Modified shear deformation method for analyzing the

load-displacement response of a single pile in

expansive soil upon infiltration
Yunlong Liu & Sai. K. Vanapalli
Department of Engineering University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

ABSTRACT
Safety and stability of various infrastructure constructed in regions with expansive soil deposits are significantly
influenced by heave or settlement problems due to changes associated with the soil natural water content. Piles are
widely accepted in conventional geotechnical engineering practice as most suitable foundations to carry the loads safely
alleviating heave and settlement problems. However, the mechanical behavior of piles are significantly influenced by
infiltration or evaporation of natural water content (and matric suction) in expansive soils. In this study, considering the
ground heave and variations of soil properties with respect to matric suction, the traditional shear deformation method
which is based on saturated soil mechanics principles, is modified for the analysis of the head load-displacement
response of a single pile in an expansive soil deposit upon infiltration. An example problem of single pile in a typical
expansive clay is analyzed to illustrate the modified method. The modified method is capable of simulating the pile head
load-displacement response upon infiltration using limited soil parameters that can be determined from conventional
laboratory tests. The proposed method facilitates a quick and reasonable evaluation of displacement of pile in expansive
soil upon infiltration that can be used in engineering practice applications.

RSUM
La scurit et la stabilit des diverses infrastructures construites dans des rgions o les gisements expansifs des sols
sont fortement influencs par des problmes d'asschement ou de rglement en raison des changements associs la
teneur en eau naturelle du sol. Les piles sont largement acceptes dans les pratiques d'ingnierie gotechnique
conventionnelles, car les fondations les plus appropries pour transporter les charges soulvent en toute scurit les
problmes d'tablissement et de rglement. Cependant, le comportement mcanique des piles est fortement influenc
par l'infiltration ou l'vaporation de la teneur en eau naturelle (et l'aspiration matricielle) dans les sols expansifs. Dans
cette tude, compte tenu de l'lvation du sol et des variations des proprits du sol par rapport l'aspiration matricielle,
la mthode traditionnelle de dformation par cisaillement base sur les principes de la mcanique des sols saturs est
modifie pour l'analyse de la rponse de dplacement de la charge de tte d'une seule pile dans Un dpt de sol
expansif lors de l'infiltration. Un exemple de problme de pile unique dans une argile expansive typique est analys pour
illustrer la mthode modifie. La mthode modifie est capable de simuler la rponse de charge-dplacement de la tte
de pile lors de l'infiltration en utilisant des paramtres de sols limits qui peuvent tre dtermins partir de tests de
laboratoire conventionnels. La mthode propose facilite une valuation rapide et raisonnable du dplacement de la pile
dans le sol expansif lors de l'infiltration qui peut tre utilis dans les applications de la pratique de l'ingnierie.

