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TP ON DU KH QUC GIA VIT NAM
TRNG CAO NG NGH DU KH

GIO TRNH
H THNG BO CHY V BO
KH
H CAO NG NGH
(Bin son theo chng trnh o to ngh SCTBTH nm 2013)
(LU HNH NI B)
VNG TU 2015
TP ON DU KH QUC GIA VIT NAM
TRNG CAO NG NGH DU KH

GIO TRNH
H THNG BO CHY V BO
KH
H CAO NG NGH
(Bin son theo chng trnh o to ngh SCTBTH nm 2013)
(LU HNH NI B)
Son tho Kim tra Xem xt Ph duyt

H v tn
Chc danh
K tn
LI NI U
Gio trnh H thng bo chy v bo kh c bin son dng lm ti liu

ging dy v hc tp cho ngh Sa cha thit b T ng ha trnh Cao ng
ngh ca trng Cao ng ngh du kh thuc m un chuyn mn ngh t chn. y
l mn hc tng i mi tuy nhin cc sinh vin trc khi hc mn ny cng cn
hon thnh cc mn hc/m un k thut c s ngh nh: hc o lng in, k thut
s, thit b o lng, iu khin qu trnh, ...
Ni dung ca gio trnh ny gm 4 chng:
Chng 1: Khi qut chung
Chng 2: Cc u d nhit, khi v kh
Chng 3: Cc hnh ng khn cp trong nh my khi c s c
Chng 4: Cu trc h thng
Chng 1 trnh by nhng nguyn tc c bn ca h thng bo chy, bo kh;
nguyn tc phng chy, cha chy; bin php c bn trong cha chy; trch nhim
phng chy, cha chy; cc hnh vi nghim cm v cc trang thit b phng chy,
cha chy. Gip sinh vin nhn thc c trch nhim ca bn thn trong phng
chng chy.
Chng 2 trnh by cc loi thit b d nhit, khi v kh, gip sinh vin hiu
c nguyn l hot ng v cu to ca cc thit b d khi, kh, nhit.
Chng 3 trnh by cc hnh ng khn cp trong nh my khi c s c, gip
sinh vin bit c cn phi c hnh ng g khi c s c chy v kh c (bt bm
cu ha, kch hot bo ng...). Gip sinh vin nhn thc c trch nhim cn thit
khi nh my xy ra s c.
Chng 4 trnh by cu trc mt h thng bo chy v bo kh (Fire&Gas
system), gip sinh vin hiu c s cu trc h thng, giao tip gia h thng bo
chy v bo kh vi cc h thng khc trong nh my...
Tc gi chn thnh gi li cm n n cc ng nghip trong khoa in T
ng Ha c bit l phng o To, Ban Gim Hiu nh hng v ch o tc
gi hon thin gio trnh ny.
Tuy n lc nhiu, nhng chc chn khng th c sai st, rt mong nhn
c s kin ng gp ln xut bn sau c hon thin hn.
TC GI
H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 1

MC LC
LI NI U .................................................................................................................1
CHNG 1: KHAI QUAT CHUNG .............................................................................4
1.1 Nhng nguyn tc c bn ca h thng bo chy, bo kh............................................. 4
1.2 Nguyn t c phong chay, cha chay (PCCC) .................................................................. 5
1.3 Bin php c bn trong cha chy .................................................................................. 6
1.3.1 Khi nim v cha chy.................................................................................................. 6
1.3.2 Bin php c bn trong cha chy .................................................................................. 6
1.4 Trch nhim phng chy, cha chy .............................................................................. 8
1.5 Cc hnh vi nghim cm ................................................................................................. 9
1.6 Cc trang thit b phng chy, cha chy ..................................................................... 10
CC U D NHIT (CHY), KHI V KH ............................ 12
2.1 u d nhit (chy) ...................................................................................................... 12
2.1.1. u bo nhit Gia tng (Rate-of-Rise) ......................................................................... 12
2.1.2. u bo nhit c nh (Fixed Temperature) ................................................................. 13
2.2. u d khi................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.1. u bo khi ion ho (Ionization detector) .................................................................. 17
2.2.2. u bo khi quang in (Photoelectric Smoke Detector)........................................... 18
2.2.3. u bo khi quang dng tia (Projected Beam Detector) ............................................ 19
2.2.4. u bo khi lp trn ng ng Duct smoke detector ............................................ 22
2.2.5. u bo khi nhy cao Aspirating Smoke Detector hoc Air Sampling
Detector (ASD) ............................................................................................................. 23
2.3. u bo kh (Gas Detector) .......................................................................................... 26
2.3.1. O2 dectector: ................................................................................................................. 26
2.3.2. Cm bin bo khi kiu hng ngoi: (Infra-red gas detector) ........................................ 28
2.4. Phat hi n ro ri (Leak Detection) ................................................................................... 31
2.4.1. Pht hin r r theo im ............................................................................................... 31
2.4.2. H thng gim st r r bng camera ............................................................................ 32
CHNG 3: CAC HANH NG KHN CAP TRONG NHA MAY KHI CO S C
.......................................................................................................................................33
3.1 B t bm cu hoa .................................................................................................33
3.1.1. Quy trnh vn hnh my bm xng cha chy ............................................................. 33
3.1.2. Qui trnh vn hnh my bm in (3 pha) cha chy................................................... 34
3.1.3. iu Khin My Bm Motor........................................................................................ 34
3.1.4. iu Khin My Bm B p (Jockey) ........................................................................ 35
3.1.5. iu Khin My Bm Diesel ....................................................................................... 35
3.2. Kch hot bo ng ....................................................................................................... 36

3.2.1. bo ng khn cp bng tay.......................................................................................... 36
3.2.2. H thng bo ng chy khn cp bng ging ni ....................................................... 37
3.3. Ch th cc b ................................................................................................................ 37
3.4. Cch ly ngun chy ...................................................................................................... 38
3.5. Kch hot chng chy ................................................................................................... 39
3.5.1. H thng phun nc (Sprinkler) ................................................................................... 40
3.5.2. H thng hng thy (Deluge system) ........................................................................... 44
3.5.3. H Thng Cha Chy bng ha cht kh (Dry Chemical) ........................................... 46
3.5.4. H Thng Cha Chy (FM-200 & HFC-227ea) ........................................................... 47
3.5.5. H Thng Cha Chy CO2 ........................................................................................... 48
3.5.6. H Thng Cha Chy Foam ......................................................................................... 49
CHNG 4: CU TRC H THNG .......................................................................51
4.1. S cu trc h thng ................................................................................................ 51
4.4.1. Kt ni h thng............................................................................................................ 54
4.2. Khi gii quyt Logic (LS) ........................................................................................... 63
4.3. Thit b ch th ............................................................................................................... 65
4.3.1. ha my tnh............................................................................................................ 65
4.3.2. Hin th in t ............................................................................................................. 67
4.3.3. Hin th a ch.............................................................................................................. 67
4.3.4. Hin th a dng ............................................................................................................ 67
4.3.5. Truy cp v bo v ........................................................................................................ 67
4.3.6. Cc chc nng vn hnh c bit khc ca h thng Fire&Gas ................................... 67
4.4. Giao tip gia h thng Fire&Gas vi h thng khc .................................................. 68
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................. 71

CHNG 1: KHAI QUAT CHUNG
1.1 Nhng nguyn tc c bn ca h thng bo chy, bo kh
H thng bo chy, bo khi l h thng gm tp hp cc thit b c nhim v

pht hin v bo ng khi c chy xy ra. H thng ny c bit cn thit trong ta nh
cao tng, cng xng hay trong nh gia nh. Vic pht hin ra cc tn hiu chy
c th c thc hin t ng bi cc thit b hoc bi con ngi, v nht thit phi
hot ng lin tc trong 24/24 gi. Nh m chng ta c th trnh c nhng mi
nguy him do ha hon gy ra, bo trc c nhng him ha sp xy ra (nh h
thng cc u d, u bo khi, bo nhit, bo gas), c th d dng x l khi xy ra
s c (nh nhng thit b cha chy c thit k ph hp, hon ho v rt d s
dng).
i vi cc nh my i hi yu cu v chng chy n cao nh cc nh my
sn xut khthi h th ng bao chay, bao khoi va bao khi [H thng Fire&Gas (F&G)]
l h thng cnh bo, pht hin nhng s c nguy him nh d khi, d la, nhng
m my kh n xut hin trong cc nh my. Khi pht hin ra c tn hiu nguy him
t cc u d, h thng F&G s kch hot h thng ESD ng an ton cc ESDV
u vo v u ra, ng thi m cc Blowdown Valve x kh trong ng ng,
hoc bn b x ra ngoi Flare t b, nhim v ch yu l gim p sut trong
ng ng, ng thi cng lm gim thiu nguy c chy n xy ra trong ng ng.
Output
H thng Fire & Gas H thng Process H thng Emergency Shutdown
Input
Cc tn hiu bo v t F&G l tn hiu Energy to Trip, ngha l khi c dng in

chy qua s gy ra s c.
Cc tn hiu bo v t Emergency Shutdown l tn hiu De-energy toTrip: ngha
l khi mt tn hiu in s gy ra s c.
Chnh cch phn chia nh vy ta thy c vai tr ca 2 h thng l khc nhau,
h thng Fire & Gas l h thng cnh bo, pht hin ra s c, cn h thng ESD l h
thng gim thiu tc hi ca s c gy ra. iu ny c ngha l h thng ESD l h
thng khc phc nhng g xy ra.
Hnh 1.1. H thng F&G trong cng nghip
1.2 Nguyn t c phong chay, cha chay (PCCC)
Lut quy nh v phng chy, cha chy, xy dng lc lng, trang b phng
tin, chnh sch cho hot ng phng chy v cha chy (Lut s: 27/2001/QH10, i u
4) quy inh
co 4 nguyn t c phng chay, cha chay nh sau:
Huy ng sc mnh tng hp ca ton dn tham gia hot ng phng chy
v cha chy:
Nguyn tc ny c th hi u phng chay va cha chay la nghia vu cua toan
dn. Mo i ngi dn c n phi hi u va tic h cc tham gia PCCC. phong chay
va cha chy c hiu qu phai huy ng sc ma nh t ng hp cua toan dn, m t
tp th hay c nhn nao kho co th la cho hoa t ng phng chay va cha chay
co hi u qua c.
Trong hot ng phng chy v cha chy ly phng nga l chnh; phi
tch cc v ch ng phng nga, hn ch n mc thp nht cc v chy
xy ra v thit hi do chy gy ra:
o la phong chay hn cha chay. Trong vi c san xu t kinh doanh noi chung
phai nghim chin h ch p hanh cac quy pha m v PCCC v m t xy dng, sa
cha va cac hanh vi cua ngi lao ng trong khu vc co th xay ra chay, n .
Chi nhnh xng du Bnh Thun khi thi t k cac ca hang ban le xng d u sa
cha ho c xy dng mi b t bu c phai th m duy t PCCC ban ve thi t k thi
cng va trong qua trinh thi cng phai thi cng ung ban ve thi t k a c
phong canh sat PCCC va cu na n cu h ph duy t.
Phi chun b sn sng lc lng, phng tin, phng n v cc iu kin
khc khi c chy xy ra th cha chy kp thi, c hiu qu:
Cac n vi, t chc, c nhn cn phi c trang bi ung, u, am bao ch t
lng cac phng ti n cha chy theo quy inh v phai c c p co th m
quy n ph duy t. C n phi c phng an cho cac tin h hu ng gia inh co th xay
ra chy. Cc thanh vin trong n vi c n phai c ho c t p va co kin thc thc
s v cng tc PCCC i vi c s min h cng tac va phai c t p luy n
thng xuyn hay nh ky cac tnh hung chay n co th xay ra n vi minh.
C lam c nh v y th khi co chy n x y ra mi co th cha chay kip thi
va co hi u qua.
Mi hot ng phng chy v cha chy trc ht phi c thc hin v
gii quyt bng lc lng v phng tin ti ch:
Nguyn tc nay co nghia l lc l ng ti ch la lc l ng co th d p t t am
chay khi n b t u xay ra, khng mt m la nho thanh m t am chay ln.
Ta i t t cac cng ty, n v san xut u phai thnh l p cac i cha chay vi
thanh vin la nhn vin trong n v.
1.3 Bin php c bn trong cha chy
1.3.1 Khi nim v cha chy

Trong Lut PCCC gii thch t ng cha chy l bao gm cc cng vic huy
ng, trin khai lc lng, phng tin cha chy, ct in, t chc thot nn,
cu ngi, cu ti sn, chng chy lan, dp tt m chy v cc hot ng khc
c lin quan n cha chy. Tuy vy, trong khoa hc v PCCC nghin cu qu
trnh cha chy l vic s dng lc lng v phng tin to thnh cc iu
kin lm ngng s chy. Ni cch khc l gim nhit chy xung thp
hn nhit tt dn. Tm li, cha chy cn phi c lc lng, phng tin,
nc v cc vt liu cha chy cng ngi ch huy cha chy t chc, iu
hnh cc hot ng cn thit nhm dp tt m chy v hn ch ti a cc thit
hi v ngi v ti sn do m chy gy ra.
1.3.2 Bin php c bn trong cha chy

Lut PCCC (iu 30) quy nh c th bin php c bn cn phi thc hin
trong hot ng cha chy l:
+ Huy ng nhanh nht cc lc lng, phng tin dp tt ngay m chy.
+ Tp trung cu ngi, cu ti sn v chng chy lan.
+ Thng nht ch huy, iu hnh trong cha chy.
Thng tin bo chy v cha chy: (iu 32 Lut PCCC)

