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 2

TABLE II Start
T HE ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF THE PANEL AT STC
Measured Ipv andVpv
Panel Value of unknown parameters Ppv = Vpv ⇤ Ipv
IL 2.9445 A
IS 5.42634e-08 A Yes
Ppv (t) Ppv (t 1) = 0
RS 0.023 ⌦
No
1.34
No Yes
Ppv (t) > Ppv (t 1)
blocking diode
Yes No No Yes
Vpv (t) < Vpv (t 1) Vpv (t) > Vpv (t 1)

Decrease Vpv Increase Vpv Decrease Vpv Increase Vpv

Load
End
Battery
Fig. 4. P & O algorithm
Fig. 1. Direct connection

impact of this change on the panel’s power. Fig.4 shows the

To ensure a long lifetime of a PV system, blocking diode
should be used to prevent the negative current in the PVG.
However, this configuration could not control the charge
voltage. The major disadvantage of this connection is its direct
dependence between the generated power and the load voltage.
The power curve is plotted as a function of the load of the used
GPV. Figure 2 shows that only one resistance value coincide
with the maximum power point. As a result, any variation of
resistance value cause the power deterioration.
(⌦)
Fig. 2. Characteristic of the power versus of load
Through this example, limits of the direct connection is
showed . The used solution is to create a conditioning stage
which allows the research of the MPPT to obtain an output
power close to the maximum which gives the PVG.
B. Connection using DC-DC stage
This connection is used as a conditioning stage. Figure 3
shows the block diagram of a photovoltaic module with a
prescaler DC-DC between the PVG and the output load.
Vpv
DC
DC
Ipv
Duty
load
MPPT
cycle
solar panel control battery
Fig. 3. Coupling a PV generator with a load through a stage adaptation
The literature presents different types of algorithms which
could be classified regarding to their efficiency [8,12,13] . In
this validation work, a strategy of MPPT control P & O is
used. [7, 9]
C. P&O algorithm synthesis
The principle of this strategy is to disrupt Vpv voltage of
a low amplitude around its initial value and to observe the
P&O algorithm.
This type of control requires a permanent oscillation around
the PPM. Indeed, this oscillation is necessary to know the
variations of the PVG output power and thus, be able to adjust
the duty cycle of the power converter in minimal time.
IV. DC-DC CONVERTER
Various architectures have been developed to improve the
production of a PVG. The study of various adaptation systems,
the principles of operation of the matching stage and the sizing
of different electronic components will be justified. Topologies
of the used converter depend on the load value. It converts a
DC voltage into another DC voltage value larger or smaller
compared to the input, thanks to the variation of the duty cycle.
• Calcul of Rpv resistance.
The PV generator operates at its maximum power Pmax
when Vpv = Vopt and Ipv = Iopt .
Vopt
Rpv = Ropt = (2)
Iopt
A. Structure of a buck converter
Figure 5 shows the structure of a buck converter.
Fig. 5. DC / DC buck converter
The equation describing this model is given by:
Vs = ↵Vpv (3)
This relationship shows that the output voltage is lower
than the voltage of the panel. For sizing a converter, the
switching frequency F , the value of the inductance L and
the output capacitor Cs size are important because they affect
the waves of the output voltage (current). In a PV system, we
add the capacitor Ce for the input Vpv and Ipv that should be
maintained constants with acceptable ripple.
Table 3 shows the different uses equations to calculate the
passive element of the converter. The variables are:
↵ : duty cycle, Vpv : input voltage (panel), Ipv : input current,
Vs : output voltage, Is : output current, and IL : inductor current.
• Adaptation condition
The load resistor Rs connected to the panel can be written
according to Rpv as follows:
 3

