Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Single Loop DC Generator
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Single Loop DC Generator
The loop is opened and connect it with a split ring as shown in
the figure below.
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Single Loop DC Generator
It is seen that in the first half of the revolution current flows always
along ABLMCD i.e. brush no 1 in contact with segment a.
In the next half revolution, in the figure the direction of the induced
current in the coil is reversed.
But at the same time the position of the segments a and b are also
reversed which results that brush no 1 comes in touch with that
segment b.
Hence, the current in the load resistance again flows from L to M.
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Single Loop DC Generator
The position of the brushes is so arranged that the change over
of the segments a and b from one brush to other takes place
when the plane of rotating coil is at right angle to the plane of
the lines of force.
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Construction of DC Generator
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Yoke of DC Generator
(i) It holds the magnetic pole cores of the generator and acts
as cover of the generator.
(ii) It carries the magnetic field flux.
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Pole cores and pole shoes of DC Generator
There are mainly two types of construction available.
One: Solid pole core, where it made of a solid single piece of cast
iron or cast steel.
Two: Laminated pole core, where it made of numbers of thin, plates
of annealed steel.
The construction of magnetic poles basically comprises of two parts
namely,
the pole core and
the pole shoe, stacked together and then attached to the yoke.
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Pole cores and pole shoes of DC Generator
These two structures are assigned for different purposes,
the pole core is of small cross sectional area and its function is to
just hold the pole shoe over the yoke,
whereas the pole shoe having a relatively larger cross-sectional
area spreads the flux produced over the air gap
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Armature Core of DC Generator
The purpose of armature core is to hold the armature
winding and provide low reluctance path for the flux
Although a dc generator provides direct current but induced
current in the armature is alternating in nature.
That is why, cylindrical or drum shaped armature core is
build up of circular laminated sheet.
In every circular lamination, slots are either die cut or
punched on the outer periphery and the key way is located
on the inner periphery
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Armature Winding of DC Generator
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Commutator of DC Generator
The commutator plays a vital role in dc generator.
It collects current from armature and sends it to the load as
direct current.
It actually takes alternating current from armature and
converts it to direct current and then send it to external load.
It is cylindrical structured and is build up of wedge shaped
segments of high conductivity, hard drawn or drop forged
copper.
Each segment is insulated from
the shaft
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Brushes of DC Generator
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DC generator
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DC generator
Three coils, 11, 22 and 33, are
arranged in the slots so that their end
connections overlap one another
we find that the direction of the e.m.f.
generated in conductor 1 is towards the
paper whereas that generated in
conductor 1 is outwards from the paper.
The distance between coil sides 1 and 1
is called a pole pitch.
In practice, the coil span must be a
whole number and is approximately
equal to
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Armature winding
Armature windings can be divided into two groups, depending
upon the manner in which the wires are joined to the
commutator, namely:
1. Lap windings.
2. Wave windings.
In lap windings the two ends of any one coil are taken to
adjacent segments
In wave windings the two ends of each coil are bent in
opposite directions and taken to segments some distance
apart
if a machine has p pairs of poles
No. of parallel paths with a lap winding = 2p
and No. of parallel paths with a wave winding = 2
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Armature winding
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Calculation of e.m.f. generated in an armature winding
When an armature is rotated through one revolution, each
conductor cuts the magnetic flux emanating from all the N poles
and also that entering all the S poles.
if is the useful flux per pole, in webers, entering or leaving
the armature, p the number of pairs of poles and Nr the speed
in revolutions per minute
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Calculation of e.m.f. generated in an armature winding
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Calculation of e.m.f. generated in an armature winding
If Z is the total number of armature conductors, and c the
number of parallel paths through winding between positive and
negative brushes
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A four-pole wave-connected armature has 51 slots with 12
conductors per slot and is driven at 900 r/min. If the useful flux
per pole is 25 mWb, calculate the value of the generated e.m.f.
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Total number of conductors = Z = 51
12 = 612; c = 2; p = 2;
N = 900 r/min; =0.025 Wb
Using expression , we have
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An eight-pole armature is wound with 480 conductors. The
magnetic flux and the speed are such that the average e.m.f.
generated in
each conductor is 2.2 V, and each conductor is capable of
carrying a
full-load current of 100 A. Calculate the terminal voltage on no
load,
the output current on full load and the total power generated
on
full load when the armature is
(a) lap-connected;
(b) wave-connected.
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Copper Losses
Copper loss is the power lost as heat in the windings; it is caused by the flow of
current through the coils of the DC armature or DC field.
This loss varies directly with the square of the current in the armature or field and
the resistance of the armature or field coils.
Armature: Ia2 Ra
Field: If2 Rf
V Ea I a Ra
2
P0 Ea I a I a Ra
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Armature reaction
shows the distribution of flux when
there is no armature current, the flux in
the gap being practically radial and
uniformly distributed.
