AIRTRAFFIC SERVICES

UNIT 2

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 PURPOSE OF AIRTRAFFIC
CONTROL
Preventing collision between aircrafts during
flight
Preventing collision between aircrafts during
surface movement in the maneuvering area.
Guide the aircrafts to fly clear-off all
abstractions
Schedule the flights to maintain an orderly
flow of air traffic ,safe and efficient operation.

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 CONTROL AREAS
Aerodrome A defines area on land or water are
used either wholly or partially for the arrival ,
departure and surface movement of aircraft
Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ)-Airspace of
defines dimensions established around an
aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic
Aerodrome Traffic all traffic in the maneuvering
area of an aerodrome and all aircraft flying in the
vicinity of an aerodrome
DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 OBJECTIVE OF ATS
Prevent collision between aircrafts during flight
operation irrespective of the airspace
Prevent collision between aircrafts during ground
maneuvering in the aerodrome operating area.
Give guidance to pilot to maintain separation
from obstacles.
Manage the flight schedules and expedite an
orderly flow of aircraft.
Provide advice and information useful for the safe
and efficient conduct of flights

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
DIFFERENT PARTS OF AIRTRAFFIC
SERVICES
Area control services
Approach control services
Aerodrome control services
Air traffic advisory services
Flight information services
Alerting Services

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Assignment of cruising levels
/minimum flight altitude
Minimum altitude is assigned to each aircraft
in ATC routes to ensure at least 1000 ft vertical
clearance above the height obstacle within
18km on each side of center line of route.
Pilot should fly a/c in accordance with the
route specified by ATC. Deviation in this pilot
should get clearance from ATC below lower
altitude cruising level is not permitted

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
Assignment of cruising levels
/minimum flight altitude

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Guidance for selection of flight level
Flight levels are specified in flight plans
Above transition altitude in terms of flight level
Below transition altitude in terms of altitude
Minimum flight altitude:
the aircraft should not decent below minimum safe enroute altitude
except
Initial approach of aircraft in the aerodrome and position of a/c positively
established by reference to radio /ATS radar
System of cruising level
All VFR flights fly above 3000ft from the ground or water
All IFR flights should fly as specified in the Chart and flight plan
During approach ,pilot should follow ATC specified level (curing level
is not applicable )
The flights which flies above FL150 (15000ft) ,should be conducted as
IFR flights

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 ATC routes and significant points
It is designed by different numbers ,codes, alphabets for
easy of identification of pilots and ATC
Easy reference (without geological coordinates)
Related to specific structure of airspace
Required level of navigation performance accuracy
Indicate route is used for specific type of aircraft
Requirements
It should be in simple and unique manner
Used by both ground and airborne automation system
Should be brief by operationa

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Area navigation system (RNAV)
It is the method of IFR navigation that allows an
aircraft to choose any course within a network of
navigation beacons ,rather than navigate directly to and
from beacons.
Area navigation used to be called "random
navigation(RNAV)
RNAV can be defined as the method of navigation that
permits aircraft operation on any desired course within
the coverage of station referenced navigation signal or
within the limits of a self contained system capability
or a combination of these.

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Working of RNAV system
It consists of
VOR & DME equipments to receive signals from
VOR/DME stations for landing Surfaces .For oceanic
operations, Inertial Navigation System (INS) were used .
Computers for processing
CDI (course direction indicators & HSI ( Horizontal
situation Indicators ) to guide the pilot along his planned
route in two dimensions.
The computer reproduce the aircrafts performance
parameters.
They collect the ideal vertical flight paths for climb and
decent to arrive over places at particular altitude

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 FMS
FMS (Flight Management System )- Auto pilot
system-Fourth Dimension can also controlled by
FMS
The crew select a series of waypoints which are
planned or turning points
Theses points can be defined from one or more pairs of
VOR or DME stations.
The computer then calculates and displays directions
on the CDI or HIS to pilot to keep the aircraft on the
track between the last way points and the next

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 RNP
RNAV is now one of the navigation techniques of
performance based navigation PBN; Required
navigation performance (RNP) is used.
RNP is a type of PNB that allows an aircraft to fly
a specific path between two 3D defines points in
Space.
A navigation specification that includes a
requirement for on-board navigation performance
monitoring and alerting is referred to as an RNP
specification-Not this called RNAV
DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Separation with respect to distance
and time
Vertical Separation Minimum
A nominal 1000 feet below FL290 and a
nominal 2000 feet at or above FL290
A nominal 1000 feet when both aircraft are
RVSM compliant and operating within
designated RVSM airspace.