+ Thng tin bo chy bng hiu lnh hoc bng in thoi. (i vi cc thn, p,
bn nn ch trng dng hiu lnh thng tin bo chy cho i vin dn
phng, cn in thoi cng cn c quan tm bo chy cho n v Cnh
st PCCC bit).
+ S in thoi bo chy c quy nh thng nht trong c nc.
Trch nhim cha chy v tham gia cha chy: (iu 33 Lut PCCC)
+ Ngi pht hin thy chy phi bng mi cch bo chy nhanh nht v cha
chy; c quan, t chc, h gia nh v c nhn gn ni chy phi nhanh chng
thng tin v tham gia cha chy.
+ Lc lng PCCC khi nhn c tin bo chy trong a bn c phn cng
qun l hoc nhn c lnh iu ng phi lp tc n cha chy; trng hp
nhn c thng tin bo chy ngoi a bn c phn cng qun l th phi
bo ngay cho lc lng PCCC ni xy ra chy, ng thi phi bo co cp trn
ca mnh.
Hinh 1.2. S dng xe cng ngh 1.7 cha chy nh dn b chy

+C quan Y t, in lc, cp nc, mi trng th, giao thng v cc c
quan hu quan khc khi nhn c yu cu ca ngi ch huy cha chy phi nhanh
chng iu ng lc lng v phng tin n ni xy ra chy phc v cha chy.
+ Lc lng cng an, dn qun, t v c trch nhim t chc gi gn trt t,
bo v khu vc cha chy v tham gia cha chy.
Ngun nc v cc vt liu cha chy: (iu 35 Lut PCCC)
Khi c chy, mi ngun nc v cc vt liu cha chy phi c u tin s
dng cho cha chy.
Ngi ch huy cha chy:
Theo quy nh ca Lut PCCC v Ngh nh hng dn thi hnh lut PCCC
th ngi lm ch huy cha chy l:

+ Trong mi trng hp, ngi c chc v cao nht t ch huy cp i Cnh st
PCCC tr ln c mt ti ni xy ra chy l ngi ch huy cha chy.
+ Khi lc lng Cnh st PCCC cha n ni chy th trong phm vi qun l
ca mnh, ngi lm ch huy cha chy l mt trong s nhng ngi sau:
Ngi ng u c s, i trng i PCCC c s hoc ngi c u quyn;
trng thn (v cp tng ng), i trng i dn phng hoc ngi c
u quyn; ngi ch huy phng tin, ch phng tin, ngi iu khin
phng tin giao thng c gii; ch rng hoc ngi c u quyn nu rng
thuc c quan, t chc.
+ Ngi ng u c quan, t chc, Ch tch UBND cp x tr ln c mt ti
m chy l ngi ch o, ch huy cha chy.
1.4 Trch nhim phng chy, cha chy
Theo iu 5 ca Lut Phng chy cha chy v Khon 2 iu 1 ca Lut sa

i, b sung mt s iu ca Lut phng chy v cha chy quy nh:
Phng chy v cha chy l trch nhim ca mi c quan, t chc, h gia nh

v c nhn trn lnh th Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam.
Cng dn t 18 tui tr ln, sc kho c trch nhim tham gia vo i dn
phng, i phng chy v cha chy c s c lp ni c tr hoc ni lm
vic khi c yu cu.
Ngi ng u c quan, t chc trong phm vi nhim v, quyn hn ca mnh
c trch nhim:
+ T chc tuyn truyn, ph bin kin thc v phng chy v cha chy; xy
dng phong tro ton dn tham gia phng chy v cha chy; thnh lp, duy
tr hot ng i phng chy v cha chy theo quy nh ca php lut;
+ Ban hnh theo thm quyn ni quy v bin php v phng chy v cha
chy;
+ T chc thc hin, kim tra, gim st vic chp hnh quy nh v phng
chy v cha chy;
+ Bo m kinh ph cho hot ng phng chy v cha chy, s dng kinh ph
phng chy v cha chy ng mc ch; trang b v duy tr hot ng ca
dng c, phng tin phng chy v cha chy; chun b cc iu kin phc
v cha chy; xy dng, t chc thc tp phng n cha chy; bo m cc
iu kin phc v cng tc hun luyn nghip v v phng chy v cha
chy; t chc cha chy v khc phc hu qu do chy gy ra;
+ Thc hin nhim v khc v phng chy v cha chy theo quy nh ca
php lut.
Ch h gia nh c trch nhim:

+ n c, nhc nh thnh vin trong gia nh thc hin quy nh ca php
lut v phng chy v cha chy;
+ Thng xuyn kim tra pht hin v khc phc kp thi nguy c gy chy,
n;
+ Phi hp vi c quan, t chc v h gia nh khc trong vic bo m iu
kin an ton v phng chy v cha chy; qun l cht ch v s dng an
ton cht d gy chy, n.
C nhn c trch nhim:
+ Chp hnh quy nh, ni quy, yu cu v phng chy v cha chy ca ngi
hoc c quan c thm quyn;
+ Tun th php lut v nm vng kin thc cn thit v phng chy v cha
chy; bit s dng dng c, phng tin phng chy v cha chy thng
dng;
+ Bo m an ton v phng chy v cha chy trong qu trnh s dng ngun
la, ngun nhit, thit b, dng c sinh la, sinh nhit v trong bo qun, s
dng cht chy;
+ Ngn chn nguy c trc tip pht sinh chy, hnh vi vi phm quy nh an
ton v phng chy v cha chy;
+ Thc hin quy nh khc c lin quan n trch nhim c nhn trong Lut
ny.
Lc lng Cnh st phng chy v cha chy c trch nhim hng dn, kim
tra hot ng phng chy v cha chy ca c quan, t chc, h gia nh, c
nhn v lm nhim v cha chy.
1.5 Cc hnh vi nghim cm
Cc hnh vi b nghim cm trong hot ng phng chy cha chy c quy

nh chi tit ti Ngh nh 79/2014/N-CP nh sau:
C gy chy, n lm tn hi n tnh mng, sc khe con ngi; gy thit hi

ti sn ca Nh nc, c quan, t chc, c nhn; nh hng xu n mi
trng, an ninh v trt t an ton x hi.
Cn tr cc hot ng phng chy v cha chy; chng ngi thi hnh nhim
v phng chy v cha chy.
Li dng phng chy v cha chy xm hi tnh mng, sc khe con ngi;
xm phm ti sn ca Nh nc, c quan, t chc v c nhn.
Bo chy gi.
Khng bo chy khi c iu kin bo chy; tr hon vic bo chy.
Sn xut, tng tr, vn chuyn, s dng, mua bn tri php cht nguy him v
chy, n.
Mang hng v cht d chy, n tri php vo ni tp trung ng ngi.
Thi cng cng trnh c nguy him v chy, n, nh cao tng, trung tm thng
mi m cha c thit k c duyt v phng chy v cha chy; nghim thu v
a vo s dng cng trnh c nguy him v chy, n, nh cao tng, trung tm
thng mi khi cha iu kin bo m an ton v phng chy v cha
chy.
Chim ot, hy hoi, lm h hng, t thay i, di chuyn, che khut phng
tin, thit b phng chy v cha chy, bin bo, bin ch dn; cn tr li thot
nn.
Hnh vi khc vi phm quy nh ca php lut v phng chy v cha chy.
1.6 Cc trang thit b phng chy, cha chy
Cac trang thi t bi, phng tin phng chy v cha chy gm: phng tin c
gii, thit b, my mc, dng c, ho cht, cng c h tr chuyn dng cho vic phng
chy v cha chy, cu ngi, cu ti sn c quy nh c th ti Ph lc 5 Ngh
nh s 35/2003/N-CP ngy 04 thng 4 nm 2003 ca Chnh ph, gm cc loi sau:
a) Phng tin cha chy c gii

Cc loi xe cha chy thng thng: xe cha chy c tc, xe cha chy khng
tc (xe bm);
Cc loi xe cha chy c bit: xe cha chy sn bay, xe cha chy rng, xe
cha chy ho cht, xe cha chy xng du, du kh, xe cha chy chng biu
tnh gy ri
My bay cha chy;
Tu, xung cha chy;
Cc loi xe chuyn dng phc v cha chy: xe thang, xe nng, xe ch huy, xe
thng tin nh sng, xe trm bm, xe ch nc, xe ch phng tin, xe ch
qun, xe ch ho cht, xe cp cu s c, xe ht khi, xe k thut.
Cc loi my bm cha chy: my bm khing tay, my bm rmoc, my
bm ni.
b) Phng tin cha chy thng dng
Cc loi vi, ng ht cha chy;
Cc loi lng cha chy;
Cc loi u ni, ba chc, hai chc cha chy, Ezect;
Cc loi gi lc;
Cc loi tr nc, ct ly nc cha chy;
Cc loi thang cha chy;
Cc loi bnh cha chy (kiu xch tay, kiu xe y): bnh bt, bnh bt, bnh
kh
c) Cht cha chy
Nc, cc loi bt, kh cha chy, thuc cha chy bt ho khng kh.
d) Vt liu v cht chng chay
Sn chng chy;
Vt liu chng chy;
Cht ngm tm chng chy.
e) Trang phc v thit b bo h c nhn
Trang phc cha chy: qun, o, m, ng, gng tay, tht lng, khu trang cha
chy, ng v gng tay cch in, qun o cch nhit;
Mt n phng c lc c, mt n phng c cch ly, khu trang lc c, cc
my san np kh cho mt n phng c.
f) Phng tin cu ngi
Dy, m, thang v ng cu ngi.
g) Cng c h tr v dng c ph d
My ct, my ko, my banh, my kch, nng iu khin bng kh nn v bng
in.
Km cng lc, ca tay, ba, x beng...
h) Thit b, dng c thng tin lin lc, ch huy cha chy
Bn ch huy, lu ch huy cha chy;
H thng ch huy hu tuyn;
H thng ch huy v tuyn.
i) Cc h thng bo chy v cha chy
H thng bo chy t ng, bn t ng;
H thng cha chy t ng (bng kh, nc, bt bt), h thng cha chy vch
tng.

CC U D NHIT (CHY), KHI V KH
la chn c loi cm bin, u d thch hp th ch s Mc an ton

ton vn (Safety Integrity Level SIL) c quan tm nhiu nht. y l mt thng s
rt quan trong khi la chn thit b, n cho bit chnh xc ca thit b khi lm vic
trong thc t. SIL l mt thng s ca chun IEC61508 quy nh s ln m thit b bo
chy khng pht hin c trong thc t lm vic, SIL c 4 mc t 1 ti 4, trong
mc 1 l mc an ton thp nht, v mc 4 l mc an ton cao nht.
Mc S ln khng pht hin c

SIL 1 >=10-2ti <10-1
SIL 2 >=10-3 ti <10-2
SIL 3 >=10-4 ti <10-3
SIL 4 <10-4
Sau y l nguyn l lm vic ca mt s u d.
2.1 u d nhit (chy)
u bo nhit l loi dng d nhit ca mi trng trong phm vi bo v
, khi nhit ca mi trng khng tha mn nhng quy nh ca cc u bo nhit
do nh sn xut quy nh, th n s pht tn hiu bo ng gi v trung tm x l.
Cc u bo nhit c lp t nhng ni khng th lp c u bo khi (ni
cha thit b my mc, Garage, cc bung in ng lc, nh my, nh bp,)
Tt c cc u bo nhit u c b phn thu nhit. B phn cm bin nhit c th l
loi gin n c kh hoc u d cm bin nhit thermistor.
u bo nhit c 2 loi chnh c phn loi theo hot ng l gia tng (Rate- of-
Rise) v nhit c nh (Fixed temperature).
2.1.1. u bo nhit Gia tng (Rate-of-Rise)
u bo nhit gia tng (R-O-R) hot ng khi nhit mi trng tng ln
nhanh chng theo thi gian, ln hn hoc bng t l c thit lp trc bi nh
sn xut. Theo tiu chun, t l ny l khong 15F (8C) mi pht. Hot ng ca
u bo nhit gia tng ph thuc vo tc tng nhit , khng ph thuc vo nhit
ca mi trng.
Hnh 2.1 m t u bo nhit gia tng in hnh s dng k thut in-kh nn
(Electropneumatic). Kiu ny c cp bng sng ch ln u tin nm 1941 v l
sn phm c ci tin lin tc cho n ngy nay.

u bo nhit gia tng bao gm:
Mt bung kh kn (A) c mt pha di l v u bo lm bng hp kim
cng dn nhit;
Mt l nh (B) lm cn bng p sut kh bn trong bung vi mi
trng; Mt mng n hi bng kim loi (C) ni vi mt cc tn hiu ca u
bo;
Mt b cng tc (D) c 2 tip im thng h, mt tip im c hn vo
mn n hi (C), tip im th 2 ni vo cc tn hiu cn li ca u bo. Bnh
thng 2 cc tn hiu ca u bo cch in vi nhau (thng h NO).
Khi nhit mi trng thay i s lm cho p sut khng kh bn trong bung kn
thay i. Vi s thay i chm ca nhit , mt lng nh khng kh s i vo hoc
i ra bung kn thng qua l (B) cn bng p sut bn trong v bn ngoi bung
kn, gi cho 2 cc tn hiu ca u bo cch in vi nhau.
Khi nhit mi trng xung quanh tng ln rt nhanh vi tc ln hn
hoc bng 8oC/pht lm cho khng kh bn trong bung kn gin n rt nhanh vt
qu kh nng t cn bng p sut ca l (B), do mt di ca bung kn l hp kim
cng nn khng kh trong bung khi gin n s p mng n hi (C) ln pha trn lm
cho cng tc in ng li pht tn hiu v trung tm bo chy
2.1.2. u bo nhit c nh (Fixed Temperature)
Hat ng ca u bo ph thuc han tan vo nhit ca mi trng ch
khng ph thuc vo tc gia tng nhit . Khi nhit mi trng ti khu vc bo
v tng ln t ti mt nhit nht nh, ng vi ngng c ci t cho u bo
khi sn xut, s lm cho tip im bn trong u bo ng v to tn hiu bo chy gi
trung tm bo chy.
Tuy theo tiu chun cho mi th trng m u bo nhit c nh c cc
ngng bo ng khc nhau, v d: 60oC, 65oC, 70oC, 90oC hoc 57oC (135oF),
87oC (190oF)
C nhiu loi u bo nhit c nh khc nhau, di y gii thiu mt s loi thng
dng:

a) u bo nhit c nh c-in (Electromechanical)
u bo nhit s dng thanh lng kim (Hnh 2.2)
u bo nhit c mt thanh lng kim, vi mt u gn c nh v u kia
t do c th di chuyn ph thuc nhit ca n.
Khi nhit tng th thanh lng kim b un cong lm chm mch in tn hiu ca
u bo v kch hot bo ng.
Thanh lng kim s tr v trng thi ban u khi nhit gim. Loi u bo nhit
ny c th s dng nhiu ln.
Hnh 2.2. u bo nhit c nh dung thanh lng kim
u bo nhit s dng cht nng chy eutectic (hnh 2.3)

u bo ny s dng lin kt nng chy ca hp kim eutectic. y l loi u
bo nhit c s dng rt ph bin trong giai on nhng nm 1970 n 2000.
Hnh 2.3. u bo nhit dng lin kt nng chy

