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MOHAMED KASRAOUI
IRSEEM / ESIGELEC
Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray, France
mo.kasraoui@esigelec.fr
ADNANE CABANI
IRSEEM / ESIGELEC
Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray, France
cabani@esigelec.fr
JOSEPH MOUZNA
IRSEEM / ESIGELEC
Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray, France
mouzna@esigelec.fr
Various wireless technologies have been designed to assist with the resource management in a
typical supply chain. Wireless communication systems could be a solution easily deployable,
helping to improve the supply chain management and to reduce the overall cost of the system. For
logistic applications, the ZigBee technology can be used in order to manage and track goods. This
technology based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard is, actually, used for the design of wireless sensor
network (WSN) architecture. Several applications using this type of networks require the
interconnection of a considerable number of nodes. Thats why an efficient routing protocol should
be deployed by taking into account WSNs constraints. The purpose of this work is to study the
routing mechanisms already defined by the ZigBee standard and to improve the existing ZBR
protocol by proposing a new protocol called ZBR-M which highlights the scalability.
Keywords: ZigBee, IEEE 802.15.4, Hierarchical Tree Routing protocol, NS2, end-to-end delay.
1. Introduction
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) designate a very bright solution for a large number of
application scenarios and especially for the logistics applications. Many researchers have
focused in this field and some of them are interested on deploying sensor networks in
supply chain management [Evers and Havinga (2007)] that gave rise to use ZigBee
standard.
Zigbee is a new Wireless sensor network technology based on the IEEE 802.15.4
standard [ZigBee Alliance (2004)]. Its use in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has
aroused a great interest in the research community and its deployment will be increasing
15
16 Mohamed KASRAOUI, Adnane CABANI and Joseph MOUZNA
in the near future. The lifetime and the scalability are the most frequent issues in its
deployment. In order to increase the efficiency and scalability of communication, we
have improved the ZigBee routing protocol in a large scale network. The new proposed
protocol called ZBR-M computes the shortest path between source and destination nodes
by requesting the neighbors nodes instead of following the tree topology.
The result of first simulations shows that ZBR-M protocol reduces the end-to-end delay
average and increases the packet delivery ratio compared to the basic routing protocol.
However, it consumes more energy caused by the high number of broadcasted messages.
In order to reduce the energy consumption, we propose to pass the criticality as a
parameter in the message type. Hence, and we can select many routing protocols (AODV,
ZBR or ZBR-M) for each one.
We choose to organize this paper into three sections. We begin in the first section by
an overview of routing protocols in wireless sensor and ZigBee networks. We reserve the
second section for a comparative study of ZigBee routing protocols proposed in the
literature. In the third section, we present our approach and simulation results analysis. In
the last section, we conclude our work an present some perspectives.
2. Overview
In this section, we present a state of the art of routing protocols proposed in the literature
to carry out routing analysis in sensor networks. The data transmission in a wireless
sensor network can be done in two ways: i) A direct transmission method is possible
when nodes are close to each other since the received signal is not too attenuated; ii) The
sending by routing protocol based on intermediate nodes, subject to the weakening of the
signals. The nodes act both as a client and server, relaying the packets to ensure their
final destination.
aggregation. The recipient requests by its target regions and waits to receive data from
sensors located in the selected region.
knowledge only remains valid for networks containing a large number of sensors due to
the limited capacity of the nodes.
In conclusion, hierarchical protocols are the best suited to cover a wider such as
LEACH [inzelman et al. (2000)], TEEN [Manjeshwar and Grawal (2001)] and HEED
[Younis and Fahmy (2004)]. Due to the dynamic clustering and the data aggregation
techniques used by these protocols [Villas et al. (2011)], these techniques maintain an
equitable distribution of energy consumption into network by sharing the role of cluster-
head between the different nodes. Table 1 shows some examples that use these
techniques.