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Armature reaction
Over the trailing halves of the pole faces the cross flux is in
opposition to the main flux, thereby reducing the flux density,
whereas over the leading halves the two fluxes are in the
same direction, so that the flux density is strengthened.
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DC motor
A DC motor is a mechanically commutated electric motor
powered from direct current (DC).
DC motors have a rotating armature winding but non-rotating
armature magnetic field and a static field winding (winding
that produce the main magnetic flux) or permanent magnet.
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Construction of DC Motor.????
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Counter-electromotive force/ Back EMF
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Torque Equation of DC Motor
E Ia = Eb Ia + Ia2.Ra-(3)
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Torque Equation of DC Motor
Pm = Tg. -(5)
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Torque Equation of DC Motor
Where, P is no of poles
is flux per pole
Z is No. of conductors
A is No. of parallel paths
and N is the speed of the D.C. Motor.
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Torque Equation of DC Motor
N is the speed of the D.C. Motor.
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Torque Equation of DC Motor
The torque we so obtain, is known as the electromagnetic torque
of dc motor, and subtracting the mechanical and rotational losses
from it we get the mechanical torque.
Tm = Tg mechanical losses.
This is the torque equation of dc motor. It can be further
simplified as:
Tg = ka Ia
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Torque Equation of DC Motor: 2
The Torque equation of a dc motor can also be explained
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Torque Equation of DC Motor: 2
Current / conductor Ic = Ia / A
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Torque Equation of DC Motor: 2
This torque equation of dc motor can be further simplified as:
Tg = ka Ia
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Types of DC motor
The types of DC motor can be listed as follows
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Separately Excited DC Motor
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Separately Excited DC Motor
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Permanent Magnet DC Motor
The permanent magnet DC motor consists of an armature winding
as in case of an usual motor, but does not necessarily contain the
field windings.
The construction of these types of DC motor are such that, radially
magnetized permanent magnets are mounted on the inner
periphery of the stator core to produce the field flux.
The rotor on the other hand has a conventional dc armature with
commutator segments and brushes.
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Permanent Magnet DC Motor
The torque equation of dc motor suggests Tg = Ka Ia.
Here is always constant, as permanent magnets of
required flux density are chosen at the time of construction
and cant be changed there after.
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Self Excited DC Motor
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Shunt Wound DC Motor
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Shunt Wound DC Motor
E = Eb + Ia Ra (1)
[Where E, Eb, Ia, Ra are the supply voltage, back emf,
armature current and armature resistance respectively]
Now Eb = ka (2)
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Shunt Wound DC Motor
The torque equation of a dc motor resembles Tg = Ka Ia(4)
Substituting the torque equation in equation (3) we get
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Shunt Wound DC Motor
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Series Wound DC Motor
In case of a series wound self excited dc motor or simply series
wound dc motor, the entire armature current flows through the
field winding as its connected in series to the armature winding.
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Series Wound DC Motor
Eb = ka K1Ia = KsIa(6)
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From equation (5) & (6)
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Compound Wound DC Motor
The compound wound self excited dc motor or simply compound
wound dc motor essentially contains the field winding connected
both in series and in parallel to the armature winding
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Compound Wound DC Motor
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Compound Wound DC Motor
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Compound Wound DC Motor
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Speed Control of DC Motor
Speed control is a different concept from speed regulation where
there is natural change in speed due change in load on the shaft.
the expression of speed control dc motor is given as
N = (E IaRa) / k
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Speed Control of DC Motor
The first two cases involve change that affects armature circuit
and the third one involves change in magnetic field. Therefore
speed control of dc motor is classified as
1) armature control methods and
2) field control methods.
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Armature Control of DC Series Motor
We know that, the supply voltage is constant for DC Motors
and changing the supply voltage of Motor is quite difficult.
So, the armature voltage is controlled instead of directly
controlling the supply voltage.
A variable resistance is provided with the armature in series.
The armature voltage is controlled by varying the variable
resistance
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Armature Control of DC Series Motor
This method of speed control is used for both DC series motor and
DC shunt motor.
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Armature Control of DC Series Motor
Let us take a resistance Re be the resistance ( variable resistor or
rheostat) placed in series with the armature circuit. Then,
speed,
N= {E-Ia(Ra+Rse)}/k.
The speed of the motor decreases as the series resistance Rse is
being increased.
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Armature Control of DC Series Motor
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Speed Control of DC Motor: Field Current Control
The main field flux is produced by the field current.
So, the speed of DC Motor is easily controlled by varying the
field current.
