The 1%

A Comprehensive Guide to Survival in The New World

By Alex Spears, Amanda Mills, and Michael Navas

 In the early 2010s, a government organization began running secretive experiments on paralyzed
patients. Thousands of people sought help from this government program that seemed to be working:
patients who entered the program were sent home, cured, within a week. These patients returned home
and began interacting with their families and communities, many of them doing things they had never
been able to do. It was a scientific breakthrough like nothing anyone had seen, and it was a wonderful
time to be alive. There was hope for the infirmed and the diseased; if paralysis could be cured, so could
they. Then, nearly a year after the government began their treatment program, something within the
patients bodies went awry, spores inside their bodies mutated and became airborne, wiping out more than
70% of the population. An unlucky 19.5% of the population were not killed by the cordyceps, but were
turned; no longer human, these infected bodies became dumb, wandering creatures intent on killing.
These Paraceps have an increased sense of hearing, but lose their sense of sight at nightfall. A much
smaller portion of infected bodies, about .5% of the Infected population, were faster, smarter, and deadlier
than any other creature on earth. It is believed that these creatures were the first patients to be
experimented on, before a better cure was found, these bodies, although cured of paralysis, suffered
greatly from the government's experimentations. These rare, but deadly creatures are called Occasms, a
name that stems from the Latin word occasmus, meaning end or death.
About 10% of the human population survived, immune to the cordyceps. Small groups of people
banded together, working to kill the Paraceps, and wherever possible, the Occasms, slowly restoring the
world to a habitable, less dangerous place. Humankind has not been able to get rid of these airborne
spores. In time, the cordyceps will likely evolve, and future generations may no longer have the immunity
that the survivors of the initial outbreak had. This manual is intended for future generations, so that they
can be prepared in case of another outbreak. Our small band of survivors had a small but important role to
play in the clearing out and restructuring of the Salt Lake Valley. All of us students at Salt Lake
Community College, we formed a group shortly after the airborne spores killed most of the population.
We set up our Main Operating Base in a small canyon overlooking the Salt Lake Valley. From this base,
we worked together to rebuild our world.
Scavenging
Scavenging will serve as your main source of food, medicine, weapons, and ammunition until you can
begin producing some products. It is important to note that conducting scavenging runs is one of the most
dangerous task that you can undergo as a group. Successful scavenging missions require an
understanding of the dangers the Infected presents, and an understanding of conducting urban tactical
operations. For the purposes of this guide, we assume that scavenging will take place in an urban setting,
but for scavenging outside of an urban setting, many of the same principles will apply.

UO (Urban Operations)
UOs are defined as actions that are planned and conducted in an environment where man made
constructions affects the tactical options available to your group (Pike, Urban Operations). Cities vary
immensely depending on their history, the culture of their inhabitants, economic development, access and
availability of building materials, local climate, as well as other factors. Familiarize yourself with these
things in the area that you plan on operating. Some considerations need to be addressed when conducting
UO.

Mission
Before conducting any UO we recommend you put a member of the group in charge of the mission. This
person will then be responsible for the organisation and execution of the mission. The individual in
charge, as well as the group, must understand the mission and the difficulties presented in Urban Combat.
Urban combat is resource intensive and has a high likelihood of casualties.
Objective - The commander, group and any support groups or individuals must clearly understand the
purpose of the operation. Objectives can vary, and may be focused on surveillance, scavenging, or may
have the potential to be force-oriented. The commander of the operation is responsible for considering
whether committing his force to combat in urban areas is required or beneficial for achieving the goal.
Intent - When planning for UO the commander must consider the purpose and intent of the operation and
define what is required. The objective of the operation will affect what is required.
Infected
Having an understanding of the Infected is key to conducting a successful UO and any person in
command of a UO needs to understand the danger and threat the Infected presents. Please refer to the
section on The Infected for reference.

Urban Mapping
Prior to entering any urban environment the group must
obtain or develop maps to assist in the planning and
execution of the UO. Your group will need to identify key
structures and areas of the urban environment that you will
be operating in. Obtaining an aerial map of the urban
environment you will be operating is in key. Once acquired,
we recommend highlighting four main important locations:
1) Safe Havens. Safe havens are any area that has
been cleared of threats.
2) Hazardous areas. These are areas that present
increased threat and should be avoided if at all possible.
3) Major Terrain Features. These are features such
as parks, industrial complexes, airports, paved roads, etc.
4) Subterranean Features. These are features such
as sewers and utility systems, subway systems and
underground water systems.
Maps that highlight these areas should be given to all members
of the scavenging party as well as be available to any
supporting groups or individuals.

Terrain and Weather

As stated above, a detailed analysis of the area and surrounding
terrain is vital to the success of any UO. The group should
obtain maps and diagrams of the following:
 Subway systems, railways, and mass transit routes.
Underground water, sewer, and utility systems.
Electrical distribution systems, power stations, and emergency services.
Fuel supply and storage facilities.
Facilities for mass communication, such as cellular phones, computer hubs, radio and telephone.
Public administration buildings, hospitals, and clinics
Terrain analysis should then be done to identify:
Structural characteristics of buildings, bridges, and transportation networks.
Roads, highways, rivers, streams, and other waterways that may be used as high-speed avenues of
approach.
Analysis of natural terrain surrounding the urban area.
Key and decisive terrain inside and outside of the urban area.
Stadiums, parks, open fields, playground, and other open areas.
Locations of prisons and jails.
Infrastructure analysis should also be done to highlight:
Urban street patterns and trafficability.
Sources of potable water
Bulk fuel and transport systems
Communications systems
Rail network, airfields, canals and waterways, and other transportation systems.
Your weather analysis should consist of:
Visibility
Wind
Precipitation
Temperature and Humidity (Pike)

Communication
Communication is a key part to any scavenging or urban operation. Communications need to follow what
are known as the ABCs. That is, communication needs to be Accurate, Brief, and Clear. Using the ABCs
of communication is important during any scavenging run and much more important during any combat
situation. Be accurate; compass directions are good but only if the person you are communicating with is
within 50 meters or so. Any further than that and the accuracy of those instructions begins to lessen.
Instead, pick a point of reference. Saying they are South of the three story building with the red door is
far more useful than saying they are outside the building. Be brief; since there will be many people trying
to communicate, keep what you have to say to the essentials. Long and drawn out instructions can often
led to more confusion. Be clear; trying to communicate while stressed or tired is hard, allow yourself a
moment to calm down and focus your thoughts. Screaming, mumbling, etc. is not helpful and will led to
confusion and repeating yourself. These will be stressful times and tempers will have a tendency to run
wild. To survive, you must force yourself to leave your conflicts and ego behind. If there is something
important that needs to be brought up at a later date, save it until then. Communication on scavenging
runs needs to pertain only to ensuring your group makes it back safe.