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 C limb and descent
An aircraft may be cleared to a level previously occupied by another
aircraft after the latter has reported vacating it, except when:
Severe turbulence is known to exist; or
The aircraft concerned are established at the same holding pattern; or
The difference in aircraft performance is such that less than the applicable
separation minimum may result; in which case such clearance shall be
withheld until the aircraft vacating the level has reported at or passing
another level separated by the required minimum.
Pilot in direct communication with each other may, with their
concurrence, be cleared to maintain a specified vertical separation betwee
Step climb and descents
The step climb / descent procedure may be used for simultaneous climb /
descent of the aircraft to vertically separated levels provided that the
lower / higher aircraft is progressively assigned levels that provide vertical
separation with the higher / lower aircraft. n their aircraft during ascent or
descent.

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 VMC (visual metrological condition )
climb and decent
When so requested by an aircraft and provided it is agreed by the
pilot of the other aircraft, an ATC unit may clear controlled flight,
including departing and arriving flights, operating in airspace
Classes D and E in VMC during the hours of daylight to fly subject to
maintaining own separation to one other aircraft and remaining in
VMC. When a controlled flight is so cleared, the following shall
apply:
a) Clearances shall be for a specified portion of the flight at or
below 10,000 feet, during climb and descent;
b) Essential traffic information shall be passed; and
c) If there is possibility that flight under VMC may become
impracticable, an IFR flight shall be provided with alternative
instructions to be complied with in the event that in VMC cannot be
maintained for the term of clearance.

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Horizontal separation
The three types of horizontal separation are:
a) Lateral separation;
b) Longitudinal separation;
c) Radar separation.
Lateral separation
When the aircrafts are over different
geographic locations as determined visually or
by reference to a navigation aids
.

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Lateral separation same navigation
aids
VOR
Both aircraft are established on radials
diverging by at least 15 degrees and at least
one aircraft is 15 NM or more from the facility.

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Lateral separation same navigation
aids
NDB
Both aircraft are established on tracks to or from
the NDB, which are diverging by at least 30
degrees and at least one aircraft is 15 NM or more
from the facility.

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Lateral separation same navigation
aids
DR (dead reckoning)
Both aircraft are established on tracks diverging by at
least 45 degrees and at least one aircraft is 15 NM or
more from the point of intersection of the tracks, this
point being determined either visually or by reference
to a navigational aid and both aircraft are established
outbound from the intersection

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Longitudinal separation
For the purpose of application of longitudinal
separation, the terms same track, reciprocal tracks
and crossing tracks shall have the following
meanings:
a) Same track: same direction tracks and
intersecting tracks or portions thereof, the angular
difference of which is less than 45 degrees or more
than 315 degrees, and whose protection areas
overlap

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Reciprocal tracks
Opposite tracks and intersecting tracks or portions
thereof, the angular difference of which is more
than 135 degrees but less than 225 degrees, and
whose protection areas overlap.

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Crossing Tracks
Intersecting tracks or portions thereof other than
those specified in a) and b) above.

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Longitudinal separation minima
based on time
Aircraft at the same cruising
level

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Longitudinal separation minima
based on time
10 minutes, if navigation aids permit frequent
determination of position and speed

5minutes separation is maintained in some special cases

3mins separation is maintained if the preceding aircraft is
maintained true airspeed faster than succeeding aircraft by
74kmph (40NM)
DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Aircraft climbing or descending
Traffic on the same track
15 minute separation

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
10 minute separation

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
5 minute separation

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
Reciprocal track

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 ATC CLEARANCES
PURPOSE
Efficient flow of airtraffic
Prevent collision /accident by scheduling the
flights in maneuvering area.
Issue of flight plans and routes
Information related to clearance is transmitted to
pilot in advance for compliance within a time
framework

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 CONTENTS OF ATC
ATC clearance contains
Flight plan
Clearance limit
Route of flight
Flight levels and change of levels
Departing aircraft
After clearance from departing aerodrome information is passed to
ATC unit and destination aerodrome
En-route aircraft
After clearance issued by departing a/c-adjacent ATC unit for clear
for specified point for specific period
ATC clearance unit should give clearance whenever it is necessary