dVs (t)
Is (t) = (1 ↵)IL (t) Cs (12)
Rs = ↵ · Rpv 2
(4) dt
dIL (t)
Since the duty cycle is less than 1, then the converter Vpv (t) = (1 ↵)Vs (t) + L (13)
dt
functions as a step-down when the Rs load satisfies the
• Calculates parameters
following condition: Rs < Rpv
Table 4 shows the calculated values for each element. We are
• Operating principle:
placed in the most favorable situation of the operation of the
The system is described through two operating modes that are converter.
depending on the switch state : the closed period ↵T s and
opening period of the switch (1 ↵)T s: C. Structure of a Buck-Boost converter
We need to extract the mathematical equations connecting Figure 7 shows the structure of a buck-boost converter.
variables Input / Output for both phases of the switch.
To find a good dynamic performance for any period TS ,
we must use the following expression:
dX(t) dX(t) dX(t)
< > ·Ts = ↵ · Ts + (1 ↵) · Ts (5) Fig. 7. DC / DC buck-boost converter
dt dt dt
Applying Kirchhoff’s laws, we obtain the following systems The equation describing this model is given by:
of equations: ↵
dVs (t) Vs = Vpv (14)
Is (t) = IL (t) Cs (6) (1 ↵)
dt
1 dVpv (t) This relationship shows that the output voltage can be less or
IL (t) = (Ipv (t) Ce ) (7)
↵ dt higher than the voltage of the panel.
1 dIL (t) • Adaptation condition
Vpv (t) = (L + Vs (t)) (8)
↵ dt The load resistor Rs connect to the panel can be written
• Calculates parameters according to Rpv as follows:
⇣ ↵ ⌘2
It is assumed that voltages and currents of the input (output) of Rs = Rpv (15)
the converter are constant (so we can evaluate the ripple rate). 1 ↵
This assumption is not quite rigorous. Table 4 shows calculated If ↵ < 0.5 then the converter operates as a step-down.
values for each element. We are placed in the optimal situation If ↵ > 0.5 then the converter operates as elevator.
of the operation of the converter. • Operating principle:

B. Structure of a boost converter By applying Kirchhoff’s law on the two phases of operation
Figure 6 shows the structure of a boost converter. of the buck-boost converter, one finds the equation system of
the converter as follows.
1 dVpv (t)
IL (t) = (Ipv (t) Ce ) (16)
↵ dt
dVs (t)
Is (t) = (1 ↵)IL (t) Cs (17)
dt
Fig. 6. DC / DC boost converter
1 dIL (t)
Vpv (t) = ((↵ 1)Vs (t) L ) (18)
The equation describing this model is given by: ↵ dt
Vpv • Calculates parameters
Vs = (9)
(1 ↵) Table 4 shows the calculated values for each element. We are
This relationship shows that the output voltage is higher placed in the situation where voltage output equals to 15 V.
than the voltage of the panel.
• Adaptation condition D. Calcul of different components of buck, Boost and Buck-
The load resistor Rs connect to the panel can be written Boost converters
according to Rpv as follows: • Ripples in the inductor

Rpv The ripple in the inductance IL is given by the equation

Rs = (10) describing the current in the inductor. [10,11] The variation
(1 ↵)2
Since the duty cycle is less than 1, then the converter func- of the current in the inductor is fixed to 10 % IL . So we can
tions as an elevator when the Rs load satisfies the following deduce the inductor value.
condition: Rs > Rpv • The output ripple

• Operating principle: The ripple of the output voltage Vs of the three topologies
Applying Kirchhoffs laws on equivalent circuits of Boost of converters is given in Table 3. The voltage ripple is fixed
Converter, we find the following equation describing the two to 2 % Vs [10,11]. So we can deduce the output capacity Cs .
operating modes of the switch : • The input ripple
dVpv (t)
IL (t) = Ipv (t) Ce (11) The ripples at the input Vpv are minimized by making a
dt right choice of the capacitor Ce [10,11]. The voltage ripple is
fixed to 2 % Vpv .
 4

TABLE III
S ETTING E QUATIONS • Power generated by the PV panel is stabilized around
Equations of Buck Boost Buck-boost 53.3W (Ppv = Vpv Ipv = 18 ⇥ 2, 9) and the output load
IL
↵(1 ↵)Vpv ↵Vpv ↵Vpv power is stabilized around 51W (Ps = Vs Is = 6 ⇥ 8, 5)
FL FL 2LF
this difference is due to conduction losses and switching.
↵(1 ↵)Vpv ↵Vpv ↵Vpv
Inductor L F IL F IL 2F IL • Variations of the illumination (Fig12 ) creates variations
in the output voltage Vs and the power of PVG.
(1 ↵)Vs ↵Is ↵Vs
Vs 8LCs F 2 F Cs 2Cs F Rs • The maximum power extracted from the PV generator