Hp kim eutectic l mt hn hp ca 2 hoc nhiu kim loi c im tan chy
nhit thp hn kim loi ring l. Nu nhit ca hp kim ln hn hoc bng nhit
tan chy n s chuyn t trng thi rn sang trng thi lng.
Trong u bo nhit c mt ly kim loi n hi c gi cht bi hp kim
eutectic, gip cho 2 cc tn hiu ca u bo tch ri nhau (thng h). Khi nhit

mi trng tng n nhit nng chy ca hp kim (y l nhit bo ng ca
u bo, tuy vo loi hp kim khi sn xut), hp kim s tan chy lm ly n hi ang
b nn bung ra v 2 cc tn hiu ca u bo chm vo nhau to mt dng in kch
hot bo ng.
u bo nhit loi ny khng s dng li c sau khi bo ng.
Bo nhit c nh kiu dy (line-type)

Loi bo nhit c nh c-in th ba l loi u bo dng dy (hay cn c bit n
nh l Linear Heat Detectors) (hnh 2.4)
Hnh 2.4. u bo nhit kiu dy

Cu to ca thit b ny bao gm 2 dy dn in bng thp c cch in ring
bit bi mt cht rt nhy cm vi nhit . Hai dy ny c xon vi nhau (twisted
pair) to mt lc p gia 2 dy, sau bc mt lp bng bo v v ngoi cng l
lp v ph hp vi mi trng lp t.
Nu mt im no ca dy tip xc vi nhit ln hn nhit quy nh
(y l nhit bo ng, tuy thuc vo cht cch in khi sn xut) lp cch in
nhy cm vi nhit s b ph hng lm cho 2 dy dn chm vo nhau ti im .
iu ny to nn mt tn hiu bo chy gi v trung tm bo chy.
Mt s nh sn xut ch to trung tm iu khin dng ring vi Linear Heat
Detector cho php xc nh c v tr im bo ng ca dy bo nhit, tc l xc
nh c v tr chy.
b) u bo nhit c nh in t (Thermistor)
Ngoi loi u bo nhit kiu c-in th hin nay xut hin kh ph bin loi
u bo nhit kiu in t (Thermistor). Loi ny s dng Thermistor pht hin s
thay i nhit ca mi trng.
Thermistor thng l in tr nhit. N c lm bng cht bn dn a tinh th,
c h s nhit in tr m, v kh ln. Ngha l khi nhit tng th in tr ca n s
gim kh mnh.

Hnh 2.5a. u bo nhit Thermistor Hnh 2.5b. Biu in tr - nhit ca
Thermistor
Hnh 2.5c. Hot ng ca u bo nhit Thermistor

Nhit mi trng thay i lm cho in tr ca Thermistor thay i v
chuyn thnh tn hiu bo ng.
S dng Thermistor, u bo nhit c th c ch to theo kiu gia tng hoc c
nh hoc kt hp c hai ph hp vi nhu cu s dng. Nhng u bo loi ny cng
c th c chc nng gim kh nng bo gi.
2.2. u d khi
u bo khi hay cn gi l u d khi l thit b dng pht hin khi
mt thnh phn in hnh ca chy. a s cc u bo khi s pht tn hiu v trung
tm bo chy. Mt s u bo khi dng cho gia nh th c th pht ra m thanh bo
ng ti ch khi c chy.
u bo khi thng t trong mt v nha hnh a c ng knh khong 100 mm
(4 in) hoc 150 mm (6 in), nhng hnh dng c th thay i tuy theo nh sn xut hoc
dng sn phm.
u bo khi c u ni vi trung tm bo chy bng dy 2 li hoc 4 li, v t
c khi nim u bo 2 dy v u bo 4 dy.
u bo 2 dy l u bo c cp ngun v truyn tn hiu trn cng 01 i
dy (2 dy). Thng s dng ngun DC24V
u bo 4 dy l u bo c cp ngun ring vi ng tn hiu.
Hai dy cp ngun (12VDC hoc 24VDC) v hai dy tn hiu loi thng h (N/O)
hoc thng ng (NC).
H thng bo chy chuyn dng ch yu dng lai u bo 2 dy vi in p
24VDC.
nhy ca u bo khi.
m mt (Obscuration Obsc.) (hay l c) l n v o lng tiu chun
dng xc nh nhy ca u bo khi. m mt l hiu ng m khi lm gim
tm nhn ca ca u d. m mt cng ln th nng khi cng nhiu.
Theo tiu chun th nhy ca cc loi u bo khi nh sau:
nhy tiu chun ca u bo khi
Loi u bo Mc m mt (Obscuration Level)
Ionization ion ho 2.65.0% obs/m 0.81.5% obs/ft
Photoelectric quang in 6.513.0% obs/m 24% obs/ft
Aspirating nhy cao 0.00520.5% obs/m 0.00156.25% obs/ft

2.2.1. u bo khi ion ho (Ionization detector)
u bo khi ion ho (cn gi l bo khi ion) s dng mt cht ng v phng
x nh Americium 241 (ngun pht ht alpha ) to ra s ion ho trong khng kh.
u bo khi ion c nhy cao trong giai on chy rc (khi khng nhn thy) hn
so vi u bo khi quang, trong khi u bo khi quang li pht hin tt nhng m
chy trong giai on u m .
Bung thu khi (smoke chamber) hay cn gi l bung ion ho (ionization
chamber) c cu to c bit bi v cn trng kh lt vo c, nhng khi c th
d dng i vo.
Trong bung thu khi c mt lng nh cht phng x Americium 241 v 2
in cc (hnh 2.6). Cht phng x sn sinh ra cc ion mang in trong khng kh. Mt
in th c t gia 2 in cc lm cho cc ion dch chuyn v cc in cc khc
du to thnh mt dng in trong mch ca u bo.

Hnh 2.6. Cu to u bo khi ion
Nu c mt s phn t ca khi chui vo bung ion ho, cc ion s kt hp vi
cc phn t khi lm gim dng in gia 2 in cc. Mt mnh pht hin s suy
gim dng i n v pht tn hiu bo ng. trng thi bo ng, n LED trn u
bo s sng ng thi tn hiu s c chuyn v trung tm bo chy.
u bo ion c gi thnh sn xut r hn so vi u bo khi quang, nhng d
gy ra hin tng bo gi, n ch thch hp vi m chy c cc ht khi qu nh b
(khi khng nhn thy c).
2.2.2. u bo khi quang in (Photoelectric Smoke Detector)
u bo khi quang in hay cn gi l u bo khi quang bao gm mt
ngun sng nh (LED pht hng ngoi), mt thu knh hi t nh sng thnh chm tia
v mt cm bin quang in (photoelectric hoc photodiode) t lch gc vi chm tia
hng ngoi.
Tt c cc thnh phn trn y c t trong mt bung quang hc (optical
chamber) hay cn gi l bung khi. Hnh 2.7 m t cu to cn bn ca u bo khi
quang.
Hnh 2.7. Cu to u bo khi quang

Bung quang hc (1) c cu to c bit nh sng bn ngai khng th lt
vo c, nhng khi c th d dng i vo. Bn ngoi ca bung quang hc c mt
lp li ngn bi v cn trng chui vo bn trong. Trong trng hp bnh thng
(khng c khi), chm tia sng c to ra t n pht hng ngoi (5) i theo ng
thng khng n c u cm bin quang (4).
Khi c khi vo bn trong bung quang hc ngang qua ng i ca chm tia
hng ngoi, mt s tia sng b khuych tn bi cc ht khi i n u cm bin quang
(4) v kch hot bo ng. Khi , mch in s chuyn tn hiu hng ngai (quang)
thnh tn hiu in (bo ng). trng thi bo ng, n LED trn u bo s sng
ng thi tn hiu s c truyn v t bo chy.
u bo khi quang pht hin tt m chy m . u bo khi quang phn ng
chm hn u bo ion vi m chy bng pht nhanh, nhng th nghim v nghin
cu cho thy u bo khi quang p ng c tt c cc loi chy v c tui th cao
hn.
Ngy nay, mt s u bo khi quang hin i c nhy rt cao, bao trm
phm vi ca u bo khi ion v c th thay th hon ton cho u bo ion. V d u
bo khi ca Hochiki c nhy t 0.5-3.8%/ft, trong khi nhy tiu chun ca u
bo ion l 0.81.5% obs/ft v ca u bo quang l 24% obs/ft.
So snh gia u bo khi quang v bo ion
u bo quang in p ng nhanh hn (thng l 30 pht hoc hn) trong giai
on m trc khi thnh ngn la. Khi trong giai on m thng to ra cc ht
t ln gia 0.3 v 10 micron.
u bo ion ho p ng nhanh hn (thng l 30-60 giy) trong giai on la
bng chy (rc la). Khi trong giai on rc la thng to ra cc ht t nh gia
0.01 v 0.3 micron.
Ngoi ra u bo ion ho hot ng yu trong mi trng c lung gi mnh,
v v iu ny u bo quang in l tin cy hn pht hin khi trong c 2 trng
hp chy m v chy rc la.
u ion pht hin tt m chy khng c khi (khi khng nhn thy c)
S hin din ca cht phng x Americium-241 trong u bo ion ho, c ngha
rng tt c cc u bo khi ht thi gian hot hot ng phi c x l trnh
to thnh mi nguy hi i vi mi trng. Mt s nc cm s dng u bo
khi ion.
u bo khi quang d dng trong vic sa cha bo tr, u bo ion c cht
phng x nn khng th m bung ion v sinh, sa cha c.
u ion s bo ga nu c lp t ti ni c lung kh mnh thi qua.
u bo khi quang c tui th cao hn u bo khi ion.
2.2.3. u bo khi quang dng tia (Projected Beam Detector)
Cc u bo nh m t phn trn gi l u bo khi im (spot detector).
Vi khu vc bo v c din tch ln, trn cao ni m u bo khi im kh lp
t v bo tr, v d nh phng t p th dc, ging ng s dng u bo khi quang
dng tia (u bo beam). C 2 loi u bo khi tia: loi thu pht v loi phn x.
u bo khi tia loi thu pht: gm mt u pht (T) v mt u thu (R) hng
ngoi ring bit lp i din vi nhau trong khu vc cn bo v.
Hnh 2.8. u bo beam dng thu - pht

u bo khi tia loi phn x: gm mt u bo kt hp b phn pht v b
phn thu trong cng mt v v tm phn x lp i din vi u bo trong khu vc
cn bo v.
Hnh 2.9. u bo beam dng phn x

Chiu di bo v ca u beam l khong cch gia u thu v u pht, hoc
gia u bo v tm phn x.
u bo beam hot ng da trn nguyn tc lm m nh sng (light
obscuration). iu kin mi trng sch, khng c khi, chm tia hng ngoi t
u pht (Transmiter) s n b phn cm nhn nh sng t ti u thu
(Reveiver) vi mt cng 100%. iu c hiu l lm m 0%, ni mt cc
khc ton b tia hng ngoi n c u thu.
u bo beam c iu chnh nhy theo mc c thit lp sn, tnh theo
t l phn trm ca che m hon ton chm tia ch KHNG phi theo t l hin
din (nng ) ca khi. Mc nhy ny, c xc nh bi nh sn xut, ph thuc
vo chiu di bo v ca u bo. V d: Khi t u bo c nhy 25%, c ngha l
khi 25% tn hiu ca tia b lm m bi khi, u bo s chuyn sang tnh trng bo
ng.
Khi c chy, khi t m chy bay ln i vo khu vc bo v, ct ngang ng
hng ngoi ca u bo s lm suy gim tn hiu hng ngai ti u thu. Khi lm
m t ti ngng bo ng c t trc, u bo s pht mt tn hiu bo ng
chy.
Hnh 2.10. u bo tia bo ng khi khi che khut mt phn tia hng ngoi
Nu u thu hon ton khng nhn c tia hng ngai (u pht b h, hoc
t dy, hoc tia hng ngai b che khut 100%,) u bo s pht tn hiu bo li
(trouble) trnh bo gi.
S thay i chm ca che m xy ra, do bn hoc bi trn thu knh ca u
bo, s c b tr bi mt mch vi iu khin vi chc nng gim st lin tc cng
tn hiu v nh ky hiu chnh ngng bo ng v bo li. Khi mch t b tr ca
u bo t n ngng gii hn ca n, u bo s pht tn hiu bo li, du hiu yu
cu dch v bo tr.
Khong cch bo v ca u beam t vi mt n 100 mt (hoc nhiu hn, tuy
thuc vo nh sn xut), do vy u bo dng beam rt ph hp bo v nhng ni
c din tch ln, tm nhn khng b che khut.
Theo NFPA72, u bo beam c th bo v mt din tch c chiu di ti a
100 m (330 ft) v khong cch theo chiu ngang (vi tia hng ngoi gia) ti a 18
m (60 ft), tng ng 1,800 m2 (19,800 sqft), trong khi u khi im c din tch
bo v ti a 83m2 (900 sqft).
Theo BS5839 part 1: u khi im c ng knh bo v ti a 7.5 m, khong
cch ti a gia 2 u bo l 10.5 m tng ng din tch 110.25m2. u bo beam
cho php bo v mt din tch c chiu di ti a 100 m v chiu ngang (vi tia hng
ngoi gia) ti a 15m, tng ng din tch bo v 1,500 m2.
Hnh 2.11. Din tch bo v ti a ca u bo im theo BS5839 part 1
Hnh 2.12. Din tch bo v ti a ca u bo beam theo BS5839 part 1

Hnh 2.13. m chy c pht hin bi u bo beam
Hnh 2.14. Hot ng ca u bo beam phn x
2.2.4. u bo khi lp trn ng ng Duct smoke detector

u bo Duct cung cp kh nng pht hin sm khi v sn phm chy c
trong khng kh di chuyn theo ng ng ca h thng HVAC (HVAC l ch vit
tt ting Anh ca: H = Heating H thng si m; V = Ventilation H thng thng
gi; AC = Air Conditioning H thng iu ha khng kh).

