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THE FOOD THAT FEEDS THE WORLD

A. THE CROP THAT FEEDS THE WORLD

1. Plantains
Annual Production: 34,343,343 tons
Average Yield: 6.3 tons/hectare
Despite its similar look to the banana, plantains differ from bananas in structure, feel, taste
and use. Plantains are starchier and lower in sugar than bananas, and they are cooked before
eating.
They are a good source of potassium and dietary fiber.

2. Yams
Annual Production: 51,728,233 tons
Average Yield: 10.5 tons/hectare
Originally cultivated in Asia in 8,000 BC, yams are now a staple diet in Africa and the
Caribbean. There are over 150 verities of cultivated Yam. Yams have been used to
make steroid drugs and contraceptives. Mexico had a thriving industry in producing
Yams for drug production.
Nutrient content of the Yam crop per 100 grams is 1.5g protein, 0.17g fat, 28g
carbohydrates, and 4.1g of fibre.

3. Sorghum
Annual Production: 65,534,273 tons
Average Yield: 1.5 tons/hectare
Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide. It is drought and heat
tolerant and thus an important crop in arid regions where major cereals do not produce
sufficient yields.
Sorghums major use in the US is as livestock feed. In Africa it is mainly consumed by
the human population. Benjamin Franklin is often associated with the introduction of
sorghum to the United States. In years where sugar has been expensive, sorghum was
often used as a sweetener.

4. Sweet potatoes
Annual Production: 110,128,298 tons
Average Yield: 13.5 tons/hectare
Sweet potatoes are another crop native to South America that is now majorly produced
by China. They are only distantly related to regular potatoes, and in the U.S. they are
often confused with yams.
Sweet potatoes are a great source of protein, vitamins A and C, iron, and calcium. They
grow very harmoniously with the earth -- few natural enemies make pesticides
unnecessary.

5. Sweet potatoes
Annual Production: 110,128,298 tons
Average Yield: 13.5 tons/hectare
Soybeans are a species of legume that originate from Asia.
Tofu and soy milk are popular in the western world
Soybean oil is the most widely used vegetable oil

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The soybean is an amazing vegetable source of protein used in animal feeds and
increasingly ready meals

6. Cassava
Annual Production: 232,950,180 tons
Average Yields: 12.5 tons/hectare
Nigeria is the worlds largest producer of Cassava. The tuberous root forms the staple
diet to 500 million people.
. Its a great source of Carbohydrate and weathers extremely well in drought ridden
soils. Tapioca, another name for this food stuff is obtained by drying the root.
Cassava crop per 100 grams is 1.4g protein, 0.28g fat, 38g carbohydrates, and 1.8g of
fibre.

7. Potatoes
Annual Production: 314,140,107 tons
Average Yield: 17.2 tons/hectare
Potatoes are the number one non-grain food product.
The humble potato is the worlds largest food crop following rice, wheat and maize. In
2008 there were 314 million tons produced worldwide
Crop per 100 grams is 2g protein, 0.09g fat, 17g carbohydrates, and 2.2g of fiber.

8. Rice
Annual Production: 685,013,374 tons
Average Yield: 17.2 tons/hectare
Stable of any asian diet, and is grown on every continent, with the exception of
Antarctica.
There are over 40,000 varieties of rice. Rice is a symbol of life and fertility, which is
why rice is traditionally thrown at weddings. Rice cultivation can be dated back to 5000
BC.
Rice is the source of more than 1/5th of all calories consumed by humans.
It may also be the thirstiest crop: according to the U.N., farmers need at least 2,000
liters of water to make one kilogram of rice.

9. Wheat
Annual production: 689,945,712 tons
Average Yield: 3.1 tons/hectare
Wheat covers more of the earth than any other crop. It's a resilient crop, growing in
the dry and cold climates where rice and corn cannot. Wheat is the leading source
of vegetable protein for humans worldwide.
Rice is the source of more than 1/5th of all calories consumed by humans.
Crop per 100 grams is 13.7g protein, 2.47g fat, 71g carbohydrates, and 10.7g of fibre.

10. Maize/Corn
Annual Production: 822,712,527 tons
Average Yield: 5.1 tons/hectare
Corn is the most produced grain in the world. It's a staple food for the majority of sub-
Saharan Africa, and is a great source of carbohydrates, protein, iron, vitamin B, and
minerals.

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USA is the worlds largest producer of maize followed by China, and then Brazil.
Adhesives, Aluminium, Batteries, Cosmetics, Explosives, Ink, Insecticides, Insulation,
Cardboard, Carpets, Wallpaper, and Toothpaste.

B. 10 MOST CONSUMED MEAT

1. Rabbit
Rabbit meat is all white meat and contains easily digestible proteins. Hence, it is one of the
preferred meats in the world, even though they are not the most popular. The world
consumption of rabbit meat is around 1 million tons. The most popular rabbit meat consuming
countries are Spain, France, and China.

2. Goose
Asia and particularly China dominates the world production of Goose. Even though figures
for goose meat consumption are smaller compared to the other poultry production, there has
been a steady growth in its production. The world production now stands somewhere close
to 2.5 million tons.

3. Sheep
In some countries like Australia, China, and the Middle East, sheep (or lamb) meat is a staple.
Sheep meat has a mild flavor that is enjoyed by many and it keeps rising in popularity. It is
also a source of high-quality protein.

4. Duck
Top duck consuming countries include China, France, and Malaysia and consumption is as
high as 4.5kg per capita. Global duck production is close to 4.5 million tons. Duck meat is not
only delicious but also quite rich in nutrients.

5. Turkey
The US are one of the highest turkey producing countries in the world while per capita
consumption in Israel is the highest at around 11.25 kgs. Even though turkey producing
countries are fewer compared to countries producing other kinds of meats, the global
production stands at 5.6 million tons.