1 INTRODUCTION rational and reliable design and construction for

Expansive soils are considered to be problematic soils
because of their sensitivity to volume changes (i.e.
swelling and shrinkage) associated with natural water
content changes. Seasonal ground heave or settlement
due to fluctuations of natural water content (and matric
suction) often cause distress to various infrastructures
constructed in regions with expansive soils deposits. The
economic losses caused by damages induced
by expansive soil is significant and is comparable to the
economic losses by natural hazards (i.e. floods,
hurricanes and earthquakes) (Jaremski 2012).
Expansive soils are widespread in various countries of
the five continents: Canada, United States and Argentina
in America; Sudan and Algeria in Africa, China, India and
Israel in Asia; Spain and United Kingdom in Europe, and
Australia, to list a few (Chen 1988; Al-Rawas and
Qamaruddin 1998; Rao et al. 2001). These expansive
soils are a nightmare to the geotechnical and structural
engineers because of challenges they offer for providing
sustainable infrastructure.
In this study, considering the variation of ground
heave and soil properties with respect to matric suction,
the traditional shear deformation method originally
developed by Cooke (1974) is modified for the analysis of
the head load-displacement response of a single pile in
an expansive soil deposit upon infiltration. While the
traditional shear deformation method is based on
saturated soil mechanics principles; the modified method
employs the mechanics of unsaturated soils. The
proposed modified method is simple for use in practice
applications because it requires limited number of soil
properties which can be measured from conventional soil
properties.
2 BACKGROUND
Piles are the most suitable of the presently available
foundations for combating the problems associated with
expansive soils (Chen 1965; Al-Rawas and Goosen 2006;
Nelson et al. 2015). Shallow foundations in expansive soil
regions are usually constructed within the active zone.
Upon infiltration, the shear strength of the expansive soil
decreases due to a reduction in matric suction. Due to this
reason, there will be also a reduction in the bearing
capacity. Furthermore, it is likely that expansive soil
volume increases within the active zone and may lift the
shallow foundation. This may lead to safety and stability
problems to the superstructure. In order to alleviate these
problems, significantly long piles with high strength and
stiffness are used. Typically, the depth of pile extends
below active zone (moisture content changes in this zone
are not influenced by seasonal factors) in expansive soil
with the pile end placed on rigid bedrock or at a lower
stable soil stratum. Such a construction technique
facilitates in achieving a high bearing capacity to safely
carry the loads from the superstructure and effectively
limit the non-uniform displacement that is likely due to the
changes in the natural water content of the expansive
soils, particularly in the active zone. The design methods
are based on saturated soil mechanics principles and are
similar to other conventional pile foundations placed in
sands or other clays. However, expansive soils are
typically in a state of unsaturated condition and may not
reach fully saturated condition during their design life
period of the pile foundations. Expansive soils as
discussed earlier are sensitive to changes in the natural
water content and pile-soil interaction of the physical-
chemical-mechanical mechanical behavior is more
complex (Xiao et al. 2011).
Nelson and Miller (1992) and Fredlund and Rahardjo
(1993) studies suggest that heave is predominant in the
upper few meters due to water content (and associated
matric suction) changes; however, heave the deep seated
expansive soil layers is rare. The main reason for heave
in the top layers is the desiccation cracks that arise in the
expansive soil due to climatic and environmental factors
which greatly facilitate the infiltration of water (due to rain,
flooding or snow melting). Decayed root system of plants
in the top layer expansive soils also facilitate easy
movement of water. The soil layer which is sensitive to
climatic and environmental factors is referred to as zone
of seasonal fluctuations or the active zone. Expansive soil
below the active zone has no cracks; due to this reason,
water cannot easily percolate. In addition, the overburden
pressure contribution that arises from the active zone
layer significantly reduces limits the heave.
The seasonal volume changes within the active zone
of the expansive soil and soil-structure interaction
associated with water content (and suction changes) can
significantly influence the mechanical behavior of pile
foundations. For piles buried in expansive soils, increased
lateral earth pressure due to the mobilization of lateral
swelling pressure contributes to the development of uplift
friction along the pile shaft within the active zone. The
combined action of the lateral earth pressure and ground
heave not only results in the redistribution of pile axial
forces, but also can contribute to the pile uplift (Liu and
Vanapalli 2017).
Figure 1 illustrates the variation of pile shaft friction
and end bearing capacity for a single pile (supporting light
structures) in expansive soil prior to and after infiltration.
Prior to water infiltration, positive friction is distributed
along the entire length of the pile. Applied load is typically
carried by shaft friction with some contribution arising
from the pile end [as shown in Figure 1 (a)]. However, as
water infiltrates into the active zone, expansive soil swells.
Positive friction changes in the active zone due to the
mobilization of lateral swelling pressure and the reduction
of the interface shear strength properties [as shown in
Figure 1 (b)] (Liu and Vanapalli 2017). The positive friction
in piles supporting light structures can experience a
significant increment that contributes to their uplift. For
this reason, the increasing positive friction is generally
referred to as uplift friction. Once the pile has an upward
movement, negative friction generates in the stable zone
and the pile base bearing capacity decreases
significantly. The net contribution that arises from
negative shaft friction, end bearing capacity and
surcharge combine to balance the increased uplift shaft
friction.
Several investigators made contributions to our
present understanding of the mechanical behavior of pile
foundations in soils upon infiltration of water. These
methods fall into two categories: (i) Theoretical methods
which include the traditional load transfer method
proposed by Coyle and Reese (1966) and the shear
deformation method proposed by Cooke (1974); (ii)
Numerical simulation methods which include the
boundary element method (Poulos 1993) and finite
element method (Nelson et al. 2012). Numerical
simulations have been found to be robust options for the
pile load-displacement analysis with high reliability.
However, numerical simulation is rather complex and time
consuming process.
In this study, the traditional shear deformation method
proposed by Cooke (1974) is modified for the estimation
of the load-displacement response of a single pile in
expansive soil upon infiltration, considering the influence
of ground heave and variation of soil shear modulus of
properties. In the present study, the modified shear
deformation method is employed for estimation of the
load-displacement response of a single pile in expansive
soil upon infiltration.
3 PROPOSED METHOD
3.1 Basic assumptions
(i) There is no slip in the pile-soil interface;
(ii) Expansive soil around the pile is assumed to be
homogeneous, isotropic and linear elastic;
(iii) The cross section is constant along the pile and
the pile is capable of withstanding both compressive and
tensile stresses that are applied or arise during loading.
3.2 Theoretical analysis and derivation
The soil around the pile can be assumed to be a series of
concentric cylinders (as shown in Figure 2). The vertical
settlement of soil around the pile at a certain depth z can
be given by Eq. 1 extending the traditional shear
deformation method proposed by Cooke (1974).
 0 r0 r 0 r0 rm the radius of pile, r = the horizontal distance between the
w( z, r )
Gs r0 r