Routing
Type QoS data aggregation
protocols
SPIN FLAT -
Directed
FLAT -
Broadcast
EAR FLAT - -
CADR FLAT - -
COUGAR FLAT -
LEACH Hierarchical -
PEGAGIS Hierarchical -
AQUIRE FLAT - -
TEEN Hierarchical -
MCF FLAT - -
HEED Hierarchical - -
MECN Geographic - -
GAF Geographic - -
TTDD Hierarchical - -
GEAR Geographic - -
Rumor FLAT -
SPEED Geographic -
GBR FLAT -
SAR Geographic -
requesting node. So, the source sends its data through this path to the destination with the
minimum number of hops.
routers (ZR). Since simple nodes don't participate in routing, they arent considered in the
simulation. The network is fully connected and each node hears only its direct neighbors.
The maximum depth (Lm) is equal to 6 and the maximum number of children by parent
(Cm) is 7. In the beginning of simulation, the idea was to extend the network and
increasing the depth of the tree. Then, we studied the send data to the node "0". This
allowed discerning evolutionary of end-to-end delay.
The important simulations parameters used to compare between ZBR and AODV
protocols are summarized in the following table.
In conclusion, to get a long-range network (a great depth of the tree), the basic
hierarchical routing is more efficient because the shortest path to the root is generally that
which follows the Parent-Child Relationship in a Tree Network.
On the other side, AODV must discover the route before sending data. Thus, the time
delay is the most important factor to performance degradation of a network using the
AODV routing protocol.
22 Mohamed KASRAOUI, Adnane CABANI and Joseph MOUZNA
Figure 3 shows that Packet Delivery Ratio decreases when increasing network size.
Increasing the duration of simulation, from a certain threshold (the death of the first
node), the delivery rate drops down. This is due to the death of nodes near the destination
stretched by other nodes.
The traffic flow is interrupted by the failure of the first node. In fact, the excess energy
caused by the self-organization phase remains negligible. The important factor in the
energy depletion caused by the static nature of hierarchical routing protocol that route
only through parent-child relationship. So, one path is used by all traffic which rapidly
depletes the residual energy of some nodes compared to others. It's that after a while, the
routing to the destination is no longer possible. All descendant nodes of the death node
become isolated from the rest of the network. This is a real handicap of hierarchical
routing core.
4.3. Synthesis
The simulation results should be taken as a relevant indication of the behavior of these
two routing protocols and not as an accurate representation of its behavior in real
environments, given several constraints simulation namely the size of the field nodes,
distribution the number of nodes, the type of traffic, the simulation time, etc.
We have analyzed the delay and delivery packet ratio of two routing protocol in
ZigBee network. It has been shown that ZBR provides shorter average of end to end
ZBR-M: A New Zigbee Routing Protocol 23
delay and performs better in terms of delivery packet ratio. The good delay performance
of ZBR led us to think about improving it to support real time applications. In fact, the
worst case and energy consumption analysis showed that ZBR has a great potential of
improvements. So, the next work presented in this paper is to ameliorate the ZBR
routing.
then
1
1 1
Else
1 1 1
1 Cm Rm CmRm 2
1 Rm
If we restrict ourselves to the ZigBee routing, and a node belonging to the path that goes
down, all its descendants can no longer send their data to the base station. In addition,
24 Mohamed KASRAOUI, Adnane CABANI and Joseph MOUZNA
after analyzing the behavior of the protocol for some simulated cases, we found that the
packet must travel to the first common parent between the transmitter and receiver in
order to descend into the tree and reach its target and even though the nodes are close to
each other in depth. So we thought of a horizontal exploration of the tree which increases
the probability of finding an alternative route to the destination with the shortest jumps
without necessarily need to borrow parent-child relationship while keeping the profit
from the simplicity of the routing hierarchy [Qiu et al. (2007)]. The modified ZBR
algorithm is as follows
then
1
1 1
The principle of modified routing algorithm is: The transmitting node checks if the
destination is one of its descendants. If so, it sends it according to the basic hierarchical
routing. If this is not the case, it sends requests to all of its one-hop neighbors of the same
depth in the tree after estimate the round-trip delay of the message and initiates the
timestamp. Each neighbor receiving the message verifies even if the recipient is one of its
descendants. If so, the neighbor sends an acknowledgment to the sender and takes care of
routing the message. Otherwise, the neighbor drops the message. At the sending node, if
the timer expires without receiving anything, the message is transmitted to the parent.