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Clearance limit

Significant point in controlled airspace or

aerodrome
Limit can be extended to destination
aerodrome a/c is report to each reporting
points
In Intermediated stops, a/c must get assured
clearance from that ATS and ATC units
If a/c is in uncontrolled airspace ,limit
boundary is up to controlled airspace
DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Clearance for flight route and Levels
Route of flight
Routes of clearances are specified in flight plan
When a/c is following standard routes this clearance is specified as
cleared via departure and cleared via arrival is used
Mostly all a/c offered direct route unless traffic density arises
Levels
Place or time for climb/decent is also intimated whenever required
Instructions for dept and arrival levels is given to pilot
If particular level is effected then subsequent level is intimated to pilot
Clearance related to particular change in level

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Clearance of request for change in
flight plan
Whenever the traffic condition does not permit for
request of change the word UNABLE is used.
Whenever the alternate flight plan or flight level is
intimated to pilot ,the details of procedure which
includes
New route /level
Time and point at which it rejoin previous route

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Read back of clearance
The flight crew must read back the ATC clearance
instructions to ATC by voice.
The information includes
ATC route clearance
Clearance and instruction to enter , land, take off, to held
,cross ,taxi ,back track on any runway
All clearance issued by ATC should be acknowledged
by flight crew
Take immediate actions to correct any discrepancies
revealed by read back
Communication is read back to flight crew is
transmitted separately.

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 FLIGHT PLAN
Before any flight is undertaken ,the details of
flight is given by ATS unit
Complete or portion of flight detail is in the
form of ICOA model flight plan
A Flight plan shall be submitted to the ATS
reporting office during flight and it is
transmitted to ATC unit on Air ground control
frequency

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Flight plan is given for
Scheduled flights
Non-scheduled flights
Local/training flights

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 SCHEDULED FLIGHTS
The flight plan for scheduled flights should be
in printed form ATS authority through
electronic media
The operations are recoded and saved for six
months .The operation of ATS ,COMM,MET
briefing and data/documents are included.
The pilot or crew in person should report to
ATC officer when special weather condition or
other aspect which affect the safety of flight.

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Unscheduled flights
The flight plan should by duly signed and
submitted by pilot at the time of depart to the
ATS unit /aerodrome
If any operator (regular air
transport/authorized agency ) ,the flight plan is
duly signed by state of registry .
In above case the flight departure is authorized
to obtain ATS units,CMM and MET briefing

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Local/training flight
As same as before
For training flights conducted by flying clubs within the
aerodrome traffic zone flight plan is submitted in
telephone
Information are a/c identification
Flight rule (IFR/VFR)
Name of pilot/trainees
No.of.person onboard
Duration of flight
Endurance
Flights conducted cross country (away from aerodrome)
ATS not exists-the reporting is given to FIC on phone

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Submission of flight plan
All flight plan shall be submitted prior to operation
Provided by ATC (complete/portion )
Any IFR within advisory
Flights within destination or along that route ,ATS is required to
facilitate the services for flight information ,alerting , search and
rescue
Need Military operation
Across the international borders.
Flight plan is submitted before depart to ATS officer ,during
flight to the Air ground control radio station.
Flight shall be submitted sixty minutes before depart.
If submitted during flight ,it should reach apporpriate ATS
unit at least before 10 mins (crossing /entry to that control
area )

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Completion of flight plan
The flight plan should comprise all the information as required by the
appropriate ATS units
It should contains
a/c identification ,flight number
Flight level
Route
Destination /intermediate stops
Flight duration ,endurance
Duration in controlled /uncontrolled air spaces
Type of fight (IFR/VFR)
Communication type
No of persons on board
Flight crews ,attendants other necessary information
Flight plan should be complete and signed by pilot in command (copy is
retained )

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
 Closing of a flight plan
Arrival report
Report of arrival ,after landing shall be made in person by
radio/telephone(ATS units where we submitted flight plan )
If there is no airtraffic unit is exists at arrival, report is submitted
to nearest ATS unit (quick)
if there is inadequate communication facility at the arrival
,alternate arrangement is not in ground-report is given to flight
information services
Arrival report contains
a/c identification
Departure/destination aerodrome
Arrival of aerodrome
Time of arrival

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET