CHINA an introduction:

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia
and the world's most populous country, with a population of around 1.404 billion. Covering
approximately 9.6 million square kilometres (3.7 million square miles), it is the world's
second-largest state by land area and third- or fourth-largest by total area. Governed by the
Communist Party of China, it exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous
regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing) and
the Special Administrative Regions Hong Kong and Macau, also claiming sovereignty over
Taiwan. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been
characterized as a potential superpower.

China emerged as one of the world's earliest civilizations in the fertile basin of the Yellow
River in the North China Plain. For millennia, China's political system was based on
hereditary monarchies, or dynasties, beginning with the semi-legendary Xia dynasty. Since
then, China has expanded, fractured, and re-unified numerous times. In 1912, the Republic
of China (ROC) replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it
was defeated by the communist People's Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The
Communist Party established the People's Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949,
while the ROC government retreated to Taiwan with its present de facto capital in Taipei.
Both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China,
though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory.

Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, China's economy has been one of the
world's fastest-growing. As of 2016, it is the world's second-largest economy by nominal
GDP and largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). China is also the world's largest exporter
and second-largest importer of goods. China is a recognized nuclear weapons state and has
the world's largest standing army and second-largest defence budget. The PRC is a member
of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U.N. Security
Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral
organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
(SCO), the BCIM and the G20.
HARVESTING ORGANS FROM PRISONERS:
China is worlds fastest growing economy and it is densely populated as well but heres
another way by which Chinese government is trying to earn more since 2006. This is the
trafficking of organs of prisoners. Every year approximately thousands of people are
executed and their organs are taken out with the help of government run hospitals. UN and
European parliament have warned Chinese government about these executions. NGOs are
also working to stop this barbarity but this seems next to impossible this shows that china is
still determined to harvest organs from prisoners at a massive scale.
According to CNN at least 1634 people were executed in 2015. 10,000 organs are
transplanted in China every year, yet there are only a tiny number of people on the official
donor register. n 2006 a non-governmental coalition was formed called The Coalition to
Investigate the Persecution of the Falun Gong in China.
They requested that Mr Kilgour and Mr Matas investigate allegations of organ harvesting of
Falun Gong practitioners in China because of their extensive academic and political
backgrounds and prior involvement in human rights activism.
The damning evidence they uncovered suggests that tens of thousands of innocent people
have been killed on demand to supply an ongoing illegal organ transplant industry.

Some practitioners are still breathing when their organs are taken out and they are just
thrown away into the hospitals incinerators anyway. Many countries have talked to china
about this issue but this is getting day by day and the government is earning billions of
dollars from this selling of human organs. From 1980 onwards, China began withdrawing
government funds from the health sector, expecting hospitals to start charging people for
their services. According to Chinese doctors, state funding is often not even enough to cover
staff salaries for one month. Transplants range from about US$60,000 to over US$170, 000
depending on the operation, so there is a lot of money to be made there. Sadly, the sale of
organs has become a source of funding. However, in recent years China has been heavily
criticized by the UN for its use of death row prisoners for organ transplanting. Laws
preventing organ tourism to China are being instated around the world and are already in
place in Israel and Spain.
Both US Congress and the European Parliament have passed resolutions condemning
Chinese regime's practice of forced organ harvesting from prisoners of conscience, and
asking China to stop such practice. Canada's recent Subcommittee on International Human
Rights also unanimously passed a similar motion.

There has been a report exclusively formed on this issue by former Canadian lawmaker
David Kilgour, human rights lawyer David Matas, and journalist Ethan Gutmann -- collates
publicly reported figures from hospitals across China to show what they claim is a massive
discrepancy between official figures for the number of transplants carried out throughout
the country.
They blame the Chinese government, the Communist Party, the health system, doctors and
hospitals for being complicit.
"The (Communist Party) says the total number of legal transplants is about 10,000 per year.
But we can easily surpass the official Chinese figure just by looking at the two or three
biggest hospitals," Matas said in a statement.
The report estimates that 60,000 to 100,000 organs are transplanted each year in Chinese
hospitals.

China orders case retrial of man executed 21 years ago

According to the report, that gap is made up of executed prisoners, many of them prisoners
of conscience locked up for their religious or political beliefs. China does not report its total
number of executions, which it regards as a secret.
The report's findings stand in stark contrast to Beijing's claim that, since the beginning of
2015, China has moved from almost completely relying on organs from prisoners to the
"largest voluntary organ donation system in Asia."
At a regular press conference Thursday, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua
Chunying said China has "strict laws and regulations on this issue."
"As for the testimony and the published report, I want to say that such stories about forced
organ harvesting in China are imaginary and baseless -- they don't have any factual
foundation," she said.
The National Health and Family Planning Commission, which oversees organ donations in
China, did not respond to a request for comment for this piece. World is trying hard to stop
Chinese government from doing this we can only hope for the best.

UNEMPOLYMENT:
Unemployment is a phenomenon that occurs when a person who is actively searching for
employment is unable to find work. Unemployment is often used as a measure of the health
of the economy. The most frequently measure of unemployment is the unemployment rate,
which is the number of unemployed people divided by the number of people in the labor
force.
DESPITE all the ups and downs in Chinas economy over the past decade, its official
unemployment rate has remained incredibly stable. Incredible in the sense of impossible to
believe. The registered urban jobless rate is just 4.1% now. This would seem to point to
economic vigour, but the problem is that it has sat at that precise level, without moving,
since late 2010. And it has stayed within an absurdly narrow range of 4.0-4.3% since 2002,
even at the depths of the global financial crisis. New research claims that the real
unemployment rate might be more than twice as high. In a working paper for the National
Bureau of Economic Research, Feng Shuaizhang of the Shanghai University of Finance and
Economics and Hu Yingyao and Robert Moffitt of Johns Hopkins University parse data from
an official housing survey to construct an alternative index. They find that Chinas
unemployment rate averaged 10.9% from 2002-2009, nearly seven percentage points
higher than the registered jobless rate over that period.
The survey does not cover more recent data, so their research does not show whether the
labor market has deteriorated as the Chinese economy has slowed. But their figures do
point to the large, lasting impact of the mass closures of bankrupt state-owned companies
in the 1990s. The unemployment rate was just 3.9% from 1988-95 and then climbed steadily
upwards. State firms had played the biggest role in Chinas north-east and so their closures
dealt the region a particularly heavy blow, with its unemployment rate averaging 12.5%
from 2002-9.

EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA:

Before 1949 the educational conditions were very poor in China. Only few schools and
educational institutes were located in few large cities. After the people, republican founding
of China, Chinese government had paid great attention on the development of education.
Chinese government propagated different laws to make sure that all Chinese people,
particularly school-age children, women, ethnic minorities, and handicapped have right and
full access to receive education. The 50 years of continuous efforts had paid. Now the china
is considered as running of worlds largest educational system.
China had designed a very systematic educational system. They have designed different
stages to implement Nine-year compulsory education. Their goal of universalizing primary
education has been accomplished. A significant progress has been made at different
educational levels like higher education, vocational education, technical education, ethnic
minorities and adult education. For the educational development, Chinese government is
collaborating with other countries. Student exchange programs have expended over the
year.
They categorise education in the following stages
Basic education:
Basic education is divided into three categories,
1. Pre-school
2. Primary-school
3. secondary-school
Pre-school education:
This educational level is designed for student age between 4-6 year. This is a nursery level of
education and usually lasts for three years. During 2008 there were 134000 schools
developed in China.
Primary education:
It lasts for 6 years. There were 78,642 primary schools during 70s and this number has
reached to 628,840 primary schools with a total enrolment of 130 million pupils and the net
enrolment rate of school-age children reached 98.9%, and the annual retention rate
reached 98.5%. So far, in areas inhabited by 91% of the entire population primary education
has been universalized. The transition rate of primary school graduates to junior secondary
schools reached 92.6%.
Secondary education:
This level is distributed into two categories, junior secondary education and senior
secondary education. Each last for three years. Junior secondary level schools with a total
enrolment of 46,578,200 students
and a total intake of 17,522,800 new entrants, and there were 1,469
junior secondary vocational schools with a total enrolment of 808,900
students and a total intake of 308,800 students. The gross enrolment
rate at the junior secondary stage is about 82.4%, and the transition rate
of junior secondary school graduates to various types of senior secondary schools reached
49.76%. In 1997, there were 13,880 general senior secondary schools with a total enrolment
of 85,007,000 students and a total intake of 3,226,100 new entrants.
In 1997, there were 1,440 schools for special education catering to the needs of the blind,
the deaf-mute, and the mentally retarded children, with a total enrolment of 340,600
students, increased by 20,000 as compared with the previous year. Now, more than half of
school-age handicapped children have access to education. There were 182,485
kindergartens with a total enrolment of 25,189,600 children.

Secondary Vocational and Technical Education:

Secondary vocational and technical education encompasses education and training provided
by regular specialized secondary schools [including secondary technical schools (STSs) and
normal schools (NSs)], skilled workers schools (SWSs), and vocational schools, as well as by
short-term vocational and technical training courses of various descriptions.
Since the 1980s, secondary vocational and technical education has been developing rapidly.
In 1996, there were 33,464 secondary VTE schools of various types with a total enrolment of
18,697,600 students in addition to 2,100 training centres offering training to about one
million unemployed each year. The proportion of students enrolled in vocational-technical
programs at the senior secondary stage increased
from 18.9% in 1980 to 51.2% in 1996.
In 1997, there were 4,143 specialized secondary schools (SSSs), including 3,152 STSs and 897
NSs, with a total enrolment of 4,654,100 students. Within the subsector of STSs, enrolment
in programs of finance and economics, physical education, and arts tends to increase, while
enrolment in engineering or technological programs tends to decrease.
In 1997, there were 8,578 senior secondary vocational schools with a total enrolment of
3,957,500 students and a total intake of 1,803,400 new entrants, and 4,395 SWSs with a
total enrolment of 1,931,000 students and a total intake of 734,000 new entrants.

Regular Higher Education:

Regular higher education refers to tertiary level education provided by short-cycle courses
or schools, undergraduate courses, and postgraduate programs, all offering training for
formal academic qualifications. Short-cycle courses usually last two or three years, while
normal undergraduate courses last mostly four years, with medical courses lasting five
years, and a few engineering schools offering five-year programs. Master degree programs
take 2-3 years to complete, while doctoral programs usually take 3 years to complete.
In 1997, there were 1,020 regular HEIs in China with a total enrolment of 2,906,400 students
and a total intake of 1 million new entrants. At the graduate level, in 1996, there was a total
enrolment of 162,300 students, with 35,203 enrolled in doctoral programs and 126,632
enrolled in master's degree programs, and a total intake of 59,400 new entrants, including
12,562 enrolled in doctoral programs and 46,632 in master's degree programs. In the period
of 1979-1996, the total output of graduates from regular HEls reached 7,667,400 or 2.58
times the total output of the previous 30 years. In the 1981 -1996 period, the total number
of doctoral degrees awarded reached 20,514, and the total number of master's degrees
awarded reached 285,943.
In 1996, the ratio of intake of undergraduate students (including those enrolled in short-
cycle programs) and the intake of graduate students stands at 1:16.3 compared with 1:17.7
in 1994, while the ratio between intake of 4-year undergraduate students and intake of
short-cycle students stands at 1:0.91.
There are over 3,400 research institutes or research labs affiliated to regular HEls
throughout the country. About 500 programs in various academic fields have been
designated as priority ones and given the necessary resources for their healthy
development. About 150 national key laboratories and special laboratories are being
developed to increase the R&D potential of HEls. A number of engineering research centres
are at the initial stage of development. Important accomplishments in basic and applied
research, as well as in high-tech research and development have been scored. In the fields
of natural sciences, 50% of prizes awarded at the national level went to university scientists,
as for research in philosophy and social sciences, the prize-winning projects that fall under
the national Eighth Five-Year Plan and in which HEIs play a leading role or take part in
account for nearly 60% of the total number of prize-winning projects.