6. Goat
A lot of cultures around the world are big consumers of goat meat and the world production
is as huge as 13 million tons. China yet again leads the world goat meat consumption,
accounting for over 42% of the world total. It is closely followed by India and Pakistan.

7. Beef
Considered to be one of the most delicious meats around, beef remains a popular choice even
after the health red flags. World production of beef is projected at 59 million tons in 2016 and
it accounts for around 25% of the total world meat consumed.

8. Chicken
Chicken is most definitely one of the most consumed meats around the world and very evenly
distributed in its consumption. Since it is preferred by most countries and religions and easy
to produce the total production stands at 89.7 million tons. The USA is the largest chicken
producer and per capita consumption in highest in the country at 43 kgs.

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9. Fish
There are a variety of fishes consumed worldwide and is highly preferred for its nutritional
benefits. With over 100 million tons of consumption worldwide it sure makes for a popular
meat source.

10. Pork
Pork commands around 36% of the total world meat consumption. We can see how that is a
significant amount and with 109 million tons consumed every year, it clearly tops the list of
the most consumed meats in the world.

C. THE FISH THAT FEEDS THE PHILIPPINES

1. Blue Crab
o Alimasag
o 31 433 tons/year
o 3.4% of the fish consumption

2. Slipmouth
o Sapsap
o 33,528 tons/year
o 3.6% of the fish consumption

3. Squid
o Pusit
o 37,735 tons/year
o 4.1% of the fish consumption

4. Yellow fin Tuna


o Tambakol
o 39,767 tons/year
o 4.3% of the fish consumption
5. Indian Sardines
o Tamban/tinapa
o 40,051 tons/year
o 4.3% of the fish consumption

6. Anchovies
o Tuwakang/dilis
o 42, 447 tons/year
o 4.6% of the fish consumption

7. Indian Mackerel
o Alumahan
o 45, 083 tons/year
o 4.9% of the fish consumption

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8. Roundscad
o Galungong
o 55, 980 tons/year
o 6.1% of the fish consumption

9. Frigate Tuna
o Tulingan
o 64, 326 tons/year
o 7% of the fish consumption

10. Big-eyed scad


o Matang-baka
o 64, 354 tons/year
o 7% of the fish consumption

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FOOD CHAINS AND CYCLES

FOOD CHAIN
Shows the feeding relationships between living things.
Shows what eats what in a particular habitat.

1. Producers
Green plants - they make food by photosynthesis.

2. Primary consumers
Usually eat plant material - they are herbivores. For example rabbits,
caterpillars, cows and sheep.

3. Secondary consumers
Usually eat animal material - they are carnivores. For example cats, dogs and
lions.

4. Predators
Kill for food. They are either secondary or tertiary consumers.

5. Prey
The animals that predators feed on.

6. Scavengers
Feed on dead animals. For example, crows, vultures and hyenas are
scavengers.

7. Decomposers
Feed on dead and decaying organisms, and on the undigested parts of plant
and animal matter in feces.

Food Chain figure 1


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Food Chain Energy Level figure 2

The Sun is the ultimate source of energy for most communities of living things.

Green plants absorb some of the Suns light energy to make their own food by
photosynthesis.

Energy transfer

Energy is transferred along food chains from one stage to the next. But not all of the
energy available to organisms at one stage can be absorbed by organisms at the next
one. The amount of available energy decreases from one stage to the next.

Food Chain Energy Level figure 3

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Most of the available energy is used up in other ways:

Energy released by respiration is used for movement and other life processes, and is
eventually lost as heat to the surroundings.
Energy is lost in waste materials, such as feces.

TEN PERCENT LAW

Law of transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next.


It was introduced by Raymond Lindeman (1942).
During the transfer of energy from organic food from one trophic level to the next, only
about ten percent of the energy from organic matter is stored as flesh. The remaining
is lost during transfer, broken down in respiration, or lost to incomplete digestion by
higher trophic level.

Food Chain Energy Transfer figure 4

Notice that at each level of the food chain, about 90% of the energy is lost in the form of heat.
The total energy passed from one level to the next is only about one-tenth of the energy
received from the previous organism.

Food Chain 10% rule figure 4


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PYRAMIDS OF BIOMASS

Biomass means the mass of living material at a stage in a food chain. The biomass goes
down as you go from one stage to the next, just like the amount of energy.
A pyramid of biomass is a chart, drawn to scale, showing the biomass at each stage in
a food chain. The bars become narrower as you reach the top.

Pyramid of Biomass figure 5

This pyramid of biomass is for the food chain:

oak tree caterpillar blue tit sparrow hawk

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CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM
The Elements of the Agricultural System

1. Farms: Farms of various sizes produce a range of crops, livestock and other goods and
services. They can include multiple properties and combinations of owned and rented
lands.

2. Natural Environment: Including climate, soil types, and water access, these and other
natural inputs impact agricultural viability but are also impacted by farming activity.

3. Government: Services and programs, policy directives, and regulations from all levels
of government impact production, building and other on-farm activities, as well as
marketing, processing, and distribution.

4. Agribusiness: Includes the range of wholesale or retail companies who buy, process,
package, store and/or distribute goods or services to or from farms, including crop
inputs and farm outputs.

5. Technical, and Professional Expertise: Farms depend upon labour and the services of
various technical and professional people, including accountants, bankers, lawyers,
IT service providers, crop advisors, tile drainage contractors, nutrient management
consultants, veterinarians, electricians, carpenters, and plumbers.

6. Non-Profit and Community Sector: Includes a broad range of organizations including


those involved in research, innovation, and knowledge transfer. It also includes
agricultural associations and non-profit organizations, which offer organizing,
programmatic, and advocacy support for agricultural communities. Community
groups and local churches are also part of this category.

