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INCEPTION REPORT

Digital Maps of Roads and Bridges of Punjab

CENTRE FOR COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING


PUNJAB ENGINEEING COLLEGE
October 10, 2007

Contents PageNo.

1. Introduction 1

2. ProjectAppreciation 4

3. ProfessionalsStaffListingandInteractionwiththeClient/VariousAgencies 10

4. ApproachandMethodology 12

5. DesignStandards 19

6. WorkProgramme,ManningScheduleandTaskAssignment 24

7. Proformaforsurveydatacollection 27

Inception Report Digital Maps of Roads and Bridges of Punjab

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND


Government of Punjab through the Government of India has got the
assistance of the World Bank for the improvement and efficient
management of State Highways, and other District Roads. For this a
Geographic information system development has been planned to facilitate
a repository for hosting and dissemination of the data of roads and bridges
network across the state of Punjab.
Punjab Roads and Bridges Development Board (PRBDB) has been entrusted
with the implementation of the statewide project and is the executing
agency for the consultancy services and the high standards of output is
required from the appointed consultants within agreed time frame.
1.2 CONSULTANCY SERVICES
In pursuance of the above, Centre for Computational Engineering (CCE),
Punjab Engineering college, Chandigarh have been appointed as
Consultants to carry out the preparation of detailed project report for the
development of GIS of roads and bridges. The agreement between PRBDB
and the consultants was signed on 25th July 2007.The start up meeting
between the team and the PRBDB was held on 2nd Aug 2007 and
accordingly the services were commenced on 2nd Aug 2007.
The scope of consultancy services to be provided is contained in the Terms
of Reference (TOR) of the consultancy which is part of the agreement.
The services are targeted to be completed in 6 months from
commencement by 25th January 2008.
1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The consultancy services for preparation of GIS for roads and bridges
network include the entire area of the state of Punjab:-
1. State Highways -1462.00
2. Major District Roads.- 1797.00
3. Other District Roads.- 4164.83
4. Junctions.
5. Bridges.

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The Index Map showing the project roads is placed in Fig. 1.1.

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Executive Summary
Chapter-1 : Introduction
Chapter-2 : Project Appreciation
Chapter-3 : Professionals Staff Listing and interaction
With the Client/Various Agencies
Chapter-4 : Approach and Methodology
Chapter-5 : Design Standards
Chapter-6 : Work Programme, Manning Schedule and Task
Assignment
Chapter-7 : Proforma for Data Collection

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2. PROJECT APPRECIATION

PROJECT INFLUENCE AREA


The Project Digital Maps of Roads and Bridges area of interest is entire
State of Punjab. Punjab is one of the most prosperous state of India.
Situated in the north western corner of the country, Punjab is bound on the
west by Pakistan, on north by Jammu and Kashmir, on north east Himachal
Pradesh and on south by Haryana and Rajasthan.
Covering an area of 50, 360 sq km, Punjab has a population of 24.29
million as per 2001 census, of which 33% is urban. It is divided into 4
divisions, 17 districts, 72 sub divisions and 141 blocks. The famous and
modern city of Chandigarh is its capital. The decadal growth rate of
population between 1991 and 2001 is 20 per cent and is less than the
national decadal growth of 21.34 per cent. The state has the population
density of 482 persons per sq km and has a literacy rate of 69.95 per cent.
Agriculture is the mainstay of Punjabs economy. Nearly 86 per cent of the
total geographical area of the State is under cultivation. Punjab alone
contributes about 51 per cent of rice and wheat to the central pool.
Punjab has the distinction of being the first few states to have achieved
road connectivity to 100 percent villages. Punjab has developed a network
of about 60000 km of roads, all of which are surfaced. District Jalandar has
the highest road density (183 km per 100 sq km) while district Mansah as
the lowest density of (79 km per 100 sq km).
For better efficient management and seamless information dissemination
the project Digital maps of roads and bridges of Punjab has been
conceived.

2.2 PROJECT ROADS and BRIDGES

Any project based on development of a GIS needs the geographic data


first, being the backbone of the project. In the case of the state of Punjab
the major part of the state falls under the category of restricted area (Fig -
3). Therefore the permission for the data procurement and use has been
requested from the Survey of India and various other legal bodies for
granting the necessary permissions.

Establishment of a centrally managed GIS repository for data integration


and dissemination of a large area network of Roads (Fig -2) and Bridges of
Punjab require a well developed system capable of holding and
incorporating large geographical datasets.

The project aims to develop a seamless Digital Map using the GIS
technology. The Objective and scope of the Project are:-

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Objective: Create a Digital base Map of Roads and Bridges in the State of
Punjab for 9200 Kms approx:

National Highways
State Highways
District Roads
And Other District Roads

Scope includes
Spatial Data and
Aspatial data

of Roads and Bridges for inputs to Road Information System

The GIS will be capable of holding large datasets and compatible with other
existing GIS, if any in the Department. Also the Digital maps submitted on
the project completion will be entirely compatible to be transformed to an
Internet based GIS system.

The Digital Map will consist of various Geospatial datasets procured from
different governing bodies and overlayed on each other in a perfect
overlay. The Perfect overlay will be achieved with the help of an accurately
matched Projection system and coordinate system. The Projection system
in this case will be UTM WGS84 thus following the guidelines of the Map
Policy of Survey of India.

The combination of the various Geographic Datasets of the Different Layers in


the GIS will be:-

1. Survey of India 1:25000 Digital Toposheets.


2. Cartosat Satellite Rectified Images of 2.5 Mtr PAN Sensor
Datasets.
3. Updated vector Layers (several new digitized features, missing
in the SOI digital sheets).
4. Attribute Data.
5. Field Survey tabular data.
6. Other Tabular Datasets from departmental registers.

The Project will be entirely developed on a ESRI ARCGIS software, six


copies of this software is already with the department. Therefore all the
information consisting of Spatial and Non-spatial Datasets will be bounded
by a Topology. Also the datasets consisting of Tabular data, attained by
Field survey or attached to the vector data will be stored in an ESRI
Geodatabase.

The Geodatabase being the central database (repository) of the entire


Spatial and Non-spatial data of the Project. This Geodatabase can also be
used for remote access and management through a remotely accessible
RDBMS package.

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The Geodatabase discussed here is a Personal Geodatabase.

The various Attributes to be included for the Roads are:-

1. Road Code
2. Name of road.
3. Length
4. Classification (category)
5. Carriageway width and Berms
6. Road condition (Roughness)
7. Soil Type (CBR)
8. Right of Way
9. Jurisdiction
10. No. of carriageways
11. Date and type of last improvement
12. Maintenance cost / year (previous FY)
13. Accident Data
14. No. of lanes
15. Paved Walkway / side-roads
16. Pavement Structure: depth of granular portion, depth of bituminous
portion.

The various Attributes to be included for the Bridges are:-

1. Name of Bridge (Km / no. of structures) & local name, if any


2. Location / Chainage (with direction Up/Down)
3. Span arrangement
4. Carriageway / no. of lanes
5. Width of the Bridge and footpath
6. Type (Brick masonry, RCC, steel, wooden)
7. Condition of the Bridge
8. Name of stream or river or Railway line or Road
9. Type & condition of bearings
10. Type of expansion joints
11. Type of foundation
12. Type of Pavement (Raised kerb + footpath)
13. Type of Protection Works
14. Services being carried
15. Year of construction
16. Capital Cost incurred
17. Design loading
18. Jurisdiction details
19. Contractual agency + Execution Division
20. Maintenance cost / year (for previous year)
21. Type of Railing
22. Condition of Railing
23. City Drain details
1. Width of open channel or number and dia of pipes,
2. Condition,
3. Peak hours,
4. Highest level of flow reached in the past,

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5. Associated junction (if any)