Hnh 2.15. u bo Duct
C 2 ng nh c lp nh vo bn trong ng ng ca h thng HVAC, mt
ng c cc l khoan theo chiu dc lp ngc hng dng kh chuyn ng thu
khng kh a vo u bo Duct c gi l ng ly mu (Sampling Tube), mt ng
cn li a khng kh ra khi u bo (Exhaust Tube).
Mt u bo khi lp bn trong u duct c nhim v pht hin khi v pht tn hiu
bo ng v trung tm bo chy hoc thng qua cc relay iu khin cc l chn
(Damper) ca h thng HVAC hoc cc thit b khc.
2.2.5. u bo khi nhy cao Aspirating Smoke Detector hoc Air Sampling
Detector (ASD)
u bo khi nhy cao ASD hay cn gi l VESDA dng cho cc khu
vc quan trng i hi bo chy c nhy rt cao, ni m ngun la rt kh pht
hin, yu cu ch mt lng khi rt mng phi c pht hin ngay.
Mt h thng ASD bao gm mt thit b d khi trung tm c kh nng thu ht khng
kh bng my ht kh v mt mng ng nh lp trong khu vc cn bo v. Cc l mu
(Sampling Point) c khoan vo mi ng trong theo khong cch ph hp. Khng
kh sau lin tc b ht vo h thng ng ng thng qua cc l, hng ti thit b
d trung tm phn tch v kim tra.
Khc vi cc u bo khi thng thng l loi th ng, h thng ASD phn tch
khng kh trong thi gian thc v thuc loi ch ng. Thit k ca ASD cho php thu
thp mu khng kh / khi thng qua h thng ng ng v dn v b cm bin trung
tm.
nhy cao cng vi ch ng thu thp mu khi cho php pht hin chy
giai on rt sm. iu ny cc ky quan trng trong nhng trng hp mi trng c
ngc ngch lm long khi v che khut xung quanh.

Hnh 2.16. H thng ASD
ASD ph hp cho cc mi trng yu cu pht hin khi c nhy rt cao v
nhanh chng. iu ny lm cho ASD rt ph hp khi lp trong phng sch s, khu vc
cha hng ho quan trng, d h hng do chy, phngi n t v cht lng rt d chy
v cc loi kh. Thng thng, u bo khi im bnh thng s pht hin s nguy
him qu mun, v khi thng khng t n trn nh nhanh chng, cho u bo
khi pht hin ra m chy kp thi.
H thng mng li ng ng c th lp n nn ph hp trong mi trng yu
cu thm m nh vn phng, cn h v phng khch sn. Yu t ny cng lm cho n
thch hp ti cc a im ni m u bo im c th b ph hoc b tho mt.
nhy cao khng c ngha rng ASD khng th c s dng trong mi
trng bi hoc bn min l qu trnh thit k, lp t v bo tr ph hp. Hu ht cc
sn phm ASD c th thch nghi cho mt phm vi rng ca mi trng v ng dng
t c khng gian hn ch v khng gian m ti mi trng sch hay bn nht, bao
gm c telecom, phng kim sot, x l cht thi, khai thc m v nhiu hn na.
2.2.6. Chn u bo chy t ng theo tnh cht cc c s c trang b

bng 2.1. Quy nh chn u bo chy t ng theo tnh cht cc c s c
trang b
STT u bo chy Tnh cht c s c trang b
A. C s sn xut
I. C s sn xut v bo qun
1a u bo chy nhit G v sn phm g, hng dt, qun o may sn, giy
hoc khi quang da, hng lng th, thuc l, giy, xenlul, bng.
in
1b u bo chy nhit Nha tng hp, si tng hp, vt liu plime, cao su,
hoc khi i-on ho sn phm cao su, cao su nhn to, phim nh v phim X
quang d chy.
2 u bo chy nhit - Du lng, sn, dung mi, cht lng d chy, cht lng
hoc la. chy, cht bi trn, ho cht hot ng mnh, ru v
cc sn phm ca ru.
3 u bo chy la. - Kim loi kim, bt kim loi, cao su t nhin.
4 u bo chy nhit. - Bt ng cc, thc n tng hp v thc phm khc, vt
liu to bi.
II. C s sn xut:
5 u bo chy nhit - Giy, cc tng, giy bi, thc n gia sc v gia cm.
hoc la.
III. C s bo qun:
6 u bo chy nhit - Vt liu khng chy ng trong bao b bng vt liu
hoc khi. chy c, cht rn chy c.
B. Cng trnh chuyn dng:
7 u bo chy nhit - Phng t dy cp, phng my bin th, thit b phn
hoc khi i-on ho. phi v bng in.
8 u bo chy khi - Phng my tnh, thit b iu khin in t, my iu
i-on ho. khin, trm in thoi t ng, bung pht thanh, cc
phng u dy, chuyn mch.
9 u bo chy nhit - Phng thit b v ng dn cht lng d chy, cht
hoc la. du m, phng th ng c t trong, phng th my
nhin liu, phng np kh chy.
10 u bo chy nhit - Xng bo dng t.
hoc khi i-on ho.
C. Nh v cng trnh cng cng:
11 u bo chy khi - Phng biu din, phng tp, ging ng, phng c
quang in. v hi tho, phng din vin, phng ho trang, phng
qun o, ni sa cha, phng i, phng ngh, hnh
lang, phng m, phng bo qun sch, phng lu tr.

12 u bo chy nhit - Kho o c, phng hnh chnh qun tr, phng my,
hoc khi quang phng iu khin.
in.
13 u bo chy nhit. - Phng , phng bnh nhn, kho hng ho, nh n
cng cng, bp.
14 u bo chy khi - Phng trng by , phng lu tr hin vt ca vin bo
quang in hoc tng, trin lm.
la.
Ch - Trong mt phng c nhiu du hiu chy khc
nhau giai on u, khi lp u bo chy t ng cn
xc nh trn c s kinh t k thut.
2.3. u bo kh (Gas Detector)

u bo kh l thit b dng pht hin ra s hin din ca cc loi kh khc
nhau trong khu vc bo v, n l mt phn ca h thng an ton. u bo kh c
dng pht hin ra s r r ca kh, trc tip gim st, pht hin du hiu c kh khi t
l kh tp trung vt qu mc 0,503% (Propane/Butane) v kt ni vi h thng iu
khin thc hin qu trnh t ng ngt ngun cung cp kh hoc pht tn hiu bo
ng.
u bo kh cng c th tch hp ci bo ng ti ch thc hin s tn an
ton, iu ny rt quan trng v vi mt lng kh ln c th gy ra chy n hoc lm
tn hi n sc kho ca ngi v ng vt.
u bo kh c th pht hin ra cc loi kh nhin liu chy, kh d chy v kh
c.
u bo kh o s tp trung ca kh, nu nh nng kh vt qu ngng
nh trc th bo ng hoc tn hiu bo ng s c kch hot. u bo kh c th
l loi cm tay hoc gn c nh.
Cc u bo kh thng c b tr trong khong gn ni c kh nh cc phng
v gas hay cc kho cha gas. Cc u bo kh c lp trn tng, cch sn nh t 10
16 cm, tuyt i khng c ghp lp t di sn nh.
Trc y, u bo c sn xut ch c th pht hin mt loi kh, nhng
nhng u bo kh hin i cho php pht hin nhiu loi kh c, kh t, hoc thm
ch kt hp c hai.
2.3.1. O2 dectector:
Thit b hot ng da trn nguyn l tc ng tng h ca thnh phn kh xc
nh trong hn hp kh di tc dng ca t trng.
Kh b ht vo t trng gi l thun t, cn kh b y ra khi t trng gi l
nghch t. V mt nh lng, tnh cht ca kh c xc nh bng nhy cm t.
Gi tr ny i vi kh thun t v nghch t c m t bng biu thc:
Ck . . P
xth =
RT 2

X ngk . . P
xngh =
RT
Trong h, ngh l nhy cm t khi ca kh thun v nghch t; Ck l hng

s Cuiry; l khi lng phn t; P, T: l p sut v nhit tuyt i; R: l hng s
kh; Xngh l xut nhy cm ca nghch t.
nhy cm ca kh thun t c gi tr dng, cn kh nghch c gi tr m. a s cc
kh v hi l nghch t. Tnh cht thun t c kh O2 ln gp hng trm ln kh khc.
Hin h 2.17. C u ta o cua O2 Detector

Trong thit b ny ngi ta s dng hin tng i lu nhit t. Thc cht l
khi t vo trong t trng khng ng nht, n b nung nng ln bi tc dng nhit
ca dng in, do lm gim nhy cm t ca oxy. S chuyn ng ca hn hp
kh c hnh thnh do s nung nng. Hng chuyn ng t vng c cng t
trng ln ti vng c cng t trng nh.
Kh phn tch c a vo vi lu lng khng i, gia t mt ng thnh
mng bng thy, trn c qun cc dy c in tr nhit R1, R2. Nu trong kh phn tch
khng c O2 th khng c dng kh chy qua ng nm ngang.
Khi kh phn tch c cha kh O2 n b ht vo t trng ca nam chm vnh
cu. Sau O2 c lm nng bng nhit i tr R1 n nhit cao hn im Cuiri (
80oC), khi s mt tnh thun t tr thnh nghch t v b y ra ngoi theo hng
nh hnh trn.
Dng kh chy qua bung ng lm xut hin bung gi t; lu lng kh
trong ng c o bng lu lng k nhit. S mt cn bng ca cu c xc nh
bng nng th tch Oxi trong kh phn tch; kt qu c ghi li bng nhit k.
Phm vi o ca thit b: 0 100% th tch. Cp chnh xc t 2.5 5. Thi gian o l
120 giy.

2.3.2. Cm bin bo khi kiu hng ngoi: (Infra-red gas detector)
Phn ln cc cht lng v cht kh c kh nng hp th bc x t ngoi nhng
ph hp th ca bc x ny i vi nhiu cht b ph kn. iu xc nh kh nng
o chn lc s hp th bc x t ngoi theo nng ca mt s gii hn cc cht.
Kh nng hp th bc x t ngoi c cc cht thm v cht c lin kt khng ng
nht . Hydrocacbon, dy paraphin thc t khng hp th bc x t ngoi. Thit b phn
tch bc x t ngoi trong cng ngh ha dng o nng kh v hi nh NO2,
Ozon, Thy ngn, anhydritsunphua, H2S cu trc ca cc thit b o hp th bc x
t ngoi tng t nh cc thit b phn tch hp th bc x nhn thy. Ngn to bc x
t ngoi thng dng l n phng thy ngn, thy ngn cadimi. Phn t thu l t
bo quang in, quang in tr, b nhn quang in. Chiu di bc song bc x t
ngoi bng 0,254m.
Phm vi o nng ca thit b 10-4 n 100%, cp chnh xc t 2 n 10.
Phng php hp th tia hng ngoi c cc cht m phn t ca n gm t
nht hai nguyn t khc nhau.

Hnh 2.18. Ph hp th bc x hng ngoi ca mt s cht kh.

Hnh 2.19. S phn tch kh quang m ph bin.
Hin nay ngi ta s dng thit b phn tch hng ngoi trn c s phng php
bin i trc tip hay so snh cn bng. Ngun bc x hng ngoi thng dng cc
dy dn Crom Niken ng knh 0,3 mm nung nng n nhit 700 800oC. Phn
t thu bc x hng ngoi thng l nhit k bc x c cc phn t nhy cm vi nhit
in hay in tr nhit, quang in tr v ngay c vi in dung hay phn t quang m.
Hnh 2 trnh by s phn tch quang m ph bin. Cc bc x hng ngoi ( = 2 -
8m) t ngun (Source) c nung nng bng dng in pht ra cc tia sng song
song hng ti knh o qua knh lc (filter), ti y nhng nh sang tp nhiu b lc i
v ch cho nhng nh sng cn o chuyn qua, sau nh sng b p vo mt tm
knh phn tch (Beam Splitter) ti y ty thuc vo bc sng ca nh sng cn o th
n s khc x hay phn x li, khi nh sng cn o khc x qua knh phn tch s
chuyn qua mt bnh o (SAMPLE), kh cn phn tch s chy lin tc trong bnh o.
Mt phn nh sng b phn x s li b phn x mt ln na qua gng (MIRROR) t
song song vi knh phn tch. nh sng thuc knh ny l nh sng so snh v truyn
qua bnh so snh (Reference Sample). Bnh so snh c in y bi hn hp kh,
trong thnh phn kh ny ngi ta a vo mt kh no khng hp th bc x hng
ngoi v nng ca thnh phn khng xc nh tng ng vi gi tr trung bnh ca
hn hp kh cn phn tch. Di hp th ca kh ny b ngt bi di hp th ca thnh
phn khng xc nh lm gim nh hng ca s thay i nng n kt qu o.
Kh phn tch v kh khng xc nh c a vo hai t bo quang in nhy sng,
nh nng lng ca nh sng s lm bin i t quang nng thnh in nng, c
truyn v b khch i (Differential Amplifier), t y dng in c th truyn v thit
b iu khin hoc hin th ti ch (Meter).
Thit b phn tch quang m dng o nng hn hp ca kh CO, CO2,
CH4, C2H2,
Phm vi o t 0 0,1 n 0 100% th tch. Cp chnh xc t 2,5 10.