Dimensions of Agricultural system in the Philippines

1. Manure & Nutrient Management: Manure is a valuable, slow-release fertilizer that


allows farmers to recycle animal waste back into crop production. When animal
feeding operations are large and concentrated, however, manure and nutrient
management becomes much more difficult. Odors, nitrogen gases, and pathogens
accumulate if the waste cannot be distributed to farm fields readily and widely. This
program addresses environmental issues associated with manure management, as
well as the many beneficial uses of manure for plant nutrition and useful by-products.

2. Organic Agriculture: Many consumers are taking greater interest in where their food
comes from and how it is grown, creating a demand for agricultural products that
adhere to certain healthy production practices. Organic operations seek to lower
production inputs and costs, to apply environmentally sound practices (natural
manures, cultural pest management, and minimal soil disturbance), and to maintain
healthy agro-ecosystems. These farms tend to be smaller, closer to the consumer (both
geographically and in the supply chain), and individually produce a variety of

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products. Organic activities rely more on site-specific information that ties in closely
with new precision farming technologies.

3. Precision Farming: Enabling technologies are converging with agriculture and


forestry to provide the measurement, storage, analysis, and decision-making needs of
these industries. Techniques are being developed to:

Make precise measurements and continuously monitor field, forest, or product conditions
through sensors and controls.

Organize large volumes of data with spatially referenced databases.

Analyze and interpret that information using decision support systems that allow producers
to make economically favorable choices.

A readily available portfolio of such technologies increases the nation's readiness, enabling
us to effectively confront current and future problems in our food and fiber systems.

4. Small Farms: Agricultural advancements, coupled with relatively low prices for farm
products, have encouraged many agricultural producers to farm more acres and raise
more animals. However, the presence of smaller farms helps to enhance the quality of
life in rural communities by preserving open green space, providing locally produced
fresh produce, sustaining local businesses, and creating opportunities for rural youth.
By supporting education programs and access to services, technical assistance, and
other resources, this program increases the viability of the small-farming culture.

5. Sustainable Agriculture: Rural community vitality and prosperity are closely tied to
agricultural sustainability. Not only do rural residents benefit financially from
agricultural enterprises, but they also enjoy living amidst the physical and social
environments they create. Consequently, maintaining these latter amenities is critical
to the financial success and well-being of communities.

6. Workforce Development & Safety: While the agricultural workforce has shrunk over
time, it still represents a large segment of the rural population and provides substantial
human capital to agricultural industries. This program helps to maintain workforce
value by supporting farm owners and their families and farm workers in keeping their
skills current and their workplace safe. Because agriculture records injuries and
fatalities at a pace second only to mining, worker safety education is critical. Many
injured workers eventually return to their agricultural jobs, so this program also
supports training and technologies to help those dealing with reduced physical
capabilities.

Agricultural system in the Philippines in the year 1990s

1. Living up traditional varieties in favor of high yielding varieties.


2. Monocropping
3. Use of high amounts of fertilizer and water

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4. Highly utilized by the government

Agricultural system in the Philippines in the year 2000s and beyond

1. Multiple crops
"The irony is, rice farmers still buy their vegetables from the market," said Barroga.
In FutureRice, vegetables are planted alongside rice, providing an alternative source of
income or more food for the farmer's family.

Kangkong, sili, tomatoes, and eggplant grow from raised beds in a corner of the rice field.
The raised beds are covered in plastic or dried rice straw to keep moisture in the soil and
prevent weeds from growing. They also serve as irrigation canals for the veggies.
Aside from dedicated vegetable plots, farmers can choose to plant mung beans during the
two months between the rice-growing periods. Usually, rice fields are left idle these two
months. But planting mung beans that take only 30 days to grow ensures the land is still
productive.

Mung beans, like most leguminous crops, are also nitrogen-fixing, making them the perfect
way to pack the soil with nutrients right before the next rice-growing season.
Intercropping rice with vegetables is also a pest-management strategy because the
vegetable plots act as "breakers" to contain pests infesting rice plants.
2. Water harvesting

With a dry spell affecting several provinces and climate change afoot, water scarcity is a
reality many farmers are now facing.
That's why it's not enough to depend only on irrigation canals bringing water from dams to
your farm. FutureRice recommends digging ponds where farmers can store excess water in
preparation for particularly dry days.
In the FutureRice farm, just enough water from the government irrigation canals are collected
in the ponds. On days when the canals are dry, this water is circulated around the farm.

The pond at FutureRice is also equipped with kayaks and small boats, doubling as an
agritourism feature.

3. Renewable energy

Nothing goes to waste in farms of the future. Rice hulls, usually thrown out by farmers, can be
converted into energy used to power farming equipment.
A mobile gasifier system being developed by FutureRice uses this biomass-sourced energy
to power water pumps to improve irrigation. It can also be used to drive rice mills.

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If used alternately with the usual petrol fuels, this system can save the farmer 37% to 44% in
fuel cost for irrigation.
The FutureRice farm also boasts of solar-powered lamps and bathrooms.

4. High-tech sensing equipment

One day, it may be normal for farmers to get a text message saying the water level in their
rice paddies has reached a critically low level.

With the same cellular phone, farmers can command water pipes to release more water into
their thirsty rice fields.

In FutureRice, such a device is already working. A Field Water Monitoring System uses a
ground sensor to detect water levels. The device can even be programmed to automatically
activate water pumps when it detects a certain water level.

5. Own weather station

A Field Weather Monitoring Station detects wind direction, air pressure, rainfall, temperature,
humidity, and moisture in the Future Rice farm. All this information is sent to a government
central server every 30 minutes and eventually appears on a website accessible to all.

The data allows the farmer to make more precise decisions regarding their crops, said
Barroga.