Adult Education:

Adult education includes both school equivalency programs of all types and levels catering
to the needs of adults studying for the acquisition of formal qualifications, and non-formal
programs including literacy education and vocational and technical training.
Educational programs for adults at tertiary level have developed rapidly. In 1997, there were
1,107 tertiary adult education institutions, and about 800 regular HEls offered
correspondence and evening programs. Total enrolment in these institutions and programs
reached 2,724,500 and 1,003,600 new entrants were admitted (including 80,600 admitted
to the full-time programs provided by the RTVUs). 892,000 graduated from these
institutions and programs.
In 1996, among the adult schools catering to the needs of peasants, there were 453
specialized secondary schools for peasants with a total enrolment of 191,800 students,
3,821 general secondary schools for peasants with a total enrolment of 406,900, 385,497
technical training schools for peasants, and over 70.3538 million people completed various
training programs, and it is estimated that they account for 12.2% of the total work force in
the countryside. Rural adult education has made important contribution to the training of a
large number of peasants by helping them to master useful knowledge and skills of
appropriate techniques. So far more than 200 million (with double count) people have
undergone such training.
As regards the development of state-administered examinations for self-directed learners of
tertiary and specialized secondary courses, there has been phenomenal growth of adults
sitting for such examinations. In 1995, 279 program areas (specialties) were open for higher
education examinations, and the total number of applicants reached over 3,860,000, with
more than 1,100,000 succeeding in acquiring first degree level or sub degree level
qualifications. Over 200,000 Succeeded in acquiring SSS qualifications.
In 1996, there were 116,415 literacy classes with a total enrolment of 4,761,300. Over the
past four years the number of people completing literacy classes either exceeded or
approached five million every year.

International Cooperation and Exchange in Education:

In 1978, with the implementation of the policy of reform and opening to the outside world,
international cooperation and exchange in education entered a new stage. Each year many
students and visiting scholars are sent abroad for advanced studies or research. Foreign
students seeking to study in Chinese institutions are increasing year by year. Scholarly
exchanges in many fields have been developed extensively. The useful experiences of
foreign countries and institutions we have learned through these exchange programs have
been conducive to the reform and development of education in China and have helped
promote mutual understanding and friendship between China and foreign countries.
Over the past ten-odd years, we have sent 270,000 people to study in more than 100
countries and regions in the world, and received 210,000 foreign students from 160
countries and regions coming to study in Chinese institutions. About 1,800 Chinese college
teachers and experts have taught abroad, and more than 40,000 foreign experts and
teachers have taught in Chinese institutions. The cumulative number of Chinese scholars
going abroad to attend international conferences and the cumulative number of foreign
participants coming to China to attend international conferences hosted by Chinese
institutions have both exceeded 11,000.
In 1996, China sent more than 10,000 people to study abroad in about 100 countries and
regions, and about 267 regular HEls received about 33,000 students from 153 countries and
regions enrolled in either long-term or short-term programs. TO promote the teaching of
Chinese as a foreign language in foreign institutions, we sent Chinese language teachers to
more than 30 countries, besides, over 5,000 Chinese teachers working in various other fields
were sent abroad to teach or to give short-term lectures. In the past year, our universities
and colleges invited more than 12,000 foreign experts or teachers to give lectures or work in
China, and regular HEIs directly under the Ministry of Education alone sent 2,099 scholars to
attend 1,316 international conferences and hosted 96 international conferences attended
by more than 3,000 scholars coming from outside China. The Ministry of Education and its
institutions received 130 visiting delegations.
New advances have been made in providing educational aid to foreign countries. The main
form of aid is shifting from financial assistance to help build schools and develop facilities to
aid specific projects. Such a shift in priority is more effective in enhancing the capability of
educational provision of the recipient country and is highly appreciated by the foreign
governments concerned.
Over the past ten-odd years, both bilateral and multi-lateral educational aid programs aiding
Chinese institutions and educational programs have been conducted successfully. The
providers of multilateral aids include UNESCO, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNDP, World Bank and
other international organizations. The World Bank alone has granted one billion US dollars
of loans to support various projects of educational development, while the other
international organizations have provided financial aids to various educational projects
aggregating to 100 million US dollars.
In recent years, institutions, organizations and individuals in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan
have made many contributions to the mainland educational undertakings, and educational
exchanges and cooperation have gradually expanded between institutions and
organizations in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and those on the mainland.