Hnh 2.20. S thit b thc t.
2.4. Pht hin ro ri (Leak Detection)
Thit b pht hin r r kh c th khng phi l mt thnh phn trong h thng

F&G. Thit b thng c dng gim st hay bo v nh my, hoc c th thm
vo h thng F&G dng lin kt vi cc thit b cnh bo khc.
2.4.1. Pht hin r r theo im

Thit b ny s dng pht hin khi s r r pht ra tn s m thanh v n
cng c thm cc tn nng chung khc. Thit b ny khng phi pht hin cho ring
mt loi kh c bit no nhng s pht hin cc loi m thanh r r ca kh hoc kh
dng hi b r r trong nh my. Thi gian tr ca thit b d hoc h thng pht hin
r c thm vo h tr trong vic phn bit gia kh thi qu trnh bnh thng v
kh r r.
V d: R kh ti cc van, mt bch, cc khp ni ng ng

Hnh 2.21. Mt thit b pht hin r r theo im
2.4.2. H thng gim st r r bng camera

Thit b ny ang trong giai on pht trin v cng c lp t mt s h
thng. N s cung cp 1 hnh nh, vi 1 my tnh m t s che ph do kh r r to ra.
Thit b ny t tin hn so vi thit b dng im hay dng pht hin lung kh
v thng ri vo danh mc cc thit b gim st.

CHNG 3: CAC HA NH NG KHN CAP TRONG NHA
MAY KHI CO S C
3.1 Bt bm cu hoa
H thng my bm c bn bao gm:
01 bm chnh (thng l bm in)
01 bm d phng (tiu chun bt buc phi c my bm d phng, thng
l bm chy bng nhin liu diesel hay xng, t khi l bm in phng
trng hp mt in li trong khi xy ra ha hon), cng sut tng ng
my bm chnh.
01 my bm b p (my bm ny lu lng nh, ct p lc cao hn bm
chnh cao) v bnh tch p
T iu kin bm
Thit b kt ni, ph kin iu khin ngoi vi.....
3.1.1. Quy trnh vn hnh my bm xng cha chy
a. M my
Theo th t sau:
M kha xng.
M cng tc my (nu c), nhn nt my. Nu my khng n th ko cn gi
(cn e) cho my n ri tr cn v v tr ban u.
M mt trong cc van t cha chy, gn lng, vi phun vo gi p lc nc
gii nhit tt cho my (s dng vi cha chy bng cch: ni mt u vi vi
ngm (van) v mt u vo lng phun ri vi di thng, khng gp khc).
Nhn vo ng h p lc, ln khong 4 - 5kg/cm2 l va. Lc ny c th phun
c 2 vi cng lc.
Khng nn ln qu 5kg/cm2 qu lu, c th lm gim tui th my.
b. Tt my
Tr ga v v tr ban u ri tt my.
Kha xng sau khi tt my.
Kha van my bm.
c. Nhng lu quan trng khi s dng my bm xng cha chy
Nu my s dng xng pha nht th phi theo t l ghi trn my.
VD: t l 25 : 1 c ngha l 25 lt xng pha 1 lt nht.
Nu my c bnh xng v nht ring th phi lun c nht trong bnh nht v
phi ln ga my bng tay ga.
m bo lun lun c nht trong bnh nht ht chn khng.
Lun kim tra xng v ngun la (bugi).
Thm nc bnh Accu thng xuyn.
3.1.2. Qui trnh vn hnh my bm in (3 pha) cha chy
a. M my
Theo th t sau:
ng cu dao tng 3 pha.
M van ng ng ti my bm in cha chy v van t bt ky.
Chn 2 ch hot ng:
Ch t ng (Auto): l ch iu khin bm chy t ng theo p lc
ng ng, chng mt pha, bo v my bm v t in chng o ngc chiu
quay my bm.
+ Khi xy ra hin tng tng p so vi p lc iu chnh trn R le, th my
bm t ng ngt.
+ Khi xy ra hin tng tt p so vi p lc iu chnh trn R le, th my bm
t ng hot ng.
- Ch bt / tt bng tay: l ch iu khin bng tay, loi b hon ton ch
t ng (Auto).
+ Chn Man: My bm chy.
+ Chn Off: My bm tt.
Ghi ch: Khi xy ra hin tng mt pha. Khng nn ch t ng (Auto)
hoc ch Man. Phi ch Off.
My bm cha chy phc v cho cng tc cha chy ti ch v vy ngh
phi bo m my bm phi lun trong tnh trng sn sng. Hng tun nn khi ng
my v m van xt nc khong 15 pht m bo my bm hot ng tt. Khng
nn s dng my bm cha chy vo nhiu mc ch khc trnh gy qu ti cho my.
3.1.3. iu Khin My Bm Motor
Thng s k thut:
Ngun s dng: in th 3 phase/380V cng sut 45 KW
Qu trnh khi ng Y/, thi gian khi ng 6giy
p lc hot ng lc bnh thng <=4.5 at khi ng, 8 at dng.
Qui trnh vn hnh: my bm hot ng trn 2 ch bng tay (manual) v t
ng (auto)
* Ch bng tay:

Bt cng tt la chn v v tr Manual, sau nhn nt Start khi ng
my, lc n RUN bt sng cho bit ng c khi ng v sau thi
gian khi ng -6giy-bm s hat ng bnh thng. Khi no mun dng my
bm nhn nt Stop trn t iu khin my bm hoc bt cng tc chn la v
v tr off.
* Ch t ng:
Bt cng tc chn la v v tr Auto my bm s lun lun v tr sn sng t
khi ng, khi c bt ky mt l do no lm cho p lc trn ng ng nh hn
4.5 at my bm s t ng khi ng n RUN ca my bm motor s bt
sng, sau thi gian 6 giy (thi gian khi ng -thi gian ny c th thay i
c) my bm s hot ng bnh thng cho n khi p lc trn ng ng
t c 8 at my bm s t ng dng. C th dng bm tc thi khi bt nt
la chon v v tr OFF khi bm ang hot ng.
3.1.4. iu Khin My Bm B p (Jockey):
Thng s k thut
My bm s dng ngun in 3 phase 380 V
Cng sut 3 KW
Ap lc hot ng lc bnh thng <=5 at khi ng, 6.5at dng.
Qu trnh khi ng: trc tip
Qui trnh vn hnh
hot ng c 2 ch bng tay v t ng
* Khi ng bng tay:
Bt cng tt la chn v v tr Manual , sau nhn nt Start khi ng
my , lc n RUN bt sng cho bit my bm hot ng bnh thng , dng
my bm th nhn nt STOP hoc bt cng tc la chn v v tr OFF.
* Ch t ng:
Bt cng tc la chn v v tr Auto khi p lc trn ng ng nh hn 5 at
n RUN bt sng v my bm s hot ng, cho n khi p lc trong ng ng
t c 6.5 at my bm s t ng dng. C th dng bm tc thi khi bt nt la
chon v v tr OFF khi bm ang hot ng.
3.1.5. iu Khin My Bm Diesel
Thng s k thut
Cng sut my bm 58KW
ng c chy bng du diesel.
Ap lc hot ng lc bnh thng <=4 at khi ng, 8 at dng
Qui trnh vn hnh

Hot ng c 2 ch bng tay v t ng.
* Khi ng bng tay:
Bt cng tt la chn v v tr MANUAL, sau nhn nt START v gi
cho n khi ng c khi ng xong, khi n RUN bt sng cho bit my bm hot
ng bnh thng. dng my bm th nhn nt STOP hoc bt cng tc la chn
v v tr OFF.
* Ch t ng:
Bt cng tc la chn v v tr Auto, khi p lc trn ng ng nh hn 4 at
n RUN bt sng v ng thi bm s t khi ng, sau thi gian 6 giy (thi gian
ny c th chnh c) my bm s hot ng cho n khi p lc trong ng ng t
c 8 at my bm s t ng dng.
3.2. Kch hot bo ng
3.2.1. bo ng khn cp bng tay
Cng tc khn (Emergency Breaker, nt nhn khn cp)
c lp t ti nhng ni d thy ca hnh lang cc cu thang s dng khi
cn thit. Thit b ny cho php ngi s dng ch ng truyn thng tin bo chy
bng cch nhn hoc ko v cng tc khn cp, bo ng khn cp cho php moi
ngi ang hin din trong khu vc c bit c bin php x l ha hon v
di chuyn ra khi khu vc nguy him bng li thot him. Gm cc loi cng tc
khn nh sau:
+ Khn trn, vung.
+ Khn knh v (break glass)
+ Khn git.

Hnh 3.1. Mt s nt bo ng khn cp bng tay
3.2.2. H thng bo ng chy khn cp bng ging ni
H thng bo ng chy khn cp bng ging ni l mt phn ca h thng

bo chy c s dng loa thng bo cho nhng ngi c ng c nhng hnh ng
cn thit i vi m chy hoc cc trng hp khn cp khc. Nhng ci loa ny l
loi c bit ca h thng bo chy. H thng bo ng chy khn cp bng ging ni
c s dng trong cc c s ln, ni c s di tn rng. Cc tn hiu m thanh c s
dng ch o phn ng ca ngi dn trong m chy hoc trong cc trng hp
khn cp khc. H thng c th c iu khin t mt hoc nhiu a im trong ta
nh nh l Trm gim st ha hon, hoc t mt a im duy nht c ch nh
trong ta nh nh Trung tm kim sot ha hon. Loa s t ng c kch hot bi
h thng bo chy khi c ha hon, v tip sau m thanh cnh bo , cc nhm loa
c la chn c th truyn i trc tip mt hoc nhiu thng ip c ghi m sn
cho ngi dn n ni an ton. Nhng thng ip ny c th c lp i lp li bng
mt hoc nhiu ngn ng. Nhng nhn vin qua o to c th kch hot v ni vo
micro chuyn dng chn li vic pht i nhng thng ip t ng, v thay vo
l bt u hoc tip tc hng dn bng ging ni tht.
3.3. Ch th cc b

Ch th ny c th c lu tr bi cc mn hnh hin th cc b. Mt hnh thc
n gin ca ch th cc b c th c thc hin bng cch kt ni t xa t mt s
loi u d - hin th bo ng ca mt s u d n di sn nh hoc trn trn
nhCng nn cn thn khi s dng phng php ny l bn thn thit b phi c
nng lng soi sng b hin th gip d dng nhn thy c khi cc khu vc c
nh sang yu.
H thng a ch l gii php hiu qu, c chi ph thp cho cc b ch th cc b.
Hnh 3.2. B ch th cc b
3.4. Cch ly ngun chy
a. Cch ly
Cc thit b d kh trong 1 khu vc c th dng cch ly cc ngun c kh
nng gy chy. V d: hn, cm in
Trong hot ng sn xut, cc bin cch y ngun chy c s dng ch yu l:
To mi trng khng chy v kh chy bng cch thay th cc khu sn xut
kinh doanh, mi trng, thit b vt liut d chy, c nguy him chy, tr
thnh khng chy v kh chy.
Ngn chn trit tiu ngun nhit gy chy, qun l cht ch ngun la, ngun
nhit s dng trong sn xut hot ng kinh doanh, trong sinh hot.
Cch ly cht chy vi ngun la, ngun nhit vi my mc thit b vi cc khu
hot ng sn xut c kh nng sinh nhit, gy chy.
Hn ch din tch sn xut, din tch bo qun cht chy vi my mc thit b
ti mc cn thit.
Ngn chn ng pht trin ca la nh xy tng ngn chy, ca ngn chy
bao vnh ai trng, lp t thit b chng chy lan.
b. phng php lm ngng s chy
Trong trng hp gp s c chy, c th p dng cc phng php lm ngng
s chy sau y, cc phng php lm ngng s chy c chia ra lm 4 nhm l:
Phng php lm lnh vng chy hoc cht chy.
Phng php gim nng cc cht phn ng.
Phng php cch ly cc cht phn ng vi vng chy.
Phng php km hm (c ch) ho hc phn ng chy.
+ Phng php lm lnh: l h nhit ca vng chy xung thp hn nhit
tt dn hoc h nhit ca cht chy xung thp hn nhit bc chy ca n.
Phng php ny c p dng ch yu dp m chy cht rn, cn i vi cht
lng, kh t khi p dng v vic h nhit ca vng chy xung thp hn nhit bc
chy ca chng l rt kh thc hin. Trong thc t, nc l cht cha chy c kh
nng lm lnh tt dp nhiu cht chy khc nhau, tuy nhin nc c tc dng mnh
vi cc kim loi kim, kim th v mt s cht khc, do vy cn lu khi s dng
nc cha chy khi xc nh trong m chy c nhng loi cht ny.
+ Phng php cch ly: cc cht phn ng vi vng chy l ngn cch s tip
xc gia cc phn t cht chy v cht xy ho vng phn ng chy. Trong cha
chy c th s dng cc phng php cch ly bng lp bt cha chy, lp bt cha
chy, bng cc sn phm n, bng c b phn ngn chy, bng cch to khong cch.
Phng php ny c p dng dp tt hu ht cc dng m chy, tuy nhin cn
kt hp phun nc lm mt loi tr s chy tr li.
+ Phng php gim nng cc cht phn ng (phng php lm long
vng chy): l lm cho nng ca cc cht tham gia phn ng chy gim xung thp
hn gii hn nng bc chy thp ca chng. C th thc hin phng php ny
bng cch thay i t l gia cht chy v cht xy ho hoc gi nguyn t l m gim
nng thnh phn ca chng bng cch a thm vo vng chy nhng loi cht tr
(khng tham gia phn ng chy), c th l bng cch phun nc, phun sng hi nc,
kh tr, bt cha chy, cc sn phm chy (khi, kh khng chy).
+ Phng php km hm (c ch) ho hc phn ng chy: l lm mt kh
nng hot ho cc tm hot ng ca phn ng chy chui. Cc cht c s dng
dp chy theo phng php ny gm mt s loi bt cha chy.
Trong 4 phng php trn th nhng phng php lm lnh, lm gim nng
cc cht tham gia phn ng chy v cch ly l nhng phng php c tc dng v mt
l hc. Phng php c ch ho hc v tc dng v mt ho hc. Trong thc t cng
tc cha chy thng s dng kt hp nhiu phng php. Trong khi s dng mt
cch tng hp ny th bao gi cng c 1 phng php ng vai tr ch o cn cc
phng php cn li ch l b tr.
3.5. Kch hot chng chy

Vic la chn hnh thc cha chy phi ph thuc vo ri ro cn c bo
v. Ta c th s dng nc x trn, nc phun, bt, cht lm ngt nh Argonite,
CO2,
H thng cha chy c th bt u cc b, gn ni c ri ro cn c bo v,
trung tm iu khin hoc cha chy t ng v tr cc u d la.