Gs
ln( )
r
[1] calculated point and the pile axis, rm = the maximum
influencing radius of pile on the soil, generally rm can be
where w = the vertical settlement of soil around the estimated using Eq. 2 (Xiao et al. 2011).
pile, Gs = the shear modulus of soil around the pile, r0 =

Surcharge
Surcharge

Ground heave

Positive Changes in friction

Active Zone

Active Zone
Friction direction

Positive Increasing lateral

Friction swelling pressure
Changes in
interface Shear
strength properties
Stable Zone

Stable Zone Negative

Friction Changes in
interface shear
strength
End Bearing Capacity End Bearing Capacity

(a) Prior to infiltration (b) After infiltration

Figure 1. Distribution of shaft friction along a pile prior to and after infiltration

The pile displacement can be estimated using Eq. 6,

which is obtained by solving Eq. 5. In Eq. 6, A and B are
rm 2.5L(1 s ) [2] the unknown integration constants in the general solution
which can be determined by applying boundary conditions
and solving for them.
where L is the length of the pile, s = Poisson's ratio of
the soil around the pile.
wpz Ae r1z Be r2 z [6]
The relationship between axial force of pile and the
k ; k
shaft friction around the pile is given as Eq. 3. The r1 r2
relationship between the axial force of pile and the pile Ap E p Ap E p
displacement is given as Eq. 4.
However, Eq. 6 is only suitable for piles in non-
Pz
2r0 0 [3] swelling soils. For pile expansive soils, possible ground
z heave in the active zone should be taken into account as
well. The heave prediction equation in the elastic range
wpz Pz presented by Adem and Vanapalli (2016) (Eq. 7) can be
[4] extended for the calculation of heave in the active zone of
z E p Ap the expansive soil. For soil layers at different depth, the
matric suction variations can be different. Also, the heave
Eq. 5 can be acquired by combining Eq. 1, Eq. 3 and is accumulative from bottom to the top of active zone. As
Eq. 4. a consequence, the heave calculated using Eq. 7 for
2 w pz k [5] different soil layers is different. In this study, within a
wpz 0 certain soil layer, the development of the heave is
z 2 Ap E p
simplified as a linear distribution (using Eq. 8) as shown in
Figure 3.
rm
k 2Gs / ln( )
r0 (1 )(1 2 )
h h [ ](ua uw ) [7]
Ea (1 )
 where h = heave of soil, h = thickness of the soils and suggested that 1 = 2 is typically and 2 varies
calculated soil layer, Ea = average elastic modulus over from 0.05 to 0.15 for expansive soils. In this study, an
the matric suction variation range, (ua - uw) = variation in average value, 2 equals to 0.1 is used; Pa = atmospheric
matric suction. pressure.