Concluding Remarks

The overall level of educational development in China is still comparatively backward, as

China is a country with a large population and there are large regional disparities in
economic and cultural development. The transition rates of graduates of primary, junior
secondary and general senior secondary schools to the next higher level educational
institutions are important indicators of educational development in China. According to the
statistics of 1995, 90.8% of primary school graduates continued their study in lower
secondary schools, 48.3% of lower secondary school graduates continued their study in
general upper secondary schools, specialized secondary schools, vocational high schools or
skilled workers schools, 45.92% of general upper secondary school graduates continued
their study in regular tertiary institutions. However, only about 4% of college-age cohort can
expect to have a place in the regular HEls. According to the data from the sampling
investigation in 1995 on one percent of the total population, among every 100,000 people,
2,065 persons received higher education, 8,282 persons senior secondary education and
27,283 junior secondary education. There is still a long way to go for China to have her
educational undertakings to fully meet the needs of economic and social development and
the aspirations of her youth to receive education at the upper secondary and tertiary levels.
As science and technology in present day develops rapidly, the worldwide competition in
economy, science and technology is becoming increasingly intense and poses a stern
challenge to education. Those who can gain an upper hand in education of the 21st century
will occupy a favourable position in international competition then. From a strategic point of
view, the Chinese government gives a high Priority to the development of education. In
1993, the Chinese government promulgated the Guidelines for the Reform and
Development of Education in China, which sets important goals for all sectors of education.
By the year 2000, nine-year compulsory education will be basically universalized across the
country, and there will be practically no illiterates among young and middle-aged adults.
Efforts will be made to promote the development of about 100 leading universities and
certain selected disciplines and specialties (211 Project). Vocational and technical education
and adult education will all be given due attention and expand considerably in the years to
come in the grand plan for educational development.
To attain the goal set is a Herculean task, and great efforts have to be exerted in increasing
financial input, in improving the physical facilities of educational institutions, in upgrading
the qualifications of teachers, and in enhancing the management of education. There are
ample reasons to expect that the basic framework of a socialist educational system suited to
China's specific conditions and geared to the 21st century will gradually take shape.
INEQUALITY IN CHINA:
Inequality exits everywhere, in terms of paying wages, education, or something else. If we
talk about china, there is also gender inequality, mostly it has been increased in labor
market. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_China

Gender inequality in labor market emerged as a significant economic and social problem as
market-oriented reforms unfolded in china. China ranked 40th on the United Nations
development programmers gender inequality index.
There exists inequality in earning of male and female. wages stratification according to
gender has become main issue. A 2013 study found that women are paid 75.4% of what
men are paid averaging 399 Yuan/month compared to 529 Yuan/month for men.
in china women were considered as they cannot develop skills as men do thats why they
paid low wages at their work place.in networking evening programs their management only
encourages male so thats why females entrepreneurs are frequently discouraged from
uncomfortable attending these networking evenings. Women were forced to retire at
younger age than men, age defined by government of china is 5-year earlier retirement of
women than men. There is discrimination in hiring of employs and there are 2 type of
discrimination regarding inequality, one is explicit and another is hidden gender
discrimination.
Explicit gender discrimination refers to directly stated restriction on women in recruitment
process and hidden gender discrimination is like most preferable men for hiring. They
decide that whom they should hire in men, so they see their background, sometime skills
and sources from they came. There exists inequality. Sometime these people defines the
jobs separately for women as well as man, because if we talk about reality, there should be
no discrimination ,inequality. Women can perform better than men in most of the cases.
There is gender inequality in terms of age as well. Women are restricted especially in service
industry for applying job after the 30 age.
ACCORDING TO: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9447637
This paper examines the health status of women in China by reviewing levels and trends of
female mortality at several phases of a woman's life cycle focusing on infancy girlhood,
childbearing and old age. The mortality rates of Chinese women and men are compared for
the period 1950-1990 as are comparisons with women in selected countries. The cause-
specific death rate, expressed as a percentage of all deaths, and the burden of disease,
measured in terms of the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), are used to reflect the
changing patterns of female diseases and causes of deaths. Significant improvement in the
health status of Chinese women since 1950 is widely acknowledged as a major achievement
for a developing country with the largest population in the world, but the differentials in
women's health by region and urban/rural areas are considerable. The Physical Quality of
Life Index (PQLI) indicates that the overall level of physical well-being of Chinese women has
increased in recent decades, but disparity in health between men and women still exists.
The Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) further reveals that China has achieved
significant progress in women's health during the past four decades, but far less has been
achieved with respect to gender equality overall. The final sections of the paper focus on the
discussion of some health problems faced by the female population during the process of
economic reform since the 1980 s. To promote gender equality between women and men,
concerns on women's health care needs are highlighted.
ACCORDING:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953697001275?via%3
Dihub
: This paper examines the health status of women in China by reviewing levels and trends of
female mortality at several phases of a woman's life cycle focusing on infancy, girlhood,
childbearing and old age. The mortality rates of Chinese women and men are compared for
the period 19501990 as are comparisons with women in selected countries. The cause-
specific death rate, expressed as a percentage of all deaths, and the burden of disease,
measured in terms of the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), are used to reflect the
changing patterns of female diseases and causes of deaths. Significant improvement in the
health status of Chinese women since 1950 is widely acknowledged as a major achievement
for a developing country with the largest population in the world, but the differentials in
women's health by region and urban/rural areas are considerable. The Physical Quality of
Life Index (PQLI) indicates that the overall level of physical well-being of Chinese women has
increased in recent decades, but disparity in health between men and women still exists.
The Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) further reveals that China has achieved
significant progress in women's health during the past four decades, but far less has been
achieved with respect to gender equality overall.