(1 ↵)Vs ↵Is ↵Vs has been improved by exploiting the MPPT controller
Capacitor Cs 8L Vs F 2 F Vs 2 V s F Rs for different levels of illumination (see figure 14).
Vpv
(1 ↵)Ipv ↵Vpv (1 ↵)Ipv • The P & O algorithm is validated both for small as for
F Ce 8Ce LF 2 2F Ce
the large powers following a change of the illumination.
Capacitor Ce
(1 ↵)Ipv
F Vpv 8
↵Vpv
Vpv LF 2
(1 ↵)Ipv
2F Vpv
All obtained results show that the buck converter and the
MPPT control operate their roles: the step-down voltage and
TABLE IV the optimum power transfer to the load.
RESULTS OF CALCULATED VALUES
Parameters Buck Boost Buck-boost B. Simulation of Boost converter
↵ 0.33 0.25 0.45 Figure 9 shows the PV system connected to the load through
F 100 KHz 100 KHz 100 KHz a boost converter. The switches of the converter are controlled
Rpv 6.2 ⌦ 6.2 ⌦ 6.2 ⌦
Rs (load) 0.675 ⌦ 11.02 ⌦ 4.15 ⌦ by a PWM signal from a MPPT control.
IL 8.4A 2.8 A 6A
IL 840 mA 280 mA 600 mA
Vs 6V 24 V -15 V
Vs 120 mV 480 mV 300 mV
Vpv 18V 18V 18V
Vpv 360 mV 360 mV 360 mV
Ipv 2.8 A 2.8 A 2.8 A
L 47 µF 160 µF 67 µF
Ce 52 µF 1 µF 20 µF
Cs 8 µF 11 µF 27 µF
Fig. 9. Boost converter with MPPT control
V. S IMULATION R ESULTS Figure 15 shows the output voltage Vpv of the panel and
A. Simulation of Buck converter the output voltage of the load Vs .
Figure 8 shows the PV system connected to the load Figure 16 shows the output current of the panel Ipv and the
through a buck converter. The power switch of the converter output current of the load Is .
is controlled by a PWM signal from a MPPT control. Results Figure 12 shows the variations of the illumination.
of table 4 are considered in simulations of figure 8. Figure 17 shows the variations of the output voltage of the
boost converter with the MPPT control ( P & O ).
Figure 18 shows the variations of the power of the boost
converter as function of the voltage input Vpv for different
illuminations.
The analysis of these results leads to the following remarks:
• In the steady state operating, the MPPT control oscillates
around the operating point PPM.
Fig. 8. Buck converter with MPPT control • Different electrical quantities (power, voltage and current)
Figure 10 shows the output voltage of panel Vpv and the are stabilized around the calculated value.
output voltage of the load Vs . • The power generated by the PV panel is stabilized around
Figure 11 shows the output current of panel Ipv and the 53.2W (Ppv = Vpv Ipv = 18 ⇥ 2, 9) and the output load
output current of the load Ipv . power is stabilized as 52.8W (Ps = Vs Is = 24 ⇥ 2, 1).
Figure 12 shows the variations of the illumination. This differnece is due to conduction losses and switching.
Figure 13 shows the variations of the output voltage of the • A variation of the illumination creates a variation in the
buck converter with the MPPT control ( P & O ). output voltage and the power of PVG.
Figure 14 shows the variations of the power of the buck
• The extracted power from the generator by exploiting
converter as function of the voltage input Vpv for different
a MPPT control is improved for different levels of the
illuminations.
illumination.
The analysis of theses results leads to the following remarks:
• The P & O algorithm is validated following a change in
• In the steady state operating, the MPPT control oscillates
around the operating point PPM. the illumination.
• Different electrical quantities (power, voltage and current)
All obtained results show that the boost converter and the
are stabilized around the calculated values. MPPT control operate their roles: elevator of voltage and the
optimum power transfer to the load.
 5

Vpv Is

Vs Ipv

Fig. 10. Waveform of input Vpv and output Vs Fig. 11. Waveform of input Ipv and output Is
voltage versus time current versus time Fig. 12. Illumination profile