Since urban operations are dangerous and potentially deadly, having an understanding of your area of
operations is key. When conducting UO information is vital to a successful mission. The more
information about your area of operation you have, the higher chance you have of successfully
completing you mission and returning unharmed. Our group's motto when conducting UO was Hope
for the best, plan for the worst Being unprepared for any operation will eventually result in casualties.
Operations in urban environments require more preparation than any other environment your group may
encounter.

Resources
The main reason for conducting any urban operation will he the collection of resources. Aside from the
things highlighted in the urban operations section your group must also identify places where you may
obtain certain resources. Constantly be updating your maps to highlight areas of interest for the
acquisition of any resources. Maps should be updated after every scavenging run to insure that your maps
are as up to date as possible. The main resources that your group will be collecting are:
Food
Medicine
Weapons and ammunition
Other
Food
The primary objective of any group of survivors is the acquisition of food. In high casualty events like
the one you may potentially encounter, food is plentiful but often dangerous and difficult to acquire.
Usually where there is food there are people, and where there are people there are Paraceps. As stated
above, any location where there are people (houses, malls, restaurants, etc.) there will usually be food,
however, these areas have the potential to be dangerous. One good source of food that may be safer to
acquire are the food caches set up by the government. Hospitals, police stations, and any key government
or civilian infrastructure may have food storage. Take note beforehand of any government food caches
that you can use in the future. While looking for food, obviously canned goods are the best, they are
durable and have a good shelf life, however they are a finite source of food and you will eventually need
to work your way to growing your own. While looking for food, also keep a lookout for any seeds that
you can use to start growing. We will talk more about agriculture in a future section.

Medicine
Medicine is an important part of long term survival. Having an elaborate medical pantry is good but only
useful if you have someone that knows how to perform more advanced medical procedures. In any case
there are a few medical items that you should keep your eyes out for when on scavenging runs:

Pain Medication / Fever Reducer

Over the counter pain relievers can help with anything from sore muscles and headaches to minor injuries.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is good for pain and fever reduction but can be toxic to the liver if you take too
much. Aspirin, Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These reduce
inflammation caused by injury, arthritis or fever.

Anti-diarrheal
Diarrhea kills. Seriously, in a world and environment where water may be a commodity, bad diarrhea can
be a death sentence. Diarrhea causes the body to lose large quantities of water and can easily lead to
dehydration if not treated. Dehydration leads to weakness, irritability and confusion. Be careful, diarrhea
is one of your body's responses to removing dangerous and unwanted material from your body. Taking
and anti-diarrheal essentially traps what your body wanted gone, inside. This being the case, it should
only be used for treatment of severe diarrhea or in a scenario where you cannot afford to go to the
bathroom every twenty minutes.

Antibiotics
At some point in time someone will need more then a bandage to treat their injuries. Antibiotics are used
to treat and prevent bacterial infections. A cut from a rusty nail may not be immediately life threatening
and for more serious cuts, a bandage will do for temporary treatment. However, without something to
fight the infection, a bacterial infection could easily spell death. Antibiotics do not help with viruses.
Colds, flus, coughs, bronchitis, and sore throat are almost always caused by viruses. Ear infections and
sinus infections can be caused by bacterial infection but do not necessarily call for antibiotics.

Additional Medical Supplies

Oral rehydration solution
Multivitamins
Bandages
Rubbing Alcohol and Hydrogen Peroxide
Cough Drops
Anti-itch cream
Honey
Knee braces and Ace Bandages
Any regularly taken prescription medication
Thermometer
Blood Pressure Cuff
EpiPen
Asthma Inhalers

Weapons and Ammunition

The general rule of thumb is to take any and all weapons and ammunition that you find. We will be going
more indepth about weapons in another section so for now we will just mention the most popular firearm
calibers that you may encounter.
Rifles
.22LR
12 gauge (shotguns)
.223 and 5.56
30-06 and 30-30
.270
.300 win short mag and .308

Pistols
9mm
.45ACP
.40 S&W
357 & 38 special
308ACP

Journal entry about Scavenging and Shelter.

Pam walked into the room on the second floor of the AAB building where our group had created
a temporary base of operation. As she walked, she saw that everyone was preparing to go scavenging in
the city. Pam was chosen as the leader of the group because of her police background and how familiar
she was with the city having lived in Utah since she was very young. Although Pam is the leader of the
group, everyone has certain responsibilities that help make the group a whole. Joe and Alex prepared
weapons to go out in the city while everyone else was preparing the general supplies they needed to go on
a scavenging mission to supply caches Amanda knew about. Pam ask the group Is everyone ready? Joe
replies ready like a 50 year old lady ready to play bingo. Making fun of Pams age. We open the
barricaded door on the first floor to exit the building. We stayed in a closed unit formation as Joe who is a
marine veteran had trained everyone to do. As our scavenging run was in the day, Paraceps were a threat
but nothing the group couldn't handle as the Paraceps were usually in the danger zones, where they like
to stay in their packs. Amanda had worked together with Pam to create a map and become our secondary
guide while we are in the city. Since the supply cache is not far the group choose to walk to conserve the
gasoline in the vehicle. As they arrive at the supply cache Michael and Matt waited taking guard in case a
group of Paraceps approached; taking a point of higher elevation so they could alert the rest of our group
to hurry so the we could evacuate as not to get trapped in the building. Joe and Alex serve as Sally, Pam,
and Amanda's protection as they clear the building to make sure there are no Paraceps. We first go to find
medicine. Medicine is just as important as food because of the lack of a hospital a simple cut can become
a serious infection. As Sally approached the medical cabinet she looked for anything important. Sally
being soft spoken and timid. Which usually irritates Joe because he doesnt like being in one area for too
long. Pam told Joe dont start Joe as she notices that he was getting irritated. Alex grabbed Joe and told
him lets just watch the door while they finish up. Sally being a nursing student before the apocalypse
has a very good understanding of first aid and some knowledge of how to treat serious injuries. Once we
were done with the medicine we ran through the rest of the building to look for anything of importance.
Amanda took notes of rooms we had gone through as it is important to keep up to date on where we had
gone and what we had seen. Collecting this data is important for future missions. As the group finished
scavenging they signaled to Michael and Matt that we were coming out. Communication is important in a
group, especially in potentially dangerous situation. The group met up at the exit and got back into
formation headed back to our base of operation.