POLLUTION and POVERTY ISSUES IN CHINA:

A draft of a 2007 combined World Bank and SEPA report stated that up to 760,000 people
died prematurely each year in China because of air and water pollution. High levels of air
pollution in China's cities caused to 350,000-400,000 premature deaths. ... It is managing to
reduce air and water pollution.
Industrialization has caused China to face many environmental issues such as water and air
pollution which have affect health of people.
Pollution statistics:
Soil contamination and Peoples Republic of China
Increasing immense pollution of China since 1980 has created soil contamination. The State
Environmental Protection Administration believes it poses great threat to environment,
food safety and agriculture. 38,610 square miles (100,000 km2) of Chinas cultivated land
have been polluted, with contaminated water being used to irrigate a further 31.5 million
miles (21,670 km2.) and another 2 million miles (1,300 km2) have been covered or destroyed
by solid waste. Estimates 6 million of tones of grains are contaminated by the heavy metal
every consecutive year leading damage of 29 billion yuan (US$2.57 billion). Different metals
including copper mercury, lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium, and zinc affecting human
metabolism seriously. Ingestion, contact through skin, diet through the soil-food chain,
respiratory intake, and oral intake can be the absorption mechanism for the toxic
substances to influence human beings. The concentration effect of the food chain can be
another indirect pathway to reach human beings. In addition, soil contamination by heavy
metals conveys an often overlooked but no less critical threat to food security of China.
Waste:
Increasing waste of production, inefficient recycling technology and lack of awareness
threatened Chinas sustainability and health. In 2012 the waste generation was 300 million
tons. Previously in 2008, giving plastic bags were prohibited in shopping malls,
supermarkets, department store and stores to encourage people to use cloth bags that
were used in ancient times. Production and sale of plastic bags and ultra-thin plastic bags,
those less than 0.025 millimeters (0.00098 in) thick were banned in the country. The state
council called for to return to the cloth bags and shopping baskets. But the paper and
plastics bags use continued in restaurants for taking out food and in shopping and the ban
did not affect that much. A survey by the International Food Packaging Association found
that in the year after the ban was implemented, 10 percent fewer plastic bags found their
way into the garbage.
Electronic waste:
In 2011, China produced 2.3 million tons of electronic waste. The amount is expected to
grow as much as the economy grows. In addition to domestic waste production, large
amounts of electronic waste are imported from overseas. Legislation banning importation of
electronic waste and requiring proper disposal of domestic waste has recently been
introduced, but has been criticized as insufficient and susceptible to fraud. There have been
local successes, such as in the city of Tianjin where 38,000 tons of electronic waste were
disposed of properly in 2010, but much electronic waste is still improperly handled.
Industrial pollution
In 1997 World Bank issued report that China had policy of industrial pollution. The report
stated hundreds of premature deaths and serious respiratory issues due to industrial air
pollution. Several highways are unfit for human use because of industrial discharges.
However, the report did acknowledge that environmental regulations and industrial reforms
had had some effect. It was determined that continued environmental reforms were likely
to have a large effect on reducing industrial pollution. In a 2007 article about China's
pollution problem, the New York Times stated that "Environmental degradation is now so
severe, with such stark domestic and international repercussions, that pollution poses not
only a major long-term burden on the Chinese public but also an acute political challenge to
the ruling Communist Party."
The article's main points included:
1. Per the Chinese Ministry of Health, industrial pollution has made cancer Chinas
leading cause of death.
2. Every year, ambient air pollution alone killed hundreds of thousands of citizens.
3. 500 million people in China are without safe and clean drinking water.
4. Only 1% of the countrys 560 million city dwellers breathe air considered safe by the
European Union, because all of its major cities are constantly covered in a "toxic gray
shroud". Before and during the 2008 Summer Olympics, Beijing was "frantically
searching for a magic formula, a meteorological dues ex Machina, to clear its skies
for the 2008 Olympics."[14]
5. Lead poisoning or other types of local pollution continue to kill many Chinese
children.
6. A large section of the ocean is without marine life because of massive algal blooms
caused by the high nutrients in the water.
7. The pollution has spread internationally: sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides fall as
acid rain on Seoul, South Korea, and Tokyo; and per the Journal of Geophysical
Research, the pollution even reaches Los Angeles in the USA.
8. The Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning in 2003 produced an unpublished
internal report which estimated that 300,000 people die each year from ambient air
pollution, mostly of heart disease and lung cancer.
9. Chinese environmental experts in 2005 issued another report, estimating that annual
premature deaths attributable to outdoor air pollution were likely to reach 380,000
in 2010 and 550,000 in 2020.
10. A 2007 World Bank report conducted with China's national environmental agency
found that "[...] outdoor air pollution was already causing 350,000 to 400,000
premature deaths a year. Indoor pollution contributed to the deaths of an additional
300,000 people, while 60,000 died from diarrhea, bladder and stomach cancer and
other diseases that can be caused by water-borne pollution." World Bank officials
said "Chinas environmental agency insisted that the health statistics be removed
from the published version of the report, citing the possible impact on 'social
stability'".
 Water pollution:
The water resources of China are affected badly by water shortage and water pollution.
Water demand and water pollution have increased reason of increasing population, rapid
economic growth, lax environmental oversight. 19% water in river has been polluted that
hinder to meet the water consumption demand. A survey showed that 878 of rivers have
been contaminated 80 % somewhat. In addition, over 20 waterways for irrigation have been
become unsuitable for agriculture. In response, China has taken measures such as rapidly
building out the water infrastructure and increased regulation as well as exploring several
further technological solutions.
Air pollution
Air pollution is the major issue in China that poses great threat to health. In 2016, only 84
out of 338 prefecture-level (administrative division of the People's Republic of China (PRC),
ranking below a province and above a county) or higher cities attained the national standard
for air quality. Sulphur Oxide emission peaked in 2006 but declined in 2008 comparatively to
2006 along with the reduction in acid rains. Large-scale use of formaldehyde in make home
building products in construction and furniture also contributes to indoor air pollution.