"If you notice the yield was low, you can look at the data and discover that for two months
there was high wind velocity or low rainfall, both of which can stress rice plants and affect
their yield," he explained.

6. Connected to apps

The dream is for farmers to be able to see every aspect of their farms on a tablet or
smartphone, said Barroga.

Today, there are already apps customized to the needs of farmers. Rice Crop Manager, a web
and mobile-based app developed by the International Rice Research Institute and PhilRice,
presents farmers with a set of questions about their farm.

When all the answers are inputed, the app will generate recommendations on how the farmer
can improve his yield. For example, it will tell him when to apply fertilizer, how much, and
how often.

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As of 2014, some 200,000 farmers have received recommendations from the app, Barroga
said. His group aims to introduce the technology to 500,000 farmers this July.

Rice Crop Manager can be downloaded from Google Play as "RCM PH."

7. Farming machines

Farming equipment can significantly save time, money, and labor. For instance, a mechanical
rice transplanter (machine used to transfer rice seedlings onto a rice paddy) can easily finish
one hectare in one hour. Without a transplanter, the same job would take an entire day and
would require 8 to 10 laborers.

A single combine harvester can accomplish 3 tasks: reaping, threshing, and winnowing.
When let loose on one square kilometer, it can do all this in 20 to 30 minutes.

8. Right rice/crop varieties

You can find all kinds of rice in the Future Rice farm: aromatic, traditional, hybrids. There are
rice types that can withstand climate change, such as rice that can survive droughts or flood
waters.

The smart farmer will know the right rice/crop variety for them, whether their goal is to sell
great-tasting rice or to grow rice despite extreme climatic conditions.

9. Makes the most of extreme conditions

FutureRice demonstrates how farmers can plant vegetables on floating gardens made out of
a bamboo raft and plastic bottles. This technique is also ideal for farming communities that
live near marshes or rivers.

10. Natural pesticide and fertilizer

The marigolds and pink blooms on the edge of the rice fields are not just decoration. They are
part of an all-natural pest management system used by Future Rice.

Certain flowers, said Barroga, act as a refuge for friendly insects insects that eat the pests
which ruin crops. By keeping such flowers near rice fields, farmers can ensure the presence
of these helpful insects.

Another strategy? Let ducks loose in your farm. The ducks trample on the weeds and eat pests
like snails, stem-borers, and leaf-feeders.

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But make sure the age of the ducks matches the age of the rice plants, Barroga said. For
example, only one-month old ducks should be released among one-month-old rice plants.
This is because big ducks tend to trample on the younger, smaller rice plants.

The natural pesticides are so effective, according to Barroga, that his team has not had to spray
chemical pesticides in the rice fields for 3 seasons.

Organic, farm-sourced waste like rice straw and carabao poop are turned into fertilizer
through the action of microbacteria and earthworms a process called vermicompost.

If You Keep Doing the Same Thing,

Youll Keep Getting The Same Result.

Change inspires Change

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WORLD FOOD PROBLEM

Causes For Lack Of Food In The World

Exclusion of poor countries from global trade market.


Over-exploitation of environment.
Unequal development.
Over population.
Depletion in food granary.
Natural calamities.
Urbanization.
Food wastage

THE GLOBAL FOOD CRISIS: "The world's 200 wealthiest people have as much money as
about 40% of the global population, and yet 850 million people have to go
to bed hungry every night."
The problem?

Drought mainly farmers, no irrigation


Ban natural resources
Not enough money

CAUSES OF FOOD PROBLEM

Political Causes and Effects


o African farmers cultivate small plots of land that do not produce enough to meet
the needs of their families. The problem is compounded by the farmers' lack of
bargaining power and lack of access to land, finance and technology.
o The government had no choice but to raise prices because there is nothing
importing or exporting. The prices for tools, fertilizers, seeds, and other
farming oriented needs are constantly rising, and the farmers dont have a
constant income.
o Lastly, Africas technology isnt most supreme, and their agriculture is terrible,
and the government isnt doing enough to help them meet their needs.

Social Causes and Effects


o Given that Africa is rural, and dry, all they do is farm, in Africa farmers make up
80 percent of the population.
o This becomes a social aspect as well because farming is their everything. That
is how they get their food. Since the droughts and other causes of hunger and
famine, people have to begin to migrate.
o Africas population has been rising as well, therefore making it hard for people
to migrate.

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Economic Causes and Effects
o Drought. It has ruined harvests and left people and livestock without food and
water. Due to drought in Africa, this has led to a shocking amount of bad natural
resources then leading to little to no crops being grown or harvested.
o The main problem of famine and hunger is not only drought but most African
countries are not self-sufficient in food and are relying on imports and income
to pay for them.
o The food prices have gone up around 57 percent, more than 41 percent of
people in Sub-Saharan Africa live on less than $1 per day, and 32 percent are
undernourished. No money to buy food, and bad resources and drought lead
to no food being grown. Leaving everyone starving.

SOLUTIONS TO WORLD FOOD PLROBLEM

Microloans:
o Small sum of money which an individual borrows from another individual,
group or legal entity with the condition that it be returned or repaid at a later
date (sometimes with interest). supporters are giving money to people in
Africa to start small businesses to start making money to pay for food, and to
possibly grow food. .
o Positives
People will be able to start businesses
Be able to make money from their businesses
With the money you can grow crops
o Negatives
Loans eventually have to be paid back
Can only receive a certain amount of money
Money may be wasted
Through the process, money could potentially get lost
Solution 2
o Tree planting:
prevents deforestation which is also a problem in Africa. As well,
farmers are struggling to feed their families while farmable land could
diminish by up to two thirds the next 20 years.
o Positives
Tree planting can prevent hunger. Many foreign companies in Africa are
planting trees in areas that could have been used for food production.
These newly built forests will prevent erosion, desertification, and best,
create a better local climate for poor farmers and help them increase
their food production.
Positive effect on environment as well.
o Negatives
Trees will take a while to grow
Only 1 tree is planted for every 28 cut
The Best Solution?

