z Spreading can increase the capability of overcoming interference.

z Scrambling can make transmission in security.

z Bit, Symbol, Chip

 Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving

 Chip: data after spreading

z The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a common method of

z Adding the CRC bits is done before the channel encoding

1/3 Turbo Coding Coded 3N+12 bits

Service Source Channel Coding

Service Source Channel Decoding Reception

z Source coding can increase the transmitting efficiency.

z Channel coding can make the transmission more reliable.

z Spreading can increase the capability of overcoming interference.

z Scrambling can make transmission in security.

z Bit, Symbol, Chip

 Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving

Outline the advantage of CDMA principle

Characterize code sequence

Outline the fundamentals of RAN

Describe feature of wireless propagation

The third generation mobile communication was first proposed

Work band : around 2000MHz

The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps

Compatible backward with all the services provided by GSM.

Time division multiple access (TDMA)

Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Time division duplex (TDD)

Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving

Chip: data after spreading

Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving

Chip: data after spreading

Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving

Chip: data after spreading

Process gain differs for each service.

Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal

Low data rates → high SF code

For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to

For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different UEs

Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving

Chip: data after spreading

Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving

Chip: data after spreading

UTRAN Voice Coding

UTRAN Channel Coding

UTRAN Spreading Code

UTRAN Scrambling Code

Describe structure and functions of different physical channels

Describe UMTS physical layer procedures