Shelter
Finding good shelter is the first step whenever you move to or arrive at a new location. You will need a
secure, safe, and defensible position to conduct scavenging operations. We recommend having a few.
Any shelter that you make, be it permanent or temporary requires you to understand the proper use of
terrain. To make it easy, remember the acronym KOCOA (K
ey or Decisive Terrain, Observation & Fields
of Fire, Cover & Concealment, Obstacles, and Avenues of Approach) Your understanding of these
concepts will be key to establishing your shelter (Jackson, OCOKA - A Key Survival Acronym).
Key or Decisive Terrain
Key or Decisive Terrain are terrain features that give a marked advantage to the force that controls it.
This can be natural (the top of the only hill in the area), or man made (a bridge over a river, or clock
tower). If you cannot find an environment that allows you to fully protect yourself, occupying key or
decisive terrain may give you advanced warning of approaching groups or Infected movement. Be
advised that these locations are often centralized features, this means that there may be increased threat
from Paraceps or people.
Observation & Fields of Fire:
Observation refers to the ability to see or be seen. One must consider weather, time of day, time of
month, and equipment (night vision, scopes, binoculars, etc.). The best point of observation is generally
from a point of higher elevation.
Fields of Fire refers to the area your weapons can effectively cover from any given point. Also one must
consider indirect fire weapons. Although rare, things like mortars and grenade launchers, as well as
throwable weapons like grenades or molotov cocktails need to be taken into consideration.
With Observation & Fields of Fire you want to identify terrain that allows you to see (and not be seen)
and engage (and not be effectively engaged by) the Infected. Take into consideration what weapons you
have and make sure they are appropriate to secure and defend your position.
Cover and Concealment
Cover is simply something that protects you from the Infected, what constitutes cover depends on the
Infected. Paraceps are no stronger than a normal human, thus, what would protect you from an unarmed
human will protect you from a Paracep.
Concealment provides limited or no cover from the Infected weapons but hides you from your opponent.
Picking cover and concealment requires an understanding of the capabilities of the Infected Paraceps are
blind at night but have enhanced hearing, this makes concealment at night different than in the day.
Occasms are enhanced in almost every way. Their enhanced strength makes it hard to find cover and their
enhanced senses make it hard to find concealment. Try finding cover that would protect you against a
very large predator. A saline solution can work as concealment.
Obstacles
Obstacles refer to natural or manmade terrain features that stops, impedes, slows, or diverts movement.
Avenues of Approach
An avenue of approach is a route that the Infected must use to attack/approach your position. Uses these
avenues to your advantage and set up observation points along it to give you advanced warning of
Infected movement. High Speed Avenues of Approach are features like paved roads, or any easily
traveled terrain. These avenues of approach will take additional consideration as Infected could be upon
you before you know it. Putting up obstacles on these avenues of approach may be necessary.

Understanding these five concepts is key in establishing defensible and effective shelters.

MOB (Main Operating Base)

Your MOB should be isolated and easy to defend if needed. This will function as your home. Once
established, all of your activities will be centered around this installation. Our first MOB was established
a week after the disaster. A mile up one of the lesser canyons, our location was out of the way of an
Infected that might decide to go for a stroll. Our location had one road that led to our camp, however,
early on we decided to scout a path into the two adjacent canyons in case we needed to break camp and
exfil. Although this is your home, we recommend that you be able to break camp in no longer fifteen
minutes. For us, we reduced this to ten as our that was the amount of time it took to get from our first OP
(Outpost) to or MOB.
Our group deliberated/argued for a long time on where exactly we wanted to go, Sally and Matt were at
first pretty apprehensive about leaving the city, Joe was worried about being in a canyon where we could
be attacked from elevation on either side. We managed to reconcile everyone's fears and concerns and
managed to come up with a place using old topographical maps that would work for everyone.

FOB (Forward Operating Base)

A FOB will serve as your staging point for all of your missions into the main areas that you scavenge.
One or more of these should be located in and around your scavenging sights. These need to be
incredibly secure, and have at least one secure exit that will only be used in emergencies. We also
recommend having radio communication, food, ammunition, and water cached at these location in the
event that you are trapped. Three to five days of extra supplies for a three to four man group should
suffice. These FOBs can also be staging ground to move supplies back to your MOB.
Defensive Position
For the purposes of this manual, defensive positions refer to any field position outside of your MOB or
FOB that is setup for defensive purposes. There are two basic types of defence that may be required to
make
Hasty Defense- You will at some point in time be forced to make a hasty defense. This location
will serve as a defensive location when under direct attack from the Infected. This may be set up
either as 180-degree or 360-degree defense.

Deliberate Defense- if under threat but no immediately under attack you may need to set up a
deliberate defense. When making a deliberate defense you will always construct fighting
positions with field fortifications and set up a 360-degree perimeter.

The acronym SAFEOCS is used to prioritize work when setting up defensive positions:
Post Security
Position Automatic Weapons
Clear Fields of Fire
Entrenchment - Prepare fighting
Construct Obstacles
Camouflage, cover, concealment
Select supplementary fighting position (Marine Rifle Squad).