2015 Air pollution in Beijing as measured by Air Quality Index (AQI)

Severely Polluted
Heavily Polluted
Moderately Polluted
Lightly Polluted
Good
Excellent

Impacts of pollution:
A 2006 Chinese green gross domestic product estimate stated that pollution in 2004
cost 3.05% of the nation's economy.[
A 2007 World Bank and SEPA report estimated the cost of water and air pollution in
2003 to 2.68% or 5.78% of GDP depending on if using a Chinese or a Western
method of calculation.
A 2009 review stated a range of 210% of GDP.
A 2012 study stated that pollution had little effect on economic growth which in
China's case was largely dependent on physical capital expansion and increased
 energy consumption due to the dependency on manufacturing and heavy industries.
China was predicted to continue to grow using energy-inefficient and polluting
industries. While growth may continue, the rewards of this growth may be opposed
by the harm from the pollution unless environmental protection is increased.
A 2015 study from the non-profit organization Berkeley Earth estimated that 1.6
million people in China die each year from heart, lung and stroke problems because
of polluted air.
Government role in response to pollution:
China government in response to pollution is devising stricter regulations, issuing action
plan to reduce it. Policies are being implemented to prevent the threat of pollution.
On 20 August 2015, ahead of the 70th-anniversary celebrations of the end of World War II,
the Beijing government shut down industrial facilities and reduced car emissions in order to
achieve a "Parade Blue" sky for the occasion. This action resulted in PM2.5 concentration
lower than the 35 g/m3 national air quality standard,[49] according to data from Beijing
Municipal Environmental Protection Monitoring Centre (BMEMC). The restrictions resulted
in an average Beijing PM2.5 concentration of 19.5 g/m3, the lowest that had ever been on
record in the capital.
China government is focusing on other resources of energy such as hydro, compressed
natural gas and nuclear.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_in_China

Poverty in China:
The World Bank began tracking poverty in China in 1981. In that year, 88.3 percent of
Chinas population lived on less than $1.90 a day (roughly 870 million people). Push the
threshold up a little bit and poverty in China was even more striking: 99.1 percent of Chinas
population lived on less than $3.10 a day (over 980 million people).
Since initiating market reforms in 1978, China has shifted from a centrally-planned to a
market-based economy and has experienced rapid economic and social development. GDP
growth has averaged nearly 10 percent a yearthe fastest sustained expansion by a major
economy in historyand has lifted more than 800 million people out of poverty. China
reached all the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 and made a major
contribution to the achievement of the MDGs globally. Although Chinas GDP growth has
gradually showed since 2012, it is still impressive by current global standards.
With a population of 1.3 billion, China is the second largest economy and is increasingly
playing an important and influential role in development and in the global economy. China
has been the largest contributor to world growth since the global financial crisis of 2008.
Yet China remains a developing country (its per capita income is still a fraction of that in
advanced countries) and its market reforms are incomplete. According to Chinas current
poverty standard (per capita rural net income of RMB 2,300 per year in 2010 constant
prices), there were 55 million poor in rural areas in 2015.
Rapid economic ascendance has brought on many challenges as well, including high
inequality; rapid urbanization; challenges to environmental sustainability; and external
imbalances. China also faces demographic pressures related to an aging population and the
internal migration of labor.
Significant policy adjustments are required for Chinas growth to be sustainable. Experience
shows that transitioning from middle-income to high-income status can be more difficult
than moving up from low to middle income.
Chinas 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) and the newly approved 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-
2020) forcefully address these issues. They highlight the development of services and
measures to address environmental and social imbalances, setting targets to reduce
pollution, to increase energy efficiency, to improve access to education and healthcare, and
to expand social protection. The annual growth target in the 12 th Five-Year Plan was 7
percent and the growth target in the 13th Five-Year Plan is 6.5 percent, reflecting the
rebalancing of the economy and the focus on the quality of growth while still maintaining
the objective of achieving a moderately prosperous society by 2020 (doubling GDP for
2010-2020).