The various Attributes to be included for the Junctions are:-

1. Name of Junction & local name, if any


2. Level of Junction (Grade separator, same grade, level crossing, etc.)
3. Type of Junction (legs: two, four, staggered, rotaries, railway)
4. Location / Chainage (with direction Up/Down)
5. Traffic details
6. Electrification (Light masts / lighting)
7. Signalized
8. Time counters
9. Height of signals
10. Accident data

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Fig .2 Map showing the Major Road network of Punjab

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Fig 3 Map Showing the Survey of India (Unrestricted) 1:50k Toposheet


Layout on the State of Punjab

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3. PROFESSIONALS STAFF LISTING AND INTERACTION


WITH THE CLIENT/VARIOUS AGENCIES

3.1 COMMENCEMENT
The agreement for the consultancy services was signed on 25/07/2007 and
the consultancy services were commenced on 01/Aug/2007, the date on
which the start up meeting between the team of the consultants and the
officers of the Punjab Roads and Bridges Development Board (PRBDB) was
held.
3.2 STAFFING
The following members of the consultants team have been finalized for
the:
3.2.1 Key Professionals

Sl.
Position Name Task
No.
1. TEAM LEADER Dr. S.C DHAWAN Management, Design
And Work Flow
2. PROJECT HEAD Mr. VINAY MEHTA Project Execution,
Quality Checks,
Delivery Checks

The following/Additional Professionals are proposed against following


positions which were indicated as to be named.
3.2.2 Additional Professionals

Sl. Position Name Qualification Experience


No.

1. GROUP LEADER Mr. Vipul Soni M.Sc (c.s), PGD 2.5 yrs
Geoinformatics

2. GIS ENGINEER Mr. Sunil Kumar M.Sc (Geog) 2 yrs


PGD RS & GIS

3. GIS ENGINEER Mr. Manu Sharma M.Sc (Geo), PGD 2.5 yrs
Geoinformatics

4. GIS ENGINEER Mr. Kunal Gupta B.Sc (c.s), ESRI 2.5 yrs
Trained

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3.3 PROJECT OFFICE


The Project Execution office will be the GIS Lab of Centre for Computational
Engineering (CCE), Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh. All staff
required working on the project directly and the support staff will be
stationed here for the entire duration of the project completion.

3.4 INTERACTION WITH PRBDB


Interaction with PRBDB and PWD B&R branch offices will be done
mainly by Mr. Vinay Mehta, Project Head.

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4. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

4.1 GENERAL APPROACH


Based on the objectives and scope of Consultancy Services, an
appropriate approach and methodology was developed in the technical
proposal. The same has been reviewed and updated based on contract
negotiation and the site visit and reconnaissance and is discussed in
the succeeding paras so as to address the various issues involved in
the project.
It has been proposed to adopt a TASK APPROACH to carry out the
entire work comprehensively and accurately to the complete
satisfaction of the Client
The assignment has been broken in to different TASKS as indicated in

Table 4.1. The methodology of each task has been described in the
Technical Proposal. The detailed methodology of principal activities only
has been discussed subsequently.

Table 4.1: List of Tasks


Task TOR
Description
No. Reference
Task Group-I Awareness and Expectation Drive
101 CCE Team visit at the Field Offices for the II-3-I
Requirement Awareness to the Department
Staff
102 Assessment of Department Staff Expectations II-3-I
with Project Deliverables
103 Conducting one-day workshops with II-3-I
department officers at 4-5 locations
Task Group-II : System Documentation
201 Preparation of Software Requirements II-3-II
Specifications
202 Preparation of Software Design Document II-3-II
203 Submission to the department for II-3-II
modifications
Task Group III : Digital Data Usage
301 Procurement of Survey of India Digital data II-3-III & IV
of 1:25000 Sheets
302 Procurement of Cartosat Satellite Images II-3-III
303 Arrive at a process to decrease the error II-3-III
between the Image and Survey of India
digitized sheet
304 Arrive at a process to geo-reference the II-3-III
image using GPS data assuming Survey of
India digitized sheet to be correct in