The Infected
In this manual, we have stated many times that knowing your enemy is key to survival. In this section we
will be talking about the threat that the Infected will possess and talk about their strengths and
weaknesses. The most common Infected that you will face on a day to day bases are the Paraceps, these
lumbering creatures have one drive and one drive only; to hunt. You have probably learned about the
biology of these Paraceps during your schooling but we will briefly touch on what exactly a Paracept is.
By our best reasoning we have determined that Paraceps, or rather the organism that turned them, is
fungal in nature. Although pretty extensive research has gone into the exact method these fungal
organisms use to hotwire their host body, we still do not know that much about them. Perhaps by the time
you are reading this guide, more information will have been discovered. Our current working theory is
that a medical procedure used to fix nervous system damage using fungal organisms called cordyceps is
responsible. In nature, these cordyceps hijack their hosts central nervous system and is able to control
them, essentially making them slaves to the fungus. It was found that they also had the ability to turn back
on and repair damaged nervous system connections. Using this discovery we were able to isolate that
ability and use it to repair damage to the nervous system. For a while it worked well; patients went to their
nearest clinic, received treatment, and within a week they were back to almost full function. What
happened next is up for debate. What we believe happened, is that the cordyceps evolved. The part of
them that took over the nervous system turned back on. Patients started to breath microscopic fungal
spores into the air. Most people got sick and died in the first few days and weeks, those who were less
lucky turned into The Infected.

Paraceps
This term borrows from the prefix para-, a Greek word meaning beyond or past, and the Latin suffix
-ceps, meaning catcher. These plentiful, lumbering creatures are the most common enemy you will
encounter, but do not let their dumb demeanor fool you though, they are more dangerous than you know,
and a group of three or more can easily be deadly. Our best estimates tell us that about 20% of the
population turned, and of that 20%, 19.5% are these Paraceps. Although all survivors are genetically
immune to the spores these creatures produce, a bite will always, always, lead to infection. These bites
should be avoided at all cost. We have yet to find a cure for a bite. After being bitten, turning will happen
within a few hours.

Strengths
The Paraceps main strength is in its numbers. 19.5% of the population are these mutated beasts. One on
its own may not pose a extremely large threat, but a group of three or more is very dangerous to a lone
survivor. Paraceps also have incredible hearing, this does not mean there sight is bad, but they will hear
you long before they see you. Acting like drones, the primary drive of these organisms is to spread to
new hosts, making these creatures incredibly persistent. We believe that the cordyceps have turned off
pain receptors in their hosts, meaning only death will stop them from hunting.
Weaknesses
Above, we commented on their increased hearing, this is a response to the fact that they lose all vision at
night. We dont think this has anything to do with light, but time of day. For some reason the setting of
the sun turns off the light sensitive cells of the eye, blinding the Paraceps after sunset. For the most part
Paraceps are no different morphologically than regular humans, this means two things: one, anything that
would kill a normal person will kill a Paracep; and two, Paraceps are no stronger or faster than the human
host was prior to turning, this makes hand to hand combat skills very useful.

Occasms
The name Occasmus Venator comes from the latin O
ccasmus meaning west, sunset, ruin, end, and death,
and Venator meaning hunter. The Occasms are the deadliest creature you and your group will face.
They are fast, smart, strong, and vicious. If one of these gets on your trail, it will be almost impossible to
escape. We are not entirely sure why these Occasms are different than their Paracep cousins. We think
that these 0.5% represent those first patients subjected to the testing. For whatever reason the same
genetics that these first patients were chosen for, led to these Occasms.

Strengths
Like stated above, these Occasms are fast, smart, strong, and absolutely deadly. For some genetic reasons
these 0.5% were enhanced by the cordyceps. We have seen them break through brick walls, flip small
cars, and rip people limb from limb. Unlike the Paraceps who act as drones turning people and creating
more Paraceps, Occasms are warriors and hunters by nature. Unlike Paraceps, they are know to use
subtlety to stalk their prey and even have been known to set traps for their unsuspecting victims.
Occasms have the ability to learn; every encounter you have with them will make them smarter and
harder to kill the next time. Occasms rarely fall for the same trap twice.
Weaknesses
The main way to avoid these Occasms is to avoid going out after sunset, we are unsure why but Occasms
only come out at night, where they go during the day is still somewhat of a mystery. Although it seems
almost hopeless when you encounter one, they, like everything else, do have weaknesses. Although they
are smart, they are not quite as smart as humans. A cohesive group working together can defeat this foe.
Like Paraceps, they can be killed using conventional means: if you shoot one in the head or in the heart,
they will die. Their speed and subtlety, however, make that task harder than it seems. For some reason
they seem to have a dislike for salt. Although it will not kill them, hitting one with a shotgun round
packed with rock salt will force them to retreat for a time. This may buy your group some time to retreat,
however, you must also cover you tracks with a saline solution.

Non-Infected Threats/Others
Danger not only comes from the Infected but can also come from outside and even within your own
groups of non-infected. Writing a guide on this threat is hard. People range in behaviour, motives, and
goals. Generally people become less aggressive during times of crisis and more cooperative. Many of the
systems of prejudice we saw in the civilised world did not carry over. As the systems collapsed so did
the systems that reinforced the prejudice. However be careful, use your intuition, the word always had
bad people and even a disaster on this scale will not change that entirely. As a whole, uninfected society
became more peaceful and cooperative in these end of days. Some people did hold on to their prejudice
longer than others, but overtime these people were forced by their circumstance to overcome these
prejudices and were forced to work together.