MOST of Tian Shuangs relatives are herding goats in the barren hills of Ningxia province,
one of the poorest parts of western China. But last year Mr. Tian came down to Mining, a
small town in the valley, when the local government, as part of an anti-poverty
programmer, gave him a job growing mushrooms and ornamental plants in a commercial
nursery garden. His name, address and income (20,000 yuan a year, or $2,900six times
the minimum wage) are written on a board by its greenhouse door.
Mr. Tians name is also pinned up on the walls of the town hall, along with those of 409
other people in the area who, without help, would be living below the local poverty line of
3,200 yuan a year (this is about 40% above the national minimum, but still not enough to
buy meat more than once a week, or to spend on new clothes). The town lists the problems
and requirements of each of its poor people. Thirty-seven are poor because of health
problems; 77including some of Mr. Tians relativeslive in isolated, inhospitable areas; 95
are physically handicapped, and so on. Also listed is the help given by the government to
each person, such as the provision of work, a solar generator or a cow.
Mining is a model town. Its poverty-alleviation scheme was set up by Xi Jinping, Chinas
president, between 1999 and 2002 when he was governor of Fujian, a wealthy province in
the south. (Fujian is twinned with Ningxia as part of a national attempt to spread expertise
and money from rich to poor areas.) The system that Mining pioneered is now spreading
throughout China. It focuses on poor individuals, and on drawing up specific plans for each,
rather than merely helping poor places to develop in the hope that wealth will trickle down
to the poorest. Other countries are trying this, too, but China is one of the few developing
nations with a bureaucracy big enough and bossy enough to do it well.
China has been a hero of the worlds poverty-reduction efforts. It has eradicated poverty in
cities (by its definition, at least) and reduced the number of rural people below the official
poverty line of 2,300 yuan a year at 2010 prices from 775m in 1980 to 43m in 2016 (see
chart). Its aim now is to have no one under the line by 2020.
Still, there is a long way to go: most poor households still do not get dibao money. In the
sample studied by Mr. Westmore, three-quarters of them did not. It hardly helps that the
poverty registry and dibao data are kept by different government departments; the two are
not linked.
The dibao programme, though financed largely by the national government, is administered
locally. This means local areas may set their own poverty lines and benefits. Some
thresholds are far below the national minimum, and payments are barely enough to live on.
Total dibao spending peaked in 2013 and has been falling since thenpartly because
governments are getting stingier. China spends a mere 0.2% of GDP on the dibao system, far
below comparable programmes elsewhere. Indonesias poverty relief costs 0.5% of GDP.
Worse, some poor people are not even included in the registry. In a village of 100 poor
households in Shanxi province, only ten families are in itfriends of the party boss. If the
registry is flawed, poverty relief is more likely to be flawed too.
All these efforts are aimed only at extreme poverty in the countryside. The government
claims the urban kind does not exist, i.e., that no one in cities has less than 2,300 yuan a
year. But that minimum is too low for cities, where living costs are higher. Using more
realistic thresholds, Mr. Westmore found that urban poverty was higher than rural poverty
in four of the five provinces covered by the data he used.
At current rates of reduction (more than 10m fewer people annually in extreme poverty),
Mr. Xi should be able meet his target by 2020. It will be hailed as a great achievement. But
huge government effort will still be needed to help the worse-off. It will not be the end of
poverty in China.
Speaking with CNBC's "Capital Connection" on Monday, Donaldson said solving the problem
of Chinese poverty is likely to be high on the agenda for the current administration in
Beijing.
"It may not look like a lot, percentage-wise. But, because of the size of China, it's still an
awful lot of people. And so, we're talking about tens of millions, or even, you know, the high
tens of millions, depending on the way that you measure poverty, that are remaining to be
removed," Donaldson said.
While industrialization has played a significant role in lifting many Chinese citizens out of
poverty, Donaldson said the importance of rural development should not be overlooked.
Citing former Chinese president Hu Jintao's introduction of healthcare and education to
rural areas, Donaldson said such initiatives give citizens the option of remaining in rural
areas rather than shifting to megalopolises in search of a better life.
China facts: POOR & POVERTY STATISTICS

China has about 150 million people living below the United Nations poverty line of one US
dollar a day.
[ Wikipedia Income Inequality in China; China Development Research Foundation Feb
2011 report ]

Nearly 500 million Chinese people live on less than $2 a day.

[ BBC News Millions left behind in rural China May 12, 2010 ]

85% of Chinas poor live in rural areas, with about 66% concentrated in the countrys west.
[China Development Research Foundation Feb 2011 report ]
99% of Chinas poor live in or come from rural areas, according to national statistics, which
count migrant workers in cities among the rural, not urban poor. Even if migrant workers
are excluded from the rural population, 90% of poverty is still rural.
[ Wall Street Journal Facts About Poverty in China Challenge Conventional Wisdom April
13, 2009]

HEALTH ISSUES IN CHINA:

HISTORY:
An emphasis on public health and preventive treatment characterized health policy from
the beginning of the 1950s. At that time the party began to mobilize the population to
engage in mass patriotic health campaigns aimed at improving the low level of
environmental sanitation and hygiene and attacking certain diseases. One of the best
examples of this approach was the mass assaults on the four pests-rats, sparrows, flies,
and mosquitoes-and Schistosoma carrying snails. Efforts have been devoted to improve
preventive measures and to improve water quality and save life.
Because of preventive efforts, such epidemic diseases as cholera, bubonic plague, typhoid
fever, and sarlet fever have almost been eradicated. The mass mobilization approach
proved successful in the fight against syphilis, which was reportedly eliminated by 1960s.
The incidence of other infectious and parasitic diseases was reduced and controlled.
Barefoot doctors were a good contribution to primary health systems in China during the
Cultural Revolution (19641976). It encompasses all principles stated in primary health
care. Community participation is possible because the team is composed from village health
workers in the area. Theres equity because it was more available and combined western
and tradition medicines. Intersectoral coordination is achieved by preventative measures
rather than curative. Lastly, its comprehensive using rural practices rather than urban ones.
The "barefoot doctor system" was based in the people's communes. With the
disappearance of the people's communes, the barefoot doctor system lost its base and
funding. The decollectivization of agriculture resulted in a decreased desire on the part of
the rural populations to support the collective welfare system, of which health care was a
part. In 1984 surveys showed that only 40 to 45 percent of the rural population was covered
by an organized cooperative medical system, as compared with 80 to 90 percent in 1979.
The lack for the financial resources for the cooperatives resulted in a decrease in number of
barefoot doctors which meant that health education and primary and home care suffered
and that in some villages sanitation and water supplies were checked less frequently.
Consequently, in the post-Map era pf modernization, the rural areas were focused to adapt
a changing health care environment. Many barefoot doctors went into private practice,
operating on fee-for-service basis for medication they were charging money. But soon
farmers demanded better medical services as the result of their income increased, by
passing the barefoot doctors and going straight to the commune health centers or country
hospitals. Several barefoot doctors left their profession they thought they could earn more
from farming and could live a better life they replaced their services. Many of the
cooperative medical programs collapsed. Farmers in some brigades established voluntary
health-insurance programs but had difficulty organizing and administering them.
Despite the decline of the public health care system during the first decade of the reform
era, Chinese health improved sharply because of greatly improved nutrition, especially in
rural areas, and the recovery of the epidemic control system, which had been neglected
during the Cultural Revolution
Major indicators of health
Since 1949, China had a huge improvement in population's health. There are health related
parameters:
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2011
Life expectancy 41.6 31.6 62.7 66.1 69.5 72.1 75.0
Total Fertility Rate 5.3 4.3 5.7 2.3 2.5 1.5 1.7
Infant Mortality Rate 195.0 190.0 79.0 47.2 42.2 30.2 12.9
Under 5 Mortality Rate/Child mortality 317.1 309.0 111 61.3 54.0 36.9 14.9
Maternal Mortality Ratio 164.5 88.0 57.5 26.5