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Task TOR
Description
No. Reference
coordinates
Task Group-IV : Digitization
401 Training to Field Office personnel for Ground III-3
Verification of actual condition and location of
Roads and Bridges
402 Field Office personnel will be allotted 1:25k / III-3
36 parts of Toposheets on A3 size for Field
Verification and Map Marking of new features
403 Collating the Information received from PWD III-3
B&R
404 Updation and Addition of various other useful III-3
features not found in the Survey of India
sheets but visible on the Cartosat Images
405 Resolving any Conflicts in the data received III-3
406 Quality Checks of the data received III-3
TASK GROUP V : Annotation Updation
501 Features extracted / digitized from Cartosat II-3-VI
will be assigned Annotations according to the
Survey of India standards
502 Quality Checks on the Updation Process II-3-VI
TASK GROUP VI : Marking of Boundaries and Data Creation
601 Marking / Addition of new boundaries like II-3-VII
Constituency , Block Boundaries from Village
Boundaries
602 Marking / Addition of new department zones II-3-VII
from department maps
603 Development of a small and easy Data Entry II-3-VIII
program for data Entry of Attributes
604 Quality Checks of the Data Entry done II-3-VIII
605 Addition or Updation of other additionally II-3-VIII
required Attribute Data
606 Develop / identify processes for regular II-3-VIII
updates
TASK GROUP VII : Dynamic Segmentation
701 Dynamic Segmentation of roads, the size of II-3-IX
the road to be segmented to be decided after
Requirement Analysis and the availability of
the data with the Department
702 Development of a program for data entry of II-3-IX
dynamic segmentation of roads
703 Analysis and Quality Checks of the data II-3-IX
received from the data entry software, by the
department

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Task TOR
Description
No. Reference
TASK GROUP VIII : Geocoding and Data II-3-X
Updation
801 Normalization of the tabular data received II-3-X
from the department
802 Geocoding of the data with the GIS data II-3-X
TASK GROUP IX : Query System Development
and Training
901 Development of a Query System and Custom III-1
Report Generation Application integrated with
a Primary GIS Software
902 Training of the Department Staff for software III-1
use and query the application
903 Final Updation Checks in the Data to be III-1
Supplied

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4.2 METHODOLOGY
The detailed methodology of only principal activities is described below.

4.2.1 Process Brief


The processes related to the mapping component of the project are
explained in brief here.
4.2.1.1 Data Procurement
o Procuring the Cartosat 2.5 m resolution PAN sensor data.
o Procuring the Survey of India digitized Toposheets for entire Punjab
state.
4.2.1.2 Data Geo-Referencing and Survey of India Vector data usage
o Georeferencing and Rectification of the Cartosat Images.
o Use of Digitized roads, bridges and other required data from Digital
Survey of India topo sheets.
4.2.1.3 Updation of the Survey of India Digital Data
o Rework on the spatial data to attach additional Attribute fields.
o Quality check at various known points on ground as per the department
to see the relevance of the data.
4.2.1.4 Field Survey and Procurring Additional Attribute Data
o Survey of the field area to update the data with latest ground
information.
o Procuring attribute data and dynamic segmentation data from the
department for random checking and Updation.
4.2.1.5 Updation of the Data procured from field survey and additional
attribute data supplied by the Department
o Dynamic segmentation of the roads data.
o Geo-Coding of the attribute data of roads and bridges with respective
locations.
4.2.1.6 Development of a Query system and Software training
o Development of query system software running on the primary software
for easy usage of maps created and custom queries on the attribute data
fed.
o Training of PRBDB and other user staff on the use of Digital Maps and the
custom Query System.
4.2.2 Work Flow
4.2.2.1 A brief Work Flow of the Entire process is given here
a. Digitized Survey of India Topo Sheets
b. Taking Hard-Copy printouts on A3 size sheets as per Operating
Procedure

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c. Verification of the Ground Information by PWD B&R


d. Collating the information received from PWD B&R
e. Resolving conflicts in the information received
f. Digitizing the information received with local coordinates provided by
field staff
g. Taking the printout and final verification duly signed
h. Building up the sheet by sheet 1:25000