h Hz a [8] The pile displacement can be estimated using Eq. 10,

which takes account of influence of the ground heave.
Vanapalli and Oh (2010) proposed a semi-empirical The pile axial force can be calculated using Eq. 11, which
model for estimating modulus of elasticity of coarse and is obtaining by manipulating Eq. 10 and Eq. 4.
fine-grained unsaturated soils. Adem and Vanapalli Furthermore, Eq. 12 can be obtained by expressing Eq.
(2014) extended this approach for several expansive 10 and Eq. 11 in a matrix form. Eq. 12 can also be
soils. In this paper, the simple semi-empirical Eq. 9 represented in a simplified form as shown in Eq. 13.
developed by Vanapalli and Oh (2010) and Adem and
Vanapalli (2014) is used to estimate the modulus of wpz ( Hz a) Ae r1z Be r2 z [10]
elasticity of unsaturated expansive soils, Eu. This equation
suggests the E decreases with decreasing matric suction
(i.e. during the infiltration process). In the calculation, Ea wpz
Pz Ap E p Ap E p [ Ar1e r1 z Br2e r2 z H ]
equals the average value of various E calculated using z [11]
Eq. 9 over the matric suction variation range. The
influence of mechanical stress (confinement) is neglected Ap E p [ Ar1e r1 z Br1e r1 z H ]
in this method. Such an assumption is conservative and
can be extended in practice for pavements and lightly

w pz e r1z e r1z A Hz a

loaded residential structures, where the soil matric suction r1z
Pz Ap E p r1e
r1z
changes have a predominant influence on the behavior of Ap E p r1e B Ap E p H
unsaturated expansive soils (Adem and Vanapalli, 2014).
[12]
(ua u w ) 1
Eu Esat [1 2 S ] [9] wpz A Hz a
Pa 100 T ( z ) [13]
where 2 and 1 = fitting parameters, Adem and
Pz B Ap E p H
Vanapalli (2016) calculated Eu for five different expansive

Pile head load

Pz1 wpz1
L1 1
Positive Active
Friction Zone Pz2 wpz2
L2 2

Pz3 wpz3
L3 3

Negative Pz(n-1) Wpz(n-1)

Stable 5
Friction
Zone
Pzn wpzn

Figure 2. Analytical model of pile and soil around the pile

 L1 h1 H3
a1

L2 h2 H2
Active zone
a2 1

L3 h3 H3

z a3 1

Depth Calculation of ground heave

Figure 3. Simplification of the ground heave calculation model

The shear modulus of the soil, Gs similar to elastic w pz1 1

w pz2 1
H1 z2 a1
modulus is significantly influenced by variations in matric [T( z1 ) ][T( z2 ) ] [T( z1 ) ][T( z2 ) ]
suction due to water content changes. In this study, Gs is Pz1 Pz2 A p E p H 1
deduced from elastic modulus and expressed as Eq. 14. H1 z1 a1
Poisson's ratio of expansive soils, is usually assumed,
estimated or measured from triaxial tests using the Ap E p H 1
information of linear and lateral strain. [18]

Eu w pz2 wz3 1
H 2 z3 a2
Gu [14]

1
[T( z2 ) ][T( z3 ) ] [T( z2 ) ][T( z3 ) ]
2(1 s )
Pz2 Pz3 A p E p H 2
where Gu = shear modulus of unsaturated soil.
H 2 z 2 a2