Comparing ZBR-M to the M-HTR [Nefzi.B et .al (2007)] protocol, each router
broadcasts a request Rq to all its neighbors to check if the destination is one of its
ZBR-M: A New Zigbee Routing Protocol 25
5.2. Example
As an example, let us consider the network illustrated in figure 4 where node 7 sends data
to node 5.
Node 7 checks that node 5 is not a descendant. So it sends requests to its neighbors (8)
check if node 5 is one of their descendants. If it does not receive any reply before an
expiration time, it sends data to its parent (node 3). The latter checks if the destination is
26 Mohamed KASRAOUI, Adnane CABANI and Joseph MOUZNA
a descendant of its neighbors (0,2,4) by broadcasting one request. Then, it sends data to
the first replying neighbor (0 or 2) without comparing the different paths.
All the requests are sent hop by hop and they could cause potential flooding and traffic
problems. In order to prevent flooding and network collisions, we delimit the requests
perimeter by the neighbors at one hop.
Every node in network layout generates one data packet every 1 minute, starting at a
randomly picked initial packet generation time.
The important simulations parameters, that were included, are summarized in the
following table.
ZBR-M: A New Zigbee Routing Protocol 27
ZBR ZBR-M
Delivery ratio (%) 99, 87 99,88
End-to-End Delay (ms) 8 5
Energy consumption
0,449 1,003
(mJ)
As it is expected, ZBR-M performance is better in terms of end to end delay and delivery
packet ratio. It succeeds to eliminate the worst cases and to achieve a low end to end
delay. Moreover, ZBR-M improves the basic algorithm but never degrade it.
Due to the important number of packets used to discover routes, ZBR-M provides an
additional cost in energy consumption. So, we have to maximize the battery life in our
next work.
messages to different types is the main task. To do this, the message type may be given
with a variable that can determine the type of information originated from the application
layer. We propose to classify the messages into three types based on the criticality. The
first type is the highly critical message when a node has a very important data to send, in
this case, it selects the AODV routing protocol. The second type is the normal message
used when a node has a classic data to send, like the GPS location, temperature values,
etc. The third type is the least important message assigned to other messages. Before
sending a DATA message, the sender selects the type of ad-hoc routing protocol for
wireless nodes (AODV, ZBR or ZBR-M) as shown in figure 6.
Messages
Application
layer If HCM
AODV
No
Network
layer
Type of
2 message 3
ZBR ZBR-M
At application layer, each node can choose between AODV and hierarchical protocol to
route the data into the network.
ZBR-M: A New Zigbee Routing Protocol 29
For the first message type, a node chooses the AODV that uses low number of messages
to conserve the capacity of the network and ensure the reception of the message by the
destination nodes. However it requires more time to establish a connection and it
introduces an additional cost in terms of data packet delivery ratio, routing overhead and
delay.
At the network layer, each node can choose between ZBR and ZBR-M. If it looks at
the message type, it selects the ZBR-M to route the normal messages in order to make a
short delay and it selects the ZBR to route the least important message using less energy.
The figure 7 shows the difference between the routing protocols (AODV, ZBR, ZBR-M)
in terms of energy consumption and the end-to-end delay. For each network composed of
k-nodes, the combination of the three routing protocols and mostly the use of ZBR to
route the normal message are the best ways to reduce the energy consumption.
6. Conclusion
This paper provides an overview of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks
(WSNs) and discusses how scalability, energy consumption and delays present important
constraints for these types of networks. We were interested specifically in routing
mechanism defined by the ZigBee standard. We conducted simulations to evaluate the
30 Mohamed KASRAOUI, Adnane CABANI and Joseph MOUZNA
Acknowledgement(s)
This work is funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and by Haute-
Normandie Region.
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