Mental Health
Up to this point we have focused on surviving the world around you. Although important, surviving the
dangers of the physical world is not enough. In order to survive this New World you must also deal with
the mental world that you will find yourself in. If you are not prepared to fight the rigorous mental battle
that comes with a disaster, no amount of physical preparation will save you.
Personal Mental Health
In this section we will talk about things you can do to keep yourself sane.
Do Not Blame Yourself - There are things that are going to happen that are not you fault.
Putting too much blame onto yourself is dangerous and can lead to you making more mistakes or
being afraid to take necessary risk in the future.
Reaffirm Yourself - You may not be the toughest, fastest, or smartest person in your group. But
remember that everyone has shortcomings. As long as you try your hardest and contribute
something to your group you are important.
Address Your Emotions - We mentioned earlier in the scavenging sections that there is a time
and place to bring up non-essential issues. Although bringing up what someone said to you
during a scavenging run is not a good time. It is important to address issues of emotion. You and
your group will benefit greatly if you not only know how each other is doing physically but
mentally and emotionally too.
Stay Busy And Be Creative - Although it might not appear to be the case, the can be a lot of
downtime in survival. The best way to avoid depressing thoughts and feelings is to keep yourself
busy. Although resources are scarce and it may not seem important, being creative least to
happiness, Doing small things like planting a flower garden, or painting a door or wall may seem
like a waste of time and resources, but if you are going to live in a place, try and make it as nice
as possible. The world will be a dark and gloomy place, any color you can add is useful.
Stay Positive - There will be times when nothing seems to go right, falling into a positive
feedback loop of depression will lead to things being worse. If you imagine a world where
nothing goes right, you will live in a world where nothing will go right. Celebrate small victories
when you can.
Maintain Yourself Physically - this will be pretty easy in a disaster like this, but having a strong
body leads to a strong mind. The better off you are physically the better off you will be mentally
and emotionally. Physical activity also acts as a stress reliever.
Avoid Caffeine - coffee is good. Everyone know this. But the crash that comes with it is not
good. Instead drink water and stay hydrated. This will in the long run lead to clear mind.
Slow Down - you cannot do everything at once. Take your time with things. As the saying goes
slow is smooth, smooth is fast. The faster you go the more chance you will screw something
up. This will lead you to becoming more stressed.
 Remove Yourself - if possible, remove yourself for a while from the situation. There is still a lot
of peace to be had in this world, allow yourself to find some for a while.
Maintain Perspective - keep your problems in perspective and compare them to the big picture.
If your food gets stolen, be grateful that you were not their to potentially be injured.
Have a Routine - having a daily routine gives your brain time to relax. Even small things like
making your bed every time you wake up can be useful. Even if you have a really shitty day, you
will know that you will have a nice and neat bed to come back to.
Focus on Breathing - a quick way to reduce stress and calm your mind is to focus on your
breathing, it will not only take your mind off whatever is stressing you out but i'll lower your
heart rate.
Have Fun - just because everything around you has gone to shit doesn't mean you can't have fun.
Allow yourself to laugh, smile, and enjoy the small pleasures of life. Spend a snowy day sledding
down a hill, or if you come across a trampoline, have a quick jump. Allow your mind a break
from the seriousness of the world around you and let your inner child come out every once in
awhile (14 Tips for Staying Calm During a Disaster).

De-escalation
At some point in time you will be forced to help calm someone else down who may be suffering from
some form of mental breakdown. Here are some techniques to help with that.
Give undivided attention- make the person you are talking to feel like they matter. Give them
as much of your attention as you can spare. People feel validated when they are paid attention to.
Dont Judge - do not be judgmental. Even if someone is acting crazy do not treat them that way,
everyone deals with stress differently. Verbalising that you think an individual is crazy or even
suggesting it with body language can push the person away.
Focus on Feelings - Show them sympathy and be comforting in your response. Ask the person
how they feel. Make them feel like they are safe opening up to you.
Allow Silence - not every situation requires you to talk. There is power in silence. Just because
someone didn't respond to your question doesn't mean they didn't hear you. Allow them time to
collect their thoughts.
Clarify messages - make sure you and the other individual are on the same page to avoid
confusion. Confusion can lead to escalation.
 Get help from others in your group - getting someone else's perspective is useful, perhaps they
will think of something that you would not have. But be careful as to not make the person feel
outnumbered or threatened.
Debrief- after the person has calmed down and focused their mind, follow up with them. Perhaps
they can tell you something that will help avoid an incident in the future (Dufresne,
De-escalation Tips).

Inter-group Conflict
There will be many a time when you and your group will not see eye to eye on something or potentially
many things. Making group decisions is hard, especially in a high stress environment. Here are some tips
to help create a cohesive group that can take on the world.
Assume the best - otherwise known as assume good intent. Although people might disagree on
how to accomplish a goal, your goals are overall the same. People generally want the same
things, and there are very few people who don't want to make the situation better. Us this
philosophy to unify your group.
Dont interrupt - the best way to alienate and frustrate members of the groups is to talk over
them. Allow everyone to say what they have to say. If you have a comment to make or want
clarification, wait tell they are done talking.
Share credit - making a group decision takes a group. This means that even if it was your idea
that produced the good results, everyones should receive credit. Sharing credit makes people like
you, it will also earn you respect, and people will generally want to work with you again.
Think Win-Win - make decisions that will benefit every member of the group, if you benefit
from a decision at the expense of other group members they will be unwilling to work with you in
the future.
Body Language - you communicate with more than just you words, even if you are stressed, try
not to look that way. If your body language does not match what you are saying, people will
naturally start to disstrust you.
Hygiene - this may seem petty, but people will be much more likely and willing to work with you
if you look and smell nice. Nothing puts off a group more than an offencive oder.
Dont make noise - excessive noise is distracting and takes away from what is being talked
about. It also makes it appear as though you are not fully committed to what you and your group
are talking about.
 Different strokes for different Folks - there are hundreds of wrong ways to say the right thing.
Be honest, but tactful in speech. Pick way to make your point that the group will be responsive
too.
Look at people when they talk - the fastest way to lose someone's respect is to not look at them
when they are speaking. Although it may seem innocent, it undermines that person's credibility
and makes it seem as though you are uninterested in what they are saying.
Say no - if you are asked to do something you know you cannot or will not do, say no. It is
better to say no the it is to say yes and only deliver half of what you said you would. Know what
you are capable of and respond to request accordingly.
Default to yes - yes, we know we just told you to say no but dont get too confused.
Although it is important not to say yes to something you know you cannot or will not do,
defaulting to yes allows you to give every request or suggestion serious consideration.
Limit your swearing - swearing is a valuable speech tool, but the importance of it is diminished
if you swear often. It can be offensive and not doing it is a very simple way to avoid push-back.
Keep an open mind - this may be the most important point on this list. You are not the keeper of
good ideas. When you are listening to someone else's suggestion, rather than listening to respond,
listen to learn. If you are planning what you are going to say next while the person is still talking
you are not giving their point serious consideration.

