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160 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO.

1, JANUARY 2009

Dual Three-Winding Transformer Equivalent


Circuit Matching Leakage Measurements
Francisco de Len, Senior Member, IEEE, and Juan A. Martinez, Member, IEEE

AbstractAn equivalent circuit for the leakage inductance of


three-winding transformers is presented. The model is derived
from the principle of duality (between electric and magnetic
circuits) and matches terminal-leakage inductance measurements.
The circuit consists of a set of mutually coupled inductances and
does not contain negative inductances. Each inductance can be
computed from both: the geometrical information of the windings
and from terminal-leakage measurements taking two windings at
a time. The new model is suitable for steady state, electromechan-
ical transients, and electromagnetic transient studies. The circuit
can be assembled in any circuit simulation program, such as
EMTP, PSPICE, etc. programs, using standard mutually coupled Fig. 1. Traditional equivalent circuit for the leakage inductance of
inductances. three-winding transformers.

Index TermsElectromagnetic transients, Electromagnetic


Transients Program (EMTP), equivalent circuit, negative in-
ductance, principle of duality, three-winding transformers, ment with the Boyajian physical interpretation of the negative
transformer leakage inductance. inductance as being the result of magnetic mutual couplings [3].
However, no available model for three-winding transformers ex-
plicitly represents the mutual coupling of flux in air.
I. INTRODUCTION The parameters of the equivalent circuit proposed in this
paper can be obtained in two ways: 1) from the design data
T HE CURRENTLY used equivalent circuit for a three-
winding transformer was obtained by Boyajian in 1924
[1]; see Fig. 1. The circuit often contains a negative inductance.
and 2) from terminal-leakage inductance measurements of two
windings at a time. Therefore, the model of this paper is useful
Notwithstanding that the negative inductance is not realizable, to both: transformer designers and system analysts.
it has not presented problems with frequency-domain studies
using phasors [1][4]. The equivalent has been successfully II. ORIGIN OF THE NEGATIVE INDUCTANCE IN THE EQUIVALENT
used for many years for the study of power flow, short circuit, CIRCUIT OF A THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMER
transient stability, etc. However, when computing EM tran- The conventional model for the leakage inductance of a
sients (time-domain modeling), the negative inductance has three-winding transformer is a star-connected circuit [1][4];
been identified as the source of spurious oscillations [5][9]. see Fig. 1. , , and are commonly referred to as the
There are several alternatives that eliminate the numerical os- windings leakage inductances. However, this point of view is
cillations, but none of the suggested solutions fully satisfies all neither absolute nor exclusive. can also be seen as the mutual
physical interpretation concerns. In [7], an autotransformer is inductance between windings 2 and 3; similar interpretations
introduced to eliminate the negative inductance. Reference [8] exist for and [3]. can also be seen as the mutual
proposes a modification of the circuit structure shifting the mag- inductance between circuits 12 and 13. The interpretation
netizing branch. In [9], the unstable condition is eliminated by advocated in this paper is that , , and are simply
neglecting the magnetizing losses. These fixes point to the ex- elements of an equivalent circuit that represent the terminal
istence of a physical inconsistency. behavior of the transformer accurately only for steady-state
To correct the inconsistency, a circuit derived from the prin- simulations.
ciple of duality is presented in this paper. The model can be con- , , and do not correspond to leakage flux paths as
structed by using mutually coupled inductances readily avail- the components of duality derived models. It has been demon-
able in any time-domain simulation program, such as the Elec- strated that numerical instabilities when simulating transients
tromagentic Transients Program (EMTP). This is in full agree- are due to the nonphysical negative inductance [5][9]. Addi-
tionally, note that a negative resistance may appear in the star
Manuscript received February 08, 2008; revised June 20, 2008. Current ver- equivalent network. In [3], there is an interpretation of this vir-
sion published December 24, 2008. Paper no. TPWRD-00091-2008. tual resistance. However, our model does not require nonreal-
F. de Len is with the Polytechnic Institute of New York University,
Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA (e-mail: fdeleon@poly.edu). izable circuit components.
J. A. Martinez is with the Departament dEnginyeria Elctrica, Universitat
Politcnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08028, Spain (e-mail: jamv@ieee.org). A. Model Derived From Terminal Measurements
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. The parameters of the circuit can be obtained by matching the
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2008.2007012 inductive network (Fig. 1) to leakage inductances measured at the
0885-8977/$25.00 2008 IEEE
DE LEN AND MARTINEZ: DUAL THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMER EQUIVALENT 161

TABLE I
LEAKAGE INDUCTANCE TESTS FOR A THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMER

Fig. 2. Geometrical arrangement of windings in a transformer window.