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o SOLUTION 2!
Tree planting will in future will offer quality wood from sustainable
forestry without depleting natural resources. The harvesting of
sustainable natural resources will create jobs, income opportunities and
economical development as local supporting industries are created.

WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS

Future prospective expanded cultivation of food crops adjustment in priorities


increase production in agriculture improvement/expansion in irrigation system
population control? World food security

"SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS FOR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION"

1. Food security: To feed an estimated 870 million hungry people on the planet, we need
to increase production of basic staple foods by 60 percent.
2. Nutrition: Two billion worldwide lack micronutrients vital for good health. Agriculture
must become more nutrition-sensitive, with a stronger focus on fruits, vegetables, and
other nutrient-dense foods.
3. Food Systems: Since every aspect of our food systems has an effect on the final
availability and accessibility of diverse, nutritious foods, we must constantly strive
towards a healthier global food system.
4. Sustainability: By using resources more efficiently at every stage along the food chain,
we can increase the amount of healthy food available worldwide. Getting the most
food from every drop of water, plot of land, and speck of fertilizer saves resources for
the future.

INDIA FOOD BANKING NETWORK

Food banking is a system that moves food from donors to the people who need it and
engages all sectors of society in the effort.

It is a non-profit flexible distribution model that acquires donated/ purchased food and
makes it available to the hungry through the network of institutional feeding programs.

These programs include school feeding programs, charitable hospitals, orphanages,


the destitute, beggars, homeless etc.

The problem is not the production of food it is the economic, social and political model of
the world. The capitalist model is in crisis.
- Hugo Chavez

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THE GREEN REVOLUTION

(The Third Agricultural Revolution)


And Biotechnology
Objective:

To gain knowledge and understanding of green revolution


To research on role of green revolution in eradication of hunger from the poor
countries.
Out come

To analyze the advantages and disadvantages of green revolution.


THOMAS MALTHUS

19th century economist


Believed that because population grows geometrically and food production
arithmetically famine was inevitable.
Slowing the growth of population was the only possibility to prevent starvation
History so far has proven Malthus wrong.

Population and Food Production Relationship

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There are two important terms to bear in mind here:
1. Food entitlement deficit (FED) suggests that food shortages were caused by a lack of
wages/income (rising costs of food relative to average incomes)
2. Food availability deficit (FAD) suggests that food shortages were caused by local
difficulties in supply, perhaps the result of drought or floods
What is the Green Revolution?

The term Green Revolution refers to the renovation of agricultural practices beginning
in Mexico in the 1940s. Because of its success in producing more agricultural products
there, Green Revolution technologies spread worldwide in the 1950s and 1960s,
significantly increasing the amount of calories produced per acre of agriculture.
The crops developed during the Green Revolution were high yield varieties - meaning
they were domesticated plants bred specifically to respond to fertilizers and produce
an increased amount of grain per acre planted.
GREEN REVOLUTION

A complex of improvements which greatly increased agricultural production


Since 1950s
Agricultural output outpaced population growth even without adding additional
cropland
Adoption of new, improved varieties of grains
Application of better agricultural techniques
o Irrigation
o Mechanization
o Use of fertilizer
o Use of pesticides

Principal Beneficiaries of the Green Revolution

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WHEAT RICE BOTH

Mexico Thailand India


Egypt Vietnam China
Turkey Korea Pakistan
Indonesia

Golden Rice
THE GREAT YELLOW HOPE

In 1982, the Rockefeller Foundation funded research into rice varieties to promote
global health
Nutritionally enhanced rice
o Used a daffodil gene
o Rice now produces beta-carotene
o The body converts beta-carotene to vitamin A
o Blindness in LDCs is caused by vitamin A deficiencies
Time Magazine declares: This rice could save a million kids a year.
Greenpeace acknowledged: Golden rice is a moral challenge to our position.

Golden Rice
THE GREAT YELLOW HYPE

An 11 year-old child would need to eat 15 pounds of golden rice a day to satisfy the
minimum daily requirement of vitamin A
Conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A requires fat and protein in the diet (these are
lacking in LDCs)
Asians may not want to eat golden rice they prefer white rice over the more nutrient
rich brown rice which has always existed
Education to push golden rice costs money why not just hand out vitamin A?
Golden rice cost more than $100 million to develop it is just a PR stunt for genetically
altered foods

Green Revolution benefits:

Core exports high-yield miracle seeds


Needed oil-based fertilizers, pesticides
Asian rice crop up 66% in 1965-85
Favored areas with good soil, weather

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Green Revolution drawbacks:

Favored farmers who could afford seeds, inputs, machines, irrigation


Indebted farmers lost land, moved to cities
New monocrops lacked resistance to disease/pests
Environmental contamination, erosion
Oriented to export cash crops, not domestic food

Biotechnology: Using organisms to

Make or modify products


Improve plants or animals
Develop new microorganisms
Crossing natural divides between species
Not just crossbreeding

GENETIC ENGINEERING

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Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

Consumer concerns began in Europe, now in U.S. too

FRANKENFOODS

GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS - WORLDWIDE


120

100

80
millions of acres

60

40

20

0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

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Biotechnology benefits in agriculture

Increase yields
Increase pest resistance
Grow crops in new areas
Biotechnology drawbacks in agriculture

High costs (available to few)


Monocrops have less tolerance to disease
Possible health effects
Contamination of wild crops (superweeds)
Corporate patents on life forms

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UNCONVENTIONAL FOOD PLANTS
What Is Unconventional Food Plants?