They are of following types
1. Field Rheostat
2. Field Diverter
3. Tapped field method
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Speed Control of DC Motor: Field Current Control
Field Rheostat: This method is mainly used to control the speed of DC
Shunt motor. Here an additional resistance is connected in series with
the shunt field circuit.
The field current is controlled by varying the rheostat.
This is the most satisfactory and economical way to control the speed
of D.C. motors.
Since the field current is usually very small, the losses in the
resistance may be considered negligible.
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Speed Control of DC Motor: Field Current Control
This will divert a part of the load current and thus the field is
weakened with a result that the speed of the motor is increased.
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Speed Control of DC Motor: Field Current Control
Tapped field method: In this method, the ampere turns are
varied by changing the field turns The motor runs at its
minimum speed when the full winding is effective.
Cutting of the field turns in steps increases the speed of the
motor.
By this method full and half speed may be obtained without any
rheostatic loss.
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Starting of DC Motor
A dc motor (unlike other types of motor)
has a very high starting current that has
the potential of damaging the internal
circuit of the armature winding of dc
motor if not restricted to some limited
value.
This limitation to the starting current of
dc motor is brought about by means of
the starter.
Starter: A device containing a variable
resistance connected in series to the
armature winding so as to limit the
starting current of dc motor to a desired
optimum value taking into consideration
the safety aspect of the motor.
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Why the dc motor has such high starting current ???
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Starting of DC Motor
Let us take into consideration the basic operational voltage
equation of the dc motor given by,
E = Eb + Ia Ra
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Starting of DC Motor
E = 0 + Ia Ra
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Starting of DC Motor
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Starting of DC Motor
Such high starting current of dc motor creates two major
problems.
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Starting Methods of DC Motor
Now as the motor continues to run and gather speed, the back
emf successively develops and increases, countering the supply
voltage, resulting in the decrease of the net working voltage.
Thus now
First two are used for the starting of shunt wound dc motor
and compound wound dc motor
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Three Phase Induction Motor
An induction or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor
in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce
torque is induced by electromagnetic induction from the
magnetic field of the stator winding.
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Working Principle of Three Phase Induction Motor
An electrical motor is such an electromechanical device which
converts electrical energy into a mechanical energy.
This Motor consists of two major parts:
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Working Principle of Three Phase Induction Motor
Rotor: Rotor of three phase induction motor consists of cylindrical
laminated core with parallel slots that can carry conductors.
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Normalized slip or slip is expressed in fraction as fraction of synchronous speed
When the motor runs the frequency of the rotor depends on the relative speed or slip
speed
Frequency of the rotor is given by following relation
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A 6 pole induction motor is fed from 50 Hz supply. If the frequency of the rotor emf at
full load is 2 Hz find the full load slip and speed
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The three phase induction motor is found for 4 poles and is supplied for from 50 Hz
Calculate
a) Synchronous speed
b) Speed of rotor when slip is 4%
c) Rotor frequency when the speed of the rotor is 600 rpm
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Types of 3 phase induction motors :
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Squirrel-cage induction motor :
In this motor the rotor looks like a squirrel cage that's why the
name squirrel cage induction motor.
Squirrel cage rotor consists of thick copper bars, which are
slightly longer than the rotor, which are pushed into the slots.
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Squirrel-cage induction motor :
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Slip ring induction motor (wound-rotor induction motor)
The rotor winding terminals are connected to three slip rings which
turn with the rotor. The slip rings/brushes allow external resistors to
be connected in series with the winding.
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The rotor consists of numbers of slots and rotor winding are placed
inside these slots.
The rotor also carries star or delta winding similar to that of stator
winding.
The three end terminals are connected together to form star
connection.
As its name indicates three phase slip ring induction motor consists
of slip rings connected on same shaft as that of rotor.
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The external resistance can be easily connected through the
brushes and slip rings and hence used for speed control and
improving the starting torque of three phase induction motor.
The brushes are used to carry current to and from the rotor
winding.
These brushes are further connected to three phase star
connected resistances.
At starting, the resistance are connected in rotor circuit and is
gradually cut out as the rotor pick up its speed.
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Due to presence of slip rings and brushes the rotor construction
becomes somewhat complicated therefore it is less used as
compare to squirrel cage induction motor.
Application:
Slip ring induction motor are used where high starting torque is
required i.e in hoists, cranes, elevator etc
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SLIP RING OR PHASE WOUND SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION
INDUCTION MOTOR MOTOR
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Working Principal of Star-Delta Starter:
This is the reduced voltage starting method.
Voltage reduction during star-delta starting is achieved by
physically reconfiguring the motor windings.
During starting the motor windings are connected in star
configuration and this reduces the voltage across each winding
by a factor of 3.
This also reduces the torque by a factor of three.
After a period of time the winding are reconfigured as delta and
the motor runs normally.
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Star-Delta Starter
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