For a standard transformer design and,


therefore, becomes negative. It will be shown in Section II-B
that the negative inductance appears in the traditional model
(Fig. 1) because it does not consider the mutual couplings that
take place in the region of the middle winding.

B. Model Derived From Design Information


terminals. The measurements are performed by taking two wind- The leakage inductances for a pair of windings can be com-
ings at a time. One winding is energized with a second winding puted from the design parameters assuming a trapezoidal flux
that is short-circuited while keeping the third winding open. distribution [10], [11]. For the arrangement of windings and
Three inductances , , and can be obtained dimensions depicted in Fig. 2, the magnetic flux distributions
from terminal measurements as follows. during tests used to measure leakage inductances would be those
is obtained when energizing winding number 1 while shown in Fig. 3. One can see that most of the leakage flux exits
winding 2 is short-circuited and winding 3 is open. from the core in the region between the windings under test.
is obtained by energizing winding 2 and short-circuiting Given the flux distribution of Fig. 4, we obtain the following
winding 3 with winding 1 left open. expressions [11]:
is obtained when winding 1 is energized and winding 3
is short-circuited with winding 2 open.
Table I describes the testing setup. For convenience, in this
paper, all inductances are referred to a common number of turns
. The inductances of the network of Fig. 1 are computed by
solving a set of equations such that the terminal measurements
are matched. In the calculation, no consideration is given to the (3)
physical meaning of the inductances.
By inspection of the circuit of Fig. 1, the following relations where is the common (or base) number of turns and is the
can be obtained: mean length of the winding turn. Substituting (3) into (2), we
obtain

(1)

, , and are computed to match leakage measure-


ments and, therefore, one should not assign a physical meaning
to them. Solving (1) we obtain (4)

Clearly, the value of is always negative since the thickness


of the middle winding is always positive. It is interesting
to note that all inductances ( , , , , and )
(2) are functions of the thickness of the winding in the center.
162 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO. 1, JANUARY 2009

Fig. 4. Trapezoidal flux distribution for leakage inductance tests.

Fig. 5. Duality derived model for a three-winding transformer.

the duality model, the following relation holds (neglecting mag-


netizing): . One can obtain from (3)

Fig. 3. Magnetic flux distribution during leakage inductance tests.

(5)
III. DUALITY MODEL
Duality models are obtained from the geometrical arrange- Accordingly, the duality model wrongly accounts for the
ment of windings in the transformer window. No attention is leakage inductance between the internal and the external wind-
paid to the terminal-leakage measurements and, therefore, there ings. is short by
is frequently an inconsistency between duality models and ter-
minal-leakage measurements. Duality models have been largely (6)
discussed in the literature; see, for example, [11], [12], and [15].
The easiest way to build a duality model is to establish the flux Compare the magnetic flux distribution (for the region of )
paths in the transformer window and assign an inductance to between the test for and with the one for in
each one [11]. The process is illustrated in Fig. 5. Fig. 4. The flux in the center winding when computing
The magnetizing flux is represented by the nonlinear induc- is smaller than that for . This explains why a duality
tances ( , , and ) and the leakage flux by the two derived model does not properly account for . One can also
linear inductances ( and ). The values of these two induc- see that the fluxes and share a common path in the re-
tances match the measured leakage inductances and . gion of the central winding. Thus, and are magneti-
However, there is no match for the leakage inductance . In cally coupled.
DE LEN AND MARTINEZ: DUAL THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMER EQUIVALENT 163

Fig. 6. New duality derived model for a three-winding transformer. Fig. 7. Duality-derived model for a three-winding transformer, including mag-
netizing branches and winding resistances.