Sources of Alternative Protein Foods


A. Those processed from plants
B. Those processed from micro-organisms

A. Protein alternatives made from plants


The most common protein alternative is made
from soya beans (legumes)
Soya bean protein is used because it has a
high biological value

% Composition:
o Protein 43%, Fat 20%, Carbohydrates 21%,
Vitamins 1% (B group), Minerals 1%
o (Calcium + Iron), Water 14%

Food Value:
o Protein: HBV but low in Methionine
o Lipid: Polyunsaturated oil, 50% linoleic
o Carbohydrates: Starch + fibre
o Vitamins: B group, Minerals: calcium + iron
o Water: small amount

B. Protein Alternatives from Micro-Organisms.


Micro-organisms such as yeast, fungi, bacteria, algae are being developed as
a source of edible protein
Can be grown rapidly and cheaply
The protein is called mycoprotein
Example of unconventional plants:
1. Root Crops:
Yam (Dioscorea batatas)
Oca (Oxalis tuberosa)
Crosnes (Stachys affinis)
Tiger Nuts (Cyperus esculentus)

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2. Leaves:
Sea Kale (Crambe maritime)
Campanula (Campanula versicolor)
Good King Henry (Chenopodium bonus-henricus)
Anise Hyssop (Agastache foeniculum)

3. Fruits:
Elaeagnus Species
Japanese Raisin Tree (Hovenia dulcis)
Crataegus schraderana (Crataegus tournefortii)
Tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa /Physalis philadelphica)

Yam (Dioscorea batatas)

Can be grown outdoors in temperate climates


like Britain.
Root is delicious baked.
The only drawback is that it can be 3 foot long in
good soils with the thickest part of the root at the
bottom - quite a task to harvest.

Crosnes (Stachys affinis)

Also known as mintroot.


12-inch-high ground cover.
The small, white tubers are crisp
and sweet, and add a great
crunch to salads.
Grow crosnes in full sun or partial
shade in well-drained soil.

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Sea Kale (Crambe maritime)

Grown as an ornamental12-inch-high
ground cover.
This coastal native bears gray-blue
leaves and white flowers on 3-foot-
tall plants.
The young leaves and flowers are
edible, too. Plant nicked seeds in
moist, well-drained soil in full sun.

Good King Henry


(Chenopodium bonus-henricus)

Tasty shoots, leaves and flower buds.


Relative grows in full sun or partial shade and moist,
well-drained soil.
Plant seeds in compost-enriched soil.

Elaeagnus Species

A genus of deciduous and evergreen shrubs


mainly from Asia.
Great potential as fruit crops.
Grown in most soils (but dislike very wet soils),
tolerate very exposed situations and drought

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Tomatillo
(Physalis ixocarpa /Physalis philadelphica)

Grown in the same way as tomatoes (but


does not need training).
It adds a lovely flavour to stews, is simple to
grow, yields well and appears resistant to
pests and diseases.

Adlai In Philippines

DA offering adlai as alternative to rice.


FILIPINOS are advised to look at the more nutritious and
high-fiber adlai cereal as a cheaper alternative to
traditional grains like rice and corn.
Known as Jacobs Tears,
Main ingredient for the manufacture of the wine called
pangasi.
Used as herbal medicine.

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OTHER UNCONVENTIONAL PLANTS

Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) Jerusalem Artichoke, or Sunchoke


(Helianthus tuberosus)

Lovage (Levisticum officinale) French Sorrel (Rumex acetosa)

Rhubarb (Rheum x cultorum) Ramps, or Wild Leeks (Allium tricoccum)

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INCREASING UTILIZATION OF FISH

The Philippines, with an island-dwelling population of more than 93 million and more
than 7 100 islands, is a major fishing nation and the worlds second largest archipelagic State.

In 2012, the Philippines ranked among the major fish producing countries in the world
with a total production of 3.1 million tonnes of fish, crustaceans, mollusks and other aquatic
animals. Aquaculture contributed 790 900 tonnes, or 25.4 percent, to the total fish production.
Much of its production is consumed locally with per caput fish consumption amounting to 32.7
kg in 2011. In addition, the Philippines is the worlds third largest producer of farmed
seaweeds with a production of 1.8 million tonnes in 2012.

Graph showing fish utilization during the year 2012

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Composition of capture.

Fish Utilization in Global Scale

Fish Utilization in Global Scale


Faced with one of the worlds greatest challenges how to feed more than 9 billion
people by 2050 in a context of climate change, economic and financial uncertainty, and
growing competition for natural resources the international community made
unprecedented commitments in September 2015 when UN Member States adopted the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development. The 2030 Agenda also sets aims for the contribution
and conduct of fisheries and aquaculture towards food security and nutrition in the use of
natural resources so as to ensure sustainable development in economic, social and
environmental terms.

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Reasons that triggers the Increase in the Utilization of Fishes

1. Fishing activity.
2. Direct and indirect effects of climate change on distribution, productivity, and
extinction.
3. Competitors and pathogens.
4. Threats to inland fisheries and aquaculture.
5. Loss of structures that support fisheries.
6. Autonomous adaptive capacity.
7. Interaction of threats in a major fish-producing region.
8. Economic impacts.

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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

If we all care for the environment, it will care for us; when we put the environment first,
development will last (Meadows, 1990)

Introduction

Agriculture faces many challenges, making it more and more difficult to achieve its
primary objective -- feeding the world each year. Population growth and changes in diet
associated with rising incomes drive greater demand for food and other agricultural products,
while global food systems are increasingly threatened by land degradation, climate change,
and other stressors. Uncertainties exist about regional and local impacts of climate change,
but the overall global pattern suggests that the stability of the food system will be at greater
risk due to short--term variability in food supply.