4.2.3 Operating Procedure


In a pilot study done by CCE, it has been found that one fourth of one
block of 1:25000 sheet [one fourth of 230 x 230] can be ground verified
by the field staff in a day. The operating procedure developed to handle this
work as follow:

1. Each 1:25000 Survey of India topo sheet shall be divided into 36 equal
parts.
2. Each part will be printed on A3 Sheet with some overlap with the
adjacent parts
3. The field staff shall be issued the necessary sheets for ground
verification after proper training and instructions.
4. The ground data marked by the staff will be entered in to the separate
copy of digitized Survey of India sheet
5. The differences in the alignment or data will be decided if the imagery
scene is required for such blocks in each sheet
6. Accordingly the scenes shall be acquired
7. The data from the imagery , field and Survey of India sheet shall be
recompiled and entered in to the system
8. This data shall be sent for final verification to the board.
9. The verified data shall be entered in the final digital maps being
prepared.

4.2.4 Logistics Management


The entire logistics of getting the information procured to be verified on
ground (15% of total) shall be done by the CCE with the reimbursable
travel and loading cost as indicated in the cost & other terms indicated at
the end of this proposal.
CCE expects the client to facilitate various steps involved in it in order to
make the logistics functioning smoother with the objective that the data for
the project has to be received and verified in a time-bound manner.
4.2.5 Quality Assurance Quality Checks

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All the work being carried out by CCE under this project will be submitted
to various quality checks by the internal teams of CCE so that error if any
can be brought within the minimal permissible limits.
Various other test cases will be done to check the software performance
and reliability and these will be tested jointly by CCE and PRBDB.
Spatial data generated will be put to quality check at various steps of its
generation and Updation thus complying with the quality assured to PRBDB.
The Quality of maps and the information contained therein shall be
frequently checked to quantify the quality of the data being generated. The
field checks, as indicated elsewhere in the report as well, shall be carried
out on 15% of the data supplied by the department staff. This will ensure
that the data being built in the system us dependable, reliable and can be
used for planning and other purposes.

4.3 Support Services


4.3.1 Maintenance of the system and continuity management
The Digital Maps will be supplied in ESRI format compatible with the
application software already available with the department (ESRI-ARCGIS).
The client and PWD B&R are advised to get the latest version of the
software at their end.
The digital map data has to be maintained and updated as required on a
regular basis, the scope of which shall be finalized subsequently.
PRBDB should ultimately build on this data to develop a Road Management
Information System (RMIS) so that the data can be put into a system of
daily use and easy accessibility for frequent upgrade and suggestions for
improvement through various default processes in the department.
4.3.2 Facilitating the Infrastructure / Capacity building within the client
department
It has been known that most of the software projects are not frequently
accessed for day to day information retrieval or Updation within the
department due various factors like :- Insufficient infrastructure ,
Incomplete Training , Incompatibility with the working process of the
department. In all of the cases mentioned the tool that can be used to
rationally build up the planning process goes missing.
It is therefore the endeavour of CCE teams to encourage and facilitate the
capacity building within the department so that the software is extensively
used. In such a case CCE will help the client with a plan to enhance its
infrastructure like setup of computer labs with components like plotter and
printers especially for the requirements of making the digital maps and
reports easily accessible in hardcopy after analysis. For these mentioned
indications from CCE a report will be submitted.
4.4 Training Program
4.4.1 General
Training is a very fundamental aspect of project implementation in the
department. CCE believes that an extensive training of the department staff

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can help in making the project a huge success and also enhance and
achieve the overall goals set by the department from the project
implementation.
The people who maintain the system on a day to day basis shall be trained
extensively on how to use the maps and query them for productive use in
their day to day work. CCE plans to train 45 officers from PWD department
so that they are able to use the Digital maps on a day to day basis.
4.4.2 Application Operation
The Customized software interface shall be designed on the basis of ease of
use and how much technology know-how the present staffs has. The
operation of the software shall be put in the training manuals and used for
training for the staff in the middle of the project and before hand-holding
and closure period.
4.4.3 Digital Data Maintenance
As discussed above, the maintenance of the data is needed regularly to
keep it clean and usable for effective decision making. Processes and
access shall be mechanized in such a manner so as to follow a particular
procedure to update the data contained in the digital maps. Extensive
training shall be provided to the staff.