CO2 khng nn s dng khu vc c nhiu ngi v tnh cht lm ngt ca n.
Trong mt s h thng cha chy, tn hiu cnh bo s pht ra trc ri h
thng cha chy mi hot ng c thi gian cho con ngi di tn ra khi khu vc
chy.
3.5.1. H thng phun nc (Sprinkler)
L loi h thng cha chy ph bin nht hin nay. N dp tt m chy bng
cch phun nc trc tip vo khu vc ang chy m ti u phun sprinkler b kch
hot ngng nhit c xc nh trc.
H thng cha chy Sprinkler l mt h thng lin kt cc ng ng chy
ngm di t v trn mt t, c thit k theo nhng tiu chun ca cng ngh
cha chy. C th b tr mt hoc nhiu ngun cp nc t ng.
Phn h thng nm trn mt t l mt mng ng ng c thit k theo
nguyn tc "tnh ton thy lc" hoc nguyn tc "nh c ng ng", v c lp t
bn trong mt ta nh, mt cng trnh kin trc, hoc mt khu vc, m nhn chung, n
nm cao qa u, v trn ng ng y, nhng u sprinklers c b tr sao cho khi
phun nc ra, n bao trm mt vng khng gian c tnh ton trc.
Van iu khin mi riser ca h thng c t trn riser hoc trn ng ng
cp nc cho n. Mi riser ca h thng sprinkler gm c mt thit b kch hot bo
ng khi h thng khi ng vn hnh cha chy. Thng th h thng c kch hot
bng nhit pht ra t m chy, v n phun nc ra ph trn khu vc c chy.
a. u phun Sprinkler

Hnh 3.3. u phun Sprinkler
u phun Sprinkler l lai u phun nc ta u ln trn khu vc chy, mi
lai u phun khc nhau c thit k lm vic mi ngng hat ng ring v kiu
u phun theo lai cu trc ca thn u phun. C rt nhiu lai u phun, nhng phn
ln vn da trn cc thnh phn sau:
Thn: To nn cu trc cho u phun, chu ng c p lc nc trong ng
ng phun ra. Thn s gi b cm ng nhit v nt chn lm kn nc, nng
tm l dn hng phun nc. c ch to bng ng thau hot thp m
crm chng g. Chn ng kiu thn u phun ph thuc vo din tch khu
vc cn cha chy.
B cm ng nhit: L thnh phn kim sat nhit phun nc. nhit
bnh thng, b cm ng s chn gi nt chn li lm kn nc, khi nhit
cao t n ngng hat ng b cm ng s gii phng lm ri nt chn ra.
Thng thng b cm ng nhit s dng l bu thy tinh c cha thy ngn.
Nt chn: Dng chn v lm kn khng cho nc r r ra ngai, c b
cm ng nhit chn li khng cho nc phun ra. Khi b cm ng hat ng (b
v hay t ) nt chn s ri ra v nc trong ng ng s phun ra ngoi.
Tm dn hng: c lp trn thanh u phun i din vi nt chn ni m
nc s phun ra ngai. Nhim v ca tm dn hng l chia u dng nc
phun v ta rng ra trn b mt din tch cha chy. Tm dn hng s quyt
nh kiu lp ca u phun bi hng v gc phun. Cc kiu lp thng thng
ca u phun l quay ln, quay xung v quay ngang. Vic lp t u phun
Sprinkler phi theo ng thit k, vic la chn kiu u phun phi da theo
kin trc ca ta nh.
Mi u phun Sprinkler s hat ng ring l khi t n nhit kch hat
c thit k sn. Phn ln cc u phun Sprinkler phun khang 80-100 lt/pht, iu
ny cn ph thuc vo thit kt ca h thng. Mt s lai Sprinkler c bit c thit
k cho php phun ln n 400 lt/pht.
b. Cc trng thi hot ng ca u phun Sprinkler

Nc c duy tr sn trong ng ng, cc u phun Sprinkler khi phun s
hng tia nc bao ph ln khu vc cn bo v. Nc phun ra s lm gim nhit
ca m chy v ngn chn m chy lan truyn ra khu vc k cn. Phn ln cc h
thng phun nc Sprinkler cng km theo cc thit b bo ng chy cnh bo khi
xy ra s c chy.
Khi la mi bt u xut hin, nhit ta ra vn cn thp v nhit xung
quanh u phun Sprinkler vn cha t n ngng hat ca b cm ng nhit. Tuy
nhin khi m chy bng pht ln hn, nhit lan ta v t n ngng hat ng
ca b cm ng nhit th n s b ra v gii phng nt chn.
Khi m chy bng pht ln s lm nhit tng cao, b cm ng nhit s hat
ng sau 30 giy n 4 pht v s lm nt chn that ra nc t trong ng ng
phun ra ngai. Trong phn ln cc trng hp cha chy cn phi i hi c t nht l
2 u phun Sprinkler cha chy. i vi trng hp m chy bng pht v lan ra
nhanh chng th cn phi c hn 12 u phun kim sat.
Sau khi nt chn ri khi v tr chn s lm nc trong ng ng that ra
ngai. Dng nc cha chy phun ra hng n tm dn hng, tm dn hng s
chia u dng nc phun v ta rng ra trn b mt din tch cha chy.
c. Cc loi h thng Sprinkler
H thng t (Wet Pipe System):
Hnh 3.4. H thng t (Wet Pipe System)
H thng Sprinkler t (Wet Pipe Systems) l h thng m ng ng lun c

cha sn nc v c kt ni vi ngun nc cung cp, nh nc s phun ra ngay
lp tc khi u phun Sprinkler c kch hat bi nhit ca m chy. Do cc thit
b ca h thng n gin v d dng s dng nn h thng Sprinkler t c ng
dng rng ri hn so vi cc h thng khc.
H thng kh (Dry Pipe System):

Hnh 3.5. H thng kh (Dry Pipe System)
H thng Sprinkler kh trong ng ng s khng c nc m thay bng khng

kh hay Nitrogen nn. Khi u phun Sprinkler hat ng bi nhit ca m chy,
kh s that ra qua u phun lm gim p lc m van h thng kh cho php nc
chy vo h thng ng ng i n u phun m.
H thng kh c s dng cho nhng khu vc m h thng t khng p
ng c nh nhng ni nhit c th gy ra ng bng nc. So vi h thng t
i hi phc tp hn v thit k, lp t, bo dng cng nh h thng duy tr kh nn.
H thng kch hat trc (Pre-Action Sprinkler system):
H thng kch hat trc cng ging nh h thng Sprinkler x trn ngai tr l
s dng u phun Sprinkler kn. H thng ny thch hp cho nhng ni cha cc thit
b vt phm c gi tr hay nhng nh kho m khng gian lm nh hng n tnh hat
ng hiu qu ca u phun nh d va p gy h hng u phun. Van ca h thng
kch hat trc lun lun ng v ch m khi c kch hat do h thng bo chy lp
ring r c lp.
H thng bo chy s kch hat m van kch hat trc, cho nc i vo h
thng ng ng. Nc vn cha phun ra t u phun cho n khi nhit kch hat
cho u phun m ra v phun nc ra ngai. Hat ng ca lc ny ca van kch hat
trc ging nh kiu lai h thng Sprinkler t.
H thng kt hp x trn - kch hot trc (Combined Dry Pipe-Preaction

System):
H thng sprinkler c cc u sprinklers t ng c gn vo h thng ng

ng c cha khng kh, c p lc, v c mt h thng d chy b sung c lp t ti
cng nhng v tr c t u sprinkler. Khi h thng d chy kch hot, n s kch cc
thit b nh v ri thit b nh ny s m cc van (dry pipe valves) cng lc m khng

mt p lc khng kh trong h thng. Vic kch hot h thng bo chy cng lm m
cc van x kh t im cui (feed main). Cc van x kh, thng thng, s c m
trc khi cc u sprinkler m. H thng d chy ng thi cng hot ng nh mt
h thng bo ng.
3.5.2. H thng hng thy (Deluge system)
Nhng hin trng c xp loi nguy him v ha hon cao (high hazard),
khng th cha chy bng h thng sprinkler thng thng, phi dng h thng cha
chy hng thy (cn c gi l h thng Deluge hoc Water Spray).
Hnh 3.6. H thng hng thy (Deluge system)
H thng hng thy c s dng nhng ni i hi cn mt lng nc ln

phun ra nhanh chng kim sat c m chy trn mt phm vi rng, phun nc
ra cng mt lc bi nhiu vi phun, c b tr thnh dy ty theo yu cu ca tng

hin trng, khng cho m chy lan truyn i. Van x trn c th kch hat ng
bng h thng in, kh nn hay p lc nc.
B tr sp xp ng ng ca h thng x trn cng ging nh hai h thng
ng ng t v kh nhng c hai im khc bit ln:
o S dng cc u phun Sprinkler theo tiu chun, nhng cc u phun ny
khng c nt chn v lun m do yu t kch hat cm ng nhit ca u phun
bi nhit ca m chy lai b, v vy khi van x trn m ra, nc chy
vo h thng ng ng v i n tt c cc u phun m, phun nc ra
cng mt lc.
o Van x trn lun lun ng v ch m khi c kch hat do h thng bo
chy lp ring r c lp trong cng khu vc vi h thng u phun Sprinkler
m.
C 3 nguyn tc cha chy bng h thng hng thy:
Tc dng lm ngui: Dng nc lm ngui bu khng kh nng ln do chy
v do nc bc hi, ng thi gi cho nhit ca vt cht di ngng
nhit bc chy. Lm ngui hn ch ly lan v mau chng dp tt chy.
Tc dng ph kn: Mt lng hi nc khng l, khong 1650 ln th tch nc,

bao ph mt phng ang chy, ngn khng cho oxygen tip cn ngn la. Tch
oxygen ngha l la khng cn iu kin tip tc chy.
Tc dng c c: Ht nc li ti ha trn vi du, tm thi qunh du thnh mt

lp nh tng trn b mt, ngn khng cho du bc hi. Du khng bc hi th
la khng cn iu kin honh hnh.
H thng c th kch bng in (qua cc u bo chy), hoc kch bng cc u

sprinkler theo kiu Wet Pilot (ng c cha nc), hoc theo kiu Dry Pilot (ng khng
cha nc).
Cc loi h thng hng thy phn bit theo tc phun:
Tc trung bnh: C tc dng khng ch m chy bng cch lm lnh mi

trng ang chy. Vi nhng vi phun c bit, n s phun thnh nhng chm
tia nc li ti, to mt mng sng theo dng hnh nn, lm lnh mt phng
ang xy ra s c, bng cch loi tr hi nng ra khi ni nguy him v to mt
mn chn ngn chn bc x nhit.
Tc cao: Phun ra nhng chm tia nc c git tng i ln, cc mnh, lm

cho du ng li thnh git gn mt phng ang chy, lm du ngui i, v
ngn khng cho n bc hi thm na. Nh dng mt lng nc cc ln trong
mt khng gian nh, ngn la nhanh chng c dp tt.
Nu mt dng nc mnh bn vo du ang chy, nc thc su vo bn di

mt phng ca du, v du s ni ln bn trn nc, lp du ni y tip tc bc hi v
chy.