Water content changes associated with infiltration A p E p H 2
contribute to a certain matric suction profile along the pile [19]
depth. As discussed earlier, soil properties are influenced
by the matric suction. As a consequence, soil properties
Eq. 20 and Eq. 21 can be deduced by setting
are different with respect to the soil depth. In this study,
both the pile and soil are divided into several segments. [T( z1 ) ][T( z2 ) ]1 [T1 ] and [T( z2 ) ][T( z3 ) ]1 [T2 ] ,.
For a typical pile segment 1 as shown in Figure 2, the pile
axial force and displacement equation at the top and
w pz2 w pz3 H 2 z 3 a2 H 2 z 2 a2
bottom of the segment are given as Eq. 15 and Eq. 16, [T2 ] [T2 ]
respectively. Pz2 Pz3 Ap E p H 2 Ap E p H 2
[20]
w pz1 A H1 z1 a1
[T( z1 ) ] [15]
Pz1 B Ap E p H 1 wpz1 wpz3 H 2 z 3 a2
[T1 ][T2 ] [T1 ][T2 ]
Pz1 Pz 3 Ap E p H 2
w pz2 A H 2 z 2 a1
[T( z2 ) ] [16] H 2 z 2 a2 H1 z2 a1 [21]
Pz 2 B Ap E p H 2 [T1 ] [T1 ]
Ap E p H 2 Ap E p H1
For the same pile segment, the unknown integration H1 z1 a1
constants in the general solution A and B have the same
value (as shown in Eq. 17). Eq. 18 and Eq. 19 can be Ap E p H1
deduced by eliminating A and B for the same pile
segment. Definition of these parameters are available in Similarly, if the pile is divided into "n" segments, a
Figure 2. general Eq. 22 can be given. It should be noted that Eq.
22 totally has (2n - 1) items.
A A As discussed earlier, piles as foundation usually
[17] penetrate into the active zone and the pile end rests on
B z1 z B z1 z L the bedrock or a soil layer that has a relatively high
stiffness. For this reason, the pile base is no longer
influenced by seasonal moisture water content changes. b k sb wb
In other words, the pile below the active zone has a stable [23]
mechanical behavior. However, possible movement of k 4 Gsb
pile base caused by volume expansion or shrinkage of the sb r0 (1 b )
expansive soil in the active zone can lead to changes in where b = unit end resistance, wb = pile-end
end bearing capacity. The pile base settlement can be settlement, ksb = compressive rigidity of soil under pile
estimated using Eq. 23 (Randolph and Wroth in 1978). base, Gsb = shear modulus of soil under pile base, b =
Based on Eq. 22 and Eq. 23, assuming a series of pile Poisson's ratio of soil under pile base, r0 = pile radius.
base settlement, corresponding pile base load can be
calculated using Eq. 23. 4 EXAMPLE PROBLEM

The proposed algorithm in this paper is illustrated with an

wpz1 w pzn example problem in this section. Detailed geometry of the
[T1 ] [Tn 1 ] example problem is shown in Figure 4. It is assumed that
P
z1 Pz n a single pile is constructed in a typical expansive soil.
H n 1 zn an 1 During wet season, water infiltrates into the active zone
[T1 ] [Tn 1 ] along the cracks and contributes to a matric suction
Ap E p H n 1 reduction from 200kPa to zero value. The pile is divided
into two segments. The pile head load-displacement
H n 1 zn 1 an 1
[T1 ] [Tn 2 ] [22] response is analyzed using the modified shear
Ap E p zn 1 deformation method proposed in this study. The elastic
modulus of the pile is set as 500MPa. The saturated
H n 2 zn 1 an 2 elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio for a typical expansive
[T1 ] [Tn 2 ]
Ap E p zn 2
soil clay are set as 5MPa and 0.3, respectively (Ranjan
and Rao 2000).
H n 2 zn 1 an 2
[T1 ] [Tn 3 ]
Ap E p H n 2
H1 z2 a1 H1 z1 a1
[T1 ]
Ap E p H1 Ap E p H1