Delegation
You as a group must decide what role each member of the group is responsible for. Take a survey that
asks about people's strengths and weaknesses. One of our group members suffers from PTSD and was
uncomfortable around the sound of gunshots. Because of this she requested to avoid going on scavenging
runs. Although you should make sure you have the right people got for the right job, we recommend
everyone do a little bit of everything. This helps avoid falling back into stereotypes and provide an
opportunity for everyone to have an understanding of what it takes to survive from all angles.

Moving On
Before the outbreak, the world was full of bigotry, discrimination, prejudice, and generally people being
ugly to one another. People have a hard time moving on. Having a unifying mission helps, but only
temporarily. Once the world calms down, if you have not faced the past as an individual and as a group,
you are destined to fall right back into the same patterns you had before. The crisis might act like a
bandage, holding the group together for a time, but it is not a cure. Eventually the wound if not properly
treated will be a problem again. Here are some tips that can help you and your group leave the past in the
past to have a better chance of creating a brighter future. Before we can talk about dealing and
overcoming the past we first must take steps to break the toxic thinking patterns we allowed ourselves to
fall into that created the problem.

Fault-finding - like we stated before, we must assume good intent. We often times find it easier
to blame the person and how the person acts, than we do confronting the system that created that
thinking. People are a sum of their past. It is hard for people to break that. Holding someone
personally responsible for something that they might not have and control over does not help the
situation.
Blaming - Similar to finding fault, we all share some responsibility for the past. Holding other
responsible for the problems of the past leads to distrust.
Communication blocking - we have said this before but their is a time and place for everything.
That being the case, intentionally not addressing an issue, especially pertaining to past action
leads to a breakdown of communication. Talking about the past will make people uncomfortable
and may upset them, but these are things that need to be addressed in order to move on.
Rescuing Others - People are fully capable of advocating for themselves. They do not need you
to bring up and issue between them and someone else. People move at their own pace, when the
person feels the time is right to bring something up, they will. Coming to the rescue undermines
the person you're advocating fors credibility and makes them seem helpless.
Portraying yourself as a victim - This has to do with fault-finding and blaming. Constantly
portraying yourself as the victim can put undue blame on another person. You may not like it but
ending up somewhere other than you wanted in your past life can be partially a result of personal
choices.
Making excuses - Take some ownership of past events, we are all responsible for the system we
created in some way. Making excuses about why you did something or why you ended up
somewhere you didn't want to be only leads to delusion. Confront the bad decision you made in
the past to help you avoid them in the future.

All of these are habits we use to create a pseudo feel-good attitude. We use these to transform the real
world, that may portray yourself in a light darker then we want, into the world or person that we want to
be. Once we have allowed ourselves to break these bad thought patterns we can then focus on how we
move on from their. Here are some steps to help with that:

Learn from the past but dont dwell there - You may be forced to overcome and deal with
things that make you uncomfortable about your past. Learn from those feelings to motivate
yourself to become that person you want to be. Confront those feelings but be careful not to let
them consume you.
Express yourself - Talk to someone about what you are feeling, perhaps you will find you have
more in common then you knew. Even the preces of getting something off you chest. If you feel
like someone has wronged you (or you have wronged someone) talk to them about it. Perhaps
you can figure out where their or your thinking went wrong.
Focus on the present - embrace the situation around you. Especially in times of crisis you can
use that crisis to rally around a common goal. Use the present to find was to rebuild trust.
Disconnect for a while - We talked about this earlier but giving yourself time to clear your head.
The more stressed we get the more likely we are to push back against those around us. Taking
time away from people and things gives you time to process what happened and learn things from
it.
Think about the people around you - We all will bring something of our past into the new
future. Take a look around you and try to identify those who may think you have wronged them
or those who have wronged you. You all have a common goal and enemy but you will need to
confront your past with these people.
Forgive those who wronged you - forgiveness is a powerful tool. Find ways that you can relate
to the person who wronged you. As humans there is more that we have in common then we do
different. Use that to relate and empathise with those who have wronged you. (Staik, Seven
Toxic Thinking Patterns To Break).

Weapons
In this section we will break down different types of weapons that are useful and in what situations you
should use certain weapons.
Firearms
For starters we will be talking about firearms. Firearms are any weapon that used an explosion to propel a
projectile forward. These can general be put into two distinct categories. Rifles and handguns.

Rifles
A rifle is any firearm that is primarily fired from shoulder level. Rifles can be put into two categories,
rifled barrels(semi-auto and bolt action), and smoothbore barrels. Most rifles have a spiral pattern
engraved into the inside of the barrel, this allows the bullet to spin, making it more stable during flight
and in turn more accurate at distance. Smoothbore rifles are primarily shotguns, these are usually used for
short range and rely on shooting multiple projectiles at the same time. Most rifles have longer barrels than
handguns and can shoot bigger rounds.

Rifled Barrel

Semi-Auto
Let's start with the most popular rifle in America. The AR-15 style rifle. This is a semi-automatic rifle
that is all around a great style gun and can be used, depending on specific style, for almost all situations.
Getting your group a few of these will really bolster your defencive and offencive capabilities. The
AR-15 usually fires a 5.56x45mm round. One other benefit of this is that .223 rounds can safely be shoot
out of a rifle chambered for 5.56x45mm. However, not every gun chambered in .223 can fire 5.56x45
safely. The fully automatic version of this gun cannot be owned by civilians but you may find a few
around police or military installations.