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE PROGRAM


Is a holistic approach that combines both environmental health and social economic
equity

Environmental Health?
Preserving and conserving natural resources.
Working with nature to grow the food.
Fertilizer, IPM, Crops, Water, Soil
We are using resources that can never get back so we must go with organic
agriculture
Compost, crop rotation, cover crops

Social Economic Equity?


Business, family and profitable
Has local market
Know where your food came from and how and who produce.

Sustainable Practices (1900s)


Crop Diversity
Niche Crops
Reduced Inputs
Season Extending

Can Sustainable Agriculture enhance the quality of life? For farmers society at large?

Preserving the resources of your farm. (Natural Resources)


Building Soil quality
Less fertilizer more income
Less pesticide, scouting pest, natural predators and beneficial insects.
FARMING WILL BE MORE EFFICIENTLY AND LOW COST.

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Therefore?

Sustainable-Agriculture preserves the environment while enhancing the quality of life for
both the farmers and community through job creation which improves the local economy and
strengthens the food system

AGRI PINOY (Sustainable Agriculture in the Philippines)

Agrikulturang Pilipino or Agri-Pinoy is the over-all strategic framework of the


Department of Agriculture that guide the various services and programs of the DA from 2011-
2016 and beyond.
A. Sustainable agriculture and fisheries
To meet the ever growing needs of a growing Philippine population, we need to
continually increase productivity. But in doing so, we must also insure sustainability, both
ecologically and economically. Agri-Pinoys emphasis on sustainable agricultural and
fisheries principles and practices takes into account the limited bio-physical carrying
capacity of the Philippines, while investing to expand the capacity of our human resources.
We must insure that producers and other stakeholders in the whole value chain from farm
to table receive economic benefits that enable them to sustain their participation.

B. Four guiding principles of Agri-Pinoy

1. Broad-based
At the heart of Agri-Pinoy is a commitment to a broad-based strategy for the growth
and development of agriculture and fisheries. Why is a broad-based strategy needed?
Agricultural and rural development must start from the reality that through agrarian
reform, majority of our farms are family-sized or even smaller. This need not be a
disadvantage since there are enough evidence that small farm systems can be as
productive as large farms. In fact, at their current level of productivity, the small producers
still contribute the biggest percentage of production in agriculture and fisheries. A broad-
based strategy calls for equitable and proportional allocation of DA services and
resources to small, medium, and big players. From the 30-35 per cent who have been
traditionally reached by DA services, we need to reach out to the majority who are small
producers. The other implication is that we need to take account of the different
stakeholders in the whole value chain, and adopt specific and appropriate interventions
to different stakeholders. Broad-based refers not only to size but also to diversity of crops
and production systems. This is important for flexibility and resilience in the face of
climate change and changes in global trading system. There are many downsides to large-
scale monoculture, not just because of the impact on biodiversity but also because of
disproportionate risks.

2. From Farm to Table

34 | P a g e
Agri-Pinoy addresses the whole system, from production to consumption. Both
supply-side management and demand-side management are needed. Instead of looking
mainly into production, we need to pay attention to the whole value chain. This includes
good soil and water management, and improved seeds. The community seed-banking
program seeks to encourage local seed growers to produce certified seeds and farmers
to use them. The extension system needs to be revitalized through the massive retraining
of technicians and farmers themselves. The policy of the DA is to devote public resources
to those items that the farmers cannot take care of, like irrigation systems, infrastructure,
post-harvest facilities, and other public goods. But the DA also has responsibility to insure
food safety and quality, primarily through our regulatory function. We also need to
promote responsible consumption.

3. Sustainable farming and fisheries systems


The need to integrate sustainability into efforts to increase productivity is well
established. The challenge is to provide our primary producers information and
assistance so that they can adopt and develop innovative technologies and management
systems. As mentioned earlier, the requirements of sustainability are both ecological and
economic. But there is a third element that is even more challenging insuring the
successor generation to our aging farming and fishing population. The Gulayan sa
Paaralan project with the Department of Education seeks to develop an appreciation for
agriculture from an early age. We also need to review and draw lessons from programs
like the 4-H clubs and Future Farmers Clubs. But to enhance the appeal of farming and
fishing, we must also communicate well their income prospects, as well as promote a
social appreciation of the role of farmers and fishers. We need to develop role models of
farmer-technicians, farmer-scientists, and farmer-entrepreneurs.

4. Resilience
Although implicit in the concept of sustainability, we give resilience a distinct
emphasis because of the increased impacts of climate change and changes in the global
market. These actual and potential impacts have to be integrated into any agricultural and
fisheries development plan. We also need to combine satellite mapping of vulnerabilities
with soil suitability and market analysis. One key strategy is the empowerment of farmers
and fishers, including provision of timely and useful information about climate change and
market change. This can help them shift back from a situation of uncertainty to calculable
risks. In addition, they must be assisted to diversify options and introduced to adaptive
technologies.

What is Philippine Agriculture 2020?

A medium term strategic plan articulated by the science community for the
modernization and development of the agriculture and natural resources sector.

A. Conceptual Framework and Philosophy of PA 2020


Agriculture embedded in three (3) overlapping/interacting systems.
i. Agricultural systems
ii. Natural resources systems
iii. Social systems

35 | P a g e
B. Social Philosophy
a. Multiple functions of agriculture
b. Beyond its economic and material contributions it is connected to the
distribution of social and political power and to the culture and values that
animate society.