Ground Pz1 wpz1 Matric

surface suction

Two
4m 200kPa
segments

Active
Pz2 wpz2 zone
Stable
0.5m zone

Pz3 wpz3 z

Figure 4. Simplification of the ground heave calculation model

pile head settlement increases with increasing pile head

The heave in the active zone for the soil properties in
the example problem are calculated using Eq. 7. The
shear modulus, Gs in the active zone is calculated using
Eq. 14, taking account of the influence of matric suction
on the soil properties. Figure 5 illustrates the pile head
load displacement response calculated using Eq. 20. The
load. When the pile head load is zero, the pile head
displacement has a negative value. This means that the
pile moves in the direction of the applied load due to
contribution of the uplift friction that generates in the
active zone. Since the plasticity of the soil and the shear
strength softening are not considered, the modified shear
deformation method is only suitable for the pile head load
displacement analysis under small load (which is less
than the bearing capacity). In other words, the maximum
bearing capacity cannot be estimated using proposed
method since the interface shear strength softening is not
taken into account.
Pile had load (kN)
0 200 400 600
-0.02
Pile head displacement (m)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
Figure 5. Estimation of the pile head load settlement
relationship
5 CONCLUSIONS
Pile foundations have been widely used in engineering
practice to combat various problems induced by
expansive soils upon infiltration. Currently, pile
foundations in expansive soil are designed extending the
principles of saturated soil mechanics. However, as water
infiltrates into the active zone, which is typically in a state
of unsaturated condition, uplift friction generates along the
pile. Due to this reason, it is likely that there will be an
uplift of the pile. The pile uplift can significantly influence
the safety and stability of the supported superstructure.
For this reason, it will be appropriate to use unsaturated
soil mechanics for rational analysis of pile foundations in
expansive soils. In the present study, the traditional shear
deformation method originally developed by Cooke (1974)
is modified for the estimation of the pile head load-
settlement response in expansive soil using the
mechanics of unsaturated soils. The application of the
proposed method is illustrated using an example problem,
which illustrates the uplift phenomenon for a single pile.
The example problem shows the suggested method is
simple and can be used in engineering practice
applications. The proposed method however is only
suitable for piles under a head load which is less than its
bearing capacity. More future studies are required to
extend the use of proposed method by considering
plasticity of soil and the interface shear strength softening.
6 REFERENCES
Al-Rawas, A.A. and Qamaruddin, M. 1998.
Construction problems of engineering structures founded
on expansive soils and rocks in northern Oman. Building
and Environment, 33: 159171.
Al-Rawas, A.A. and Goosen, M.F.A. 2006. Expansive
soils: Recent advances in characterization and treatment,
Taylor & Francis, London, England.
Adem, H.H. and Vanapalli, S.K. 2014. A simple
method for prediction of the modulus of elasticity of
unsaturated expansive soils, UNAST2014 Conference,
Unsaturated Soils: Research and Application, Sydney,
Australia.
Adem, H.H. and Vanapalli, S.K. 2016. Heave
prediction in a natural unsaturated expansive soil deposit
under a lightly loaded structure, Geotechnical and
800 1000
Geological Engineering, 34(4): 1181-1192.
Chen, F.H. 1988. Foundations on expansive soils,
Elsevier, New York, USA.
Chen, F.H. 1965. The use of piers to prevent the uplift
of lightly loaded structures founded on expansive soils.
Proceeding of International Conference on Expansive
Soils, Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas, USA.
Coyle, H.M. and Reese, L.C. 1966. Load transfer for
axially loaded piles in clay, Journal of the Soil Mechanics
and Foundation Engineering, 92(2): 122-126.
Cooke, R.W. 1974. The settlement of friction pile
foundations, Proceeding of Conference on Tall Buildings,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Fredlund, D.G. and Rahardjo, H. 1993. Soil mechanics
for unsaturated soils, Wiley, New York.
Jaremski, J. 2012. Application of the joining pile for
foundations on expansive clays and rocks, American
International Journal of Contemporary Research, 2(10):
53-58.
Liu, Y. and Vanapalli, S.K. 2017. Influence of Lateral
Swelling Pressure on the Geotechnical Infrastructure in
Expansive Soils. Journal of Geotechnical and
Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 04017006.
Nelson, J.D. and Miller, D.J. 1992. Expansive soils:
problems and practice in foundation and pavement
engineering, New York, John Wiley & Sons: 117-144,
USA.
Nelson, J., Thompson, E., Schaut, R., Chao, K.,
Overton, D. and Dunham-Friel, J. 2012. Design
Procedure and Considerations for Piers in Expansive
Soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering, ASCE, 138(8): 945956.
Nelson, J.D., Chao, K.C., Overton, D.D. and Nelson,
E.J. 2015. Foundation Engineering for Expansive Soils,
John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
Poulos, H. 1993. Piled Rafts in Swelling or
Consolidating Soils. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,
119(2): 374380.
Ranjan, G. and Rao, A.S.R. 2000. Basic and Applied
Soil Mechanics (2nd Ed), New Age International (P) Ltd,
New Delhi, India,
Rao, S. M., Reddy, B. V. V., and Muttharam, M. 2001.
The impact of cyclic wetting and drying on the swelling
behavior of stabilized expansive soils, Engineering
Geology, 60:223233.
Vanapalli S.K. and Oh W.T. 2010. A method for
predicting the modulus of elasticity of unsaturated soils
using the soil-water characteristic curve, International
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 4(4): 425-433.
Xiao, H., Zhang, C., Wang, Y., and Fan, Z. 2011. Pile-
Soil Interaction in Expansive Soil Foundation: Analytical
Solution and Numerical Simulation, International Journal
of Geomechanics, ASCE, 11(3): 159166.