IV. NEW DUALITY-DERIVED MODEL


AND TERMINAL MEASUREMENTS
In this section, a new model derived from the principle of
duality is proposed. The model consists of a network of mu-
tually coupled inductors. The model simultaneously: matches
with terminal-leakage measurements, does not have negative in-
ductances, and each element can be identified with a leakage
flux path.
The circuit of this paper is the evolution of the matrix model
originally presented in [13] for the turn-to-turn modeling of
transformer windings and recently used for the representation
of entire windings in [14].
From the analysis of the magnetic flux distribution during
the leakage test (see Figs. 3 and 4) and from the fact that the
expressions for all inductances are functions of , we postulate
Fig. 8. Duality model for the iron core of a core-type transformer.
that and must be mutually coupled.
The proposed leakage inductance circuit is derived from the
duality model by adding a mutual coupling between This circuit has the magnetic and electric elements separated by
and as shown in Fig. 6. This allows for compensating the three ideal transformers. Three magnetizing branches represent
missing factor (6). The dot marks have been selected in such a the leg, the yokes, and the flux return (dually) connected at the
way that the total inductance increases for the test of . terminals of the ideal transformers.
Applying the three tests depicted in Table I to the circuit of The mutual inductance gives the magnetic coupling of the
Fig. 6, we obtain leakage fields between windings (flux in air). in (10) does
not have any relationship with the commonly used mutual in-
ductance between windings governed by the flux in the core.
The latter is represented in the dual sense by , , and
(7)
in the circuit of Fig. 7.
can be determined from (7) in a straightforward manner
yielding V. MAGNETIZING PARAMETERS
The inductances representing the leakage flux are computed
(8) from tests (7) and (8) or from the design parameters (3) and
(9). To compute the magnetizing inductances , , and
Equation (8) describes the computation of the compensating
, one must know the construction and dimensions of the
mutual inductance directly from the leakage inductance tests.
core. However, this is rarely available. Here, we will show that
is positive in most cases because for
regardless of the core construction (shell type or core type), the
standard designs. By substituting (5) into (8), one can obtain an
equivalent circuit of Fig. 7 applies.
expression for as a function of the design parameters as
A. Single-Phase Three-Winding Transformers
(9)
Figs. 8 and 9 show the iron cores of single-phase core-type
Note that, as expected, is half the factor (6) because and single-phase shell-type transformers, respectively. Note that
enters twice in the total series inductance calculation. Addition- the structure of the equivalent circuit is the same for both core
ally, note that geometries. The leakage part of the circuit and the shunt resis-
(10) tances , , and have been omitted for clarity.
The magnetizing inductance and its associated shunt resis-
The complete dual equivalent circuit, including the magne- tance (used to represent hysteresis and eddy current losses) of
tizing branches and the winding resistances, is shown in Fig. 7. a transformer are obtained from the open-circuit test. Only one
164 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO. 1, JANUARY 2009

TABLE II
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE MODEL (FIG. 7) LEAKAGE INDUCTANCES
AND RESISTANCES TO THOSE OBTAINED FROM TERMINAL TESTS

By substituting (13) in (11) and after some algebra, we obtain

(14)

Substituting (14) in (13), we obtain

Fig. 9. Duality model for the iron core of a shell-type transformer.


(15)

When the transformer is tall and slim with a small leakage in-
magnetizing inductance and one resistance are deter-
ductance, then . As an extreme case, we can assume
mined from the measurements.
that . Consequently, the flux length path for ,
From Fig. 7, one can see that during an open-circuit test, the
, , and is 4/3 while the flux length path for
three magnetizing branches are in parallel since the voltage drop
and is 1/3 . When the transformer is short and wide with
in the leakage inductances , and are negligible. Then,
a large leakage inductance, then . As the other ex-
the relationship between the measured magnetizing values (
treme, consider that . Now, the length of the flux
and ) and the model values is given by
path for , , , and is 7/3 while it is 4/3 for
and . Table II summarizes the standard, maximum,
and minimum values for the magnetizing inductances and
(11) resistances as a function of and .

A sensible approximation for , , , , , B. Three-Phase Three-Winding Transformers


and can be obtained from the values of and when Figs. 10 and 11 show the models for three-phase three-
the geometrical information is not known by assuming that the winding transformers (core type and shell type, respectively).
window approximates a square. Thus, the length of the yokes The magnetizing losses, the ideal transformers, and the
is the same as the length of the legs . From windings resistance can be added in a similar fashion as for
the visual analysis of Fig. 3, one can realize that the leakage single-phase transformers (see Fig. 7).
flux leaves the core at about 1/3 and 2/3 of the yoke length. The magnetizing parameters are more difficult to obtain for
Therefore, we divide the yoke into thirds; see Figs. 8 and 9. The a three-phase transformer than for a single-phase transformer.
flux length path for and (and and ) becomes There are no standardized tests that would allow for accurate
5/3 while the flux length path for (and ) is 2/3 determination of the parameters. One needs to find a way to
(there are two yokes represented by the pair , ). energize one of the windings in every limb with all other coils
Resistances are directly proportional to the path length while in the transformer opened. Although the tests can always be
inductances are inversely proportional to length. The resistance performed at the factory, it may not be possible to test when
and inductance associated with a leg length are only the transformer terminals (after connections) are available
in the field. Cooperation from transformer manufacturers will
(12) be most probably needed to properly determine the magnetizing
parameters of a dual equivalent circuit. Leakage parameters can
Then, we have be computed using the procedures for single-phase transformers
described before.
Additional complications are the facts that 1) all limbs are
mutually coupled and 2) the iron core is highly nonlinear. Thus,
during tests, the different components of the core could be
excited at a different flux density than during normal operation,
therefore rendering the tests meaningless. The subject has
been extensively treated in [15] for two-winding three-phase
(13) transformers. The magnetizing part of the equivalent circuits
DE LEN AND MARTINEZ: DUAL THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMER EQUIVALENT 165