Bolt Action

Bolt action rifles require you to manually load a round into the chamber after every fire using the bolt.
These weapons usually have the highest range of any other rifle and are mainly used by civilians for
recreational and sport hunting. The most popular hunting round in America has to be the 30-06
(pronounced "thirty-aught-six"). This round has a long history and was developed over a hundred
years ago. Being developed by the military the 30-06 round has seen use in every war from
WWI to Vietnam. Even though it was traded for the smaller 5.56 for military use. The 30-06
still is the most popular hunting round in America.

Smoothbore

Shotguns
The most common smoothbore rifles are shotguns. Mainly used for hunting and some military and police
use, the shotgun shoots a shell that contains multiple small pellets, but really they will shoot anything that
will fit down the barrel. One could argue that shotguns are the oldest of the guns, as the first guns ever
made operated in the same manner. Shotguns are very popular in America can be used for bird and small
game hunting as well as close quarters combat. The most popular shotguns is the 12 gauge. Shotgun
shell can be found containing hundreds of very small pellets to one large slug and everything in
between. Overall shotguns are a very versatile and useful tool to have around.

Other

Other types of smoothbore rifles consist of muskets and muzzleloaders. These weapons require the user
to manually put in the gunpowder, wadding and bullet into the weapon separately. These are not accurate
and time consuming, these should be used as a very last resort.

Rifles are going to be your go to weapons for most activities that are not close quarters. They can be used
for offence as well as defense, and have many uses outside of combat, like hunting.

Pistols
Pistols are smaller firearms that are primarily shot with arms outstretched in front of the body. Pistols can
come in many shapes and sizes. The two main types of pistols are revolvers and semi-auto.

Revolvers

Revolvers are pistols that use a drum shaped cartridge to hold the bullets. Depending on the style you
must either pull back the hammer to fire, or the hammer will be pulled back with the pull of the trigger.
Being a simple gun they are very reliable but suffer a longer reload speed then their semi-auto cousins.
The main calibres for revolvers are .357 magnum and .44 magnum.
Semi-Auto

Semi-automatic pistols like semi-auto rifles shot a bullet after every pull of the trigger. Semi-auto pistols
use a magazine that is slid into the gun. The benefit that these have over the revolvers is that you can load
the magazine before you put it in the gun, this means you can keep multiple on your person at a time.
Meaning your reload speed is fairly quick. The main calibers used in semi-auto handguns are 9mm and
45ACP. Both can be found in police stations, military installations, and homes around the country.

One more thing to mention in firearms is not a weapon but an caliber of ammunition. The .22LR is the
most common round found in America and potentially across the world. The .22LR is a very small round
and can be found shot of of bolt action and semi-auto rifles, or revolvers and semi-auto pistols. Mainly
used for target shooting and small game hunting the .22LR is not much of a defensive or offensive
weapon. But bullets are common and it can be used with great success in hunting small game.

Non-firearm Projectile Weapons

These are weapons that fire projectiles but not using an explosion. These are things like slingshots, bows,
and crossbows. All three of these can be used for hunting, and bows and crossbows can be very effective
weapons when you need subtlety; making little to no sound, these weapons are great if you cannot afford
to make a lot of noise but need to eliminate a threat at range.

Melee Weapons
Melee weapons are any weapon or tool that is kept in hand while in use. There are a large variety of
melee weapons and in the city these are the best to use to eliminate treats without drawing attention to
your group. Included is a list of useful melee weapons and tools.
Knifes- knives are the most versatile of the tools, and can be used for anything from cooking and
first aid, to a deadly weapon or a hunting tool. We highly recommend you keep at minimum one
large hunting knife and a small utility knife on you at all times.
Axes - axes like knives can serve a variety of task and in out book take second place in the most
useful tool category. Depending on size axes can be used as a weapon, to fell a tree, or to gain
 entry into a home or building. Always have at least one group member carrying a hand axe at all
times.
Saws - Saws have a variety of uses depending on the type and can cut through anything from
wood to metal. A good and sharp metal hacksaw should always be carried when on scavenging
runs.

Journal Entry about Weapons and Mental health

When the apocalypse hit, our group of seven was enrolled at Salt Lake Community College. We
all individually decided to go to the college after the Infection thinking that it would be the safest place in
the area. Pam had gone there because she lived the close. As we showed up one by one Pam waved us
over to a room she had barricaded. Everyone was scared and wary of each other, given the present
situation, not knowing who was infected or even be possible threat. Joe was especially and verbally
sceptical of Sally because she was from South Sudan and was certain that this was a terrorist attack.
Seven of us in total ended up in that room, all from different background we were forced by circumstance
to rely on each other for survival. For the first few day we stayed in the AAB building decide to make it
our temporary base of operation while we made a more permanent plan. The building offered newly built
infrastructure with modern building technology and the group agreed that this building would be better
than the others. Grabbing a map off the wall we knew the building had four floors plus a basement.
Michael brought up that if we were trapped it would be best to be on the second floor because from the
second floor everyone could jump with minimal injuries. The first floor would be to vulnerable to outside
force and the third and fourth floor could be used as defensive positions to shoot from. Once they agreed
Michael studying to be a mechanical engineer and with the help of Joes military training and basic know
how on key areas to fortify a base. They worked together coming up with ideas to reinforce and fortifying
the doors and windows. Everyone else also help on what need to be done. Pam would help Sally
understand what she needed to do as Sally struggling with English . Once we finished fortifying the base
we needed to find weapons to defend the base and protect ourselves on scavenging runs. Joe being the
Marine veteran put himself in charge of this, even though Pam knew where the local gun stores were.
Sally was very cautious when the group decided to go find weapons, Pam noticed this but didnt think
much of it. Joe bonded with Alex over their shared interest in guns and survival prep. This was good
because Alex could moderate for Joe and Matt when they started to argue. Matt was an immigrant and
openly gay, this caused issues between Joe and Matt as they both blamed each other for past issues. Joe
blamed Matt for attacking heterosexuality and taking away jobs from Americans, and Matt blamed Joe for
the discrimination of LGBTQ+ individuals. Although their arguing persisted they eventually forgave
each other and were able to move on. We then came up with a plan to head to a local gun store to find
weapon and ammunition. While also decided to head to the outdoor retailer across the street to get some
weapons that dont require ammunition like bows and crossbows as well as other tools like saws and axes.
Alex recommends to everyone to always keep a knife on them as it is essential to surviving. As the group
got back to the base Matt decided to cook some food to get the group spirits up. Moral is a very important
thing, surviving is 10% skill and 90% mental. Mental health is extremely important keeping a positive
attitude. Food and simple a fire brings everyone to a common ground, where everyone can just relax. This
can be a time to talk about past times, funny stories, and to delegate on future decisions. From this the
group is able to create a stronger bond amongst each other and a sense of trust in each other.