MEDICAL ISSUED IN CHINA:

SMOKING:
Smoking related illnesses killed 1.2 million in the People's Republic of China; however, the
state tobacco monopoly, the China National Tobacco Corporation, supplies 7 to 10% of
government revenues, as of 2011, 600 billion yuan, about 100 billion US dollars.
SARS( SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME):
It is CHINAs first highly contagious disease occurred in Guangdong in November 2002, and
within three months the Ministry of Health reported 300 SARS cases and five deaths in the
province. Dr. Jiang Yanyong exposed the level of danger the SARS outbreak posed to
China. By May 2003, some 8,000 cases of SARS had been reported worldwide; about 66
percent of the cases and 349 deaths occurred in China alone. By early summer 2003,
the SARS epidemic had ceased. A vaccine was developed and first-round testing
on human volunteers completed in 2004. Obsessive secrecy seriously delayed the isolation
of SARS by Chinese scientists. On 18 May 2004, the World Health Organization announced
the PRC free of further cases of SARS.
HEPATITIS B:
Hepatitis B is endemic in China. Of the 350 million individuals worldwide infected with
the hepatitis B virus (HBV), one-third reside in China. As of 2006 China has immunized 11.1
million children in its poorest provinces as part of several programs initiated by the Chinese
government and as part of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI).
However, the effects of these programs have yet to reach levels of immunization that would
limit the spread of hepatitis B effectively.
HIV AND AIDS:
The AIDS disaster of Henan in the mid-1990s is estimated to be the largest man-made health
catastrophe, affecting five-hundred thousand to one million persons. It was also
in Hebei, Anhui, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hubei and Guizhou.[13] HIV was transmitted via blood sale.
Blood plasma mixture from several persons was returned so that same person could give
blood up to 11 times a day. The disaster was only recognized in 2000 and found out abroad
in 2001. Pensioner Gao Yaojie sold her house to deliver data leaflets of HIV to people, while
officials tried to prevent her. Some local officials and politicians were involved in the blood
sale. In 2003 only 2.6% of Chinese knew that what could protect from AIDS.
As of 2005 about 1 million Chinese have been infected with HIV, leading to about 150,000
AIDS deaths. Projections are for about 10 million cases by 2010 if nothing is done. Effective
preventive measures have become a priority at the highest levels of the government, but
progress is slow. A promising pilot program exists in Gejiu partially funded by international
donors.
TUBERCLOSIS:
Tuberculosis is a major public health problem in China, which has the world's second
largest tuberculosis epidemic (after India). Progress in tuberculosis control was slow during
the 1990s. Detection of tuberculosis had stagnated at around 30% of the estimated total of
new cases, and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis was a major problem. These signs of
inadequate tuberculosis control can be linked to a malfunctioning health system.
Prevalent smoking aggravates its spread.
LEPROSY:
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, was officially eliminated at the national level in
China by 1982, meaning prevalence is lower than 1 in 100,000. There are 3,510 active cases
today. Though leprosy has been brought under control in general, the situation in some
areas is worsening, according to Chinas Ministry of Health.
MENTAL HEALTH:
100 million Chinese people have mental illnesses that are varying degrees of
intensity.[21] Currently, dilemmas such as human rights versus political control, community
integration versus community control, diversity versus centrally, huge demand but
inadequate services seem to challenge the further development of the mental health
service in the PRC. China has 17,000 certified psychologists, which is ten percent of that of
other developed countries per capita but no as such improvement in mental health has
been noticed yet.
MALNUTRITION AMONG RURAL CHILDREN:
China has been developing rapidly for the past 30 years. Though it has uplifted a huge
number of people out of poverty, many social issues remain unsolved. One of them is
malnutrition among rural children in China. The problem has diminished but remains a
pertinent national issue. In a survey done in 1998, the stunting rate among children in China
was 22 percent and was as high as 46 percent in poor provinces. A survey conducted by
Chinas Ministry of Health showed the kind of food consumed by rural households. 30
percent consume meat less than once a month. 23 percent consume rice or egg less than
once a month.
In a 2008 Report on Chinese Children Nutrition and Health Conditions, West China still has
7.6 million poor children who were shorter and weigh lesser than urban children. These
rural children were also shorter by 4 centimeters and 0.6 kilograms lighter than World
Health Organization standards. It can be concluded that children in West China still lack
quality nutrition.
HYGEINE AND SANITATION:
By 2002, 92 percent of the urban population and 8 percent of the rural population had
access to an improved water supply, and 69 percent of the urban population and 32 percent
of the rural population had access to improved sanitation facilities.
The lack of sanitation in multiple areas of China has affected many student for decades. An
absence of modern day toilets and hand washing areas have directly affected students
nationwide. The lack of reliable drinking water and sanitation areas, along with many others
health issues, has directly led to 1/3 of young students in China having intestinal parasites.
The Patriotic Health Campaign, first started in the 1950s, are campaigns aimed to
improve sanitation and hygiene in China. UNICEF also plans to incorporate government
programs and policies to improve normal health standards in China. The programs and
policies are used to teach students about basic hygiene and form campaigns encouraging
people to wash their hands with soap instead of water only.
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3027088/A-Human-Harvest-Chinas-organ-trafficking-exposed-shocking-
documentary-alleges-illegal-trade-worth-staggering-1-billion-year.html#ixzz4tWQfwNEB
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