Fig. 10. Model derived from the principle of duality for three-winding core-type transformers matching-terminal-leakage measurements.

TABLE III
TEST TRANSFORMER DATA

magnetizing pair, resistance, and inductance, derived from an


open-circuit test and referred to the low-voltage side (13.8 kV)
are and . The short-circuit tests
have given the following per unit leakage reactances:
0.10, and 0.84, and 0.96.
The model leakage inductances are computed in per unit from
(7) and (8) as follows:

(16)

The leakage inductance values can be computed for the low-


voltage side using the impedance and inductance base
, yielding mH. Thus, we have
mH, mH, and mH. The model
is shown in Fig. 12. The test consists in energizing the high-
voltage winding with a cosinusoidal function at while
keeping the other two windings open. Fig. 13 shows that the
voltage on the low-voltage terminal is stable, while [8, Fig. 2]
shows numerical instability for the same case.
Fig. 11. Model derived from the principle of duality for three-winding shell-
We have varied the integration time step over a wide range
type transformers matching-terminal-leakage measurements. (from 0.1 to 1.0 ms). Although numerical oscillations can be
seen at the start of the simulations when using large time steps,
all simulations are always stable for short or long study times;
of Fig. 10 (three-winding three-phase transformers) closely we tested simulation times longer than 1000 s.
resembles the circuits of [15]. One needs to only add the extra
inductances connected to the middle winding. VII. NUMERICAL STABILITY ANALYSIS
The numerical stability of the new model is analyzed in the
VI. EXAMPLE same fashion as in [8] by looking at the eigenvalues of the state
As an illustration and validation example, we have simulated matrix. We start by referring the circuit to the high-voltage side,
the unstable case presented in [8] with our model. The rated as shown in Fig. 14. The values of the circuit elements are
transformer data are given in Table III (note that winding num- , mH, 295 mH, 3.5 mH,
bers 2 and 3 are switched with respect to [8]). The values of the , , , 168 H,
166 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO. 1, JANUARY 2009

Fig. 12. Equivalent circuit of the three-winding transformer without negative Fig. 15. Equivalent circuit for the study of numerical stability.
inductance.

Therefore, the state matrix is stiff, but not singular. Since all
eigenvalues are real and negative, the circuit is always stable, as
previously noted with the simulations.

VIII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a solution to a long-standing problem with
models for three-winding transformers has been found, uni-
fying the two available modeling methodologies. On one hand,
there are models obtained from terminal measurements that pay
no consideration to the physical meaning of the inductances
Fig. 13. Stable voltage at the low-voltage terminals (13.8 kV). and frequently rely on a negative inductance. On the other hand,
there are duality-derived models which pay no attention to the
terminal-leakage measurements, and mismatches with terminal
measurements frequently occur.
The new equivalent circuit, proposed in this paper, is a du-
ality-derived model applicable to single-phase and three-phase
transformers. The proposed circuit matches with terminal-
leakage measurements and does not have negative inductances.
Each element can be identified with a leakage flux path and
can be computed from the geometrical information of the
windings and the terminal-leakage measurements taking two
windings at a time. Therefore, the model of this paper is useful
to transformer designers and to system analysts as well. Addi-
tionally, the model can be built with readily available elements
Fig. 14. Equivalent circuit for the study of numerical stability. in EMTP-type programs.