C. Pillars of Modernization (3)


a. Organizing and managing agriculture as a business.
b. Changing the social structure through asset reform
c. Nurturing values respecting nature and community

1. Organizing and managing agriculture as a business.


a. Transform small farmers into entrepreneurs
b. Overcome problems of scale through concentration in key production
areas, through industry-wide clustering, strengthening of cooperatives and
farmers organizations.
2. Changing the social structure through asset reform
a. Poverty more severe in the countryside
b. Empowerment of farmers and fishers who work the land, the forests and
waters of the country
c. Asset reform transfer of property or usufruct rights to assets to farmers and
fishers
d. Stimulate investments among owners/rights holders to make the assets
productive and sustainable
3. Nurturing values respecting nature and community
a. Perspective of agriculture as a way of life
b. Not only material improvement and power changes but also preserve what
is good in the culture
c. Love for nature; enjoying the land and waters without destroying them,
preserving for future generations
d. Bringing soul to agriculture (Fr. Francis Lucas, ANGOC, Catholic Media
Network)

D. Investments
a. Physical infrastructure in countryside i.e. irrigation and drainage; farm-to-
market roads; postharvest facilities; transport system; information system.
b. Rural credit and insurance
c. Human capital
d. Institutions

E. Technology Development
a. Innovations to raise yields, reduce costs, improve product quality, reduce
losses and conserve environment.
b. Specific technology modernization requirements treated at length in the 15
industry cluster strategic plans.

36 | P a g e
c. Primary production variety development; multiple cropping and
diversification; IPM; soil nutrient management; sustainable agriculture; organic
farming.
d. Agricultural mechanization and water resources management.
e. Agricultural biotechnology
f. Socio-economics research and policy and advocacy
Convergence of DA, DENR, DAR and private sector initiatives in countryside

a. One Town-One Product platform of DTI


a. E.g. Coffee Towns
b. 30,000 tons imports
c. 40 towns each with 1,000 ha of coffee
d. LGU commitment
e. Nestle buying stations
f. Dedicated coffee research units in Cavite State, Benguet
State.
b. Expand access to affordable credit and insurance to small farmers and fisher
folks
Share of bank lending to agriculture down to 2.5% from 9.5% in the
1970s
Loans for primary production only 0.9%
Only 24% of borrowing needs of small farmers met
Reduce interest rates to single digits; bundle insurance with credit
Increase budget of PCIC to partly subsidize insurance premiums

Give, and it will be given to you


A good measure, pressed down,
Shaken together, and running over,
Will be poured into your lap.
For the measure you use
it will be measured on you.
-Luke 6:38

37 | P a g e
RESPONSIBILITIES OF INDIVIDUALS

Government Official
Make food safety rules and regulations.
Inspect food processing plants.
Inspect grocery stores and all places that serve food.
Set the amount of pesticides that can be used by farmers.
Enforce food safety regulations.
Controlled and to produce the safest product.

Consumer
Separate: Dont contaminate.
Check the sell by freshness dates on food products before buying them.
Prepare foods on clean surfaces.
Cook foods thoroughly, check internal temperature.
Store foods in small, shallow containers and refrigerate quickly.

Restaurant and Institution


Make sure that all food sold is prepared under clean conditions.
Make sure food is cooked to appropriate temperatures.
See that workers who handle food do not handle money.
Dispose of garbage properly and keep dumpsites clean.
Store food properly before use in cooking.
Grocery and Retailer
Train personnel in safe food handling.
Rotate stock regularly so foods are moved off the shelf by their sell dates.
Clean and sterilize all surfaces that hold food.
Put Safe Handling Instructions labels on packages.
Processor
Prepare and package food
Keep factories clean.
Inspect raw materials and processing materials.
Control temperatures throughout all stages of processing.

Farmer
Raise animals and crops for food.
Apply chemicals according to strict rules when growing crops.
Maintain a clean living environment for animals.

38 | P a g e
Keep rodents, insects, and wild fowl away from the animals and their food
supplies.
Clean equipment regularly.

FOOD SAFETY ACT OF 2013.

ARTICLE V RESPONSIBILITIES ON FOOD SAFETY


SECTION 15. Principal Responsibilities of Government Agencies.

The DA
The DA shall be responsible for food safety in the primary production and
post-harvest stages of food supply chain and foods locally produced or
imported in this category.

The DOH
The DOH shall be responsible for the safety of processed and prepackaged
foods, foods locally produced or imported under this category and the
conduct of monitoring and epidemiological studies on food-borne illnesses.
The DILG
The DILG, in collaboration with the DA, the DOH and other government
agencies shall supervise the enforcement of food safety and sanitary rules
and regulations as well as the inspection and compliance of business
establishments and facilities within its territorial jurisdiction.

The LGUs
The LGUs shall be responsible for food safety in food businesses such as,
but not limited to, activities in slaughterhouses, dressing plants, fish ports,
wet markets, supermarkets, school canteens, restaurants, catering
establishments and water refilling stations. The LGU shall also be
responsible for street food sale.

39 | P a g e
SECTION 16. Specific Responsibilities of the Department of Agriculture.
The agencies under the DA with food safety regulatory functions are the
following:
The Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI), for food derived from animals
including eggs and honey production;
The National Dairy Authority (NDA), for milk production and post-harvest
handling;
The National Meat Inspection Service (NMIS), for meats;
The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), for fresh fish and
other seafoods including those grown by aquaculture;
The Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI), for plant foods;
The Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA), for pesticides and fertilizers
used in the production of plant and animal food;
The Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA), for fresh coconut;
The Sugar Regulatory Administration (SRA), for sugar cane production and
marketing; and
The National Food Authority (NFA), for rice, corn and other grains.

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http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102944731&ps=rs
Supply and demand issues affecting fisheries and aquaculture in the Philippines
The WorldFish Center
PO Box 500 GPO, 10670 Penang, Malaysia

43 | P a g e
Tel: +(60-4) 626 1606 Fax: +(60-4) 626 5530
Email: worldfishcenter@cgiar.org
THE PHILIPPINE SUSTAINABLE SEED AND AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
The Proposed Philippine Food Security Information System (PhilFSIS)

44 | P a g e

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