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5. DESIGN STANDARDS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.1.1 General
The design of the project on the GIS software used will be based on some
predefined principles. The GIS software used in this project is ARCGIS, hence the
design standards to be followed will be based on the principles laid down by ESRI.
These Specific guidelines will be followed for the data arrangement and layer
management. ARCGIS facilitates a GIS expert in various methods for creation of
perfect maps which are ready for implementation on various other platforms.

5.1.2 The various Map design parameters to be followed for Composition


of the map elements are:-

1. Coordinate systems and specific projections. (in compliance to SOI-Map


Policy guidelines)
2. Layer Management.
3. Creation of Topology.
4. Data joins and relations.
5. Cartographic Principles.
a. Symbology
b. Annotation
c. Thematic details
d. Visual Balance
e. Correct Map Elements
f. Legend Symbology
6. Creation of a Personal Geodatabase.

5.1.2.1 Coordinate systems and Specific Projections

In geographic information system data from different sources can be overlayed


with one another graphically, and associations can be made across them or
between them. This is made possible by spatial referencing systems such as
Latitude and Longitude or projected coordinate systems. In our case the
coordinate system adopted is UTM WGS 84 standard which is known world wide
for its compatibility with on the fly reprojection techniques present in ARCGIS.

5.1.2.2 Layer Management

Layers arrangement in GIS is the first step towards a specific theme of the map to
be developed. The gis data has to be arranged in such a way that It facilitates
easier access through custom queries and better data access.
These layers in Arcmap (arcgis) reference to datasets residing in the computers
file system. The layers are independent of datasets, they are simply linked
through their Source property. In a sense, these layer files are another sort of
metadata that helps us to explain data to others.

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5.1.2.3 Creation of Topology

Topology basically refers the relationship between things, and in the realm of GIS,
Topology refers to the relationship between spatial features or objects. In terms
of functionality, topology is important to GIS in (at least) three important ways:

Topology is necessary for certain spatial functions such as network routing


through linear networks. Here the idea is that if line features do not share
common nodes, that routes can not be established through the network.

Topology can be used to create datasets with better quality control and
greater data integrity. Topology rules can be created so that edits made to
a dataset can be 'validated' and show errors in that dataset. An example
would be the creation of a new manhole/sewer access feature outside a
polygon dataset of road features.

By creating topological relationships between feature classes, features can


be shared across feature classes.

Thus helping in keeping the entire data in an Arcmap document synchronized.

5.1.2.4 Data Joins and Relations

Tabular Datasets which are acquired from some field survey or are supplied from
some accumulated log files and has to be attached to the GIS for query purposes
can be connected to a GIS with the help of a Joins and Relations.

Joining and Relating Tables in ArcGIS

Join in ArcGIS appends the attributes of the non-spatial table to the spatial
(layer) attribute table.

Relate in ArcGIS does not append attributes; only establishes a logical


relationship so that when you select one record in one table you can see
the matching records in the other table.

The use of Join and Relate in our case

Relate is preferred if the non-spatial table is maintained and updated


constantly while the spatial data is not. (e.g., Mass towns shapefile plus
summary table with data for each town)

Use relate when the relationship is many-to-many.

Use relate when you have a very large non-spatial table and you don't need
all the attributes in the table.

In other situations, you could use either.

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Therefore in our case a Join is preferred to attach the data arriving from the field
survey and departmental records. Since the records to be attached will satisfy the
1: Many relationships for Join condition, the Join method will be adopted.