421 H, 168 H. The derivation of the state equation for the APPENDIX
circuit of Fig. 14 is given in the Appendix. The five eigenvalues STATE EQUATION FOR THE CIRCUIT OF FIG. 14
are
Fig. 15 shows the circuit of Fig. 14 in a suitable shape for an-
alytical investigation. Applying Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL)
(17) to each parallel magnetizing branch, we have

The circuit is stable because none of the eigenvalues are posi-


tive and the zero modes are never excited. The circuit of Fig. 14
was tested yielding stable results under all conditions. An inves- (19)
tigation of the singularities showed that they were caused by not
considering the damping effects due to the resistances of wind-
ings 1 and 3. When the resistances are included in the analysis
(referred to the high-voltage side ; ), (20)
the eigenvalues become

(18) (21)
DE LEN AND MARTINEZ: DUAL THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMER EQUIVALENT 167

For the leakage portion of the model, we can write Substituting (19), (23), (21), (25), and (27) in (31) and (32), we
obtain

(22)
(33)

Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) for each node gives

(23)
(34)
(24)
(25)
where

Substituting from (20) in (24) and rearranging,


we obtain

(35)
(26)

From (20), we obtain Equations (33), (34), (28), (27), and (30) comprise a set of state
linear equations of the form

(27)
(36)

Substituting (23) in (19), (26) in (20), and (25) in (21), we obtain With
the differential equations for the magnetizing inductances as

(37)
(28)
one can build the state matrix as shown in (38) at the bottom of
the page where
(29)
(39)
(30)

To obtain the differential equations for the leakage inductances, ACKNOWLEDGMENT


we develop (22) as
The authors would like to thank S. Magdaleno, undergraduate
student of Universidad Michoacana (Mexico), for performing
(31) the finite-element simulations of Fig. 3 and X. Xu, graduate stu-
dent at the Polytechnic Institute of New York University, for per-
(32) forming the ATP simulations presented in Fig. 13.

(38)
168 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO. 1, JANUARY 2009

REFERENCES [15] J. A. Martinez, R. Walling, B. A. Mork, J. Martin-Arnedo, and D.


[1] A. Boyajian, Theory of three-circuit transformers, AIEE Trans., pp. Durbak, Parameter determination for modeling system transients-part
208528, Feb. 1924. III: Transformers, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 3, pp.
[2] F. Starr, Equivalent circuits -I, AIEE Trans., vol. 57, pp. 287298, 20512062, Jul. 2005.
Jun. 1932.
[3] L. F. Blume, Transformer Engineering. New York: Wiley, 1951.
[4] Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book. U.S.: Francisco de Len (S86M92SM02) was born
Elect. Syst. Technol. Inst., (Westinghouse T&D Book), ABB, 1997. in Mexico City, Mexico, in 1959. He received the
[5] H. W. Dommel, Electromagnetic Transients Program Reference B.Sc. and the M.Sc. (Hons.) degrees in electrical
Manual (EMTP Theory Book). Portland, OR: BPA, 1986. engineering from the National Polytechnic Institute,
[6] W. S. Meyer and T.-H. Liu, Unstable saturable transformer, Can/Am Mexico City, Mexico, in 1983 and 1986, respec-
EMTP News, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 1516, Apr. 1993. tively, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of
[7] P. S. Holenarsipur, N. Mohan, V. D. Albertson, and J. Cristofersen, Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, in 1992.
Avoiding the use of negative inductances and resistances in modeling He has held several academic positions in Mexico
three-winding transformers for computer simulations, in Proc. IEEE and has worked for the Canadian electric industry.
Power Eng, Soc. Winter Meeting, New York, Jan. 1999, pp. 10251030. Currently, he is an Associate Professor at the Poly-
[8] X. Chen, Negative inductance and numerical instability of the sat- technic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn,
urable transformer component in EMTP, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. NY. His research interests include the analysis of power definitions under non-
15, no. 4, pp. 11991204, Oct. 2000. sinusoidal conditions, the transient and steady-state analyses of power systems,
[9] T. Henriksen, How to avoid unstable time domain responses caused the thermal rating of cables, and the calculation of electromagnetic fields ap-
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516522, Apr. 2002.
[10] K. Karsai, D. Kerenyi, and L. Kiss, Large Power Transformers. New
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[11] G. Slemon, Electric Machines and Drives. Reading, MA: Addison-
Wesley, 1992. Juan A. Martinez (M83) was born in Barcelona,
[12] J. A. Martinez and B. A. Mork, Transformer modeling for low- and Spain.
mid-frequency transientsa review, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, He is Professor Titular at the Department dEn-
no. 2, pt. 2, pp. 16251632, Apr. 2005. ginyeria Elctrica of the Universitat Politcnica de
[13] F. de Leon and A. Semlyen, Efficient calculation of elementary pa- Catalunya, Barcelona. His teaching and research in-
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376383, Jan. 1992. system analysis, and EMTP applications.
[14] R. M. Del Vecchio, Applications of a multiterminal transformer model
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