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Filtration (Part 1)
Filter medium
Solution Cake
Suspended solid
in a fluid
Filtrate
Pore of medium are much larger in diameter than particles being removed
%solids <1%
Thin layer of solids may form on surface, but high velocity keeps layer
from building up
Medium is ceramic, metal, or polymer with pores small enough to
exclude most of suspended particles
Some liquid passes through as clear filtrate, leaving more concentrated
suspension behind
Used for separation and concentration of colloidal particles and large molecules
such as proteins or drugs.
Used in waste treatment and water purification.
The slurry enters the tank and is forced under pressure through the filter
Typical speed
600-1800rpm
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Used to speed up filtration: increases the porosity of the cake to permit passage
of the liquid at a reasonable rate
Examples:
Methods of application:
Precoating
Prevents gelatinous solids from plugging the filter medium
Clarify juices
Separation of gypsum from
Vegetable and fish oils. phosphoric acid
P = Pa Pb = (Pa P) + (P Pb ) = Pc + Pm (1)
cake
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In filtration:
dP 150u (1 )
2
Laminar Flow = (2)
dL g cs2D p23
dP 4.17u (1 ) ( s P / v P )
2 2
= (3)
dL g c 3
k1u (1 )( s P / v P ) dm
2
dP = (6)
g c P A 3
k1u (1 )( s P / v P )
Pa 2 mc
(7)
dP = g cP A 3 dm
P 0
k1 (1 )( s P / v P )
2
where: = (10)
P 3
k 2 (1 )
or: = (11)
( s D P ) 2
P 3
= o ( Pc )
s (12)
s
= o 1 + ( Pc ) (13)
m c Pcg c
Cake resistance: = (m -1 ) (14)
A u
Pmg c
Rm (m-1 ) (15)
u
(14 )
u mc
(15 )
P = Pc + Pm = + Rm (16)
gc A
dV dt Vc
P = + R m
gc A A
dt cV
=
dV APg c A
+ R m
(18)
dt 1 R m (s/m3 )
@ t = 0 : (18) = = (19)
dV o q o APg c
dt c R dt 1 1 (20)
(18) can be written as: = 2 V+ m or = = K c V +
dV A Pg c APg c dV q qo
c (s/m6 ) (21)
Where Kc = 2
A Pg c
K c K = c
slope = c
2 A2 Pgc
1 1 R m
intercept = = Rm
qo q o AP
1 R m APgc
= Rm = (1/q o )
q o APg c
c A 2 Pgc K c
Kc = 2 =
A Pg c c
= 8.26 103 PK c
Solution:
Kc 2 V
(22) : t = V +
2 qo
c
Kc = A= 20 0.873 = 17.46 m2 K c = 37.93 s/m 6
A 2 Pg c
Kc 2 1 37.93
t= V + V= 3.37 2 + 16.1 3.37
2 qo 2