G = 1000W/m2 Vs

G = 600W/m2
Vpv

G = 300W/m2

G = 200W/m2

Fig. 14. Power variation as a function of voltage Fig. 15. Waveform of input Vpv and output Vs
Fig. 13. Output voltage for different illumination input for different illumination voltage versus time

G = 1000W/m2
Ipv
G = 600W/m2

Is
G = 300W/m2

G = 200W/m2

Fig. 16. Waveform of input Ipv and output Is Fig. 18. Power variation as a function of voltage
current versus time Fig. 17. Output voltage for different illuminations input for different illumination

C. Simulation of Buck-Boost converter

Figure 19 shows the PV system connected to the load through a buck-boost converter . Switches of the converter are
controlled by a PWM signal from a MPPT control.
Figure 20 shows the output voltage of the panel Vpv and the output voltage of the load Vs .
Figure 21 shows the output current of the panel Ipv and the current of the load Is .
Figure 12 shows the variations of the illumination.
Figure 22 shows the variations of the output voltage of the buck-boost converter with the MPPT control ( P & O ).
Figure 23 shows the variations of the power of the buck-boost converter as function of the voltage input Vpv with different
illuminations.

Ipv
Vpv

Vs Is

Fig. 19. Buck-Boost converter with MPPT control Fig. 20. Waveform of input Vpv and output Vs Fig. 21. Waveform of input Ipv and output Is
voltage versus time current versus time

Fig. 22. Output voltage for different illumination
G = 1000W/m2
G = 600W/m2
G = 300W/m2
G = 200W/m2
Fig. 23. Power variation as a function of voltage input for different
illumination
The analysis of these results leads to the following remarks:
• In the steady state operating, the MPPT control oscillates
around the operating point PPM.
• Different electrical quantities (power, voltage and current)
are stabilized around the calculated value .
• The power generated by the PV panel is stabilized around
53.2W and the output load power is stabilized around
49W (Ps = Vs Is = 14 ⇥ 3, 5). This differnece is due
to conduction losses and switching.
• The power extracted from the generator by exploiting a
MPPT control is improved for different illumination.
All obtained results show that the buck-boost converter and
the MPPT control operate their roles: elevator or step-down
of voltage and the optimum power transfer to the load.
VI. C OMPARATIVE STUDY
• The three topologies of the converter are taken in the
same time axis. the output voltage is equal to zero during
a trasitoiry period equal to 3 ms. The transitory times is
calculated using the following equation [10]:
p et organiques, Conception et modelisation d’une chaine photovoltaque
Ttr = 2P I( (L · Ce )) (19)
For the buck converter, the curves shows that at the
beginning we have only one oscilation which exceed the
steady state value and then the voltage is stabilized at the
desired value.
p MPPT Method for PV Systems” IEEE transactions, VOL.55, no.7, 2008.
Ttr = 2.PI. (47e 6 ⇥ 52e 6 ) = 0.0003 s = 3ms (this
is validated by simulation).
For the boost converter, there is four oscillation then the
the voltagep value is stabilizes to the desired value.
T = 2.PI . (150e 6 ⇥ 1e 6 ) = 0.076 ms
Ttr =4. T = 3ms (this is validated by simulation).
For the buck-boost converter , there is one oscillation then
the voltage pstabilizes to the value desired.
Ttr = 2.PI. (67e 6 ⇥ 20e 6 ) = 3ms.
• Compared to the other topologies figure 16 shows that the
oscillation in the boost converter is most important than
the other topologies, before reaching the steady states.
6
• The current of the boost convertor is acceptable to the
battery charger (equal to 2A supported by the battery),
however the current of the buck convertor is higher and
the battery cannot stand (equal to 8.8A).
VII. CONCLUSION
This paper has-been devoted to the design and the sim-
ulation of the different DC-DC converters for photovoltaic
application using the MPPT strategy. In the first part, the
characteristics of a photovoltaic module and the extraction of
internal parameters of the module has been detailed. In the
second part, the direct connection between the source and the
load and the limits of this connection has been discussed. A
solution for optimizing the power generated by the PVG has
been detailed introducing a conditioning stage associated with
the research of the MPPT. In the third part, the description
of conventional DC-DC converters and sizing of the passive
elements have been developed. Finally, simulation results of
DC-DC converters dedicated to photovoltaic applications have
been presented and discussed.
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