5.1.2.5 Cartographic Principles.

Implementation of Cartographic principles in a map helps in enhancing the ability


to create a balanced and readable representation that is capable of
communicating information effectively and quickly

There are certain principles to be followed for a map to be cartographically


correct:-
Symbology
Annotation
Thematic Map
Visual Balance
Correct Map Elements
Legend Symbology
Map Scale

5.1.2.5.1 Symobology

To correctly depict a feature in a map which is small enough for representation


though a Point Feature may require a symbol for representation. There are two
classes of Symobology:-

Classes of symbols

Qualitative Symbology

Varying certain graphic characteristics can depict features that are qualitatively
different (e.g., show different soil types or illustrate the extents of different
regions in a state). The graphic characteristics that are responsible for such
displays are color, shape, texture, orientation, and placement. The order of these
characteristics is irrelevant.

Quantitative Symbology

Quantitative differences among features (e.g., different population densities or


soil pH values) can be rendered on the map using other graphic characteristics.
You can either use different graytone values (darker to lighter color) or different
symbol sizes (larger to smaller circles or squares) to depict differences in
population densities or pH values, and so on.

5.1.2.5.2 Annotation

In cartography, text or graphics on a map that provide information for the map
reader. Annotation may identify or describe a specific map entity, provide general
information about an area on the map, or supply information about the map itself.

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5.1.2.5.3 Thematic details

A thematic map displays the spatial pattern of a theme or series of attributes.


Thus a map designed to convey information about a single topic or theme, such
as population density or geology. Thematic maps serve three primary purposes.
First, they provide specific information about particular locations. Second, they
provide general information about spatial patterns. Third, they can be used to
compare patterns on two or more maps.

5.1.2.5.4 Visual Balance

It has been known that people look at a point called the visual center when they
first stare at a visual graphic. This point does not coincide with the geometric
center of the map. In fact, it is higher than the geometric center by about five
percent of the height of the map. This means that you should place the most
important element of your map centered at that location.
Visual balance is achieved by manoeuvring the positions of the different map
elements, such as the north arrow, the scale bar, textual information, and so on,
so the map generally looks visually balanced. So, if the map body is placed
centred at the visual center, then the other map elements are placed around the
map body and visually balanced.

5.1.2.5.5 Correct Map Elements

Some map elements can be ignored in a map if other map elements or features
can substitute for it. For example, a north arrow is redundant if you have
neatlines shown with coordinate labels such as latitude and longitude; a north
arrow and a scale bar are both redundant if you are depicting the population of
the state of Punjab in, say, a book on demographic statistics; and a scale bar can
be redundant if neatlines are shown with the proper coordinate system and units.

5.1.2.5.6 Legend Symbology

Legend depicts the layers in a map, the arrangement of the layers and the
Symobolgy they represent. Therefore a basic cartographic principle is to follow a
specific legend Symobology in context to the Symbology adopted in the map
windows.

5.1.2.5.7 Map scale

Map scale is the relationship between distance on a map and the distance on the
earth's surface. The map scale in this case will be the scale as per the data
procured i.e 1:25000 this scale can in turn be dynamically changed by the
software itself as the user needs.

5.1.2.6 Creation of a Personal Geodatabase.

Geodatabase a term introduced in the geospatial community by ESRI for


Geographical Database.
ESRI Geodatabase provides the facility to store spatial and Aspatial data both in a
central repository. Thus following a Topology and schema sets.

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Inception Report Digital Maps of Roads and Bridges of Punjab

There are three types of Geodatabase namely:-

1. Personal Geodatabase Personal Geodatabase are designed for a single


user working with smaller datasets. They are built on a Microsoft Access file
generated by the Microsoft Jet Engine that is included with ArcView,
ArcEditor, and ArcInfo levels of ArcGIS Desktop. They have a maximum
size limit of 2 GB but begin to have performance degradation between 250
and 500 MB of sizes.

2. Enterprise Geodatabase Spatial data managed by ArcSDE in a DBMS


for an enterprise is called an Enterprise Geodatabase. In this case the data
is stored in a 3rd party Enterprise RDBMS package. The enterprise
Geodatabase system aims for a central enterprise level geographical data
storage and management.