Nhng, nu nc c phn phi di dng nhng tia nc va th va
nhuyn, nc tr thnh phng tin hiu qa v t tn km nht dp tt nhng m
chy pht ra t loi du nng v trung bnh.
Nu nc c phn phi di dng nhng tia nuc li li nh sng m, v khi

mt phng ca cht lng ang bc hi b trm ph hon ton, cng lc, th nhng git
nc li ti y t ra hu hiu dp tt ngn la bn trn b mt ca loi du nh nh
kerosene, v, trong iu kin thun li c bit (c khoanh vng, chia khu), n cha
c nhng m chy t du la.
Ni tm li, nc di dng tia nc nhuyn th c th cha chy hiu qa trn

b mt du trc khi n chm vo di lp du.
3.5.3. H Thng Cha Chy bng ha cht kh (Dry Chemical)
ng dng ti nhng ni him ha chy cao. H thng phun kh cha chy vo

tn nhng ni kh ra vo cha chy bng phng php th cng.
Thng lp t nhng ni nh: phng t my mc, thit b, my bin th,

turbines, mng du v ha du, thit b x l trong nh my luyn kim, khu giao nhn
hng ti kho, ti cng, dy chuyn phun sn ti nh my, thng nhng sn cng nghip,
kho nguyn liu d chy...
Hnh 3.7. H Thng Cha Chy bng ha cht kh (Dry Chemical)
H Thng Cha Chy bng ha cht kh l loi t c nh, ha cht (kh)

c cha trong bnh p lc, dn qua h thng ng ng, n cc u phun t ti
khu vc c bo v.
H thng c th kch hot t ng hoc iu khin th cng. C th trang b

thm nhng thit b ph ngt ngun ca cc thit b dng in, hoc kha ng
ng dn gas.
Thit b bo chy c th l cc u bo nhit kch hot bng in hoc bng c

(mechanical fusible links/ electric thermal detectors).
3.5.4. H Thng Cha Chy (FM-200 & HFC-227ea)
H thng cha chy FM200/HFC227ea (miniPackage) c thit k bo v

mt khng gian hp (di 1500 m3).
Hnh 3.7. H thng cha chy FM200/HFC227ea
N phun ra mt cht kh cha chy ''sch'' c tn l FM200 (Tyco, Kidde) hoc

HFC227ea (Nittan).

Cht kh ny khng nhng c tc dng cha chy hiu qu, m n cn cn bng
c lng kh O2 cn thit cho con ngi h hp tm thi trong trng hp khn
cp. Ngoi ra, vi cht kh cha chy ''sch'' ny, sau khi hon tt nhim v cha chy,
n khng li hu qa tai hi no i vi cc vt dng, my mc nm trong khu vc
va c cha chy.
H thng ny ng dng thch hp ti nhng mi trng trong sch, ni c con

ngi lm vic, v c trang b nhng loi my mc hoc d liu c gi tr cao.
3.5.5. H Thng Cha Chy CO2
Hnh 3.8. H Thng Cha Chy CO2
CO2 l mt cht kh sch, khng lm r st, n dp tt chy bng cch lm

long hn hp khng kh & CO2 ti mt t l di mc gii hn c th duy tr s
chy. H thng ny ng dng ti nhng ni m nu dng nhng cht cha chy khc
c th lm h hng my mc, thit b.

V kh phun ra c th gy ngt th cho con ngi hin din trong khu vc, v
vy, h thng lun lun dnh mt thi gian tr hon vi tn hiu bo ng cnh
bo trc khi phun kh, con ngi kp thot ra khi khu vc nguy him.
3.5.6. H Thng Cha Chy Foam
Bt cha chy Foam l mt mng bt c khi lng ln, c tnh bn, cha y
khng kh, c t trng nh hn du, xng, hoc nc. Foam c to ra bi 3 thnh
phn: nc, bt c c, v khng kh. Nc c trn vi bt c c, to thnh mt
dung dch foam. Dung dch ny li c trn vi khng kh (ht khng kh) to ra
mt loi bt cha chy c tnh nng, sn sng phun ln b mt vt gy chy v dp
tt chy.
Hnh 3.9. H Thng Cha Chy Foam
Nguyn L Cha Chy
Ty theo loi bt, foam c th cha chy bng nhiu cch: hoc l dng bt
foam ph trm ln trn b mt cht chy mt lp bt dy, dp tt ngn la v cch ly
nhin liu khng cho tip tc tip xc vi khng kh, hoc l lm lnh nhin liu bng
lng nc c cha trong bt, hoc l trm ph khng cho cht lng (nhin liu) bc
hi v ha trn vo khng kh
H thng cha chy bng bt (foam), khi c kch hot, s phun ra mt loi
bt bao ph ln trn b mt xng du, tch cht lng d chy ra khi khng kh v la,
nh ngn la b dp tt.
Do tnh cht hu hiu ca n, ng thi do n gim thiu lng nc cn dng,

h thng foam hin nay c tin dng rng ri. Gim s lng cht cha chy cn
dng dp tt la, ngha l gim thiu s h hng thit b, dng, gim nhim
mi trng do nc phun ra, c bit l ti nhng ni c cha cht c hi.
i vi loi foam gin n cao, th hu nh chng h hi g c cho hng ha, v

ch trong mt thi gian ngn, c nh kho u tr li bnh thng.

H thng foam c ng dng ti nhng ni c bit c ri ro cao v chy n,
c chn la thn trng, yu cu phi trang b thch hp cht bt c c, h thng
trn bt, cc thit b phun bt, v s phi hp hu hiu gia cc b phn y trong mt
h thng cha chy.
Bt c c l mt cht i chi vi xng du. Mc d n c cng chung tiu

chun, tuy nhin, mi loi bt - protein v fluoroprotein - c nhng c im ring,
ng dng thch hp hoc km thch hp hn i vi tng hin trng c th.
H thng trn bt c th l loi ''balanced pressure'' hoc ''inline''.
u phun bt c th l u sprinkler, spray, nozzle, monitor, foam pourer, hoc

high expantion foam generator, ty theo h thng foam c dng.
Vi Loi Bt (thng dng)
Foam AFFF l cht bt m s to ra mt mn sng ph trn mt phng ca

nhin liu c hydrocarbon.
Foam ARC (alcohol-resistant concentrate) l cht bt m s to ra mt mn

nhy trn mt phng ca loi nhin liu khng ha tan.

CHNG 4: CU TRC H THNG
4.1. S cu trc h thng
Trong sut qu trnh cng nghip, vn hnh nh my ang phi i mt vi cc

ri ro, v d: mt phn xng ha cht thng c cc nguy c tim n t nguyn liu
th, cc c t, cc phn ng trung gian gii phng nng lng t cc phn ng ha
hc, nhit cao, p sut
Cc h thng tt an ton (Safety Shutdown system) l 1 lp bo v an ton, khi

n s t ng v hot ng c lp ngn chn mt s c hay mi nguy him xy
ra bo v cho nhn vin v thit b trong nh my. Ngc li, h thng Fire&Gas l
1 lp bo v an ton c nhim v thc hin cc hot ng gim thiu hu qu ca
mt mi nguy him sau khi n xy ra.
H thng Fire&Gas s dng mt cch t ng khi gp cc trng hp khn cp

vi tnh kim sot cao v l gii php iu khin c tnh ton vn gim thiu hn
na cc mi nguy him chy n.
Gii php thun tin nht trong s cc gii php vn hnh h thng Fire&Gas l
gii php Logic. Trong qu kh, s ph thuc vo cc nh cung cp dch v c bit l
v h thng Fire&Gas. Nhng nm gn y, c rt nhiu cc cng ty ln cung cp h
thng Fire&Gas v ngi s dng c rt nhiu la chn theo nhu cu ca mnh.
Nhng nh cung cp h thng bo chy hin nay cng tch hp thm cc thit b
bo kh vo h thng ca h, cc cng ty cung cp cc thit b d la, kh cng cung
cp lun c h thng t ng.
Mt h thng Fire&Gas an ton in hnh bao gm cc u d, b iu khin

Logic v bo ng, chc nng gim thiu ri ro. Gii php Logic l n v iu khin
trung tm ca ton b h thng u bo v h thng iu khin. B iu khin nhn tn
hiu cnh bo v trng thi hay tn hiu tng t t thit b gim st hin trng cn
thit pht hin la hoc kh chy (S hnh 4.1).
Mt h thng Fire&Gas y s dng trong cng nghip ngy nay (cc nh

my sn xut...) bao gm cc gii php cng ngh sau:
Cht chy: cng ngh chui xc tc v hng ngoi.
H2S: Cc kim loi oxit bn dn, pin in ha.
Cht c: Cng ngh pin in ha, hng ngoi.
Chy: Cc u d chy kiu t ngoi (Utraviolet UV) v hng ngoi

(infrared - IR).
Kh p cao: Cng ngh siu m.
iu khin dng a im v iu khin thng minh.
H thng t hp d la v kh.
H thng bo ng v s tn.
Cc thit b pht quang v m thanh cho khu vc an ton v khu vc nguy

him.
Hnh 4.1. S khi ca h thng
Hnh 4.2. H thng Fire&Gas t hp

Hnh 4.3. H thng an ninh chy
Mt h thng Fire&Gas tt l s phi hp gia bo la v bo kh, bo chy

quy c v bo chy theo a ch, h thng thu hi kh sch v kh tr, c chng ch
mc ton vn SIL3 v c gii php Logic ph hp trong thit k cng vi gii php
thi cng. Mt h thng hp nht s cung cp cc cng c ph bin, giao din vn hnh
v kt ni mng, kt qu l hnh thnh nn mt nn tng ph bin vi h thng c lp
( hnh 4.4).
Hnh 4.4
4.4.1. Kt ni h thng
Hnh 4.5. S tng qut

Hnh 4.6. Tn hiu ng vo tng t (420)mA

Hnh 4.7. B iu khin F&G
Hnh 4.9. Mun ng ra

Phng php kt ni h thng
H thng bo chy quy c (Conventional Fire Alarm Systems)
H thng bo chy a ch (Addressable Fire Alarm Systems)
H thng bo chy qui c:

Trong nhiu hnh thc khc nhau, tn ti trong nhiu nm. Mc d t thay
i v cn bn trong thi i k thut, nhng theo thi gian, c im thit k & tin
cy ca n c nng cao mt cch ln lao.
Chnh h thng bo chy qui c chng minh hng hn vai tr ca n trong
vic bo v hu hiu ti sn v sinh mng con ngi trong hng triu trng hp ha
hon trn khp th gii. H thng bo chy qui c thng l la chn t nhin ca
nhng hin trng nh, hoc nhng ni m ngn sch c gii hn.
Trong h thng bo chy qui c, tnh cht 'thng minh' ca h thng ch tp
trung vo t iu khin h thng bo chy (control panel), ni nhn nhng tn hiu to
ra bi nhng u bo chy hoc cng tc khn loi qui c, v ri, ti lt n, t iu
khin li truyn tn hiu n cc thit b bo ng khc.
Nhng u bo chy qui c thng c ni kt vi t iu khin bng nhng
mch dy, mi mch dy bo v mt khu vc ca hin trng.
u bo chy hin th 2 trng thi: trng thi bnh thng v trng thi bo
ng. Thng thng, t iu khin c chia thnh nhiu zone (mch zone 1, 2, 3,
4, ..., 8 v.v..) v 2 mch chung ring bit.
Hnh 4.10. S mu h thng bo chy quy c

H thng bo chy a ch
H thng bo chy a ch khc vi h thng bo chy qui c phng php x l

tn hiu, c tc nhn dng linh hot hn, thng minh hn, v phm vi kim sot ln hn.
N kt hp k thut vi tnh v k thut truyn d liu hin i gim st v iu
khin h thng - xng ng l mt h thng thng minh, c chn p dng qui m va
hoc ln, hoc cho nhng hin trng phc tp.
Trong mt h thng bo chy analog c a ch, nhng u bo chy ni kt nhau,
c chy thnh loop chung quanh hin trng, mi u bo c mt a ch ring. H thng
c th c mt hoc nhiu loop, ty kch c h thng v yu cu thit k.
T iu khin lin lc vi tng u bo mt cch c lp, v lin tc nhn bo co v
trng thi hot ng ca u bo: trng thi bnh thng, trng thi bo ng, hoc trng thi
li k thut.
V mi u bo c mt a ch c lp, nn t iu khin bo chy c th hin th
chnh xc v tr ca thit b c vn , nh nhanh chng nh v s c lin quan.
Bn trong u bo a ch, t n c nhng b phn 'thng minh' c kh nng d bo
'phng xa', trc khi bo tnh trng chy tht hoc trouble tht xy ra, chng hn n truyn tn
hiu bo cho bit u bo c nhiu bi bm bm mc c xc nh trc.
u bo c a ch cng truyn tn hiu cnh bo sm khi pht hin khi/nhit mc
c lp trnh trc...
H thng bo chy a ch cng c th kt hp cc thit b bo chy loi qui c
(conventional).

