Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Resolution
HIGER HIGER FREQUENCY
HIGH LOW
FREQUENCY SIGNALS HAVE
RESOLUTION PENETRATION
SYSTEM SHORTER WAVE
LENGTHS AND ARE
ABLE TO
Every DISCRIMINATE PINGER AND CHIRP
measurement BETWEEN LAYERS
is needed to THAT ARE CLOSE
TOGETHER
completely
describe all BOOMER, SPARKER AND MINI AIR
properties GUN
LONGER SOUND
PULSE LENGTHS
LOWER
TRANSMIT MORE LOW HIGH
FREQUENCY
ENERGY AND RESOLUTION PENETRATION
SYSTEMS
YIELDS DEEPER
PENETRATION
1
Sub Bottom Profiler
Specifications
Transducer
4
Mini Streamer-Hydrophone
Pinger Data
5
CHIRP Data
6
BOOMER data
7
SPARKER data
8
Mini Air Gun data
9
One survey boat can do many
different measurements
Typical Survey
boats can do 3
measurements at
the same time
10
2D HI-RES SEISMIC DATA
11
Equipment Layout
GI Gun
13
14
Bathymetry
Study of underwater depth of lake or
ocean floors to map topography only
Started as single beam echo sounders
or pingers that use 2 way travel time to
measure depth. 1D
Later swath were used to create 2D
maps in color giving depth of water. Red
is generally shallow and Blue is deep
15
Seismic (Refraction)
Unlike Seismic reflection methods,
this method uses refraction data that
allows to calculate Vp for each soil
layer, thereby giving some estimate
of mechanical properties. This
information is compared with CPT
data
Typically an air-gun is used as
acoustic source along with
Hydrophones (about 48 in 30m
length) streamer. Towed by boat
Cannot be used for water depth
16
beyond 350m
2D High resolution Seismic
site survey
Identification of potential drilling constraints and geo hazards
at the sub-seabed levels down to about 1000 m below
seabed
17
Using past well data as
reference
18
2DHR
2DHR
Interpretation
supplemented
with 3D Data
19
Shallow Gas
Shallow gas is any hydrocarbon-bearing
zone which may be encountered at a depth
close to the surface or mudline.
Generally not possible to close-in and
contain a gas influx from a shallow zone
because weak formation integrity may lead
to breakdown.
Particularly hazardous when drilling offshore
from a fixed installation or jack-up.
Shallow gas-bearing zones are usually
normally pressured. However, the effective
increase in pore pressure due to gas
gradient can lead to underbalance when a
shallow gas zone is first penetrated.
Shallow gas is best predicted from Surface
seismic interpretation together with offset
geological and drilling data.
Shallow gas can be extremely hazardous,
especially if no specific plan of action is 20
prepared prior to spudding of the well.
Shallow Water Flows (SWF)
SWF sands can occur at water depths of
more than 400m
Usually found at depth of 250 -1000m
below the mudline
Flow typically increases with time
Sediments pile up at well-head
Formed when rapid sedimentation is
followed by a seal. The water gets trapped
Can be detected
by Vp/Vs ratio
analysis. Higher
values indicate
possible SWF
21
Significance of SWF
In the deepwater arena, shallow water flows have been
documented since 1984 and have resulted in costly lost
operational time due to well control problems.
The most significant incident was at SHELLs URSA
Template development site in Mississippi Canyon Block
810. Twenty one partially drilled wells were lost as a result
of Shallow Water Flow
Sand Prediction and presence of abnormal pressures