3. File Geodatabase - File geodatabases can be used by a single editor and


many readers in a GIS project. They store folders in a file system and can
be created with ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo levels of ArcGIS. There is
no limit on geodatabase size. Inside the File geodatabase, each dataset is
stored as a file that can scale up to 1 TB in size, but this limit can be
extended to 256 TB if needed. Vector data in File geodatabases can be
compressed into a read-only format. Long transactions and versioning are
not supported.

This project aims to centralise all the information collected from various agencies
in a central Geodatabase. The Geodatabase in this case will be a personal
Geodatabase using an MS Office - Access based database file.

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Inception Report Digital Maps of Roads and Bridges of Punjab

6. WORK PROGRAMME, MANNING SCHEDULE


AND TASK ASSIGNMENT

6.1 GENERAL
In this chapter the Consultants proposes the main activities of the
assignments, their content and duration, phasing and interrelation,
milestones (including interim approvals by the Client), and delivery dates of
reports. The proposed work plan is consistent with the technical approach
and methodology, showing understanding of the TOR and ability to
translate them into a feasible working plan. A list of the final documents,
including reports and tables to be delivered as final output, is included
here.
The Consultants have applied their own professional expertise and
the knowledge gained during the detailed site visit and discussion held with
PRBDB / PWD engineers in respect to the quantum of work involved in
order to prepare the Work Plan presented in this chapter. This Work Plan
will accomplish the objectives of the consultancy and the tasks described
hereinafter.

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Inception Report Digital Maps of Roads and Bridges of Punjab

6.2 WORK SCEHDULE


The project work in the centre starts the moment first set of data is
received from NRSA and Survey of India. The work schedule is planned
according to the data procurement and analysis for the project use. The
project starts from the creation of the base map , the initial startup
required for a GIS to be established.

The Proposed Work Schedule is given here in the Table.


Activity Month Month Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month
1 2 6
Creation of Base Maps _____ ___
Distribution and collection ___ _____ ______
of data from Field dept staff
Creating attributes for _____ ______ ___
roads and bridges & Geo-
coding
Development & testing of ______ ___
simple query system
QA, testing and user- ______ ______ ______
interface testing
Documentation: ______ ______
Installation and Operation
Manual
Training ___ ______ ______
Assessment & Facilitation ___ ______ ______ ___
of Dept Infrastructure Build
up
Department testing, ______ _____
deployment & hand holding
Project Completion Report __

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Inception Report Digital Maps of Roads and Bridges of Punjab

6.3 MANNING SCHEDULE


The overall duration for each team member has been maintained the same
as proposed in the Technical Proposal and included in the Contract
Agreement. The Manning Schedule is indicated in Fig. 6.2.

S. Position Name of Staff Input Total Staff-


Month input
No Staff
1 2 3 4 5 6 Office Field

1 Team Leader Dr. S.C __ _ _ __ __ __ 4.5 .5


Dhawan
2 Group Head Mr. Vinay __ __ __ __ __ __ 5 1
Mehta
3 Group Leader Mr. Vipul Soni __ __ __ __ __ __ 5 1
4 GIS Engr. Mr. Sunil __ __ __ __ __ __ 6 0
Kumar
5 GIS Engr. Mr. Manu __ __ __ 2.5 1
Sharma
6 GIS Engr. Mr. Kunal __ __ __ 2.5 0
Gupta
7 Data Staff TBS __ __ __ __ __ 5 0
Sub-Total
Total 33

6.4 TASK ASSIGNMENT


A complete list of tasks is given in Chapter 4 Approach and Methodology.
The Tasks Assigned to each of the key personnel for the study is indicated
in the work programme also includes Task Assignment (Fig. 6.1).

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Inception Report Digital Maps of Roads and Bridges of Punjab

7. PROFORMA FOR SURVEY DATA COLLECTION

7.1 PROFORMA FOR SURVEY DATA COLLECTION


Proforma for survey data collection have been included as Annexure-
7.1 which will be adopted and handed over to the department
officials during survey and Map creation.

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