Hnh 4.7. S mu h thng bo chy a ch
C ch hot ng
C ch kha lin ng (Interlock)
+ Trong chng trnh

+ Trong thit k kt ni cc thit b
C ch voting tn hiu trong F&G
1oo1
y l c ch lm vic n gin v ph bin nht, l ch c mt tn hiu u

vo a trc tip vo CPU x l ri xut ra u ra iu khin cc Shutdown van.
1oo2D: (Doublex)
y l kiu voting vi 1 tn hiu input s c i vo 2 b iu khin c lp

Tx, Ty tn hiu sau khi tnh ton xut ra gi tr u ra, sau n s c a vo mt
b so snh kim nghim s chnh xc ca tn hiu, nu < o nm trong di cho
php th vn xut ra u ra.
Nu < o vt ra ngoi khong cho php th s kch mt tn hiu alarm ng

thi khng cho php xut tn hiu u ra.
1oo2
y l kiu Voting m tn hiu input c a vo 2 b x l input, sau a

vo mt b iu khin CPU tnh ton, ri xut ra u ra.
2oo3
Cc tn hiu cm bin c a vo 3 b input, ti y tn hiu thu c s

c so snh di dng tng cp mt: X Y, Y Z, Z X, nu nh gi tr m ln
hn hay nh hn gi tr t trc th s khng xut tn hiu output ng thi pht tn
hiu cnh bo.
1oo3
Nu 1 trong 3 tn hiu u vo c tn hiu th s xut ra tn hiu u ra.
V D:

V d minh ha mt h thng c bn nht ca F&G c 3 tn hiu u d khi, 1
tn hiu u d nhit v h thng dp la. H thng dp la ch c lin kt nu bt
k 2 tn hiu cm bin khi b ngt (trip) hoc tn hiu bo nhit b ngt (trip). Nu 1
trong 3 tn hiu bo khi kch hot th h thng alarm kch hot trc tin, ri sau l
h thng bo chy kch hot.
Nu 2 trong 3 tn hiu bo khi kch hot, tn hiu bo nhit kch hot th h

thng xc nhn c chy kch hot.
Nu h thng dp la cho php v h thng xc nhn bo chy kch hot th h

thng dp la s c khi ng.
Cc tn hiu u vo km theo tn hiu trip th trong chng trnh iu

khin s phi cha cc gi tr mc:
Cc tn hiu u vo analog c a vo cc mch so snh so snh vi cc

gi tr bo trip ngn mch, qu ti, Alarm, m bo tn hiu nhn c cn phi c
mt tr trnh nhiu trong qu trnh truyn thng, bng cch thit k cc mch lc
(Filter). Tng ng vi tng chc nng s thm cc tn hiu reset bng tay tng ng
Bng Cause & Effect
Bng Cause & Effect ca mt h thng Fire&Gas l mt trong nhng thnh

phn quan trng, mc ch ca n l th chc nng ca cc tn hiu cm bin bo
v t xc nhn s kch hot chnh xc ca h thng. Cc tn hiu cm bin nh
u d khi, u d la, u d gas, manual alarm call point, cc cng tc x nc s
lm tc ng n tn hiu Emergency shutdown t h thng SSD.
4.2. Khi gii quyt Logic (LS)
Cc cu trc h thng ln hn thng chia lm 2 loi chnh: h thng iu khin phn

tn qua mng v h thng bo theo a ch. Mt s nh sn xut tch hp c 2 loi h thng
trong sn phm ca h.
Cch u ni kiu c
Trong kiu c ny th mt tn hiu cm bin s u vi mt tn hiu u vo

tng ng, vi h thng ny yu cu v input v output rt ln. Tn hiu input v
output khng c a ch, cc gi tr bo v khng theo cc chun HART hay Fieldbus.
Cch u ni kiu mi
Thng thng cc tn hiu tng t t cc u cm bin bo la hoc khi v

b logic solver l t 4 20 mA.
Cc tn hiu ny c th l smoke detector, heat detector v manual call point

thng l 2 dy vi kh nng sa i cc tn hiu cho ph hp vi h thng iu khin
v t marshalling cho php mt giao din t 4 20mA c th c s dng.

Trong cc h thng hin i cc tn hiu cm bin c th lin kt 1 ng vi
nhau theo chun HART, Field Bus, v vy cc tn hiu cm bin s c mt b x l t
ti transmitter ca cm bin, ti y transmitter ngoi nhim v khuch i tn hiu v
chun ha tn hiu theo cc di 4 20mA, 0 10V ty cch ci t thit b, th cn
mt nhim v na l gn a ch ca tng thit b theo ng chun HART hay
FieldBus.
Cch u ni tn hiu ca h thng F&G
Thng thng trc khi vo b iu khin cc tn hiu u vo bao gi cng

phi qua mt b Barrier cch ly chng st.

4.3. Thit b ch th
Giao din vn hnh thng l giao din ha trn my tnh.
4.3.1. ha my tnh
Giao din ha thng thng ph hp vi mt h thng phn cp vi s iu

hng gia cc phn t ca h thng phn cp. Ngy nay sc mnh x l qu trnh ca
cc my tnh hin nay tng i mnh m nn ha pht trin theo dng tch hp sn
theo dng 3D hay dng cun kiu web mt cch mt m.
Mt s v d v giao din ha my tnh:

Hnh 4.8. Giao din ha my tnh

4.3.2. Hin th in t
Mt s bng ch th kiu in t thng thng c cung cp cho mt h thng

hin th c lp dng cho cc s kin nh khi ng hay tt ton b...Bng hin th
ny cng cho bit tnh trng tng quan ca h thng Fire&Gas. Mch in t d dng
pht ng cha chy d phng, khi ng bm cu ha, bo tr tnh trng ghi d
liu, g b cc d liu ghi trong cc trng hp cc hin th khc c sn...
4.3.3. Hin th a ch
H thng hin th dng a ch cung cp kh nng hin th vi chi ph thp ngy

nay c tch hp vo h thng mng.
4.3.4. Hin th a dng
Theo yu cu thng thng th mt phng iu khin s s dng 1 ca s n

cho 1 qu trnh ca nh my. Nh vy, hin th gim st chy v kh phi chia i
mn hnh hin th v yu cu phi c tch hp y c s cho h thng iu khin.
Do , s phn chia mn hnh nh vy l khng ti u, c th ni l tht bi trong vic
kim sot h thng, e da n tnh ton vn ca h thng Fire&gas.
V l do , mt h thng c th s dng mt mn hnh n gin chuyn dng

cho h thng Fire&Gas. Mn hnh hin th ny s c s dng trong trng hp
khng chc chn l giao din vn hnh c tch hp sn trong h thng hay khng.
Khi mn hnh ny t s dng, thng thng mn hnh ny s b p buc s dng

cho cc mc ch khc hn l sao lu giao din h thng Fire&Gas.
4.3.5. Truy cp v bo v
Cc nh sn xut cho bit rng ngi s dng c th bt c hng mc no sau

y: qun l, vn hnh, bo tr, k thut vin, k s, ngi dng cp cao...
H thng bo v nghim ngt nn c ci t cho phn truy nhp vo h thng

Fire&Gas. Cc cp truy cp phi p ng nhu cu ngi s dng hoc nhng ngi
thc hin cng vic nguy him xung quanh. Mt ngi c th thc hin cc chc nng
nhiu hn chc nng c lit k. Mc truy cp bao gm truy cp vt l v h thng
kha. Mt khu nn c thay i khc vi gi tr mc nh ca nh cung cp. S
dng h thng cp i km vi cc dch v khc cn phi c ln k hoch cn thn
trnh ngt kt ni vi h thng an ton. Cp truy cp s c tch hp vi giy
php lm vic ca h thng.
4.3.6. Cc chc nng vn hnh c bit khc ca h thng Fire&Gas
a. Resets bo ng
Thng thng cc bo ng Fire&Gas dng cht trong h thng Fire&Gas.

V d: bo ng s tn ti n khi ngi c trch nhim n tt h thng bo ng.
Cc cht ny c lu tr trong h thng v/hoc h thng hin th. y l

thit k quan trng quyt nh ging nh h thng hin th, mc d c th n khng
c cng mt mc ton vn nh phn cn li ca h thng. Nhiu cp bo ng
thng tch hp sn ch u tin v tch bit. Bnh thng n dng thit lp
li (im lng) v tr bo ng mt ln khi c tc nhn gy ra bo ng. Nu bo ng
vn cn tn ti trn h thng reset th ngay sau s c s chn la tt m bo
ng.
b. Hn ch, b qua (bypass), ghi , v hiu ha, cch ly, hy b...
Cc chc nng trn lin quan n vic ngt kt ni mt s kin no khi h

thng t ng. Vic ngt kt ni khi h thng t ng khng yu cu phi c sn
trong h thng, do cn phi c cc hn ch trn, vn l c bao nhiu p ch c
p dng? Kt hp c bao lu? V d: gy c ch hn ch hot ng ca mt thit
b trong nhm voting; nh mt khong thi gian hn ch, c th l thi gian
chuyn i. V thit b hy b mi hn ch khng c tch hp sn trong giao
din vn hnh.
p dng mt c ch cho 1 thit b trong nhm voting c th coi nh mt bo

ng ging nh nhm voting thay i t 2 trong s n (2oon) ti 1oon. Vy th, c
ch ny c th c p dng cho chc nng bng tay (manual) khng? Trong cc quy
tc p dng c ch th qu hn ch c l s gy kha thit b cp k s
(engineering level). iu ny c th gy nguy him cho thit b, khin chng khng
c hin th tnh trng trn giao din. C l cn phi hn ch tng s c ch c t
trong cng mt thi im.
c. Thm chc nng bo tr
Ngoi cc chc nng trn, nh sn xut cn cung cp thm cc chc nng nh:
Hiu chun thit b o kh xc tc.
Gim st, kim tra th.
Lp danh sch cc thit b cn c bo tr, lm sch.
Cc hnh thc c ch/ghi khc.
Cc phng tin ny c th pht trin cho mt h thng khc, nh h thng

qun l ti sn.
4.4. Giao tip gia h thng Fire&Gas vi h thng khc
H thng F&G c th c giao tip vi cc h thng sau:
H thng d chy theo a ch.
H thng qun l ti sn.
H thng DCS.
H thng ESD.

Ghi nhn chui s kin.
Gi i cu ha.
H thng nh s.
H thng a ch chung.
H thng SCADA.
...
Trong h thng tch hp, cc giao din ny c th khng d dng nhn thy
trong cu trc h thng. Chng c th l kiu in t hoc dng ni tip, ty thuc vo
yu cu tnh ton vn ca h thng, chi ph, hiu nng, s thch ca khch hng, cc
yu cu ty chnh v thc hnh. Giao din ni tip thng dng knh i (dual), knh
i y (full duplex). Giao thc OPC (OLE for Process Control) dng nh tr
thnh phng thc giao din chun. Cc phin bn an ton ca OPC cng ang
c pht trin.
Vic kt ni phn cng ca h thng F&G, ngy nay cc nh sn xut u

da trn nn tng m, c th kt ni c vi hu ht cc loi PLC uy tn trn th gii
nh: Siemens, Allen Bradley, Modicon, Triconex, Honeywell FSC & ICS Triplex.
Cn vic la chn phn cng no l do yu cu ca khch hng, v d cn h thng
F&G cho cc ng dng quan trng nh shutdown ton nh my, gim st kh c v
kh d chy trn ton b nh my...Cc yu t khc nh: tin cy ca h thng, tnh
sn sng v kh nng chun on ng vai tr quan trng trong vic la chn PLC.
V d: S kt ni gia h thng F&G v PLC SIEMENS:
Hnh 4.9. S mu kt ni F&G vi PLC SIEMENS

Hnh 4.10. S kt ni F&G vi PLC, DCS v h thng khc

TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Honeywell.com, Whitepaper, Fire and Gas System, April 09.
2. Jon Hind Bsc, Fire and Gas Detection and Control in the Process Industry,
2009.
3. Honeywell Users Group Asia Pacific, Versatility with Fire & Gas Solutions,
2013.
4. Quc hi, Lut phng chy v cha chy, 27/2001/QH10.
5. General Monitor, Reliable Safety System Solution.

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TP ON DU KH QUC GIA VIT NAM

TRNG CAO NG NGH DU KH

Son tho Kim tra Xem xt Ph duyt

Gio trnh H thng bo chy v bo kh c bin son dng lm ti liu

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 1

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 2

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 3

1.1 Nhng nguyn tc c bn ca h thng bo chy, bo kh

H thng bo chy, bo khi l h thng gm tp hp cc thit b c nhim v

H thng Fire & Gas H thng Process H thng Emergency Shutdown

Cc tn hiu bo v t F&G l tn hiu Energy to Trip, ngha l khi c dng in

Hnh 1.1. H thng F&G trong cng nghip

1.2 Nguyn t c phong chay, cha chay (PCCC)

1.3 Bin php c bn trong cha chy

1.3.1 Khi nim v cha chy

1.3.2 Bin php c bn trong cha chy

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 6

Hinh 1.2. S dng xe cng ngh 1.7 cha chy nh dn b chy

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 7

1.4 Trch nhim phng chy, cha chy

Theo iu 5 ca Lut Phng chy cha chy v Khon 2 iu 1 ca Lut sa

Phng chy v cha chy l trch nhim ca mi c quan, t chc, h gia nh

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 8

1.5 Cc hnh vi nghim cm

Cc hnh vi b nghim cm trong hot ng phng chy cha chy c quy

C gy chy, n lm tn hi n tnh mng, sc khe con ngi; gy thit hi

1.6 Cc trang thit b phng chy, cha chy

a) Phng tin cha chy c gii

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 11

la chn c loi cm bin, u d thch hp th ch s Mc an ton

Mc S ln khng pht hin c

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 12

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 13

Hnh 2.2. u bo nhit c nh dung thanh lng kim

u bo nhit s dng cht nng chy eutectic (hnh 2.3)

Hnh 2.3. u bo nhit dng lin kt nng chy

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 14

Bo nhit c nh kiu dy (line-type)

Hnh 2.4. u bo nhit kiu dy

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 15

Hnh 2.5c. Hot ng ca u bo nhit Thermistor

nhy tiu chun ca u bo khi

Loi u bo Mc m mt (Obscuration Level)

Ionization ion ho 2.65.0% obs/m 0.81.5% obs/ft

Photoelectric quang in 6.513.0% obs/m 24% obs/ft

Aspirating nhy cao 0.00520.5% obs/m 0.00156.25% obs/ft

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 17

Hnh 2.7. Cu to u bo khi quang

Hnh 2.8. u bo beam dng thu - pht

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 19

Hnh 2.9. u bo beam dng phn x

Hnh 2.11. Din tch bo v ti a ca u bo im theo BS5839 part 1

Hnh 2.12. Din tch bo v ti a ca u bo beam theo BS5839 part 1

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 21

Hnh 2.14. Hot ng ca u bo beam phn x

2.2.4. u bo khi lp trn ng ng Duct smoke detector

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 22

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 23

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 24

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 25

2.3. u bo kh (Gas Detector)

H thng bo chy v bo kh Trang 26

Trong h, ngh l nhy cm t khi ca kh thun v nghch t; Ck l hng

Hin h 2.17. C u ta o cua O2 Detector