Agriculture
At some point in time you will run out of food to be scavenged, before this happens you should have a
supply of seeds and a garden that you can use to supplement. As your group grows, you will become
more and more relying upon your ability to produce the goods that you need. The first step in
establishing how much land you need. The space requirements vary depending on how many people you
have and what kinds of plants you are growing.

Square Foot Gardening

It is estimated that properly utilising what is know as square food gardening, you can feed on person
annually on 16 sq.ft. of land. Conventional gardening requires 50 - 100 sq.ft. per person. Square foot
gardening is the practise of dividing your growing area into small square 12x12 sections. An example
is a 12x12 space is split into nine 4x4 squares, these nine squares are then split into sixteen 12x12
squares. In each of these squares a different plant species is planted.
Now that you can figure out roughly how much space you need you need to know how much water you
need (Bartholomew).

100th Meridian
The first thing you need to know about agriculture is whether or not you will need to irrigate your crop.
The 100th Meridian is a good general tool to establish this. The 100th Meridian approximates the
 twenty-inch isohyet (a
line of equal
precipitation). East of
this line, the average
annual precipitation is
in excess of twenty
inches. For agriculture
any area that receives
twenty or more inches
of rain annually does
not need irrigation
(Rosenberg, The 100th
Meridian).

Irrigation
If you are most places West of the 100th Meridian or receive annual rainfall of less than twenty inches
you will need to irrigate your crop. In the summer you will need 0.623 gallons per sq ft. per week. That
means if you garden is 32 sq ft. you will need to somehow get 20 gallons of water per week. One system
that we found helpful was olla pots.
Olla pots are porous, unglazed clay pots used for subsurface irrigation. They consist of a large round
body with a thin neck. These pots rely on capillary action to function. As the plants absorb water from
the soil, the soil becomes dry, as the soil becomes dry it sucks the water out of these pots and back into
the soil. This practice eliminates the issue of surface water being evaporated before it can reach the roots
of the plant. Depending on the plants, soil type, time of year, and environment ollas may need filling
weekly or daily. Water should be added to the olla once it reaches 50% to avoid salt residue buildup.
Plants can be placed a radius roughly 2-5 inches based on the olla size (Bayuk, Ollas).

Fertilization
The next step in growing your own food is fertilization. There are three main components of fertilizer
known as the big 3 that is nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
Nitrogen - nitrogen is the main nutrient plants use to grow large and lush. Many commercial
fertilizers have a balanced but high nitrogen ratio.
Phosphorus - this is used by the plant to grow a strong and healthy root system. This also helps
promote flowering.
Potassium - this helps with everything from plant growth, hardiness, disease resistance, insect
resistance, and efficient water use.
Some items you can through on your garden to promote grown that you may have:
Coffee Grounds - 2% nitrogen, 0.3% phosphoric acid, and some potassium (>1%)
Cooking water - cooking water that has been used to cook potatoes, vegetables, and eggs can be
used as fertilizer.
Wood Ash - sprinkle the assis onto your soil to supply potassium and calcium carbonate.
Hardwood is best and avoid using woods that have contaminated with charcoal, lighter fluid, or
an other chemical accelerant.
Hair - hair is a good source of nitrogen and doubles as a deer repellent.
(Urbach, Homemade Fertilizers).

As time goes on you will become more and more reliant upon the production of your own food. We
recommend starting as soon as possible, this not only allows you gain experience but also to start saving
up food storage for when you need it.
Journal Entry about Rebuilding Society
The infrastructure of the city is still intact. The families and the lives we had before the outbreak are not.
We stayed busy in our small group of survivors, each of us had a will to survive and we pushed through
every long, stressful, and dangerous day knowing that could never get back what we had, but fighting for
the memory anyway. Our motley band struggled in the beginning with our differences. We each came
from a different background, and the outbreak affected us all in different ways, but ultimately, it was our
vision of the future that kept us together.

The morning air felt warm and crisp as we packed up our MOB for the last time. Ten minutes, guys
shouts Alex as he breaks down a lean-to on the other side of the campsite. The process of breaking down
camp was second nature, we had moved around so many times over the last year. This would be our last
move; we were going home. As we hiked down the worn trail toward the Salt Lake Valley, our temporary
houses strapped to our backs, I turned and looked on at the place that we had called home. I could hear the
Spring runoff deep in the canyon. The long-dead leaves under our feet were starting to disappear into the
earth as bright blades of green pushed through the hard ground, reaching for that warm air. I took a deep
breath and followed the troupe down the mountain.
The city is a shell. As we drive through the streets, other survivors are moving around the city,
searching for some reminder of the time before the outbreak. The last band of Paraceps was killed a week
ago, a couple days later we got the all-clear to move back into the city. We all head back to the SLCC
campus, this is where it began for us. Joe makes a gruff noise, an embarrassed goodbye, he pats Matt on
the back and hastily retreats. Pam looks around at the rest of us, her eyes warm, despite the months of
cold they have seen. We will see each other again; this city will need everything we have to get back to
the way it was. But I need to go home now. We cant start rebuilding our society until we are ourselves,
whole and ready. Pam reaches out to Sally and takes her hand. We have all been through so much, and
we cant lose sight of what is important. We will never get back the lives we had before the outbreak, so
lets be sure we rebuild with the right memories. Not the false, happy memories of the time before, but
with the memories of this past year and the importance of working past our differences.
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